Improvement in THD for Three Phase AC-DC Converter by

using PWM and Switching Capacitor Technique

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Master of Technology
in
Power System

Submitted by:
Mayank Kumar Tiwari
0192EE

Under The Guidance of:

Prof. (Dr.) G. P. Rathor
Associate Professor

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE BHOPAL
 CONTENTS
• Abstract
 Introduction

 Literature Review

 Problem Formulation

 Objectives

 Methodology

 Results and Analysis

 Conclusions and Future Scopes of work

 References

 List of Publications 2
 ABSTRACT
 The proposed AC-DC full bridge converter converts the input
AC voltage into DC and boost with a high voltage gain in a three
level PWM converter, three phase level PWM Converter and
switched capacitor topology.
 For high voltage gain AC-DC converters many techniques are
proposed in literature.
 In this work, pulse width modulation and switched capacitor
technique is used in AC-DC converter is a novel method for
attaining high voltage gain.
 In switched capacitor technique, capacitors on secondary side
are charged in parallel during the switch-off and discharged in
series during the switch-on period to achieve a high step-up
voltage gain.
 Simulated results are carried out of this thesis work using 3
MATLAB Simulink.
 INTRODUCTION

 AC to DC converter is called rectifier, it uses semiconductor

devices to convert Alternating current(AC) in to Direct
current(DC) Like as Diode, Transistor etc. diode and transistor
are semiconductor devices and some capacitor are used in
rectifier circuit for filter the wave, filter are used to removed
the ripples content in dc signal.

Figure 1: Circuit diagram of a rectifier 4

• Rectifier is mainly two types:

• Full wave rectifier : it is used to convert full cycle(both

positive and negative) AC waveforms into DC
• Half wave rectifier: half wave rectifier convert half cycle of
waveforms (AC) into Direct current(DC).

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 SINGLE STAGE CONVERTER
 The use of single-stage converter topologies have been
restricted to low power applications due to existence of some
major limitations on their performance ,such as: high ripple in
the output due to absence or small value of storage capacitors.

 However this voltage reduction comes at the expense of the

increased circuit complexity, reduced quality of the input
current waveform or increased circulating currents.

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 THREE STAGE CONVERTER

 Three level dc/dc converters were introduced in order to

alleviate the problems of high voltage stresses across switches.
 Their application was extended to resonant converters in order
to provide a high power converter operating over a wide input
voltage range and suitable for high voltage applications.
 This is because PWM converters are implemented with just a
single controller to control the output voltage and the dc-bus
voltage results in the need for higher voltage rated devices and
very large bulk capacitors for the dc bus.
 The input power factor of a single-stage voltage-fed converter
is not as high as that of current-fed converters. 7
 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
 PWM signals are pulse trains which are applied to the gate of
switches to perform the operation of converter.
 The pulse trains are fixed frequency and magnitude and
variable pulse width.
 There is one pulse of fixed magnitude in every PWM period.

 But the width of the pulses changes from period to period

according to a modulating signal.

Figure 2: Pulse Width Modulation

 TOTAL HARMONICS DISTORTION
 In an electric power system, a harmonic is a voltage or current
at a multiple of the fundamental frequency of the system,
produced by the action of non-linear loads such as rectifiers,
discharge lighting, or saturated magnetic devices.

 Harmonic frequencies in the power grid are a frequent cause

of power quality problems.

 Harmonics in power systems result in increased heating in the

equipment and conductors, misfiring in variable speed drives,
and torque pulsations in motors.
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 Figure 3: Output Waveform of Distortion

• THD is a measure of the amount of harmonic components

present in a signal. It can be defined as the ratio of the sum of
the powers of all the harmonic components to the power of
the fundamental frequency. 10
 LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Title Author/ Methodology Parameter/ Findings
No. Publication/ Scope
year

1. Improved Fengjiang Design AC-DC Total harmonic High THD

Modulation for Dual Wu and converter using distortion,
Active Bridge Based Xiaoguang dual active voltage and
Three-Phase Single- Li, IEEE bridge current /
Stage AC-DC 2019 converter Industry
Converter
2. Combined Phase- Felix Jauch Design AC-DC Input current High step up
Shift and Frequency and Jürgen converter using and voltage, output voltage but
Modulation of a Biela, IEEE dual active Output inductor increase harmonic
Dual-Active-Bridge 2016 bridge current/ distortion
AC–DC Converter Industry
With PFC
3. Single-Stage Sin-Woo Design AC-DC Output voltage It is used only
Bridgeless AC–DC Lee and PFC converter with different single phase
PFC Converter Using Hyun-Lark using valley duty ratio/ Low circuit but
a Lossless Passive Do, IEEE switch voltage decrease 11
Snubber and Valley 2016 applications modulation index
Switching
 LITERATURE REVIEW CONT.
S. Title Author/ Methodology Parameter/ Findings
No. Publication Scope
4. Design and Aileen B. AC to DC power Power factor, System
Implementation of Caberos, factor efficiency, efficiency is
Hybrid Controller for Shu-Chuan correction (PFC) output power/ very good but
AC – DC Power Factor Huang, converter using Low cost increase
Correction Converter Xerxex Dan average current- microcontroller harmonic
G. Gumera, mode distortion
IEEE 2016 control
5. An AC-DC Single- M. Narimani AC-DC single- Input current Improved
Stage Full-Bridge and G. stage and voltage, output current
Converter with Mosch, power factor Output inductor of the system
Improved Output IEEE 2015 corrected (SSPFC) current/ but low
Characteristics full-bridge type Industry modulation
converter index
6. Input Switched High Md. Single phase single Efficiency, High step up
Performance Single Shamsul switch AC-DC threshold, for single phase
Phase Arifin, converter using current/ circuit but
Single Switch C"uk Mohammad Cuk topology Rectifier and system 12
AC-DC converter Jahangir improving complexity is
Alam, IEEE power factor large
2015
 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION

 From literature review, it has been observed that a wide range

of AC-DC & AC-DC-AC converter scheme based on different
types of technique is developed till date but their application
are restricted to a few reduce the overall reliability, increase
total harmonic distortion and efficiency of the power converter.

 The performance of currently available switching capacitor

scheme increase reliability, efficiency, decrease harmonic
distrotion and high step up DC-DC converter.

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 BASE PAPER MODEL

Figure 4: Schematic of the DAB-3P1S AC-DC converter

• Dual Active Bridge Based Three-Phase Single-Stage AC-DC

Converter has the advantages of wide voltage conversion
range, high efficiency and high power density.
• An improved space vector phase-shifted modulation for the
DAB-3P1S ACDC converter is proposed to decouple the high
frequency transformer (HFT) primary side current and realize14
the precise calculation of the phase shifts to eliminate the AC
side current distortion.
 15
Figure 5: Total Harmonics Distortion
 OBJECTIVES

 Power Factor Improvement using Capacitors.

 Minimizing the Distortions.

 Improve the level of voltage.

 Improve modulation index and decrease total harmonic distortion

using switching capacitor technique
.

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 METHODOLOGY

Description:-

• Converter rating: 500 Volts DC, 500 kW

• AC Supply: three-phase, 600 V, 30 MVA, 60 Hz system

• Voltage-sourced Converter (VSC): - Three-level, three-phase

IGBT bridge (modeled using the "Three-Level Bridge" block)
controlled by a PWM modulator (carrier frequency of 1620 Hz)
- DC Link: 2 capacitors of 75000 uF

• Controller: The DC regulator uses two PI regulators to control

the DC voltage while maintaining a unity input power factor 17

for the AC supply.

 Methodology Cont.
• A 50 kW, 380 V, 50 Hz load is connected to a 25 kV, 50 Hz grid
through a AC-DC-AC power supply. This power supply consists
of two voltage source converters, VSC1 and VSC2, connected
through a DC link.
• VSC1 connected on 50Hz grid is operating as a rectifier. It
regulates the DC link voltage at 680 V and keeps unity power
factor on AC grid. The PWM chopping frequency is 1980 Hz.
• VSC2 connected on 50 Hz load is operating as an inverter. It
generates a 50 Hz frequency and regulates load voltage at 380
Vrms. The PWM chopping frequency is 2000 Hz.

• The electrical circuit is discretized at 2 microseconds. The

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sampling time of the VSC1 and VSC2 control systems is 100
microseconds.
 19
Figure 6: Circuit of Proposed Converter using Switching Capacitor Technique
Figure 7: Circuit operation in mode-I

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Figure 8: Circuit operation in mode-II 21
 22

Figure 9: Simulink Model of AC/DC Three Level PWM Converter

 RESULTS

Simulation result of the MATLAB Simulation model three level and

three-phase inverter is shown.
Three-phase AC to DC converters are widely used in many industrial
power converters in order to obtain continuous voltage using a
classical three-phase AC-line. These converters, when they are used
alone or associated for specific applications, can present problems
due to their non-linear behaviour. It is then important to be able to
model accurately the behaviour of these converters in order to study
their influence on the input currents waveforms, Voltage and
modulation index.

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Figure 10: Output waveform of the AC/DC Three Level PWM Converter 24
 25

Figure 11: Output waveform of the AC/DC Three Level Control Signal PWM
Converter
Figure 12: Total Harmonic Distortion 26
 Conclusions
• This thesis proposes a novel single stage high step up full bridge
AC-DC converter based on the concept of switched capacitor
topology, implemented in high step up DC-DC converter.

• In switched capacitor technique, capacitors on secondary side are

charged in parallel during the switch-OFF period, by the energy
stored in the coupled inductor, and are discharged series during
the switch-ON period to achieve a high step-up voltage gain.

• The proposed switching capacitor based technique is increased

output voltage by 580 V for three level and 800 V for three phase
AC-DC converter. The proposed switching capacitor based
technique is 13% voltage improvement of previous algorithm. 27
• The proposed switching capacitor based technique is increased
modulation index by 0.8 for three level and 0.95 for three phase
AC-DC converter. The proposed switching capacitor based
technique is 12.5% modulation index improvement of previous
algorithm.

• The proposed switching capacitor based technique is decrease

total harmonic distortion for three level and three phase AC-DC
converter. The proposed switching capacitor based technique is
20-25% total harmonic distortion improvement of previous
algorithm.

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 Future Scopes of Thesis
The following specific areas are suggested for further research.

• The further implementation of proposed algorithm system such

as five and seven stage on the AC-DC converter.

• It can also calculated other parameter i.e. its common mode

rejection ratio, modulation operation.

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 References
1. Fengjiang Wu and Xiaoguang Li, “Improved Modulation for Dual Active Bridge Based
Three-Phase Single-Stage AC-DC Converter”, 978-1-7281-0395-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE.
2. Felix Jauch and Jürgen Biela, “Combined Phase-Shift and Frequency Modulation of a Dual-
Active-Bridge AC–DC Converter With PFC”, IEEE Transactions on Power, Volume: 31 Issue: 12,
2016.
3. Sin-Woo Lee and Hyun-Lark Do, “Single-Stage Bridgeless AC–DC PFC Converter Using a
Lossless Passive Snubber and Valley Switching”, IEEE Transactions on Industries Volume: 63
Issue: 10 . 2016.
4. Chushan Li and Yu Zhang, “Single-Phase Single-Stage Isolated ZCS Current-Fed Full-Bridge
Converter for High Power AC/DC Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Power El. Volume: PP
Issue: 99 2016.
5. Mehdi Narimani and Gerry Moschopoulos, “An AC-DC Single-Stage Full-Bridge Converter with
Improved Output Characteristics”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 11, Issue
2, PP. 27-32, Feb. 2015.
6. Md. Shamsul Arifin and Mohammad Jahangir Alam, “Input switched high performance single
phase single switch Ćuk AC-DC converter”, Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE),
International Conference on, IEEE 2015.
7. M Sithara and Mukti Barai, “A hybrid model of switch mode converter for low power AC-DC
voltage applications”, Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), 21st IEEE International
Conference on, IEEE 2014.
30
8. J.-W. Shin, S.-J. Choi, B.-H. Cho, "High-efficiency bridgeless fly-back rectifier with bidirectional
switch and dual output windings", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 4752-4762,
Sep. 2014.
 References Cont.
9. V. Nimesh and V. John, “Dual comparison one cycle control for single phase ac to dc converters,”
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IEEE. Fort Worth, TX, 2014, pp. 983–988.
11. D. V. Ghodke et al., “One-cycle-controlled bidirectional AC to DC converter with constant power
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THANK YOU

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