Chemistry Notes

HARIOM
IX CHEMISTRY
I
L-1
MATTER AROUND US (NOTES)
GIVE REASON:
1. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.

Naphthalene balls under goes sublimation process by absorbing heat
energy from the surroundings. That is why they disappear without leaving any
solid. (The conversion of solid to gas and vice-versa is called sublimation.)
2. We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
The molecules of perfume diffuses in all directions in between the air
molecules as perfume is a volatile liquid therefore we can get the smell of
perfume sitting several metres away.
3. Ice at 273K is more effective in cooling than water at same temperature.
It is because, ice at 273K will take heat energy to convert itself into water.
(latent heat of fusion). Therefore, water has more heat energy than ice. Thus,
ice is more effective in cooling than water.
4. Steam produces severe burns.
It is because steam at 100 oC contains more heat energy than boiling water at
the same temperature (latent heat of vaporization). It is this extra heat energy
in steam which causes severe burns.
5. Water kept in an earthern pot (matka) becomes cool during summer?
Molecules of water escape through the pores of the earthernpot and come
out. These water molecules absorb heat from the pot and from the water
molecules present inside the pot and
evaporates. Evaporation causes
lowering of temperature and more cooling of water.
6. Our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it.
Acetone, petrol and perfume are all volatile liquids. These liquids evaporate
quickly at room temperature by absorbing heat energy from our palm.
Thus the temperature of our palm falls and gives us a cool feeling.
7. We are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Because of the longer and wider surface area of the saucer the hot tea
evaporates faster. This causes decrease in temperature and cooling of the tea.
Therefore we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a
cup.
8. A desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day than on a humid day.
On a hot dry day, the humidity in the atmosphere is very low. As a result
the water in the desert cooler evaporates faster taking the heat from the room.
This causes decrease in temperature and we feel cool.
On a humid day, the atmosphere is full of moisture. Therefore it is
unable to take in any more water vapour, so water does not vaporize easily
and cooling does not happen.
9. Wearing cotton clothes is more comfortable in summer?
Cotton clothes have a large number of small pores and it is a good
absorber of sweat. So it exposes the sweat to the atmosphere for easy
evaporation. During evaporation water particles take heat energy from our
body thus lowering the temperature and causes cooling. Therefore wearing
cotton clothes is more comfortable in summer.
III Define the following:
1. Latent heat of vaporization:
Amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at normal
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
2. Latent heat of fusion:
Amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of solid to liquid at normal
atmosphere pressure at its melting point.
II CHARACTERISTICS of SOLIDS, LIQUIDS and GASES

NO.
CHARACTERISTICS
SOLIDS
1.
Rigidity
Highly
rigid
Very
rigid
2.
Mass
Definite
Definite
Definite
3.
Volume
Definite
Definite
No fixed
volume
4.
Shape
Definite
Takes
the
shape of the
container
No
definite
shape
5.
Compressibility
Negligible
Low
High
6.
Fluidity
Does
flow
Flows from
higher level
to lower
level
Flows in
any
direction.
7.
Kinetic energy (K.E)
Least K.E
Intermediate
Maximum
K.E
8.
Density= mass/volume
Maximum
Intermediate
Least
9.
Diffusion
Rare, very
slow
Slow
Very fast
10.
Force of attraction
Very
strong
Moderate
Very weak
11.
Inter molecular distance
Least
Moderate
Highest
not
LIQUIDS
less
GASES
Not rigid
IV Differences between Evaporation and Boiling:
Evaporation
Boiling
It is a surface phenomenon.
It is a bulk phenomenon.
It can take place at any

temperature below the boiling
point of the liquid.
It takes place at the boiling point

of the liquid.
II ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1) What do you mean by diffusion?
Ans. The intermixing of particles of two substances on their own is called is
called diffusion.
2) What property of gas is utilized when natural gas is supplied for
vehicles?
Ans. A gas is highly compressible and a large quantity of it can be compressed
to a small manageable volume. Therefore, natural gas is compressed and is
supplied for use by vehicles in the name of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
3) Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you
must have observed that ice floats on water? Find out why?
Ans. Yes, generally liquids have lower density than solids. But in case of ice
which is solid, the structure of ice is such that there are vacant spaces between
molecules thus making ice lighter than water. Hence, ice floats on water.
4) In the experiment to determine the melting point of ice, why does the
temperature not rise till all the ice melts even though heat is
continuously supplied? What is the heat energy called?
Ans. Ice melts at 273K. At 273K heat given to ice disappears as latent heat of
fusion and therefore temperature does not rise till all ice is melted.
4
5) What is the relation between boiling point of a liquid and the

intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles of a liquid?
Ans. Stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher would be the
boiling point.
6) Latent heat of evaporation of two liquids A and B is 100 J/kg and 150
J/kg respectively.
(a) Give reason.
(b) Which can produce more cooling effect and why?
Ans.
(a) Latent heat of evaporation depends on the nature of the liquid.
Intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules of B must be
higher than those of A.
(b) Liquid B will produce more cooling effect because it will absorb more
energy from the surroundings for evaporation and thus give better cooling
effect.
7) State one difference between a gas and a vapour.
Ans. The word vapour is used to describe those gases that usually exist as
liquid at room temperature. For example, water particles in gaseous state are
called vapours. Oxygen at room temperature exists as gas particles.
8) Give reason why solid Carbon dioxide (Dry ice) is stored under high
pressure.
Ans. This is because solid carbon dioxide on decreasing pressure gets
converted into gaseous carbon dioxide.
CHAPTER 2
IX CHEMISTRY
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE (NOTES)

1. Write the differences between true solution, colloid (sol) and suspension.
SL.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SOLUTION
Homogeneous
mixture
Particles size is
smaller than
1nm,ie (10-9m)
Particles cannot be
seen even with a
microscope.
COLLOID(SOL)
Heterogeneous
mixture
Particle size is
between 10-9 and 107
m.
Particles can be
seen under a
microscope.
Transparent
Translucent
Particles do not
settle down. So it
is a stable
solution.
Passes through the
filter paper and
leaves no residue
Particles do not
scatter light.
So path of light
will not be visible.
Tyndall effect is
not seen
Particles do not
settle down. So it is
a stable solution
Passes through the
filter paper and
leaves no residue
Particles scatter
light.
So path of light
will be visible.
Tyndall effect is
seen.
SUSPENSION
Heterogeneous
mixture
Particle size is
greater than
10-7m.
Particles can be
seen with naked
eyes.
Opaque till the
particles settle
down.
Particles settle
down. So it is a
unstable
solution.
Does not through
the filter paper.
Leaves residue
Particles scatter
light.
So path of light
will be visible.
Tyndall effect is
seen.
II. Define:
1. True solution:
substances.
A true solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more
2. Alloys: Alloys are a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal. Eg brass is a mixture of 30% of zinc and 70% of copper.
3. Solute: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is
called solute.
4. Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the other component
in it is called the solvent.
III. Write the components present in the given true solutions
SL.NO.
TRUE SOLUTION
SOLUTE
SOLVENT
Sugar solution
Water
Tincture of iodine
Sugar
Iodine
crystals
Soda water
CO2
Water
Air
Gas
Gas
Alcohol
4. Give examples for elements, compounds and mixtures

Element (Pure)
Compound (Pure)
FeCl3
Au(gold)
CuSO4
KOH
K(potassium)
NaCl
H2O
7
Mixture
Dal + Rice
(Heterogeneous)
CuSO4 Solution
(Homogeneous)
Fe+S
(Heterogeneous)
NaCl + H2O
(Homogeneous)
NOTES
1. Pure substance:
(i) Consist of single type of particle.
(ii) They have uniform composition throughout.
(iii) Have fixed melting and boiling point at normal atmospheric
pressure.
(iv) Examples all compounds such as NaCl, H2O,Mg(OH)2, and
all elements such as Na, K, Al, etc.
2. Mixture:
(i) It contains more than one kind of substance. Examples lemon juice,
milk, salt water, iron filings + sulphur powder.
(ii) No fixed composition.
3. Distillation:
This method is used to separate miscible liquids. For eg to
separate acetone from water (60oC is the boiling point of acetone and boiling
point of water is 100oC)
The two liquids should be such that
(a) they boil without decomposition
(b) Have atleast 25oC difference in their boiling points.
This method may be used to separate a non votatile soild from a
liquid.
APPLICATION
Eg: to separate salt( non-volatile solid) from sea water
4. Fractional Distillation:
This method can be used to separate miscible liquids when the
difference in their boiling point is less than 25oC.
APPLICATION
(i) to separate gases from air then,
(ii) to get compounds from petroleum (crude oil)
8
The fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads.

These beads provide surface for the vapours to cool and condense
repeatedly.
5. CENTRIFUGATION : done in a colloid or suspension)

The principle of centrifugation is that the denser particles are forced to the
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
APPLICATION
(i)To separate blood platelets from blood,
(ii) To separate cream from milk.
The mixture for centrifugation is a heterogeneous mixture
(colloid or suspension) and one of the constituent is heavy.
6 .CHROMATOGRAPHY:
This technique is used for the separation of different solutes that have
dissolved in one solvent .
APPLICATION
Eg: to separate
(i) the components of ink,
(ii) colours in a dye,
(iii) pigments from flowers and
(iv) drugs from blood.
7. SUBLIMATION:
Process of conversion of solids to gases and vice versa.
This process can be used to separate components in which one of
the constituents sublimes on heating.
Eg: NH4Cl, I2, CO2 (dry ice - solid CO2), Camphor, naphthalene
etc undergo sublimation.
8. SEPARATING FUNNEL:
Two immiscible liquids with difference in densities can be
separated.
APPLICATION
Eg: to separate
(i) oil and water,(ii) petrol and water,(iii) kerosene and water.
9. CRYSTALLISATION:
This process separates a pure solid in the form of crystals from its solution.
10. SATURATED SOLUTION
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at that particular
temperature is called saturated solution.
11. CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION:
The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution is called
concentration of a solution.
12. Dispersed phase: The solute like component in a colloid.
13. Dispersion medium: The solvent like medium in which the dispersed phase
is present in a colloid is called dispersion medium.
14. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
CHANGES:
PHYSICAL CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE
(i) No new substance is

formed
(ii)The change is
temporary
(iii)Only the physical
properties of the
substance changes
(i) New substance is

formed.
(ii)The change is
permanent.
(iv) Reversible
(iv)Irreversible
(iii)Chemical properties of
the substances changes.
10

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HARIOM

1. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.

II CHARACTERISTICS of SOLIDS, LIQUIDS and GASES

Kinetic energy (K.E)

Inter molecular distance

IV Differences between Evaporation and Boiling:

It can take place at any

It takes place at the boiling point

II ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

5) What is the relation between boiling point of a liquid and the

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE (NOTES)

A true solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more

4. Give examples for elements, compounds and mixtures

The fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads.

5. CENTRIFUGATION : done in a colloid or suspension)

(i) No new substance is

(i) New substance is

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