CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Power electronic transformers (PETs) are proposed to replace conventional
transformers and perform voltage regulation and power exchange between generation and
consumption by electrical conversion. In recent years, significant advances in power
semiconductor device technology, low-cost, high-speed control processors, and matured
PWM algorithms have led to a number of modern power converter topologies. A new
type of transformers based on Power Electronics (PE) has been introduced, which realizes
voltage transformation, galvanic isolation, and power quality enhancements in a single
device. The PE based transformer provides a fundamentally different and more complete
approach in transformer design by using power electronics on the primary and secondary
sides of the transformer. Several integrated PQ features such as instantaneous voltage
regulation under load dynamics and transients, voltage sag compensation, power factor
correction, and harmonic suppression can be incorporated into PET, thanks to the
application of power electronics technology.
For realizing the PET, different topologies in literature have been presented. In,
the AC/AC buck converter has been proposed to transform the voltage level directly and
without any isolation transformer. This method is perhaps the most direct approach to
single phase AC power conversion, but, it would cause the semiconductor devices to bear
very high stress.
In, the concept of a high-frequency AC/AC link, termed as electronic transformer,
has been proposed. In this approach, the line side AC waveform is modulated into a High
Frequency (HF) square wave, coupled to the secondary of HF transformer, and again is
demodulated to AC form by a synchronous converter. This method however does not
provide any benefits in terms of control or power-factor improvement, and may not
protect the critical loads from the momentary power interruptions due to lack of energy
storage system.
Another approach is a three-part design that utilizes an input stage, an isolation
stage, and an output stage, addressed in. These approaches enhance the flexibility and
functionality of the electronic transformers owing to the available DC links. In, for
operating properly in medium voltage levels, the series to parallel connection of
converters has been used. The number of series converters depends on voltage levels and
1

the type of semiconductors. In, a topology based on back-to back diode-clamp multilevel
converter has been introduced. This approach can perform different power quality
functions and provide galvanic isolation. However, the modularity and scaling to different
voltage and power levels is not straightforward.
Distribution transformers are fundamental components in power distribution
systems. They are relatively inexpensive, highly reliable, and fairly efficient. However,
they have some disadvantages such as heavy weight, large size, sensitivity to harmonics,
voltage drop under load, (required) protection from system disruptions and overload,
protection of the system from problems arising at or beyond the transformer and
environmental concerns regarding mineral oil. These disadvantages are becoming
increasingly important as power quality becomes more of a concern. In this case, power
electronic based transformer is a good option for solving above problems.
The previous researches show that PETs have a great capacity to receive much
more attention due to their merits such as high frequency link transformation and flexible
regulation of the voltage and power. Although many studies have been conducted on
application and control of PET in power systems, less attention is paid to the areas of the
circuit topologies. The topology of PET can be developed in such a way to achieve
multiport electrical system that converts variable input waveform to the desired output
waveform. In addition, for higher voltage applications or three phase systems, the
topology is expandable as it is modular.

1.2 Main objective

The main objective of this project is to develop a new PET topology named Multi
port flexible power electronic transformer (FMPET) for high voltage applications. Our
system main properties are
The module is constructed on common DC bus.
This topology consists of independent and similar modules and each port can
work independently.
The topology can be extended by connecting the ports in parallel/ series to obtain
higher voltage and current ratings and to form star/delta connections for three
phase applications.

1.3 Methodology
In this project a new PET topology named flexible multi port power electronic
transformer is proposed.
It is constructed based on modules and a common dc link as shown in fig 1.1,
which is used to transfer energy between ports and isolate all ports from each
other.
A novel voltage source full bridge dc-ac converter with phase shift modulation
using high frequency cycloconverter is proposed.
Both zero voltage and zero current switching (zvzcs) commutation for full
bridge active power switches and zero voltage switching for cycloconverter bidirectional switches are obtained.

Fig 1.1 Main concept of proposed circuit

In this bidirectional topology, each port can be considered as an input or output.
Each module consists of three main parts, including
Modulator,
Demodulator, and
High frequency isolation transformer (HFIT).
The modulator is a dcac converter; the full bridge dc-link inverter (modulator)
can operate as an inverter when it converts the dc-link voltage to an ac waveform at HFIT
side. It can operate as an active rectifier when it converts the ac waveform of the HFIT to
the dc-link voltage.

The demodulator is a Cyclo converter with two bidirectional switches. The

demodulator converts high frequency voltage to low frequency voltage and vice versa.
Each module operates independently and can transfer power between ports. These ports
can have many different characteristics, such as voltage level, frequency, phase angle, and
waveform. As a result, FMPET can satisfy almost any kind of application, which are
desired in power electronic conversion systems and meet future needs of electricity
networks.
Considering this point, it is named flexible. The simulation results of high-voltage
application are given to clarify the advantages of the proposed FMPET over the recently
developed PETs.

CHAPTER 2
POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CONVERTERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS
Power electronics is an enabling technology, providing the needed between the
electrical source and the electrical load, as depicted in fig 2.1. The electrical source and
the electrical load, and often do, differ in frequency, voltage amplitudes and the number
of phases. The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the
source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to another, in which
it is possible for the source and load to reverse roles. The controller shown on the fig 2.1
allows management of the power transfer process in which the conversion of voltages and
currents should be achieved with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as
possible.

CONVERTER

SOURCE

LOAD

CONTROLLER

POWER ELECTRONIC INTERFACE

Fig 2.1 Power electronics interface between source and load

2.1.1 Applications of power electronics

Power electronics are now widely used in industries; examples of successful
applications are as follows
Control of AC and DC drives in rolling mills, paper and textile mills traction vehicles,
mine winders, cranes, ventilation fans, etc.
Machine tool control.
5

 Uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) for critical loads such as computers and space
applications.
High voltage direct current (HVDC) system.
Battery charging.
Electric traction.
Solid state controllers for home appliances.
Illumination control for lighting in trains, homes and theaters.
Static power compensators, transformer tap changers and static contactors for
industrial power systems.
Power control in metallurgical and chemical processes using arc melting induction
heating and melting, resistance heating, arc welding, etc.
Excitation systems for alternator and synchronous condenser.

2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of power electronics converter

systems
Advantages
High efficiency due to low loss in power semiconductor devices.
Fast response of power electronic systems as compared to electro mechanical
converter systems.
Long life and reduced maintenance due to absence of mechanical wear.
High reliability of power electronic converter systems.
Small size and low weight require less floor area.
Lower acoustic noise compared to electromagnetic controllers.
Flexibility in operation due to digital controls.
Mass of production of power semiconductor devices has resulted in lower cost of the
converter equipment.

Disadvantages
Power semiconductor converters have tendency to introduce voltage and current
harmonics into supply and control systems.
Thyristor controllers have low over load capacity.
Harmonics in the supply systems causes interference with communication systems
and distortion of the supply system.
6

 Regeneration of power is difficult.

Some controllers like controlled rectifier, cycloconverter and AC voltage controllers
suffer from low power facto, particularly at low output voltages.

2.2 Power Semiconductor Devices

The field of power electronics is not new. From 1930 to 1950 extensive
applications of power devices were discovered, particularly mercury arc rectifiers and gas
filled tubes which were used in many applications and were discovered during the post
and pre war periods. Two other years are important in the historical development of
power semiconductors. In 1957, general electric announced the invention of power
semiconductor called a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). To differentiate it from common
silicon rectifier it was later called the thyristor. Finally, in 1958 Texas instruments
announced the first integrated circuit (IC) invented by Kelby.
Power semiconductor switches are used as switch, i.e., either in on or off state, but
their practical device characteristics are very complex and sensitive. An ideal switch
should have a large voltage, current and power ratings, Zero on state conduction drop,
Zero off state leakage current, instant turn on turn off, the capability to with stand high
temperatures and show a wide safe operating area (SOA). Practically however, ideal
switches are not possible but newer devices are moving closer and closer in this direction.
Electronic switches based on semiconductors fall into two categories- bipolar and unipolar.
The power semiconductor devices can be classified on the basis of
1) Turn on and Turn off characteristics
a) Uncontrolled turn on and turn off (diode)
b) Controlled turn on and uncontrolled turn off (SCR)
c) Controlled turn on and off characteristics (BJT, MOSFET, GTO, IGBT)
2) Gate signal requirements
a) Continues gate signal requirements. (MOSFET, BJT, IGBT)
b) Pulse gate requirement (SCR, GTO)
3) Voltage and current capability
a) Bipolar voltage withstanding capability. (SCR, GTO)
b) Uni-polar voltage withstanding capability. (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT)
c) Bi-directional current capability (TRIAC)
d) Uni directional current capability. (SCR, BJT, GTO, MOSFET, IGBT)
7

2.2.1 Comparison of power devices

Sl.
no.
1

Parameter
Operating
frequency

Trigger
circuit

On state
voltage drop

Thyristor

Power BJT

400 to 500 Hz

10 kHz

Power

IGBT

MOSFET
100kHz

10kHz

Current

Current

Voltage

Voltage

controlled

controlled

controlled

controlled

needs single

needs

needs

needs

pulse to turn

continuous

continuous

continuous gate

on

base drive

gate drive

drive

<2 volts

<2 volts

4-5 volts

3 volts

Snubber can be Snubber can be

4

Snubber

Necessary

Necessary

(unpolarized)

(polarized)

eliminated if

eliminated if

used a

used a

polarized

polarized

snubber is used snubber is used

5

Maximum VI
ratings

10Kv/5000 A

2Kv/1000A

600 V/200 A

1500 V/400 A

UPS, SMPS,

Applications

DC motor

Static VAR

SMPS, BLDC

drives,

systems, AC

AC motor

inverters,

motor

control, SMPS. motor control,

rectifiers

control,

drives, AC
UPS.

SMPS.
Table 2.1 Comparison of power devices

2.3 Introduction to Power Electronic Converters

Power electronic converters are a family of electrical circuits which convert
electrical energy from one level of voltage/current/frequency to another using
semiconductor-based electronic switch. The essential characteristic of these types of
circuits is that the switches are operated only in one of two states -either fully ON or fully
OFF - unlike other types of electrical circuits where the control elements are operated in a
(near) linear active region. As the power electronics industry has developed, various
8

families of power electronic converters have evolved, often linked by power level,
switching devices, and topological origins.
The process of switching the electronic devices in a power electronic converter
from one state to another is called modulation, and the development of optimum
strategies to implement this process has been the subject of intensive international
research efforts for at least 30 years. Each family of power converters has preferred
modulation strategies associated with it that aim to optimize the circuit operation for the
target criteria most appropriate for that family. Parameters such as switching frequency,
distortion, losses, harmonic generation, and speed of response are typical of the issues
which must be considered when developing modulation strategies for a particular family
of converters.
"Electronic power converter" is the term that is used to refer to a power electronic
circuit that converts voltage and current from one form to another.
These converters can be classified as:
Diode rectifiers.
AC-DC converters(controlled rectifiers)
AC-AC converters.
1) AC voltage regulators
2) Cyclo converters
DC-DC converters (DC choppers)
DC-AC converters (Inverters)
Static switches

2.3.1 Diode Rectifiers

A diode rectifier circuit converters ac input voltage into a fixed dc output
voltage. The input voltage to the rectifier could be either single phase or three phases.
Some of the applications of diode rectifiers are
a) Electrical traction
b) Battery charging
c) Uninterruptible power supply(UPS)
d) Power supplies
e) Electrochemical processing

2.3.2 AC to DC converters (controlled rectifiers)

A controlled rectifiers converts fixed ac voltage to a variable dc voltage .This
output voltage can be controlled by varying the firing angle or delay angle of thyristors.
Controlled rectifiers may be fed from single phase or three phase .These are used in
a) Dc drives
b) Metallurgical and chemical industries.
c) Excitation systems.

2.3.3 AC to AC converters
These convert fixed ac input voltage to variable ac output voltage. There are two
types:

1) AC voltage controllers (AC voltage regulators)

These converters convert fixed ac input voltage to a variable ac output voltage
without change in supply frequency.AC voltage controllers employ tow thyristors in anti
parallel or a TRIAC. The output voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle of
thyristors. These are used in
a) lighting control
b) Speed control of fans, pumps.
c) Transformer tap changer
d) AC drives

2) Cycloconverter
Cyclo converters convert input power at one frequency to output power at a
different frequency. The cycloconverter is widely used in the following applications,
a) Speed control of large AC drives like rotary kilns, etc.
b) Static variable speed constant frequency generators for aircraft

2.3.4 DC to DC converters
A DC chopper converts fixed DC input voltage to Variable DC output voltage.
The output voltage can be controlled by on and off time of the thyristors. These are used
in
a) DC drives
b) Subway cars
c) Battery operated vehicles
d) Trolley trucks
10

2.3.5 DC to AC converter
An inverter converts a fixed DC input voltage to fixed AC output voltage with
variable frequency. The output voltage can be controlled by varying the on time of the
thyristors. These are used in
a) Uninterruptable power supply
b) Induction motor and synchronous motor drives.
c) High voltage dc transmission.
d) Induction heating

2.4 Single phase Full-Bridge (H-Bridge) Inverter

The structure of a single-phase full-bridge inverter (also known as a bridge
inverter) is shown in Figure 2.2. This inverter consists of two single phase leg inverters of
the same type as half bridge and is generally preferred over other arrangements in higher
power ratings. The DC link voltage is defined as 2 Vdc. With this arrangement, the
maximum output voltage for this inverter is now twice that of the half-bridge inverter
Since the entire DC voltage can be impressed across the load, rather than only
one-half as is the case for the half-bridge. This implies that for the same power rating the
output current and the switch currents are one-half of those for a half-bridge inverter. At
higher power levels this is a distinct advantage since it requires less paralleling of
devices. Also, higher voltage is preferred since the cost of wiring is typically reduced as
well as the losses in many types of loads because of the reduced current flow In general,
the converter configuration is capable Of bidirectional power flow, In the case where
power is exclusively or primarily intended to flow from DC to AC the circuits are
designated as inverters, while the same circuits are designated rectifiers if the reverse is
true.
In cases where the DC supplies are derived from a source such as a battery, the
inverter is designated as a voltage source inverter (VSI). If the DC is formed by a
temporary DC supply such as a capacitor (being recharged ultimately, perhaps, from a
separate source of energy), the inverter is designated as a voltage stiff inverter to indicate
that the link voltage tends to resist sudden changes but can alter its value substantially
under heavy load changes. The same distinction can also be made for the rectifier
designations.

11

Fig 2.2 Single phase full-bridge (H-bridge) inverter.

Fig 2.3 Output voltage wave form

12

The full bridge circuit will have two pole-voltages (V AO and VBO), which are
similar to the pole voltage VAO of the half bridge circuit. Both VAO and VBO of the full
bridge circuit are square waves but they will, in general, have some phase difference.
Figure above shows these pole voltages staggered in time by" t" seconds. It may be more
convenient to talk in terms of the phase displacement angle defined as below:
=( 2 )

t
radians
T

2.5 Cyclo-Converter
The basic principle of operation of a Cyclo-converter is explained with reference
to an equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2.4. Each two-quadrant converter (phase-controlled)
is represented as an alternating voltage source, which corresponds to the fundamental
voltage component obtained at its output terminals. The diodes connected in series with
each voltage source, show the unidirectional conduction of each converter, whose output
voltage can be either positive or negative, being a two-quadrant one, but the direction of
current is in the direction as shown in the circuit, as only Thyristors unidirectional
switching devices, are used in the two converters. Normally, the ripple content in the
output voltage is neglected.
The control principle used in an ideal Cyclo-converter is to continuously modulate
the firing angles of the individual converters, so that each produces the same sinusoidal
(ac) voltage at its output terminals. Thus, the voltages of the two generators (Fig. 2.4)
have the same amplitude, frequency and phase, and the voltage of the Cyclo-converter is
equal to the voltage of either of these generators.
It is possible for the mean power to flow either to or from the output terminals,
and the Cyclo-converter is inherently capable of operation with loads of any phase angle
inductive or capacitive. Because of the uni-directional current carrying property of the
individual converters, it is inherent that the positive half-cycle of load current must
always be carried by the positive converter and the negative half-cycle by the negative
converter, regardless of the phase of the current with respect to the voltage. This means
that each two-quadrant converter operates both in its rectifying (converting) and in its
inverting region during the period of its associated half-cycle of current.

13

Fig. 2.4: Equivalent circuit of Cyclo-converter

The output voltage and current waveforms, illustrating the operation of an ideal
Cyclo-converter circuit with loads of various displacement angles, are shown in Fig. 2.5.
The displacement angle of the load (current) is (Fig. 2.5a). In this case, each converter
carries the load current only, when it operates in its rectifying region, and it remains idle
throughout the whole period in which its terminal voltage is in the inverting region of
operation. In Fig. 2.5b, the displacement angle of the load is lagging. During the first
period of each half-cycle of load current, the associated converter operates in its
rectifying region, and delivers power to the load.
During the latter period in the half-cycle, the associated converter operates in its
inverting region, and under this condition, the load is regenerating power back into the
Cyclo-converter output terminals, and hence, into the ac system at the input side. These
two are illustrative cases only. Any other case, say capacitive load, with the displacement
angle as leading, the operation changes with inverting region in the first period of the
half-cycle as per displacement angle, and the latter period operating in rectifying region.

14

Fig 2.5 Voltage and current wave forms

2.5.1 Single-phase to Single-phase Cyclo-converter

The circuit of a single-phase to single-phase Cyclo-converter is shown in Fig. 2.6.
Two full-wave fully controlled bridge converter circuits, using four Thyristors for each
bridge, are connected in opposite direction (back to back), with both bridges being fed
from ac supply (50 Hz). Bridge 1 (P positive) supplies load current in the positive half
of the output cycle, while bridge 2 (N negative) supplies load current in the negative
half. The two bridges should not conduct together as this will produce short-circuit at the
input. In this case, two Thyristors come in series with each voltage source. When the load
current is positive, the firing pulses to the Thyristors of bridge 2 are inhibited, while the
Thyristors of bridge 1 are triggered by giving pulses at their gates at that time. Similarly,
when the load current is negative, the Thyristors of bridge 2 are triggered by giving pulses
at their gates, while the firing pulses to the Thyristors of bridge 1 are inhibited at that
time.

15

This is the circulating-current free mode of operation. Thus, the firing angle
control scheme must be such that only one converter conduct at a time, and the
changeover of firing pulses from one converter to the other, should be periodic according
to the output frequency. However, the firing angles the Thyristors in both converters
should be the same to produce a symmetrical output.

Fig 2.6 Single phase to single phase Cyclo-converter

When a Cyclo-converter operates in the non-circulating current mode, the
control scheme is complicated, if the load current is discontinuous. The control is
somewhat simplified, if some amount of circulating current is allowed to flow between
them. In this case, a circulating current limiting reactor is connected between the positive
and negative converters, as is the case with dual converter, i.e. two fully controlled bridge
converters connected back to back, in circulating-current mode. The readers are requested
to refer to any standard text book. This circulating current by itself keeps both converters
in virtually continuous conduction over the whole control range. This type of operation is
termed as the circulating-current mode of operation.

2.6 The Bi-Directional Switch

By definition a bi-directional switch, in literature also named bilateral switch
or AC-switch or 4Q-switch (Q stands for quadrant), has to be capable of conducting
currents and blocking voltages of both polarities, depending on control actual signal.
Even though the research activity on the design and fabrication of a true bi-directional
switch is keep going either in the academy or in the power semiconductor industry, so far
16

no true bi-directional switches are available on the power electronics market.

Consequently, bi-directional switches have to be realized with discrete unidirectional
semiconductor devices variously arranged.
The practical problems related to the implementation of the bi-directional
switch and the relevant commutation issues have represented one of the main obstacles to
the industrial success of forced commutated direct AC-AC power converters.

2.6.1 The Implementation of Bi Directional Switch

As already explained, bi-directional switches have to be realized by discrete
unidirectional devices. These realizations require much more chip area and they produce
higher switching losses compared to a completely integrated solution. In Fig.2.7 the
different bi-directional switch configurations which have been used in prototype and
proposed in literature for matrix converters are shown.
The diode bridge switch has been the first configuration used for a matrix
converter prototype. This configuration has the advantage of requiring only one active
device per 32 switches with its associated driver circuitry. But it has the relevant
disadvantage that three devices are conducting whenever the switch conducts, giving rise
to relatively high conduction losses.
The IGBT provides the path for both current polarities and therefore it is not
possible to separately control the current direction. When the current changes sign, it is
automatically commutated to the opposite conducting diodes.

Fig.2.7 Possible discrete implementations of a bi-directional switch

17

CHAPTER 3
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER AND LOGIC GATES
3.1 Introduction to Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another by electromagnetic induction without the change in frequency. The transformer,
which can link circuits with different voltages, has been instrumental in enabling
universal use of the alternating current system for transmission and distribution of
electrical energy.

Fig 3.1 Core type transformer

The transformer is an electromagnetic conversion device in which electrical
energy received by primary winding is first converted into magnetic energy which is
reconverted back into a useful electrical energy in other circuits (secondary winding,
tertiary winding, etc.). Thus, the primary and secondary windings are not connected
electrically, but coupled magnetically. A transformer is termed as either a step-up or stepdown transformer depending upon whether the secondary voltage is higher or lower than
the primary voltage, respectively. Transformers can be used to either step-up or step-down
voltage depending upon the need and application; hence their windings are referred as
high-voltage/low-voltage

or

high-tension/low-tension

primary/secondary windings.

18

windings

in

place

of

3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Transformer

Distribution transformers are fundamental components in power distribution
systems.
They are relatively
Inexpensive,
Highly reliable, and
Fairly efficient
However, they have some disadvantages such as

Heavy weight,
Large size,
Sensitivity to harmonics,
Voltage drop under load,
(Required) protection from system disruptions and overload,
Protection of the system from problems arising at or beyond the transformer
Environmental concerns regarding mineral oil.
These disadvantages are becoming increasingly important as power quality

becomes more of a concern. In this case, power electronic based transformer is a good
option for solving above problems.

3.3 Advantages of PET over conventional transformer

The proposed PET performs typical functions and has advantages such as

Power factor correction

Voltage regulation
Voltage sag and swell elimination
Voltage flicker reduction
Protection capability in fault situations.
Eliminates necessity for toxic dielectric coolants.

3.4 Basic concept of Transformer design

By the EMF equation of transformer
E=4.44 fN Bm (0.97 A g)

Volts

Where
f = rated frequency
Bm= maximum flux density
N= number of turns
Ag = gross core area
19

(3.1)

0.97 is the stacking factor (assumed)

A g

1
f Bm

(3.2)

By equation (3.2) the area of core is inversely proportional to the frequency and
maximum flux density. We observe as the frequency increases the size of the core
decreases proportionally. Recent trends in power electronics develops to generate high
frequencies from 1KHZ to 100KHZ.
Ferrite cores make the designer to go for higher flux densities to reduce the size of
the transformer their by reducing the total losses and increasing the efficiency of
transformer.

3.5 High Frequency Isolation Transformer (HFIT)

Power electronics converters mainly employ transformers, for the purposes of
galvanic isolation and voltage level changing, which are quite similar to the power system
requirements. However, transformers for switching mode converters have distinct
characteristics, like high operating frequencies, non-sinusoidal waveforms, and
predominantly compact sizes. In practice, the transformer is a complex component, often
at the heart of circuit performance.
Together with other passive components, transformers dominate the size of the
power circuit. For the past two decades, high power density has been the main theme to
the power electronics development in distributed power systems, vehicular electric
systems, and consumer apparatus. Increasing frequency that is driven by the desire to
shrink passive size, in turn imposes the investigation on the design of high frequency
passives, especially transformers and inductors. With the elevated frequencies of
operation come new challenges and development that is required of the magnetic
components. These are primarily concerned with the increase in losses as well as the
desire to minimize volume and footprint. Parasitic elements of magnetic components
would affect the converter operation more and more as the frequency gets higher and
higher.
Similar to the advancement of the semiconductor devices, the improvement of the
magnetic material and even the invention of new material have been pursued unceasingly.
Low loss, high saturation induction, and high operation temperature are desired
characteristics of the magnetic material for high frequency high power transformers. The
developed better materials will influence the transformer design correspondingly.
20

Technologies based on existing materials should be revisited and modified to be applied

to the forthcoming materials.

3.5.1 High power & mid-frequency applications

Vehicular and aircraft power systems employ more and more power electronics
converters which have typical power rating of tens kilowatts. MOSFET switches do not
have advantages in this range. Since IGBTs dominate applications that are above the ten
kilowatts range, the corresponding magnetic employed operates below 100 kHz.
Frequencies between 20 and 50 kHz are typical to these applications, and power ratings
higher than 10 kW can be categorized into this range.
Kheraluwala proposed a novel coaxial wound transformer for 50 kHz and 50 kW
dual active bridge DC/DC converter systems. Stemmed from the idea of reducing leakage
and increasing coupling between primary and secondary windings, the coaxial
transformer employs a bunch of toroidal cores and has coaxial type wires wound across
them. The coaxial wire is composed of outer copper tube and inner Litz wires for
different windings, respectively. The leakage inductance calculation is explored for this
particular structure.
J. C. Forthergill developed a high voltage (50 kV) transformer for an electrostatic
precipitator power supply, and insulation and electrostatic analysis are the major
contribution of this work. No special considerations of loss and parasitic calculation have
been discussed for this 25 kHz and 25 kV (pulsed-power) transformers.
Heinemann described a 350 kW transformer for a 10 kHz dual active bridge
DC/DC converter system. Nano crystalline material wound core and coaxial cables are
adopted to construct the transformer. Frequency dependent winding resistance and
leakage inductance have been calculated. An active cooling scheme was implemented
inside the winding. 330 kW and 20 kHz Nano crystalline cut-core transformers have
developed for accelerator klystron radio frequency amplifier power systems recently,
which are the biggest Nano crystalline core reported so far.
Instead of planar structures, high power transformers usually have cable or Litz
wire windings, and ferromagnetic materials are used to achieve higher density. The
accurate and convenient loss and parasitic calculation methods are lack for all the above
mentioned transformers. Another interesting point is that nano crystalline magnetic
material has been applied to achieve higher density.

21

Fig 3.2: Transformer characteristics and technologies

We can summarize the transformer for high frequency, high power applications
would have the features shown in Fig. 3.2, like resonant operation waveforms, Litz wire
windings, high operating temperature, and low loss. Among all transformer design
issues, the following three aspects have been identified as the unique and
challenging to the high density transformer in the range of interests.

a) Core loss calculation

The resonant and soft-switching techniques adopted to reduce the switching losses
impose some unique requirements onto the magnetic design. One is the fact that the
voltage and current waveforms applied to the magnetic components are not a square
shape, as they are in PWM converters.

b) Leakage inductance modeling

The second important issue is that parasitic parameters of the magnetic
components need to be modeled clearly, since they would be one of the key components
in determining a circuit's operation conditions. The Litz wire winding has complex
leakage field distribution, and the frequency dependent leakage inductance should be
modeled with considering eddy current effects.
22

c) Nano-crystalline material characterization

Ferrites might not be the only core material candidate, due to their low saturation
and operating temperature. High density transformer design opens the possibility of
utilization of high saturation flux density Ferro-magnetic materials in high frequency
applications. Nano crystalline material, as the best combination of low loss and high
saturation, has gained acceptance in mid-frequency range, and needs to be characterized
for high-frequency range.

3.6 Logic Gates and Latches

By converting continuous analog signals into a finite number of discrete states, a
process called digitization, then to the extent that the states are sufficiently well separated
so that noise does create errors, the resulting digital signals allow the following (slightly
idealized):
Storage over arbitrary periods of time
Flawless retrieval and reproduction of the stored information
Flawless transmission of the information
Some information is intrinsically to be digital so it is natural to process and
manipulate it using purely digital techniques. Examples are numbers and words. The
drawback to digitization is that a single analog signal (e.g. a voltage which is a function
of time, like a stereo signal) needs many discrete states, or bits, in order to give a
satisfactory reproduction. For example, it requires a minimum of 10 bits to determine a
voltage at any given time to an accuracy of 0.1%. For transmission, one now requires 10
lines instead of the one original analog line. The explosion in digital techniques and
technology has been made possible by the incredible increase in the density of digital
circuitry, its robust performance, its relatively low cost, and its speed. The requirement of
using many bits in reproduction is no longer an issue: The more the better
This circuitry is based upon the transistor, which can be operated as a switch
with two states. Hence, the digital information is intrinsically binary. So in practice, the
terms digital and binary are used interchangeably. In the following sections we
summarize some conventions for designing the binary states and for doing binary
arithmetic.
3.6.1 Binary Logic States

23

The following table attempts to make correspondences between conventions for

designing binary logic states. In the case of the TTL logic gates we will be using in the
lab, the Low voltage state is roughly 0-1 Volt and the High state is roughly 2.5-5 Volts.
Boolean Logic

Boolean Algebra

Voltage State

Voltage State

(Positive true)

(Negative true)

True (T)

High (H)

Low (L)

False (F)

Table 3.1: logic level states

The convention for naming these states is illustrated in Fig. 3.2. The positive
true" case is illustrated; the relationship between the logic state and label (in this case
switch open") at some point in the circuit can be summarized with the following.
The labeled voltage is High (Low) when the label's stated function is True (False)
in the figure, the stated function is certainly true (switch open), and this does
correspond to a high voltage at the labeled point. (Recall that with the switch open, Ohm's
Law implies that with zero current, the voltage difference across the pull up" resistor is
zero, so that the labeled point is at +5 Volts. With a closed switch, the labeled point is
connected to ground, with a 5 Volt drop across the resistor and a current of I = V=R = 5
mA through it.) With the convention known as negative true", the label would be
changed to switch closed" with a bar over it: switch closed. Our statement becomes

Figure 3.3 Illustration for labeling logic states (positive true").

24

The labeled voltage is Low (High) when the label's stated function is true (False)
so in the figure, the stated function (switch closed) is true when the voltage is low. The
bar is meant to evoke the Boolean inversion operation: T = F, F = T, T = T, and so forth.

3.6.2 Basic Logic Gates

AND gate
The symbolic representation of AND gate is as shown in the fig 3.4 and its logic
function is
Z=AB

Fig 3.4 Symbol of AND gate

Truth table
Inputs

Output

Table 3.2 Truth table for AND gate

25

EX-OR gate
The symbolic representation of EX-OR gate is as shown in fig 3.5 and its logic
function is given by

Z = A B+ A B

Fig 3.5 Symbol of EX-OR gate

Truth table
Inputs

Output

Table 3.3 Truth table for EX-OR gate

D-Latch
Two simple modifications of the SR latch make it somewhat more useful, shown
in Figure 3.6. Here a single input D is used in place of the set signal, and an inverter
is used to generate the complementary reset input. These two input signals are gated by
a separate clock signal C, such that the outputs and Q and

26

will only change

when C is high. This D-latch thus avoids the ambiguity inherent in the SR latch when
both inputs are high, since that state is no longer possible.

Fig3.6 Symbol of D-Latch

27

CHAPTER 4
PHASE SHIFT MODULATION AND ZVZCS OPERATION OF
PROPOSED TOPOLOGY
4.1 Phase Shift Modulation for Single-Phase Inverter
The method by which voltage adjustment is accomplished in a solid state power
converter is the heart of the issue of modulation. a very simple introductory example of
modulation can be obtained by taking a single-phase inverter as shown in Figure 4.1 and
operating each phase leg with a 50% duty cycle but with a phase delay of( -) between
the two phase legs. Typical waveforms for this inverting operation (DC-to-AC power
conversion) in what can be termed phase shift voltage control or phase shift modulation
are shown in Figure 4.2. Clearly, as the phase delay angle changes, the RMS magnitude
of the line-to-line output voltage changes.

Fig4.1 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

The switched output voltage of this inverter can be represented as the sum of a
series of harmonic components (a Fourier series in fact). The magnitude of each harmonic
28

can be conveniently evaluated using the quantity = (9 0 - / 2) where is as shown in

Figure 4.2. Conventional Fourier analysis gives, for each harmonic n, a peak harmonic
magnitude of

Fig 4.2 Voltage wave forms

V ab(n) =

2 V dc cos ( n ) d

4
V dc cos ( n ) d

V dc

8
sin ( n )
n

29

 V dc

8
n
cos
n
2

Where n is odd

Fig 4.3 First five odd (nonzero) harmonic components of single phase inverter with phase
shift control as a function of phase shift angle normalized with respect to 2Vdc.
Figure 4.3 shows the variation of the fundamental frequency and harmonic
components as a function of the overlap angle . The components are normalized with
respect to 2 Vdc.

4.2 Hard Switching Effects

The device switching waves of hard switched inverters have a number of
detrimental effects, which can be summarized as follows:

a) Switching Loss
30

The overlapping of voltage and current waves during each turn-on and turn-off
switching cause a large pulse of energy loss. With an RC snubber, the Turn-off loss can be
decreased, but the stored energy in the capacitor is lost at turn-on switching. Therefore,
with a snubber the total switching loss may increase. With higher switching frequency,
inverter losses increases, that is efficiency decreases. In fact, the PWM switching
frequency of an inverter is limited because of switching loss.

b) Device Stress
In hard switching, the switching locus moves through the active region of the voltampere area, which stresses the device. The reliability of the device may be impaired due
to prolonged hard switching operation.

c) EMI Problems
High dv/dt, di/dt, and parasitic ringing effect at the switching of a fast device can
create severe EMI problems, which may affect the control circuit and nearby apparatus.
Parasitic leakage or coupling inductance, although quite small, can be a source of EMI
due to large induced (L di/dt) voltage. Similarly, large dv/dt can induce common mode
coupling current (C dv/dt) in the control circuit through a parasitic capacitance. EMI
problems will be severe in snubber less inverter

4.3 Soft Switching In Switching Power Poles

There are many such circuits and control techniques proposed in the literature,
most of which may make the problem of EMI and the overall losses worse due to large
conduction losses in the switches and other passive components. Avoiding these
topologies, only a few soft switching circuits are practical.
The goal in Soft- Switching is that the switching transition in the power-pole
occurs under very favorable conditions, that is, the switching transistor has a zero voltage
and/or zero current associated with it. Based on these conditions, the soft-switching
circuits can be classified as follows:
ZVS(Zero Voltage Switching), and
ZCS(Zero Current Switching)
In ZCS, when the device turns-on, the current build up can be delayed with series
inductance. Similarly, at turn-off, the current may be zero when the device voltage builds
up.

31

Zero voltage may occur when the bypass diode is conducting. Zero-voltage turn-off
occurs with a capacitive snubber which slows down the device voltage build-up.

4.4 Phase Shift Modulation to Achieve ZVZCS Switching

In several methods for extending the ZVS operation of full-bridge switches are
proposed. Some of these suggested methods are based on either increasing the leakage
inductance of the IT or adding an external inductance. Thus, the energy stored in the
primary side of the IT is increased, and then the performance of switches under the ZVS
condition can be improved. Even though the soft switching performance is improved by
these methods, the primary-winding current is increased to high quantities. Consequently,
the stored energy in the external inductance increases and eventually it provides high
circulating currents in the switches. On the other hand, it increases the dead band time of
the Secondary winding voltage.
In a saturable type external inductor is used to obtain ZVS operation of full-bridge
switches. So, the stored energy is limited when the primary-winding current reaches a
high quantity. However, considerable losses on the auxiliary inductor are provided
especially at high-frequency switching operation. Another inconvenience of these
structures is the severe parasitic oscillations at the secondary side of the IT. These
parasitic oscillations happen while the junction capacitance of diodes resonance with the
external inductance or with the leakage inductance of the primary side of the IT.
Another well-known solution to decrease switching losses is a passive snubber
method. If a conventional snubber is used, the total conversion efficiency will be
significantly decreased.
A novel phase shift modulation (PSM) DC-DC converter achieved almost fullrange zero-voltage and zero-current switching (ZVZCS) performance in the switches of a
full-bridge converter by means of a Cyclo-converter, without auxiliary inductor, is
presented in this paper. The diodes of rectifier in the conventional topologies are
superseded by the Cyclo-converter bi-directional switches, operating under ZVS
conditions. Additionally, the controller contains a high-frequency PSM technique and a
reference signal detector to provide not only effective voltage regulation and ZVZCS
commutation for the proposed topologies but also different output waveforms, which
represent this structure as a multifunction converter. Because Cyclo-converter bidirectional and full-bridge switches operate under soft commutation conditions, switching
stresses and losses are reduced.
32

4.5 OPERATION AND ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONVERTER

TOPOLOGY
The power circuit of the proposed ZVZCS converter that employs two bidirectional switches at the secondary side of isolating high-frequency transformer as a
Cyclo-converter is illustrated in Fig. 4.4.
These bidirectional switches are controlled to achieve full range of ZVZCS
performance on the full-bridge converter switches. The structure of the Cyclo-converter is
particularly simple and robust. Output voltage regulation is provided by phase shifting of
leading-leg switches Q3 and Q4 with respect to lagging-leg switches Q 1 and Q2. It should
be noted that, all switches conduct a lagging current, so all of them are turned on at the
ZVZCS condition.

Fig 4.4 Proposed PSM full-bridge ZVS converter

The capacitor CC is the primary- side capacitor, used to block DC current flow
through t he IT, connecting the left leg of the full-bridge converter to the IT, assumed
large enough to have an approximately zero impedance at the switching frequency in the
steady state condition. Auxiliary capacitors C1 to C4 are used to provide ZVZCS
performance of the full-bridge switches. Ca and Cb are assumed as the parasitic capacitors

33

of the Cyclo-converter switches. Presuming Cf to be large, the filter capacitor and the load
can be supplanted by a DC voltage Vo during each cycle of operation.
The filter inductor Lf, used to convert energy, is required to obtain ZVZCS
operation of the primary side switches. The inductor current If is not constant during a
switching period. Resonance frequency of C f and Lf is selected far lower than the
switching frequency of the converter, and so their effects on the output voltage are
negligible.

4.6 CONTROL PRINCIPLE

The full-bridge converter switches operate under a PSM scheme, which is not
described in this paper owing to extensive explanations. Driving signals, fed to full bridge
converter switches, are illustrated in Fig. 4.5. The gate signals of the bi-directional
switches of the Cyclo-converter are defined by the following flowchart, shown in Fig.
4.6.

34

Fig 4.5 Steady-state waveforms of the proposed converter during each time period

35

Figure 4.6 Proposed flow chart to produce the gate signals of the bi-directional switches
As can be seen from the flowchart, if the reference signal sign is being positive,
the gate signal of S3 will be led to Sb; otherwise, the gate signal of S 4 will be conducted to
Sb. The same explanation could be carried out for S a. It should be mentioned that, the gate
signals of Sa and Sb are expanded a little to achieve ZVS transition for both turn-on and
turn-off operations of them. Practically, because of inevitable delay of gate driver circuits,
this overlapped switching in the Cyclo-converter happens naturally. Nevertheless, by
imposing a suitable delay in control signals of S 1 to S4, overlapping is avoided at the full
bridge converter.
This control strategy, explained previously, provides specific attribution of the
proposed topology to obtain the desired output waveforms by tracing different reference
signals. Therefore the average voltage of Vo (output voltage) in one switching period is
accordingly changed by variations of the reference signal. Consequently, desired output
waveforms will be obtained if the reference signals of the controller are changed suitably.
It is clear that, the output waveform frequency should be far lower than the switching
frequency in order to maintain the constant average voltage of Vo across the capacitor C f,
during each switching period.
36

4.7 Operation and Analysis of the Proposed Converter

The steady-state simulation results, depicted in Fig.4.5, show both the operation
waveforms of each interval and gate pulses for one cycle of operation. The equivalent
circuits for the various intervals are shown in Fig. 4.7. The inductor, Lf of the output filter
is selected in such a way that If reaches its positive and negative values during each cycle
of operation. Considering Cf to be large, the filter capacitor and the load can be replaced
by a DC voltage Vo during each operating cycle.
Initially, Q1, Q4 and the bi-directional switch Sa are conducting and If is positive.

Interval 1 (T0T1) [Fig.4.7a]

At time T0, the primary side current Ip is positive and flows through the Q1, IT and
Q2. It rises steadily compared with the switching Operation time. Meanwhile, the output
stage receives energy from the inductor Lf as well as from the input.
At the end of this interval, the switch S 4 is turned off. The average output voltage
is given as
V o=ND V

(4.1)

The state equation of this interval is given by

V s=N V =Lf

d If
+V o
dt

(4.2)

Solving the equation with assumed initial conditions If, to=0 results in
If=

( 1D ) N V
t
Lf

(4.3)

Where N is the transformer ratio obtained from N = N s/Np and D is the duty cycle of the
converter calculated from D =2Ton/Ts (Fig. 4.5). Equation (4.4) shows the duration of this
interval
T 01=T 1T 0=T on=

DT s
2

(4.4)

Interval 2 (T1T2) [Fig. 4.7b]

With S3 off and S4 just off, the sub circuit is as shown in Fig. 4.8a. It can be
redrawn as in Fig.4.8b, which is the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit on the left. Fig.
3.8c shows the final equivalent circuit from the viewpoint of the secondary side.
The switch capacitors C3 and C4 are discharged and charged, respectively, because of
resonance between Lf and Cs. Equation (4.5) defines Cs
37

C p =N C p

(4.5)

Where Cp = C3 +C4

Fig 4.7 Equivalent circuits of each operation interval of proposed converter

a.
b.
c.
d.

Interval 1
Interval 2
Interval 3
Interval 4

e.
f.
g.
h.
38

Interval 5
Interval 6
Interval 7
Interval 8

i. Interval 9
j. Interval 10

k. Interval 11
l. Interval 12

39

m.

n. Fig 4.8 Equivalent circuits of interval 2

o.

The variation of If is small because the duration of the time interval T 12 is

small (i.e. the resonance frequency (fo =1/(2(CsLf ))) is much higher than the switching
frequency). The sum of the capacitors voltages is equal to V in. However, the voltage
across S4, V4, rises to Vin whereas the voltage across S3, V3, falls to zero. As a result, the
primary voltage Vp reaches zero at the end of this interval. The equations are obtained
from the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 3.7c, while the transformer is supposed to be
ideal.
N V +

p.

dI
1
I f dt=L f f +Vo

Cs
dt

(4.6)
V cs ( t )=V Lf ( t ) +V o N V

q.
(4.7)

r. Therefore from fore going equations

I f =I f ,T . cos ( o t ) +

s.

t.

V Lf ,T
sin ( o t)
L f o
1

V cs ( t )=( Lf o ) I f ,T sin ( o t ) +V Lf , T cos ( o t ) + ( D1 ) N V

1

40

(4.8)

u.

(4.
9)

v. The time T12, taken by the resonant capacitor voltage to reach NV in, is given by
(4.10)
T 12=T 2T 1=

w.

1
sin1
o

V Lf ,T
N (2 D) V
1
1

tan
2
( Lf o ) I f , T
V Lf ,T +( ( Lf o ) I f ,T ) o
2
1

x.
(4.10)
y.

Where Vo = 1/ (CsLf )1/2 The initial conditions of this interval are

z.

ILf,Ti= (N Vin Ts/2Lf )D(1 - D), VCs,T1 = 0 and VLf ,T1 =VCs,T1 +N Vin(1 -D).

aa.
ab.
ac. Interval 3 (T2T3) [Fig. 4.7c]
ad.

As the voltage across switch S3 reaches zero at T2, the current Ip starts

flowing through body diode D3. To achieve ZVZC turn-on switching operation of S 3, it is
necessary to apply the gate pulse voltage into the Q 3 in this interval. As the body diode
D3 current reaches zero, Q3 can conduct. During this time interval, voltage across the
primary side of the IT, Vp is equal to zero, so Ip begins to decrease and reaches zero. Also
If decreases, as Vo is larger than Vs. While If is positive, the stored energy in L f feeds the
output. When the direction of If changes, the output capacitor starts to discharge and
results in some output voltage ripples. From the equivalent circuit we have
ae.

If=

DN V
t+ I f ,T
Lf

(4.11)

af. The time taken by the inductor current to reach zero is given by (12)
ag.

T 23=T 3T 2=I f ,T

Lf
DN V

(4.12)

ah. The initial inductor current If ,T2 can obtain from previous interval.

ai. Interval 4 (T3T4) [Fig. 4.7d]

aj.

As Ip goes to zero at T3, the magnetic flow of the secondary windings

decline to zero. Simultaneously, at T3, Sb switches on and Sa turns off instantly. As

brought up in Section 4.1, although both switches conduct at the same time,
commutation of them happens under the ZVS condition. This time interval occurs very
41

fast compared with the switching time of the converter as shown in Fig. 4.4. The inductor
current can achieve as follows
If=

ak.

ND V
t+ I f , T
Lf

(4.13)
al. Where initial inductor current If, T3 can obtain from previous interval. The
duration of this interval is the overlapping time taken by the switches Sa and Sb.

am.
an.

Interval 5 (T4T5) [Fig. 4.7e]

At this interval the switches S1 and S2 commute. At time T4, D3 begins to

conduct, the inductor current If, forces the primary current to flow through switch
capacitors. The switch capacitors C2 and C1 are discharged and charged, respectively,
because of resonance between Lf and Cp. Since C3 = C4 = C1 = C2, this interval can be
illustrated by using the same principle on the second interval (interval 2), which is
discussed previously. So the duration of this time interval can be obtained from (4.14)
ao.
ap.

T 45=T 5 T 4=

ND V
2

( o Lf I f , T ) +(ND V )
4

1
ND V
1
tan
o
o Lf I f , T

(4.14)
aq.

Where If,T4 is the initial inductor current which is obtained from the

previous interval, as the voltage across C2 reaches zero, Ip begins to flow through body
diode D2. As D2 starts to conduct the next interval ensues.

ar. Interval 6 (T5T6) [Fig. 4.7f]

as.

During this stage the primary voltage remains constant and the stored

energy recovers to source. Thus, the primary current gradually decreases to zero at T 6
and the currents of diodes, D2 and D3 fall to zero. By changing the direction of currents
in both switches S2 and S3, this interval converted to the next one and the switches turn
on at the ZVZC switching condition. The inductor current is depicted by (4.15)
at.

If=

N V
( 1D ) t + I f , T
Lf

(4.15)
au. The time taken by the inductor current to reach zero is given by
42

av.

T 56 =T 6 T 5=

Lf I f , T
N V (1D)
5

(4.16)
aw.

The initial current If,T5 can obtain easily from the previous interval. As can

be observed from Fig. 4.5 the operation principles of the next intervals (from interval 7
to interval 12) are similar to those which are described.

ax.
ay.
az.
ba.
bb.
bc.
bd.
be.
bf. CHAPTER 5
bg.
bh.
bi.

PROPOSED CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY

5.1 Proposed Power Circuit of FMPET

The proposed circuit is shown in Fig. 5.1. It should be mentioned that the

proposed topology can be expanded by connecting modules in series or parallel to obtain

higher voltage or current ratings, and to form star/delta connections for three phase
applications.
bj.

As shown in Fig. 5.1(a), each port is composed of a full bridge dc-link

inverter (FBDCI), HFIT, and a Cyclo converter. This topology consists of independent
and similar modules and each port can work independently. Thus, the analysis of one
port is sufficient to introduce whole topology. The FBDCI (modulator) can operate as an
inverter when it converts the dc-link voltage to an ac waveform at the HFIT side. It can
operate as an active rectifier when it converts the ac waveform of the HFIT to the dc-link
43

voltage. The FBDCI is used to achieve zero-voltage level, adjustable pulse width, and the
symmetrical switching. In addition, the number of switches can be reduced to obtain
simpler circuit than the latter, shown in Fig. 5.1(b). In this case, one of the half-bridge
circuits can be considered as the reference or master leg. Once gate pulses for the master
leg (i.e., switches and) are provided, the gate pulses of the other legs (slave legs) have a
phase shift respect to the master leg. Using this control strategy, the number of switches
can be reduced to half. The modulator can be described as follows:
1) Bidirectional power flow capability;
2) Adjustable switching frequency that feet voltage pulses frequency into the pass
band of HFIT; and
3) Stored energy in the dc link (if the modulator is in active rectifier mode).
bk.

For Cyclo-converters, several circuit topologies can be proposed using

unidirectional or bidirectional switches. In this paper, a typical cycloconverter with two

bidirectional switches operates as the demodulator. The demodulator converts high
frequency voltage (i.e.,) to low frequency voltage (i.e., Vpr1) and vice versa. The
specifications of the demodulator are listed as follows:
bl.

44

bm.
bn. Fig.5.1 Proposed circuit of the FPET. (a) Basic topology and (b) reduced switch
topology

45

1) Bidirectional power flow capability; and

2) Providing zero voltage switching by turning the switches of

Cyclo-converter

ON/OFF, while voltage of HFIT riches to zero.

bo. 5.2 Modulation and Demodulation Operation Principles
bp.

The well-known phase shift modulation (PSM) method is shown in Fig.

5.2. The definition of parameters is given in Table 5.1.
bq.

Fi
g. 5.2 Principle of PSM method.
br. Sym
bt.
bv.

bol
Gi
Ga

bs. Definition
bu. Gate driving signal of Si where i=1,2,3 and 4
bw.Gate driving signal of Sa and Sb

and
46

Gb
bx. Ts
bz. Ton
cb. Tcd
cd. Vp
cf. Vs
ch. Vc
cj. N
cm.

by. Switching period

ca. Turn-on duration time in Ts/2
cc. Cyclo converter switches delay time
ce. Primary side voltage of HFIT
cg. Secondary side voltage of HFIT
ci. Output voltage of the cycloconverter
ck. Transformer windings ratio Ns/Np
cl. Table 5.1 Definition of parameters

The voltage regulation is performed by the FBDCI using PSM method.

The cycloconverter chooses the PSM pulses in such a way to provide positive or
negative voltage polarity at the output. In this figure, the cycloconverter provides
positive output voltage polarity as an example. On one hand, the switches of
cycloconverter turn ON/OFF with a time delay (Tcd) respect to those of FBDCI,
so they operate under zero voltage condition. On the other hand, the switches
have a small overlapping time to provide a path for Lf current to avoid high
stresses at switching instants. Thus, the switches operate at soft switching
condition. The leakage inductance of HFIT should be minimized as much as
possible. In practice, snubber circuits must be used to damp the stored energy in
the leakage inductance of HFIT.

cn. According to Fig. 5.2, the duty cycle of FBDCI is defined as follows:
D ( k T s )=

co.

2T on (k T s )
,
Ts

(5.1)
cp.

k=1, 2, 3.

cq. The modulated voltage at the secondary side for one duty cycle is expressed by
(5.2)
V s=N V p

cr.

(5.2)
cs. The modulated voltage at the output of cycloconverter (Vc) is determined as
follows:
ct.

V c ( t )=sign ( t )| N V P ( t )|=sign ( t ) N V d ( t ) ,
47

cu.

Sign (t) = 1 or -1, (k-1) Ts < t < kTs

(5.3)

cv.

cw.

k=1, 2, 3

Where sign (tk) function determines the polarity of Vc that can be positive or
negative according to the desired output voltage and presented by (5.4).
sign ( t ) =

cx.

1 Ga ( t )=G1 ( tT cd )G b ( t )=G 2 (tT cd )

1 Gb ( t )=G1 ( tT cd )Ga ( t )=G 2 (t T cd ) ,

cy.
cz.

(K-1)Ts < t < kTs,

k=1, 2, 3
(5.4)

da.
db.
dc.

5.3 PSM Control Circuit

The control circuit is responsible for providing pulse gate of dc link

switches and the cycloconverter. The implementation of PSM is shown in Fig.

5.3. The input data address consists of four lines. The first line is polarity of
output voltage signi. The second line is switch-enabled of cycloconverter (Enable
Ci). The third line is switch-enabled of dc link (Enable Si). The fourth line
provides the duty cycle data of the ith port. The enabled lines are provided by the
startup and protection circuits.

48

dd.

de. Fig 5.3 Schematic presentation of PSM controller.

df. 5.4 Utilization of Ports as a Voltage Source

As an example when a port (assuming ith port) is designed to operate as

dg.

a voltage source, it can provide a constant voltage regardless of the active or

reactive power that is exchange between the port and the grid. So, a controllable
voltage at the output of cycloconverter can be obtained and it is given by
V c ( t )=V ref (t)

dh.

(5.5)
49

di.

Where vRefi (t) is the reference voltage, According to (4), one may obtain

the following approximation:

dj.

V ref ( t ) K c sign i ( ( k +1 ) T s ) N i N d ( k T s ) D i ( ( k +1 ) T s ) ,
i

k T s <1<( k +1)T s

dk.
dl.

(5.6)

Where the asterisk symbols show the next stage values, Therefore, the

duty cycle and the sign function are achieved as follows:

dm.

dn.

do.

D i ( ( k +1 ) T s )

|V ref (( k +1 ) T s)|
i

K c N i V d (k T s)

(k +1)T s
vref
i

sign i ( ( k +1 ) T s ) =sign

0<D<1

(5.7)

Because of high switching frequency, it is expected to assume VRefi is

constant over time period of kTs < t < (k + 1) Ts. The duty cycle is a function of dc-link
voltage (Vd (kTs)) and the turn winding of the HFIT at the ith port. The block diagram of
controller is shown in Fig. 5.4.
dp.

dq. Fig. 5.4 Control circuit of a typical port that operates as a voltage source.

dr.5.5 Energy Balance in FMPET

ds.

In every system, there is a balance among losses, input energy and output

energy. This balance for FMPET is presented as follows:

50

W i+W c +W loss=0

dt.

i=1

du.

(5.8)

Where Wi, WCd, and Wloss are the input/output energy, stored energy at dc

link and losses, respectively. Neglecting the power losses, (4.8) can be approximated by
n

Pi Pc

dv.

i=1

(5.9)
dw.

To achieve power equilibrium in Cd and have constant dc link voltage,

some of the ports should absorb and inject desired active power. The algorithm for
regulation of dc-link voltage is as follows:
dx. Step 1 At the start-up instant, following two methods can be used to charge the
dc-link capacitor to the desired value.
1) The dc-link capacitor can be charged by an extra dc source. As the desired dc-link
voltage achieved, the dc source should be disconnected.
2) The cycloconverter can provide a high frequency voltage across HFIT. When the
voltage passes through HFIT, it changes to a dc voltage across dc-link capacitor
by the body diodes of FBDCI switches. The dc voltage can charge the capacitor
considering the winding ratio of HFIT. The startup current is limited by Lf.
dy. Step 2 DC-link voltage checking.
1) If Vd,Ref Vd,Ref < Vd (t) < Vd,Ref +Vd,Ref , then there is no need for adjustments.
The Vd,Ref is a fraction of Vd,Ref that is required to provide Hysteresis band.
2) If Vd,Ref Vd,Ref > Vd (t) or Vd (t) > Vd,Ref + Vd,Ref , then voltage should be
regulated and the port powers should be adjusted.
dz. Step 3 Return to the second step.

ea.5.6 Balancing Ports

51

eb.

ec. Fig 5.5 Simplified diagram of FMPET.

ed.

For another solution to regulate voltage of dc link, some ports are

considered as balancing ports that provide energy to balance dc-link voltage in

FMPET. One of the main objectives of these kinds of ports is to control voltage level in
the dc-link voltage, particularly when over voltage or voltage drop occurs in the dc link.
Assuming the ith port is chosen as the balancing port, the main component of the
cycloconverter voltage, and output of the port are given as follows
ee.

v c ( t )= 2V c sin ( 2 f i tc ) V c c
i

v pr ( t )= 2 V pr sin ( 2 f i t p ) V pr p
i

ef.

i= c
i

pi

(5.10)
eg.

eh. Definition

ei.

ej. Definition

ek.

el. Phase angle of voltage of

cycloconverter

es.
i

Vc

ep. Phase angle of voltage of ith port

eo.

em.

en. Rms value of voltage

of cycloconverter
i

V pr

pi

et. Port angle or the differential

angle

er. Voltage of ith port

eq.

eu.

ev. Frequency of ith port

fi

ew. Table 5.2 Description of parameters prearranged in (5.10)

52

ex.

Therefore, neglecting the resistance of output filter inductance, the active

power of the port is obtained as follows:

ey.

P i=

V c V pr
sin i
2 f i Lf
i

(5.11)
ez.

Applying the differences between Vd and Vd,Ref as an error signal to a

typical PI controller, the value of required Pi can be estimated. According to (4.6) and
(4.7), the duty cycles are achieved.

fa. 5.7 Proposed HV FMPET for High Voltage Application

fb.

Fig. 5.6 shows the proposed HV FMPET, which should be compared

with the PET, suggested in [9]. As can be seen in this figure, the ports one to five, i.e., P1,
P2, P3, P4 and P5 are connected in series to increase the rating of the input voltage. The
RC circuits (Rs and Cs) are connected to each port to divide high input voltage equally
among the ports. The sixth, seventh, and eight ports are connected to a low voltage threephase load.
In order to study the capability of FPET to reduce the input voltage disturbances
such as voltage swell and sag, 50% voltage swell and 50% voltage sag is applied to the
supply of FMPET. The advantage of multilevel PET over FMPET is its lower harmonic
components in the input current. On the other hand, FMPET has the capability of the
bidirectional power flow, while the multilevel PET is unidirectional. It must be
mentioned that, FMPET has one dc link and one dc capacitor but multilevel PET has two
dc links in each module. In addition, the output ports of FMPET can be connected in star
configuration to provide a three phase four-wire system with independent phase voltage
control.

53

fc.
fd. Fig 5.6 Proposed circuits for high voltage application
54

fe. CHAPTER 6

ff. SIMULATION MODEL DIAGRAMS AND RESULTS

fg. 6.1 Simulation Model for HV FMPET

fh.

fi. Fig 6.1 Simulation Circuit of FMPET for High voltage application
[Vd]

+2
C

1
g

+3

Sa6
g

1+

Current Measurement

Sa1

1+

3
C

g
g

E
C

[Vpr1]

Goto4

[Vpr6]

Goto3

S36

Sa2

S46

Subsystem21

Sb6

Subsystem16

[Ipr1]

Goto5

Sb1

S41

g
g

E
C

S2

2
v

1
g

+
+2
C

3
C

i
-+
+3

+
v-

g
E
C
E

1+

Sa7

Sb2

Subsystem17

1+

+2
C

3
E

S42

Sa3

[Vpr7]

Goto2

Subsystem22

Sb7

E
C

+ v
-

+3
-

+3
+2
C

1
g

1+

S37

g
3
C

+2
C

S47

g
g

+3

Sa8

2
C
E
C

3
C

Sb3

Subsystem18

1+

S32

1
g
g

S33

S43

g
g

S31

+
v

Sb8

[Vpr8]

Goto1

Subsystem23

+
v
-

Sa4

1+

S38

S48

1
g

[Vpr8]

From43

[Vpr7]

From42

[Vpr6]

From40

From41

[Vd]

From35

[Vpr6]

From34

S44

Scope2

Scope1

Scope

Subsystem19

Sb4

S34

g
g

E
C

Scope6

S1

+3
-

+2
C
E

1
g

+2
C

3
C
E

[Vpr1]

From37

[Ipr1]

From36

Sa5

+2
C
E

+3
2

Scope4

Scope3

1
g

S45

Subsystem20

Sb5

S35

g
g

C
E
C
E

3
C
E

E
3
C
E

2
C
E

g
g

55

fk.
E

fj.

1+

+3

powergui
Discrete,
Ts = 5e -005 s.

S41
z

AND

S31
1

AND

!Q
C

D Latch2

Q
D

Unit Delay3

Sign
Abs
Constant

600

From

u
Math
Function

|u|

Gain

-K[Vd]

Variable
Time Delay

1
Product Saturation

1
1

Clock

To

D Latch1

!Q

D Latch

!Q
C

Unit Delay1

XOR

Q
D

S2
z

AND

AND

S1

Sa1
AND

Sb1
z

AND
XOR
z

Unit Delay2

fl.
fm.
fn. Fig 6.2 Control Circuit of FMPET
fo.

The simulation circuit diagram and control circuit are shown in fig 6.1

and fig 6.2. The ports P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 are connected in series to obtain high voltage
and ports P6, P7 and P8 are connected in star for three phase voltage application.
56

fp. 6.2 Simulation Results

fq.

600

Port 1 load Voltage

400

Volts

200

-200

-400

-600
0.44

0.45

0.46

0.47

Time

0.48

0.49

0.5

fr.

40

Port 1 load current

30
20

Amps

10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.44

0.45

0.46

0.47

Time

0.48

0.49

fs. Fig 6.3 Port voltage and Current of HV FMPET

57

0.5

ft.

400

Three phase load voltage

300
200

Volts

100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.36

1.365

1.37

1.375

1.38

Time

1.385

1.39

1.395

1.4

fu. Fig 6.4 Three phase load voltage waveform

fv.

Fig 6.3 shows the voltage and the current of one of the five ports of HV

FMPET. Considering the phase of the sinusoidal current waveform, the port draws power
from the utility grid with almost unity power factor. Fig 6.4 shows the three phases
balanced load voltage waveform.

58

fw.
fx. Fig 6.5 Port 6, Input DC and output voltage wave forms.
fy.

In order to study the capability of FMPET to reduce the input voltage

disturbances such as voltage swell and sag, 50% voltage swell and 50% sag is applied to
the supply of FMPET. Fig 6.5 shows the Input, Load and DC link voltages i.e., port 6
remains almost constant during voltage swell and sag, respectively.

fz. 6.3 Advantages of FMPET

Design simplicity and expandability.
Bi-directional power flow capability of ports.
Module based topology which can be used in different forms.
Independent operation of ports.
Flexibility in power amount and direction in all ports.
Double galvanic isolation between each port, well as using only one storage
element.

ga.6.4 Applications of FMPET

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and active filter (AF) applications can be
satisfied by the FPET, because it can connect to the grid in series or/and in
parallel.
Desired voltage and current can provide by the flexibility of FPET in providing
various waveforms. FPET can provide desired waveform in each phase (or port)
independently, so this can be used in universal power quality conditioner
(UPQC).
FPET can transfer active and reactive power from one port or phase to another
port or one phase. This in power distribution system is very useful for interline
power flow controller (IPFC).
Additionally, FPET can provide symmetrical three-phase voltage from an
asymmetrical ac source in the form of an uninterruptible power supply
application (UPS). FPET can play a role in providing useful power from variable
low-voltage dc sources. That is suitable for renewable energy applications such as
photovoltaic and fuel cell.
gb.
gc.
59

gd.
ge.
gf.

gg.

gh.
gi.

CONCLUSION

Based on the requirement of a flexible power conversion system, FPET is

proposed to facilitate many requirements that are expected in power electronic and
distribution systems. The proposed topology is flexible enough to provide bidirectional
power flow and has as many ports as it is required. For low-voltage application, FPET
can correct power factor and can adjust the waveform and frequency of the output
voltage. The dc link plays a significant role to provide energy balance, power
management in the circuit and independent operation of ports. The advantages of the
FPET are: bidirectional power flow capability of ports, module-based topology, which
can be used in different forms, independent operation of ports, flexibility in power
amount and direction in all ports, and double galvanic isolation between each port, as
well as using only one storage element.
gj.
gk.
gl.
gm.
gn.
go.
gp.
gq.
gr.
gs.
gt.
60

gu.
gv.
gw.
gx.
gy.

gz.
ha.

BIBILOGRAPHY

hb. [1] S. H. Hosseini, M. B. Sharifian, M. Sabahi, A. Yazdanpanah, and G. H.

Gharehpetian, Bidirectional power electronic transformer for induction heating
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350.
hc. [2] S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi, and A. Y. Goharrizi, Multi-function zero voltage
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hi.

61