Uae Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTENTION
APPLICATION
COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE
FIRECODECOUNCIL
ROLEOFFIRECODECOUNCIL
CODEREVIEWANDAMMENDMENT
REGISTEROFCODESIGNATORIES
LICENSINGANDACCREDITATION
QUALIFIEDANDCOMPETENTPERSON
CLASSIFICATIONOFOCCUPANCIES
HAZARDEVALUATION
CHAPTER1.CONSTRUCTIONANDFIRECOMPARTMENTALIZATION
1. General
2. Table1.1:RequiredFireResistanceRatedSeparationsforSeparatedOccupancies
3. SpaceBeneathPlatforms(Raisedplatforms).
4. FireResistanceRatingRequirementsforStructuralElements
5. ExteriorWalls
6. Table1.2:FireRatingforExteriorWalls(hr)
7. HorizontalSeparation
8. ImaginaryLine
9. Openings
10. Table1.3:MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforExteriorOpeningProtection
11. Table1.4:
Maximumallowableareaofunprotectedopenings(percentageofexteriorwalls)
forAssembly,Educational,Daycare,Healthcare,AmbulatoryHealthCare,Detention
andcorrectional,Residential,Residentialboardandcare,Business,Industrialand
LowHazardStorage.
12. Table1.5:
MaximumAllowableAreaofUnprotectedOpenings(percentageofexteriorwall)
forMercantile,IndustrialandStoragewithOrdinaryHazardandIndustrialand
StoragewithHighHazard.
13. HeightandAreaRequirements
Table1.6:AllowableBuildingHeightandArea
[CONTENTS]
PAGENO.
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
17
21
21
22
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
27
27
29
30
14. Table1.7:
Occupancy,Area,HeightandOccupantLoadlimitationforprovision
ofautomaticsprinklers
15. MixedOccupancies.
16. UndergroundBuildings.
17. FireSeparationandProtectionofVariousRooms
17.1.
EmergencyCommandCentre
17.2.
FirePumpRooms
17.3.
Kitchen
17.4.
Separationoftheatre,cinemaorconcerthallfromotherpartsofthebuilding
17.5.
HotelBedrooms
17.6.
LaborAccommodation
17.7.
MotorVehicleWorkshop
17.8.
SprayPaintingRoom
17.9.
Coldroom
18. RoomsrequiringExternalwall
19. Separationbetweentenancyforterracedunits
20. FireResistiveMaterialsandConstruction
20.1.
FireResistanceRatedConstruction.
20.2.
MinimumFireProtectionRating.
20.3.
Table1.9:Fireseparationandprotectionforthevariousrooms.
20.4.
Table1.10:
MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforOpeningProtectivesin
FireResistanceRatedAssemblies
Table1.10a:FireRatingofCorridorsandInternalWallsbasedonOccupancies
20.5.
FireDoorClosers.
20.6.
FireDoorAssembliesandFireWindowAssemblies.
20.7.
FireDoorAssemblies.
21. Penetrations
21.1.
FirestopSystemsandDevicesRequired.
21.2.
Testing
21.3.
InstallerQualifications
21.4.
Submittals
21.5.
FireStoppingGeneralApplication
21.6.
MaterialsforUsewithThroughPenetrations
21.7.
MaterialsforUsewithConstructionandPerimeterJoints
21.8.
PenetrationPreparation
21.9.
FireStopInstallation
21.10.
Penetrationsize
21.11.
UseofSleevesforPenetration
21.12.
InsulationCoverings
22. DuctsandAirTransferOpenings
22.1.
FireDamperRequirements
22.2.
Installation
22.3.
AccessandIdentification
22.4.
FireDamperActuationDevice.
23. Joints
23.1.
JointSystem
23.2.
Materials
23.3.
ExteriorCurtainWallsandthePerimeterJoint
[CONTENTS]
32
35
35
35
35
35
36
38
39
39
39
39
40
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
50
50
51
51
53
53
54
54
54
54
55
[CONTENTS]
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
SmokeBarriers
SmokebarrierPenetrations
SmokeDamperExceptions
VerticalOpenings
CommunicatingSpace
Atrium
ConvenienceOpenings
ServiceOpenings
ElevatorHoistway
Mezzanine
33.2.
AreaLimitations.
33.3.
Openness
ConcealedSpaces
34.1.
DraftStops
34.2.
CombustiblesinConcealedSpaces
InteriorWallandCeilingFinishRequirements
35.3.
UseofInteriorFinishes.
InteriorWallorCeilingFinishTestingandClassification
36.3.
ClassAInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.4.
ClassBInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.5.
ClassCInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
SpecificMaterials
37.1.
TextileWallorCeilingMaterials
37.2.
ExpandedVinylWallorCeilingCoverings
37.3.
CellularorFoamedPlastic
37.4.
LightTransmittingPlastics
37.5.
MetalCeilingandWallPanels
37.6.
TrimandIncidentalFinish
37.7.
BulletinBoardsandPosters
InteriorFloorFinishTestingandClassification
38.4.
ClassIInteriorFloorFinish
38.5.
ClassIIInteriorFloorFinish.
InteriorFinishinrelationtoAutomaticSprinklers
FurtherReference
39.
40.
CHAPTER2.FIRESERVICEVEHICLEANDPERSONNELACCESSIBILITY
1. Definitions
1.1.
Breechinginlet
1.2.
FireServiceaccesslevel
1.3.
FireAccessRoadway
1.4.
FireAccessway
1.5.
LandingValve
1.6.
HoseReelorHoseRack
1.7.
Standpipe
2. General
3. AccessLevel
4. AccesstoBuildingswithStandpipesorRisers
5. PublicFireHydrants(ByUAEMunicipality)
6. PrivateFireHydrant
7. Pipeforhydrantwatersupply.
Table2.1:ManufacturingStandardsforUndergroundPipe
8. SteelPipe.
55
56
58
58
59
61
62
63
65
65
65
66
67
67
68
68
69
70
70
70
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
83
85
86
[CONTENTS]
9. PipeTypeandClass.
10. WorkingPressure.
11. MasterStreams.
Table2.2:FittingsMaterialsandDimensions
12. ProtectionAgainstDamage
Table2.3:CivilDefenceVehicleAccessspecifications
13. AccesswayforFireFightingAppliances
Table2.4:Extentoffireengineaccessfornonindustrialandnonstorage
occupancies(withoutsprinklers)
occupancies(withsprinklers)
Table2.6:Extentoffireengineaccessforindustrialandstorageoccupancies
(withoutsprinklers)
(withsprinklers)
14. AccessRoadways
Table8:Accessroadwaysandroutespecifications.
15. FireFighterAccesswithinthebuilding
15.1.
FireLift
15.2.
Homingoflifts
15.3.
AlternativeHomingFloor
15.4.
FireFightingStairs
15.5.
FireFightingLobby
15.6.
LocationofLandingvalves
15.7.
16. FurtherReference
CHAPTER3.MEANSOFEGRESS
1. Definition
1.1
MeansofEgress
2. General
3. TheExitAccess
3.2
Doors
3.3
MeasurementofDoorwidth
3.4
MeasurementofClearwidth
3.5
MinimumDoorWidth
3.6
FloorLevelatDoor
3.7
SwingandForce
3.8
Locks,LatchesandAlarmDevices
3.9
AccessControlledDoors
3.10 SelfClosingDevices
3.11 PoweredDoors
3.12 RevolvingDoors
3.13 DoorsinFoldingPartitions
3.14 FireRatingRequirementsforDoors
4. ExitAccessCorridors
4.2
SeparationandprotectionofExitAccessCorridors
4.3
Ramps
5. Exits
5.2
ExitStairs
5.2.2 MeasurementofHeadroom
5.2.3
MinimumStairWidthmeasurement
86
86
86
87
87
90
90
92
93
95
95
99
99
100
100
100
101
101
101
102
102
104
107
107
107
107
107
107
108
109
110
111
111
111
113
113
114
114
114
114
115
116
118
119
119
119
120
[CONTENTS]
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
5.2.4
Landings
5.2.5
TreadandLandingSurfaces
5.2.6
SeparationandProtectionofInsideStairs
5.2.7
SeparationandProtectionofOutsideStairs
5.2.8
ProtectionofOpenings
5.2.9
SpecialProvisionsforOutsideStairs
5.2.10 ScissororInterlockedStairs
5.2.11 SpiralStairs
5.2.12 FireEscapeLadders
5.2.13 Handrails
5.2.14 HandrailDetails
5.2.15 Guards
5.2.16 MarkingofStairs
5.2.17 FloorDiagrams
5.2.18 StairPressurization
5.2.19 SmokeProofEnclosure
5.2.20 HorizontalExit
5.2.21 BridgesandBalconies
5.2.22 Elevators
5.2.23 ElevatorLobby
ExitDischarge
6.2
ExitPassageway
6.2.6
Construction
6.3
AreaofRefuge
6.4
DischargethroughAreasonLevelofExitDischarge
6.5
ArrangementandMarkingofExitDischarge
NumberofExits
7.4
Remotenessbetweentwoexits.
WalkingSurfaces
Table3.5:WalkingSurfaceinMeansofEgress
InteriorFinishinMeansofEgress
MeasurementofMeansofEgress
ArrangementofMeansofEgress
11.4 TravelDistancetoExits
11.5 MeasurementofTravelDistancetoExits
11.6 CapacityofExitDischarge
11.6.2
ExitsServingMorethanOneStory
11.6.3
EgressCapacityfromaPointofConvergence
11.6.4
EgressCapacityfromBalconiesandMezzanines
11.6.5
EgressCapacityforCorridor
11.6.6
EgressCapacityforsingleexitaccess
11.6.7
EgressCapacityformorethanoneexitaccess
11.6.8
EgressCapacityforstreetfloorexit
11.7 ObstructionsattheexitorImpedimentstoEgress
11.8 Table3.6A:RequirementsforArrangementofMeansofEgress
Table3.6B:RequirementforArrangementofMeansofEgress
SingleExitStaircaseRequirements
12.1 ApartmentBuilding
12.2 Business
RequirementsforAssemblyOccupanciesandPlacesofPublicInterest
13.1 General
13.2 Occupantload
13.3 WaitingSpaces.
121
121
123
125
127
127
127
127
127
128
128
130
130
131
132
134
136
137
137
137
138
138
139
140
140
141
142
142
145
145
145
146
146
146
146
147
147
147
147
149
149
149
149
149
152
154
162
162
165
167
167
167
168
[CONTENTS]
13.4
13.5
OutdoorFacilities.
MeansofEgress.
13.5.1
Doors
13.6 Numberandwidthofexitfacilities
13.7 AssemblyOccupancywithFixedSeating:
(Theatres,Cinemas,Auditoriums,ConcertHallsetc)
13.7.1
AislesandGangways
13.8 ExitComponent
13.9 Exitsfromatheatre,cinemaoraconcerthall
13.10 SeatsRequirements
13.11 InternalFurnishings
13.12 StandardforInteriorwallandceilingfinishing.
13.13 StandardsforFloorFinishing
13.14 StandardforDecorationandScenery
14. LabourAccommodation
14.2 Size
15. FurtherReferences
CHAPTER4.PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERS
1. Definition
1.1. PortableExtinguisher
Table4.1:ClassesofFires
2. Application
Table4.2:ApplicableTypesofFireExtinguishers
3. Table4.3:SelectionandLocationofPortableFireExtinguishers
4. InstallationofPortableFireExtinguishers
5. InspectionandMaintenanceofPortableFireExtinguishers
6. TrainingofPortableFireExtinguishersOperation
CHAPTER5.EXITSIGNS
1. ExitandDirectionalSigns
2. ExitAccess
3. FloorProximityExitSigns.
4. FloorProximityEgressPathMarking.
5. Visibility
6. MountingLocation.
7. DirectionalSigns
8. SignLegend
9. PowerSource
10. ExternallyIlluminatedSigns
11. SizeandLocationofDirectionalIndicator
12. LevelofIllumination
13. InternallyIlluminatedSigns
14. PhotoluminescentSigns
15. NoExitSign
16. ElevatorSigns
168
168
168
169
170
170
172
173
174
174
174
175
175
175
175
179
181
181
181
181
181
182
183
184
184
185
185
187
187
188
188
188
189
189
189
190
190
190
190
191
191
191
191
192
192
[CONTENTS]
CHAPTER6.EMERGENCYANDEXITLIGHTING
1. General
2. EmergencyLightingforCorridorsandLobbies
3. EmergencyLightingforOccupiedAreas
4. PerformanceofSystem
5. Emergencylightingforfirefightingfacilities
6. SecondarySourceofPowerSupply
7. DesignStages
CHAPTER7.EMERGENCYVOICEEVACUATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM
1. General
2. Definition
3. RequirementsforEmergencyVoiceEvacuationandCommunicationSystem
4. AutomaticResponse.
5. VoiceEvacuationMessages.
6. Tones.
7. Controls.
8. RelocationandPartialEvacuation.
9. Circuits
10. EvacuationSignalZoning.
11. TwoWayCommunicationService.
12. Furtherreferences
CHAPTER8.FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM
1. General
2. DefinitionsandTerminology
3. SystemDesign
3.1. General
3.2. DetectionZones
3.3. AlarmZones
3.4. ManufacturerSpecifications
3.5. ManualCallPoints
4. RequirementsforSmokeandHeatDetectors.
4.1. RecessedMounting.
4.2. DetectorCoverage.
5. HeatDetectors.
5.1.
General
5.2.
Location.
5.3. Temperature.
5.4. Spacing.
5.5.
SolidJoistConstruction.
5.6.
BeamConstruction.
5.7.
SlopingCeilings.
5.8.
HighCeilings.
6. SmokeDetectors.
6.1. General
6.6. LocationandSpacing.
6.7. SpotTypeSmokeDetectors.
7. AirSamplingTypeSmokeDetector.
194
194
194
194
195
197
197
198
200
202
202
202
202
203
203
204
204
204
205
205
206
206
209
209
209
213
213
213
214
214
214
215
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
220
220
220
222
222
222
223
224
226
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
[CONTENTS]
ProjectedBeamTypeSmokeDetectors.
226
RaisedFloorsandSuspendedCeilings.
228
Partitions.
228
Heating,Ventilating,andAirConditioning(HVAC).
228
SpotTypeDetectors
229
HighRackStorage.
229
HighAirMovementAreas.
229
14.1. General.
229
14.2. Location.
229
14.3. Spacing.
229
14.4. HVACMechanicalRooms
229
VideoImageSmokeDetection.
232
OtherDetectors
232
SprinklerWaterflowAlarmInitiatingDevices.
233
DetectionoftheOperationofOtherAutomaticExtinguishingSystems.
233
SupervisorySignalInitiatingDevices.
233
19.1. ControlValveSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
233
PressureSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
234
WaterLevelSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
234
SmokeDetectorsforControlofSmokeSpread.
235
22.1. Classifications.
235
22.2. Purposes.
235
22.3. Application.
235
SmokeDetectionfortheAirDuctSystem.
235
23.1. SupplyAirSystem.
235
23.2. ReturnAirSystem.
235
LocationandInstallationofDetectorsinAirDuctSystems.
236
SmokeDetectorsforDoorReleaseService.
238
BuildingFireAlarmSystems.
242
26.2. SystemRequirements.
242
26.3. CombinationSystems
243
26.4. AlarmSignalInitiationDetectionDevices
244
26.5. AlarmSignalInitiationSprinklerSystems.
244
26.6. SupervisorySignalInitiationSprinklerSystems.
245
26.7. AlarmSignalInitiationFireSuppressionSystemsOtherThanSprinklers.
245
26.8. SupervisorySignalInitiationFireSuppressionSystemsOtherThanSprinklers. 245
26.9. SignalInitiationFirePump.
245
26.10. FireAlarmandSupervisorySignalInitiationReleasingServiceControlUnits. 246
26.11. TroubleSignalInitiation.
246
26.12. FireAlarmandMassNotificationSystemNotificationOutputs.
246
26.13. NotificationAppliancesinExitStairEnclosures,ExitPassageways,
246
andElevatorCars.
26.14. NotificationZones.
247
26.15. CircuitsforAddressableNotificationAppliances.
247
SuppressionSystemActuation.
247
ElevatorRecallforFireFightersService.
247
VisualWarning.
248
ElevatorShutdown.
248
HVACSystems.
249
DoorReleaseService.
249
DoorUnlockingDevices.
250
PublicModeAudibleRequirements.
250
PrivateModeAudibleRequirements.
250
[CONTENTS]
36.
37.
38.
39.
SleepingAreaRequirements.
LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforaBuildingorStructure.
LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforWideAreaSignalling.
VisibleCharacteristicsPublicMode.
39.1. Light,Color,andPulseCharacteristics.
39.2. ApplianceLocation.
39.3. SpacinginRooms.
39.10. SpacinginCorridors.
40.
FurtherReferences
CHAPTER9.FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEM
1. General
2. Definitions
3. Application
3.1.
BuildingClassificationandApplicationofFireProtectionSystems
3.2.
NonindustrialandNonstorageoccupancies
3.3.
Industrialoccupancies
3.4.
Storageoccupancies
4. DesignRequirements
4.1. DryRiserSystems
4.2. FireHoseStationlocations
4.3. Flow&PressureRequirements
4.4. Firewaterdemand&HydraulicCalculations
4.5. PipeSizes
4.6. FirePumpset
4.7. FireWatertanks
4.8. CivilDefenceBreechingInlets
4.9. WetRiserSystems
4.11. ZoningofWetrisersystem
4.12. FireWaterDemand
4.13. CombinedSystemWaterDemand
4.14. HydraulicCalculations
4.15. PipeSizes
4.16. FirePumpSets
4.17. FireWatertanks
4.18. TestRisersandDrains
4.20. Location&ProtectionofWetriserPipe
5. SprinklerSystem
5.1. General
5.2. TypesofSprinklerSystems
5.3. WetSprinklerSystem
5.4. DryPipeSprinklerSystem
5.5. PreActionSprinklersystem
5.6. TypesofSprinklerHeads
5.7. TypesofSprinklerHeadsbasedondischargepattern
5.8. TypesofSprinklerHeadsbasedoncoverage
5.9. TypesofSprinklerHeadbasedonsensingelement
5.10. SprinklersOperatingTemperature
5.11. SprinklerOperatingResponse
5.12. SprinklerThread,Orifice&KFactor
251
251
251
253
253
253
253
257
258
262
262
262
267
267
268
268
269
279
279
279
279
279
280
280
280
281
283
284
285
288
288
289
289
289
290
291
292
292
293
293
293
293
294
295
296
296
296
296
297
297
298
[CONTENTS]
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
5.13. SprinklerZoneLimitations
5.14. SprinklerOperatingPressure
5.15. SprinklerDesignDensity&WaterSupplyRequirements
5.16. Density/AMAOMethod
5.17. RoomDesignMethod
5.18. CombinedSprinkler&WetRisersystemWaterDemand
5.20. PipeSizes
Firepumplocationandarrangement
6.8
FirePumpforHydrants
InspectorsTest&Drains
7.1. InspectorsTest
7.2. Drains
ClassificationofFireHazardsforSprinklerDesign
8.2. LightHazard
8.3. OrdinaryHazard
8.4. ExtraHighHazard
8.5. Special/StorageHazard
SprinklerSystemDesignRequirements
SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforalloccupanciesotherthan
StorageOccupancies
SpecialDesignConsiderationforAtria
SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforStorageOccupancies
12.1 General
12.2. PreferredKfactorsofSprinklerHeadsforStorageOccupancies
DesigncriteriaforStorageOccupancies
RefrigeratedSpaces(ColdRoomApplication)
14.1. General
14.2. LowAirPressureAlarm
14.3. AirorNitrogenSupply
14.4. ControlValve
14.5. CheckValve
14.6. AirorNitrogenSupplyPiping
14.7. NitrogenSupply
PipingRequirements
15.1. AboveGroundPiping
15.2. AboveGroundPipeFittings
15.3. UnderGroundPipes&Fittings
Isolation/SectionorfloorControlvalves
CheckValves
AlarmCheckValve(ACV)Assembly
ControlValves
Supervision.
PressureGauges
PressureReducingValves
SectionorFloorZoneControlValve(ZCV)Assembly
SprinklerHeadsInstallation
24.1. General
24.2. UprightSprinklerHeads
24.4. PendentSprinklerHeads
24.6 Recessed/ConcealedPendentSprinklerHeads
24.8 SidewallSprinklerHeads
Obstructionfromstructuralmembers,pipe,columnsandfixturesforuprightand
298
298
299
299
299
300
300
301
302
302
302
302
303
304
304
304
305
305
307
308
319
319
319
319
320
353
353
353
353
353
353
353
354
355
355
355
355
356
356
358
360
361
361
361
362
363
363
364
366
369
371
374
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42
43
44
45
pendentsprinklers
SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforuprightorpendentsprinklers
ObstructionsthatPreventSprinklerDischargefromReachingtheHazard
ObstructionstoSprinklerDischargePatternDevelopmentforsidewallsprinklers
SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforsidewallsprinklers
DistanceBelowCeilings.
Location&ProtectionofSprinklerRiserPipe
StockofSpareSprinklers
CivilDefenceBreechingInletsforSprinklerSystem
SupportofSprinklerPiping
PipeExpansionJoints
WaterHammeringArrestors
InstallationofSignBoards
InstallationWorkmanship
Inspection,Testing&Commissioning
39.4. Inspection
39.5. Testing&Commissioning
Maintenance
WaterSpraySystem
41.1 Introduction
41.2 CharacteristicsofWaterSpraySystem
41.3 ApplicationofWaterSpraySystem
41.4 GeneralDesignRequirementsandProcedure
41.5 PipingandInstallation
WaterMistSystems
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Definitions
42.3 Applications
42.4 Limitations
42.5 DesignCriteria
FoamExtinguishingSystems
43.1 Introduction
43.2 DifferentTypesofFoamsandTheirApplications
43.3 FoamProportioning
43.4 CharacteristicsandLimitations
43.5 DesignCriteria
GasSuppression
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Definitions
44.3 GasExtinguishingSystems
44.4 AgentStorageBank
44.5 CylinderValves
44.6 Nozzles
44.7 AreaValves
44.8 PipeandFittings
44.9 RoomIntegrityandAirTightnessRequirements
44.10 InertGases
44.11 ChemicalGases
44.12 FirePreventionSystems
44.13 Health&SafetyAspectsofGasExtinguishingSystemsand
FirePreventionSystems
DryChemicalSuppression
[CONTENTS]
375
376
376
377
377
379
380
380
381
382
382
382
382
383
383
383
385
385
385
386
387
387
391
391
391
392
392
393
393
394
394
394
395
397
398
399
402
402
402
403
404
405
406
406
407
408
411
421
424
428
430
46 WetChemicalSuppressionSystems
47 FurtherReferences
CHAPTER10.MECHANICALVENTILATIONANDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMS
1. Definitions
2. AirConditioningandVentilationSystems
2.1 GeneralRequirementsforEquipment
3. AirHandlingUnitRooms
3.1 AirHandlingUnitRoomsUsedasPlenumSpace
3.2 AirHandlingUnitRoomsThatHaveAirDuctsThatOpenDirectlyintoaShaft.
4. OutsideAirIntakes
5. AirCleanersandAirFilters
6. Fans
7. AirDucts
8. VentilationDucts
9. Plenum
10. FireDampers
11. SmokeDampers
12. SmokeDetectionforAutomaticControl
13. PlenumMaterial
14. CorridorAirSystems
15. Exits
16. Smokefreeenclosureandfirefightinglobbies
17. Enginedrivenfirepumpandgeneratorroomandemergencycommandcentre
18. RoomsinvolvinguseofFlammableandExplosiveSubstances
19. Acceptancetesting
20. BuildingSmokeVentilationSystem
20.1 SmokeVentilationOfCommercialCookingOperations
21. IndustrialBuilding&StorageSmokeVentilation
21.1 SprinkleredBuildings
21.2 NonsprinkleredBuildings
22. AssemblyOccupancyBuildingSmokeVentilation
23. SmokeControlSystem
23.1 ExitStairEnclosures
23.2 Flowvelocity
23.3 Leakageandrelief

23.4 PressureDistribution
24. Elevators.
25. VentilationRequirementsforInternalCorridors
26. MallsandAtriums
27. FireEngineeringAnalysis
28. Undergroundbuildings
28.2 BasementSmokeControlSystem
28.4 SmokeVents
28.7 SmokePurgingSystem
29. EngineeredSmokeControlSystem
30. SmokeControlSystemforAuditorium
(UsedorIntendedforCinema,ConcertHall,PerformanceTheatre)
31. EnclosedCarParking
32. OpenCarpark
33. DuctlessJetFansSysteminCarParks
33.1 Objectives
[CONTENTS]
432
435
438
438
439
439
440
440
440
440
440
441
441
444
446
447
448
449
450
450
450
451
452
455
456
456
456
459
459
459
460
460
460
460
461
461
475
476
485
486
487
487
488
488
489
503
503
505
506
506
[CONTENTS]
33.2 Scope
33.3 DesignConsiderations
33.4 Zoningofcarpark
33.5 Jetfanssystem
Wiringarrangementofjetfans
Provisionofsupplyairforjetfansystems
Exhaustfandesignforjetfansystem
Fireresistanceofjetfanssystem
VerificationofJetFansSystemDesigns
Acceptancecriteriaforjetfansystem
CFDfiremodellinginputparametersforjetfansystem
Jetfanvelocityprofile
OperationsandMaintenanceManualforjetfansystems
CommissioningTestforjetfansystem
FurtherReferences
506
506
506
507
509
509
510
510
510
511
511
512
513
513
515
517
517
517
518
518
518
518
518
519
519
519
519
520
520
521
522
522
522
523
523
523
523
524
524
525
525
525
526
527
527
528
528
529
536
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
CHAPTER11. FIRESAFETYGUIDELINEFORLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGAS(LPG)
CYLINDERINSTALLATIONS
1. Scope
2. GeneralRequirementsforLPGCylinderInstallations
3. LPGCylinderInstallationDesignRequirements
3.1. MainConsiderationsforUseofLPG
3.2. CodesofPractice&Standards
3.3. FireStopping
3.4. Pressure
3.5. FireExtinguisher
3.6. WarningSign/Notice
4. RequirementsforOutdoorLPGCylinderInstallation
4.1. LocatingofLPGCylinders
4.2. ProtectiontoLPGCylinderInstallation
4.3. SafetyProvisions
4.4. AllowableQuantities
5. RequirementsforIndoorLPGCylinderInstallation
5.1. General
5.3. LPGCylinderinstallationinseparatecompartment
5.4. AllowableQuantity
5.5. Compartment
5.6. Ventilation
5.7. Location
5.8. Safety
6. FireSafetyGuidelinesforRoofTopLPGContainerInstallations
6.1. GeneralDescription
6.2. SystemDesignRequirements
6.3. SafeDistancesandAllowableQuantities
6.4. PipingandConnections
6.5. SystemShutOffConfiguration
6.6. ProtectionandFireFightingRequirement.
ANNEXASTANDARDSANDSPECIFICATIONSFORLPGCYLINDERINSTALLATIONS
ANNEXBVARIOUSDISTANCESFOROUTDOORLPGINSTALLATIONS
[CONTENTS]
ANNEXCINDOORLPGCYLINDERINSTALLATIONINSEPARATECOMPARTMENT
ANNEXDWARNINGSIGN/NOTICE
ANNEXEROOFTOPLPGINSTALLATION
CHAPTER12.FIRE&SAFETYCODESDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDMAINTENANCE
1. Policy
2. General
3. FireProtectionPlan
4. FireSafetyProgram
5. OwnersResponsibilityforFireProtection.
5.2. Premisesidentification
5.3. ProgramManagerResponsibilities.
5.4. SiteSecurity.
5.5. Smoking.
5.6. WasteDisposal.
6. TemporaryConstruction,EquipmentandStorage
6.2. TemporaryOfficesandSheds.
6.3. TemporaryEnclosures.
6.4. Equipment.
6.5. ConstructionMaterials
7. ProcessesandHazards
7.1. HotWork.
7.2. Welding,Cutting,BrazingandotherHotwork&openflameorsmoke
producingoperations
7.3. ThermitWelding.
7.4. PreSiteInspection
7.5. FireWatch
7.6. PostworkInspection
8. FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsandFlammableGases.
8.1. Storage.
8.2. HandlingofFlammableandCombustibleLiquidsatPointofFinalUse.
9. ExplosiveMaterials.
10. OtherCombustibleMaterials.
10.1.
Storage
10.2.
CombustibleDebris
10.3.
OilyRags
11. CompressedGases
11.1.
ProtectionofGasContainers
11.2.
Separation
11.3.
Marking
12. LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPGas)
12.10.
OccupiedBuildings
13. SpecialEquipment
13.1.
MotorizedEquipment
13.2.
TemporaryHeatingEquipment.
13.3.
AsphaltandTarKettles
14. ElectricalDevices
14.5.
TemporaryWiring.
14.6.
Lighting.
15. FireProtection
15.1.
Installation,Testing,andMaintenance.
15.2.
Hydrants.
539
541
542
548
548
548
548
549
549
549
549
550
551
551
551
551
552
552
552
553
553
553
553
554
554
554
554
554
555
556
556
556
556
556
556
556
557
557
557
558
558
558
558
559
560
560
560
561
561
561
[CONTENTS]
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
15.3.
Standpipes.
15.4.
StandpipeInstallationsinBuildingsUnderConstruction.
15.5.
FireExtinguishers
15.6.
AreaSeparationWalls
15.7.
FireSprinklerSystems
15.8.
WaterSupply.
15.9.
FireAlarmSystem
Telephone&Communication
16.1.
FireAlarmReporting.
CivilDefenceAccess&Parking
MeansofEgressComponents
18.1.
MeansofEgress.
18.2.
Minimumnumberofexits
18.3.
Stairs.
18.4.
HoistsandElevators.
AssemblyPoints
VehicleParking.
SafeguardingConstructionandAlterationOperations
21.1.
Scaffolding,Shoring,andForms.
21.2.
ConstructionMaterialandEquipmentStorage.
21.3.
PermanentHeatingEquipment.
21.4.
Gas.
21.5.
BuildingSeparationWalls.
21.6.
FireProtectionDuringConstruction.
SafeguardingRoofingOperations
22.1.
AsphaltandTarKettles.
22.2.
SinglePlyandTorchAppliedRoofingSystems.
22.3.
Openings,Penetrations,andFlashings.
22.4.
FlameContactProtection.
22.5.
PersonalProtection.
22.6.
Equipment.
22.7.
EquipmentInspection.
22.8.
FuelGasCylinders.
22.9.
FrostBuildup.
22.10.
FireExtinguishersforRoofingOperations.
22.11.
FuelforRoofingOperations.
SafeguardingDemolitionOperations
23.1.
General.
23.2.
SpecialPrecautions.
23.3.
Smoking.
23.4.
DemolitionUsingExplosives.
23.5.
Gas.
23.6.
FireCutoffs.
23.7.
FireProtectionDuringDemolition.
23.8.
SprinklerControlValves.
23.9.
Standpipes.
23.10.
FireExtinguisher.
SafeguardingUndergroundOperations
24.1.
General.
24.2.
Security.
24.3.
WaterSupply.
24.4.
EmergencyProcedures.
24.5.
Drills.
561
562
563
563
563
564
565
565
565
565
566
566
566
567
567
567
567
568
568
568
568
569
569
570
570
570
570
570
571
571
571
572
572
572
572
573
573
573
573
574
574
574
574
575
575
575
575
575
575
575
576
576
576
[CONTENTS]
24.6.
FireDetectionandProtectionSystems.
24.7.
FireCommunicationsSystems.
24.8.
Electrical.
24.9.
HazardousOperationsandProcedures.
24.10.
FlammableandCombustibleLiquids.
24.11.
Storage.
24.12.
Equipment.
24.13.
Ventilation.
25. RequirementsforSiteOffices(ManufacturedHomes/Offices)
25.2.
ManufacturedHomeSiteFireSafetyRequirements.
25.3.
MarkingofUndergroundUtilityLines.
25.4.
ManufacturedHomeInstallations.
25.5.
26. FireSafetyandEvacuationPlanforBuildingUnderConstructionorRenovation
CHAPTER13A. FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT(TERRACETYPE)
WAREHOUSEANDFACTORIES
1. Scope
2. Definition
3. Compartment
4. SprinklerProtectionandFireFightingSystems.
5. StorageHeightControl
6. SmokeControl
6.2. SmokeVents
6.3. SmokePurgingSystem
6.4. EngineeredSmokeControl
LISTA(Notexhaustive)CommoditiesExemptedfromSprinklerwithregardstoTable13.1
TABLE13A.1SIZEOFFIRECOMPARTMENT
TABLE13A.2SMOKEMANAGEMENTREQUIREMENT
TABLE13A.3DISTANCEFROMSMOKEVENT
Figure13A.1:Generalwarehousenotrequiringsprinkler
Figure13A.2:Generalwarehouserequiringsprinkler
Figure13A.3:Generalwarehousewithunconfirmedtypeofstorageortoberentedout
CHAPTER13B. GUIDELINESFORCONDUCTINGRISKASSESSMENT(RA)STUDIES
7. GeneralRequirements
8. OutlineofRiskAssessmentStudyReport
Table13B.1WorkingMethodsofHazardAssessment
9. SpecificFireProtectionRequirementstobeAddressed
10. GuidelineNotes
Table13B.2Fire&ExplosionIndex(F&EI)SystemMaterialFactor(MF)
4.8 GeneralHazards(GH)
4.9 SpecificHazards(SH)
4.10 FireandExplosionIndex(F&EI)
4.11 ToxicityNumber
4.12 PenaltyFactor
4.13 ToxicityIndex(TI)
576
578
578
579
579
580
580
580
580
581
581
581
581
582
583
585
585
585
585
586
586
587
587
587
587
588
589
589
589
590
591
592
592
592
593
594
594
595
596
596
596
596
597
597
597
[CONTENTS]
CHAPTER14. ACCESSIBILITYGUIDELINESFORDISABLED
11. Purpose
12. Scope
13. ApplicabilityandAdoption
14. ReferencedCodesandStandards
15. PermittingandInspection
16. GeneralExceptions
17. MinimumRequirementsandProvisions
CHAPTER15.REQUIREMENTSFORSUBMISSIONOFDRAWINGS
1. Policy
2. RequirementsforConsultants
3. ConsultantsStandardPlans
4. RequirementsforDcorCompanies
5. DcorCompanysStandardPlans
6. RequirementsforContractingCompanies
7. ContractingCompanysStandardShopDrawings
8. RequirementsforLPGandGASSuppressionSystemContractingCompanies
9. LPGandGasBasedFireSuppressionSystemContractingCompanys
StandardShopDrawings
10. CivilDefenceStandardLegends
APPENDIX:10.CIVILDEFENCESTANDARDLEGENDS
10.1.
ARCHITECTURE
10.2.
FIREDETECTION&ALARMSYSTEM
10.3.
VOICEEVACUATIONSYSTEM
10.4.
EMERGENCYLIGHTING&EXITSIGNSYSTEM
10.5.
SMOKECONTROL&PRESSURIZATIONSYSTEM
10.6.
WATERBASEDFIREFIGHTINGSYSTEM
10.7.
PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERS
10.8.
GASBASEDFIREFIGHTINGSYSTEM
10.9.
LPGSYSTEM
602
602
602
602
603
603
603
604
607
607
607
607
609
609
610
610
611
611
612
612
613
615
616
616
617
618
620
620
620
[PREFACE]
CivilDefenceFireCode
Preface
Don't let your dreams go up in smoke - practice fire safety.

~Author Unknown
DrivenbythevisionofHisHighnessSheikMohammadBinRashidAlMaktoum,UAEhas
racedagainsttimeinitsrapiddevelopmentandprosperityforthepastyears.Therehas
beenvastrealizationofworldclasslandmarkprojectsalloverUAEsuchassuperhighrise
buildings,transportationnetwork,amusementparks,industrialfacilities,warehouses,
placesofpublicinterestandmanymoreprospectivedevelopments.UAEnowpresentsitself
asacentralhubforcommercial,industrial,residentialandtourismdevelopmentsinvolving
highdensityofpopulationandactivities.ThedreamsandaspirationofUAEgovernmentand
thecommunitythuscallsforhighlevelexpertiseofplanning,architectural,engineeringand
constructionworkwhichunconditionallymustcollaboratewithahighstandardofLifeand
FireSafetytoensuretheprotectionofpreciouslifeandproperty.
Manyexpensivelessonswerelearntfromrecentbuildingandstructuralfires.Theaftermath
canbedevastating,resultinginthedamagetoassetsandevenlossoflives.Firesina
buildingwithinadequatefireprotectionfeaturescanpresentsevereproblemsandcreate
complexityinafirefightingoperation.Thisinevitablycausesdeficiencyintheprotectionof
occupantsfromfireandsmokeduringtheegressorevacuation.
Thefireprofessionals,consultantsandcontractorshavebeenadoptingmostlyonstandards
fromtheNationalFireProtectionAssociationwithregardstothelifesafetydesign,building
construction,fireprotection,firefighting,firealarmandsmokeventilationsystems.
However,UAErequiresaCodeofpracticethatsuitsthelocaltrendandconceptaswellas
thefirefightingoperationalneeds.
ThisUAEFireCodeistheoutcomeofdiscussionbetweenCivilDefenceEngineers,FireSafety
professionals,PractitionersandConsultants.Maturedinternationalstandardswerereferred
tointhestudyoffiresafetyrequirementswhicharefeasibleandnecessarytoaddressthe
firehazardsinvarioustypesofoccupancies.CivilDefenceOperationalissuesarealso
consideredintheprocessofdevelopingthiscode.CivilDefenceisthankfultoallthosewho
contributeddirectlyorindirectlyinbringingthisfirsteditionofFireCodetolife.
InpresentingthisUAEFireCode,CivilDefenceunderscoresitsaimtopromoteprofessional
relationshipwithFireprofessionals,clientsandthecommunity.Alongwithensuringthe
protectionoflife,assetsandenvironmentfromFireandotheremergencies,CivilDefence
alsoanticipatesabeginningofanewchapterinFireandLifeSafetyinUAE.
P a g e |1
[ACKNOWLEDGEMENT]
Acknowledgement
CivilDefenceDirectorate
Director:MajorGeneralRashidMatrooshiAlThani
CivilDefenceFireSafetyandPreventionSectionRepresentatives
Chairman:MajorJamal
RaghdaaNashed
B.Eng.,CivilEngineer,StructuralDesign.
AidilBinArshad
B.EngHonors,Mechanical,CertificateinFireEngineering.
PramodY.Challa
B.Eng,Instrumentation
AshrafAmro
Dipl.Ing.SafetyEngineering(MasterEquivalent),Dipl.Ing.FH
FireEngineeringConsultants
BarryR.Bell
BscEEMscFSEPE(MIFPOMNSFPEMNSPEMICCMIFMA)
JohnHuish
B.Eng(Hons)MIFireE
IndustrialFireProtectionPractitioners
ArunC
MuhammadFiaz
ThomasSchaedlich
RajaSajadHussain
Senior Engineer Fire and Life Safety, B.Eng, Electronic and
Amir Toma
Samir Siddidui
Aaron F. Vanney
Zainul Abedeen
Communications, Post Graduate Diploma in Fire Protection

Engineering
B.Eng, Mechanical, Power Section, Certificate in Fire Protection
Engineering
B.Eng, Electronics and Communication
P.E., LEEDAP
B.Sc. Engineering (Mechanical)
SumonKumarDey
MIFireE.IFE(UK)
Thislistrepresentsthecommitteemembershipatthetimeoffinalcompilationofthis
editionoftheUAEFireCode.Thecommitteecomprisesofprofessionalpractitionerswith
appropriatequalificationandexperienceinavarietyofengineeringandscientificdisciplines.
CommitteemembershipissubjecttochangeatthediscretionoftheCivilDefence.
MembershiponacommitteeshallnotconstituteanyformofendorsementbytheCivil
Defence.
CommitteeScope
TheCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityforthecontinuousdevelopmentofaFire
Protection&PreventionCodeofPracticethatincludesadministrativeprovisions,tobeused
withtheUAEFireCodefortheplanning,installation,operation,andmaintenanceof
buildings,structures,andpremisesforthepurposeofprovidingprotectiontolifeand
propertyfromfireandexplosion.
Thisincludesdevelopmentofrequirementsfor,andmaintenanceof,systemsand
equipmentforfirecontrolandextinguishmentaswellasSafetytolifeofoccupantsof
buildingsandstructures.
P a g e |2
[INTENTION]
Intention
ItisthepolicyofCivilDefencetoimposemeasurestominimizetheriskofFireandtoensure
theSafetyoflifeandproperty.Thepurposeofthiscodeistoprescribeminimumguidelines
for determining Design, Construction, Modification & Installation of Buildings, Structures,
Occupancies,Firedetectionsystems,Fireprotectionsystems,FirePreventionSystemsand
LifeSafetyconcernstoachievesafesocieties.ThepropertyOwners,Designers,Consultants,
Dcor companies, Contracting companies, Suppliers, Installation companies and
Maintenance companies are obliged to follow the minimum requirements of these codes
andregulations.
P a g e |3
[APPLICATION]
Application
TheprovisionsofthiscodeapplytoFireSafety,LifeSafetyandCivilDefenceAccessofall
OccupanciesandMultiple,SeparatedorMixedOccupancieslocatedinHighDepth,Low
DepthUndergroundbuildings,Lowrise,MidriseandHighrisebuildings.
Inmultipleormixedoccupancies,relevantCivilDefencecoderequirementsfordifferent
occupanciesareapplicablealongwiththeprovisionsofpredominantoccupancy.
P a g e |4
[COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE]
1. CommitmenttoBestPractice
ApprovedFireSafetyConsultantsandApprovedContractorsshallstriveforbestpracticein
relationto:
Compliancewithrelevantcodesandstandards
Compliancewithrelevantactsandregulations
Highlevelofqualityofwork
EnvironmentalmanagementandSustainability
Occupationalhealthandsafety
2. EnvironmentalManagement&Sustainability
Sofar,asweknowit,thereisonlyonehabitableplanet,Earthandwearetheinhabitantsat
present.Itisourdutytorespect,cherishandprotectitsenvironment,resourcesandbeauty
sothatthefuturegenerationsdonotregretinheritingthisplanetfromus.
CivilDefenceurgeseveryindividual,consultants,contractorsandorganizationstocommit
themselvestothebestpossiblepracticesinsustainingEarthshabitableenvironment
throughEnvironmentalManagementandSustainabilitywhenitcomestoFireProtection.
Before1987,HalonwasthehighlyeffectiveFireextinguishingagentthroughoutthe
industry.ButduetoitsOzoneDepletingcharacter,aftertheMontrealProtocol,Halon
(HCFCs)wasagreedtobephasedoutofthegeneralindustryusageexceptforcertain
specialisedapplicationsinmarineandaviationindustry.AsareplacementforHalon,Fire
Protectionindustryhasnewtechnologies,newextinguishingagentsandsystems.Today,
afterKyotoProtocol,thereareraisingconcernsofusingsomeofthosereplacement
extinguishingagentssuchasHFCsandPFCsbecauseoftheirGlobalWarmingcharacters.
However,CivilDefencetakestheenvironmentalconcernsastepfurthertocautionthe
industryregardingavailablenewtechnologiesandextinguishingagents,notonlyregarding
OzoneDepletionbutalsowithotherfactorssuchasGlobalWarmingandWater
Conservation.CivilDefencewouldadheretoanyfutureprotocols,researchresultsand
justificationswhichprohibittheusageofanytechnologyandextinguishingagentswhich
haveadverseaffectsonenvironment,humanhealthandsustainabilityofthisplanet.Hence,
itisowners,Consultants,ContractorsandSuppliersresponsibilitytoupdatethemselves
withlatestinternationalandlocalstandonnewtechnologiesandextinguishingagentsand
theirimpactonenvironmentalconcerns.
3. WaterConservation
TheUAEsfirstevernationalWaterConservationlawwillbeimplementedinthecoming
months.Thelawwilllayouttheregulationsforwaterusageandmanagement.Wherewater
isthemostappropriateandwidelyusedFireextinguishingmediumformostofthe
applications,waterisalsoaveryscarceassetinthispartoftheworldandaveryexpensive
ventureindesalination.Hence,CivilDefencetakestheinitiativetowardsWater
Conservationthroughpromotingthetechnologiesandsystemsthatrestrictthewastageof
waterinFireProtection.WaterMistSystemandWaterFogSystemsaresuchexamples
P a g e |5
[COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE]
whereanaffectiveFireProtectionisachievedusinglesswaterdischargethanthe
conventionalFireWaterSystems.
4. OccupationalHealthandSafety
CivilDefenceaimsatthepromotionandmaintenanceofthehighestdegreeofphysical,
mentalandsocialwellbeingofworkersandusersofthebuildingsinalloccupations.Safe
workplacesprovidetheconsistencyandreliabilityneededtobuildacommunityandgrowa
business.Workplaceswithactivesafetyandhealthleadershiphavefewerinjuries,andhave
moresatisfiedandproductiveemployees.Safeworkplacesnotonlysavelife,theypromote
successfulandvibrantlives.
Theprotectionofworkersintheirworkplacefromvarioushealthrisksinvolves
implementationofanoccupationalenvironmentadaptedtoworkersphysiologicaland
psychologicalcapabilitiesalongwithempoweringworkerswithgoodHealthandSafety
practices.
CivilDefence,thuscallsforallorganizations,consultants,contractorsandindividualsto
recognisetheirroleinestablishingawarenessoftheenvironment,correctpractices,
consequenceofactionsandconsiderationforotherstomakeOccupationalHealthand
SafetyawayoflifeinUAE.
Page|6
[FIRECODECOUNCIL]
FireCodeCouncil
TheCivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC)willbeestablishedtosuperviseandinvolveinthe
administrationoftheCode.
TheselectedBoardofCommitteeismadeupof:
ExecutiveDirector(DirectorCivilDefence).
Chairman(SeniorOfficer,FireSafety&PreventionSection,CivilDefence)
MembersfromindustrywithFireProtectionandFireAlarmSystemsexperience.
MembersfromindustrywithFireFightingOperationandFireFightingSystemsexperience.
MembersfromindustrywithLifeSafetyDesignandEmergencyManagementexperience.
P a g e |7
[ROLEOFFIRECODE
COUNCIL]
RoleofFireCodeCouncil
TheCivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC)isresponsibleforreviewingtheadministrationofthe
Code.Toachievethis,theCommitteemust:
ConductareviewoftheCodeatleastonceevery12months.
SubmitallproposedamendmentstotheBoardforapproval.
Developandimplementastrategytoincreaseconsumerandindustryawarenessofthe
Code.
Providetechnicalsupporttothepublicdomaintoensurecorrectapplicationofthecode.
Overseetheadministrationandimplementationofproposalsforchangefromthepublic
domain.
Collatedataofproposalsandcommentsreceivedandtheiroutcomes.
Prepareannualreportanddatabasedonconsolidatedanalysisoncodecomplianceduring
thecurrentyear.
P a g e |8
[CODEREVIEWAND
AMENDMENT]
CodeReviewandAmendment
Review
CivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC)isresponsibleforthereview,evaluationandadministration
oftheCode.Inconductingitsreview,whereappropriate,thecommitteemayconsultwithanygroup
ormembersaffectedbytheCode.ThereviewcommitteeshallmakerecommendationstotheBoard
forconsideration.
Amendment
TheBoardmayatanytimeresolvetoamendtheCode.OnceanamendmenttotheCodehasbeen
made,theBoardwillensurethateachmemberofCivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC)promptly
receivesnoticeoftheamendment;andtheamendmentisadequatelypublicisedsothatconsumers
andotherorganisationsmaybemadeawareoftheamendment.
P a g e |9
[REGISTEROFCODE
SIGNATORIES]
RegisterofCodeSignatories
AnnualRequirements
ToberegisteredwithCivilDefenceasanApprovedFireSafetyConsultantandanApprovedFire
SafetyContractor,theFiresafetyConsultantsandFireSafetyContractorsshallalsoregisterwiththe
CivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC).ThisenablesthemtohaveofficialaccesstotheCivil
DefenceFireCodeandparticipateinproposalandreviews.TheFireSafetyConsultantandFire
SafetyContractorsmustsigntheCodeofPracticeDeclarationwiththeirannualmembership
renewal.
RemovalfromRegister
Cessationofmembership,eithervoluntary,orthroughsuspension,orfailuretoprovideacurrent
signedCodeofPracticeDeclarationwithmembershiprenewal,willresultinremovalfromthe
membershiplistingandtheCivilDefenceFireCodeCouncil(CDFCC)listing.
P a g e |10
[LICENSING,ACCREDITATION
ANDCOMPETENTPERSONS]
Licensing,AccreditationandCompetentPersons
CivilDefencewilladministerthelicensingandaccreditationoffirepractitioners(fireconsultantsand
firecontractors)andprofessionalsworkingintheirdisciplines.
P a g e |11
[QUALIFIEDAND
COMPETENTPERSONS]
QualifiedandCompetentPersons
Companiesshallemployappropriatelyqualifiedandcompetentpersonstoundertakethework.
QualificationshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithCivilDefence.
P a g e |12
[CLASSIFICATIONOFOCCUPANCIESANDBUILDINGS]
CLASSIFICATIONOFOCCUPANCIESANDBUILDINGS
Definitions
1. Business
Anoccupancyorthefacility,building,structureusedforcommercialornoncommercialtransaction
ofbusiness,information,professional,lawandgoverningmatterssuchasthefollowing.
1.1.
GeneralBusinessOffices
1.2.
GovernmentandMinistryOffices
1.3.
BankingandFinancialOffices
1.4.
EngineersConsultingOffices
1.5.
ConsultationOffices
DoctorsConsultingOffices
1.6.
1.7.
LawyersConsultingOffices
1.8.
CorporateOffices
1.9.
Typing,Translation&VisaprocessingOffices
1.10.
Tours&TravelOffices
1.11.
Moneyexchange&transferOffices
1.12.
BeauticiansOffices
1.13.
MarketingandSalesOffices
1.14.
BusinessdevelopmentOffices
1.15.
MediaOffices
2. Educational
Aneducationaloccupancyisafacility,structureorbuildingusedforeducationalpurposeswhereup
to12thgradeacademicactivitiesareheldfor6ormorepersonssuchasAcademies,Kindergarten
Schools,InstitutionsandCourseofferingestablishments.
3. Assembly
Anoccupancyusedforagatheringof50ormorepersonsfordeliberation,worship,entertainment,
eating,drinking,amusement,awaitingtransportation,orsimilaruses.Specialamusementbuilding,
regardlessofoccupantload,isconsideredasassemblyoccupancy.
4. Mercantile
Anoccupancyusedforthedisplayandsaleofmerchandise.
P a g e |
P a g e |13
5. Healthcare
An occupancy used for purposes of medical or other treatment or care of four or more persons
where such occupants are mostly incapable of selfpreservation due to age, physical or mental
disability,orbecauseofsecuritymeasuresnotundertheoccupantscontrol.
6. Daycare
An occupancy, in which four or more clients receive care, maintenance and supervision by other
thantheirrelativesorlegalguardiansforlessthan24hoursperday.
7. DetentionandCorrectional
An occupancy used to house one or more persons under varied degrees of restraint or security
wheresuchoccupantsaremostly incapableofselfpreservationbecause ofsecuritymeasuresnot
undertheoccupantscontrol.
8. LaborandStaffaccommodation
LaboraccommodationisanoccupancywhereLodgingisprovidedforgroupofworkersorlaborers
involvedinprojects,constructionworkandmanufacturingetc.
StaffaccommodationisanoccupancywheregroupLodgingisprovidedforcompany,officeorsales
staff.
9. Industrial
An occupancy in which products are manufactured or in which processing, assembling, mixing,
packaging,finishing,decorating,orrepairoperationsareconducted.
10. Storage
An occupancy used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products and
vehicles.
11. Residential
An occupancy where housing for families is provided such as Villas, Group of Villas, Residential
apartmentswithmultipledwellingunitsandbungalows.
12. Hotel
Anoccupancywhereabuildingorgroupofbuildingsunderonemanagementprovidesleepingand
lodgingfacilitieswithorwithoutmealsfortransients.
P a g e |
P a g e |14
13. AnimalHousing
Anoccupancywhereareaofabuildingorstructure,includinginteriorandadjacentexteriorspaces,
whereanimalsarefed,rested,worked,exercised,treated,exhibited,orusedforproductionsuchas
VeterinaryClinics,ZoosandAnimalcarecenters.
14. MultipleorMixedOccupancies
A building, structure or facility where more than one classes of occupancies exist is noted as
Multiple or Mixed occupancy. Occupancies are often mixed and intermingled with one type of
occupancy located and associated with other classes of occupancies, facilities, buildings and
structureswithoutadefiniteFireBarriersuchasOfficeslocatedinShowrooms,ShoppingCenters,
Souks, industrial facilities or hospitals. Similarly assembly occupancy such as Mall or amusement
parkintermingledwithmercantileoccupancies.Astorageoccupancysuchaswarehousecanhouse
offices,thusqualifyingasMixedOccupancy.Orindustrialcomplexlikemanufacturingunitscanhave
associated Storage occupancies. A residential building having shops, showrooms and other
mercantile occupancies at the ground floor without Fire Barrier are considered as multiple
occupancy.
Wheremultipleormixedoccupanciesexist,eachportionofthebuildingisclassifiedaccordingtoits
useandtheCivilDefenceFirecodeapplicationinsuchoccupanciesisbasedonthemoststringent
requirements.
15. SeparatedMultipleOccupancies
A building, structure or facility which houses multiple occupancies as in Mixed Occupancies but
with definite Fire Barriers, distinctive separate Exit Access and Exits, separating the different
classesofoccupanciesfromeach other.(Chapter 1.ConstructionandCompartmentalizationdeals
withdetailsonFireBarrierandseparationrequirements)
16. HighriseBuildings
The occupancies or Multiple and Mixed occupancies, facilities, buildings and structures having
occupiable or usable floors more than 23 Meters above the lowest grade or lowest level of Fire
ServiceAccessintothatoccupancyiscategorizedasHighriseBuilding.
17. MidriseBuildings
occupiableorusablefloorsbetween15Metersto23Metersfromthelowestgradeorlowestlevel
ofFireServiceAccessintothatoccupancyiscategorizedasMidriseBuilding.
18. LowriseBuildings
occupiable or usable floors at or up to 15 Meters from the lowest grade or lowest level of Fire
ServiceAccessintothatoccupancyiscategorizedasLowriseBuilding.
P a g e |
P a g e |15
19. UndergroundBuildingsandStructures
Astructureorportionofastructureinwhichthefloorlevelisbelowthelevelofexitdischarge.
20. LowdepthUndergroundBuildingsandStructures
Astructureorabuildingwithuptotwobasementsorupto7mbelowthelevelofexitdischarge.
21. HighdepthUndergroundBuildingsandStructures
Astructureorabuildingwithmorethantwobasementsormorethan7mbelowthelevelofexit
discharge.
P a g e |
P a g e |16

[HAZARDEVALUATION]
HAZARDEVALUATION
HazardContentandHazardevaluationfortheoccupanciesdifferbasedonthematerial
involvedanditsburningcharacteristics.Theowner,ConsultantsandContractorsshould
submit details such as occupancy description, operations and processes involved and
MaterialusageintheiroccupancyforCivilDefenceapproval.
For life safety purposes Hazard evaluation of occupancies is categorized into Light
Hazard, Ordinary Hazard, High Hazard and Extra High Hazard Occupancies. Therefore
Firedetection,protectionandSuppressionSystemswillneedtobedesignedtoaddress
thevariouscategoriesofhazardseffectively.
Most of the Occupancies are basically categorized as ORDINARY HAZARD where

materials such as Paper, Records, Books, Computers, Carpet, Household Plastic, Home
Appliances, Electronic & Electrical Office Equipment, Hospital Equipment, Furniture,
Wood, Bedding and upholstery, and Parking areas are likely to burn with moderate
rapidityortogiveoffaconsiderablevolumeofsmoke.
Occupancies also house other associated Hazard which falls into High Hazard category
such as Battery Storage, Flammable liquids such as Diesel in Generators, Laboratories,
CleaningSolventsinStoragerooms,andFuelGasinKitchensandPantries.Industrialand
StorageoccupanciesusuallyformanExtraHighHazardwithstorageofrapidlyburning
and dense smoke generating materials such as Plastic, Tyres, Highly Flammable liquids
andgases,Combustibledust,processesandoperationsinvolvinghightemperaturesand
flames.
MultipleorMixedoccupanciesarecombinationsofvariousHazardContentandHazard
categories. Accordingly the code application in such occupancies is based on the most
stringentrequirements.
P a g e |17
CONTENTS
CHAPTER1.CONSTRUCTIONANDFIRECOMPARTMENTALIZATION
1. General
5. ExteriorWalls
8. ImaginaryLine
9. Openings
10. Table1.3:MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforExteriorOpeningProtection
11. Table1.4:
Maximumallowableareaofunprotectedopenings(percentageofexteriorwalls)
forAssembly,Educational,Daycare,Healthcare,AmbulatoryHealthCare,Detention
andcorrectional,Residential,Residentialboardandcare,Business,Industrialand
LowHazardStorage.
12. Table1.5:
MaximumAllowableAreaofUnprotectedOpenings(percentageofexteriorwall)
forMercantile,IndustrialandStoragewithOrdinaryHazardandIndustrialand
StoragewithHighHazard.
14. Table1.7:
Occupancy,Area,HeightandOccupantLoadlimitationforprovision
ofautomaticsprinklers
17.1.
17.2.
FirePumpRooms
17.3.
Kitchen
17.4.
Separationoftheatre,cinemaorconcerthallfromotherpartsofthebuilding
17.5.
HotelBedrooms
17.6.
LaborAccommodation
17.7.
MotorVehicleWorkshop
17.8.
SprayPaintingRoom
17.9.
Coldroom
20.1.
FireResistanceRatedConstruction.
20.2.
MinimumFireProtectionRating.
20.3.
Table1.9:Fireseparationandprotectionforthevariousrooms.
20.4.
Table1.10:
MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforOpeningProtectivesin
FireResistanceRatedAssemblies
Table1.10a:FireRatingofCorridorsandInternalWallsbasedonOccupancies
20.5.
FireDoorClosers.
20.6.
FireDoorAssembliesandFireWindowAssemblies.
[CONTENTS]
PAGENO.
21
21
22
24
24
24
25
25
25
26
27
27
29
30
32
35
35
35
35
35
36
38
39
39
39
39
40
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
44
44
44
Page |
18
[CONTENTS]
20.7.
FireDoorAssemblies.
21. Penetrations
21.1.
FirestopSystemsandDevicesRequired.
21.2.
Testing
21.3.
InstallerQualifications
21.4.
Submittals
21.5.
FireStoppingGeneralApplication
21.6.
MaterialsforUsewithThroughPenetrations
21.7.
MaterialsforUsewithConstructionandPerimeterJoints
21.8.
21.9.
FireStopInstallation
21.10.
Penetrationsize
21.11.
UseofSleevesforPenetration
21.12.
InsulationCoverings
22.1.
FireDamperRequirements
22.2.
Installation
22.3.
AccessandIdentification
22.4.
23. Joints
23.1.
JointSystem
23.2.
Materials
23.3.
ExteriorCurtainWallsandthePerimeterJoint
24. SmokeBarriers
25. SmokebarrierPenetrations
26. SmokeDamperExceptions
27. VerticalOpenings
28. CommunicatingSpace
29. Atrium
30. ConvenienceOpenings
31. ServiceOpenings
32. ElevatorHoistway
33. Mezzanine
33.2.
AreaLimitations.
33.3.
Openness
34. ConcealedSpaces
34.1.
DraftStops
34.2.
CombustiblesinConcealedSpaces
35. InteriorWallandCeilingFinishRequirements
35.3.
36. InteriorWallorCeilingFinishTestingandClassification
36.3.
ClassAInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.4.
ClassBInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.5.
ClassCInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
37. SpecificMaterials
37.1.
TextileWallorCeilingMaterials
37.2.
ExpandedVinylWallorCeilingCoverings
37.3.
CellularorFoamedPlastic
37.4.
LightTransmittingPlastics
37.5.
MetalCeilingandWallPanels
37.6.
TrimandIncidentalFinish
37.7.
BulletinBoardsandPosters
44
44
45
45
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
50
50
51
51
53
53
54
54
54
54
55
55
56
58
58
59
61
62
63
65
65
65
66
67
67
68
68
69
70
70
70
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
73
73
Page |
19
[CONTENTS]
38. InteriorFloorFinishTestingandClassification
38.4.
38.5.
39. InteriorFinishinrelationtoAutomaticSprinklers
73
74
74
74
75
Page |
20
[CONSTRUCTIONANDCOMPARTMENTALIZATION]
CHAPTER1.
CONSTRUCTIONANDFIRECOMPARTMENTALIZATION
1. General
Each occupancy shall not exceed the area limitations or be located at a height
greaterthanthatpermittedforsuchoccupancyandthetypeofconstructionbeing
used.
1.1.
1.2.
Whereminoraccessoryusagesdonotoccupymorethan25percentoftheareaof
any floor of a building, the principal use of the building shall determine the
occupancyclassification.
In highrise occupancies, the most restrictive, applicable, highrise building

provisionsandfireprotectionsystemrequirementsshallapplytoallportionsofthe
building.
Whereseparatedoccupanciesareprovided,eachpartofthebuildingcomprisinga
distinctoccupancy,asdescribedinthischapter,shallbecompletelyseparatedfrom
otheroccupanciesbyfireresistiveassemblies,asspecifiedinTable1.1below.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
Note:ThefireresistanceratingsspecifiedinTable1.1arepermittedtobereduced
by1hour,butinnocasetolessthan1houroffireresistance,wherethebuildingis
protectedwithsupervisedautomaticsprinklersystem.
Figure1.1:AnexampleofaMultipleoccupancyprotectedasmixedoccupancy
P a g e |21
Legend:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
Lodgingor
Rooming
Houses
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
2!
OneandTwo
Family
Dwelling
2
2
2
2
1
Detentionand
Correctional
2
2
2
2
DayCare
Homes
2
2
2
Ambulatory
HealthCare
0
0
HealthCare
DayCare
>12Clients
Educational
AssemblyO.L.300
Assembly>O.L.300to1000
Assembly>O.L.1000
Educational
DayCare>12Clients
DayCareHomes
HealthCare
AmbulatoryHealthCare
DetentionandCorrectional
OneandTwoFamilyDwellings
LodgingorRoomingHouses
Assembly
>1000
OCCUPANCY
Assembly
300
Assembly
>300to1000
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
1
!=
The1hourreductionduetothepresenceofsprinklers(Asmentionedinclause1.5)isnotpermitted.
O.L.= OccupantLoad
P a g e |22
Legend:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2!
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
Industrial
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
1
2
2
Storage
Storage,Low
Hazard
Industrial,Low
Hazard
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
2
Business
Boardand
care,Large
2
2
2
2
2
2
2!
2
2!
2
2
Mercantile,
BulkRetail
Boardand
care,Small
Mercantile,
CoveredMall
Apartment
Buildings
Assembly300
Assembly>300to1000
Assembly>1000
Educational
DayCare>12Clients
DayCareHomes
HealthCare
OneandTwoFamilyDwellings
LodgingorRoomingHouses
HotelsandDormitories(including
staffaccommodation)
ApartmentBuildings
BoardandCare,Small
BoardandCare,Large
Mercantile
Mercantile,CoveredMall
Mercantile,BulkRetail
Business
Industrial,LowHazard
Industrial
Storage,LowHazard
Storage
Hotelsand
Dormitories
OCCUPANCY
Mercantile
!=
The1hourreductionduetothepresenceofsprinklers(Asmentionedinclause1.5)isnotpermitted.
O.L.= OccupantLoad
P a g e |23
Occupancyseparationsshallbevertical,horizontal, orbothor, when necessary,of

such other form as required to provide complete separation between occupancy
divisionsinthebuilding.
2.1.
2.2.
Where the occupancy separation is horizontal, structural members supporting the

separationshallbeprotectedbyanequivalentfireresistiveconstruction.
Thetypeofconstructionrequiredforthebuildingshallbedeterminedinaccordance
withTable1.6.
2.3.
3.1.
Whenthespacebeneathanypermanentplatformisusedforstorageoranypurpose
otherthanequipment,wiring,orplumbing,thefloorconstructionshallhaveafire
resistanceratingofnotlessthan1hour.
4.1.
Structuralelements,floors,andbearingwallsshallhaveafireresistanceratingnot
less than the fire resistance rating required for the structural element, bearing or
nonbearingwall,floor,orrooftheysupport.
Structuralelements,suchasgirders,beams,trusses,andspandrels,thathavedirect
connectionstocolumnscarryinggravityloads,andthatareessentialtothestability
ofthebuildingasawhole,shallhaveafireresistanceratingnotlessthanthatofthe
columnstowhichtheyareconnected.
Structural elements required having a fire resistance rating and that support more
thantwofloors,onefloorandroof,abearingwall,oranonbearingwallmorethan
twostorieshighshallbeindividuallyprotectedonallsidesfortheirfulllengthwith
materialsprovidingtherequiredfireresistancerating.
Fireresistive materials covering columns required to have a fire resistance rating,

whereexposedtoimpactdamagebymovingvehicles,handlingofmerchandise,or
byothermeans,shallbeprotectedfromdamage.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
5. ExteriorWalls
5.1.
Exterior walls shall have a fire resistance rating based on Table 1.2 and Table 1.6,
whicheverisgreater.
P a g e |24
OCCUPANCY
Assembly,educational,daycare,
healthcare,ambulatoryhealth
care,detentionandcorrectional,
residential,residentialboardand
care,business,industrial,and
lowhazardstorage
Mercantileandindustrialand
storageoccupancieswith
ordinaryhazards
Industrialandstorage
occupancieswithhighhazards
Horizontalseparation(m)
0to1.5 >1.5to3 >3to9
1
1
0
>9
0
Other
protective
AsperTable
1.4
AsperTable
1.5
AsperTable
1.5
7.1. Horizontalseparationshallbemeasuredata90degreeangletotheexteriorwall.
8. ImaginaryLine
8.1. Wheretwoormorebuildingsarelocatedonthesamelot,thehorizontalseparation
shall be measured from the exterior wall to an imaginary line or notional boundary
drawn between the exterior walls of the adjacent buildings. See Figure 1.2 for
illustrations.
Figure1.2:ImaginarylineorNotionalBoundarybetweentwobuildings.
8.2. The imaginary line shall be placed at a distance from the facing exterior wall of the
adjacent building that is equal to the horizontal separation applicable for that wall
basedonitsfireresistanceratingandprotectionofopenings.
P a g e |25
CivilDefenceeFireCode
[CONSTRU
UCTIONAN
NDCOMPAR
RTMENTALIIZATION]
8.3. Where the exterior wall is an irregular vertical

v
shap
pe, the follow
wing criteria shall be
met:
8.3.1. Thehorizontalseparationshall bedetermin

nedbymeassuringfromaavertical
planeth
hatislocated
dsothatno portionoftheexteriorw
wallisbetwe
eensuch
verticalplaneandth
helinetowh
hichthehorizzontalseparaationismeasured.
8.3.2. The areea of openings shall be determineed from the projection

n of the
openinggsintheexteeriorwallonttotheverticalplane.SeeeFigure1.3.
Figure1.3:Projecttionofopeniingsontoplaaneofrefere
enceforirreegularextern
nalwall
9. Openiings
9.1. Whereanexterio
orwallisreq
quiredtohaaveafireressistanceratin
ngasdeterm
minedby
Table
e1.2,thearreaofopeningsinexteriorwallsshaallnotexceeedthatperm
mitted by
Table
e1.4orTable
e1.5.
9.2. The area of unp

protected op
penings in an
a exterior wall shall b
be the aggregate of
unpro
otectedopeningsexpresssedasaperrcentageoftheareaofth
heexteriorw
wall.
P a g e |26
9.3. The area of an exterior wall shall be calculated as the length, edge to edge, of the
exterior wall multiplied by the measurement from the finished ground level to the
uppermostceiling.
9.4. The area of unprotected openings permitted by Table 1.4 and Table 1.5 shall be
permittedtobedoubledundereitherofthefollowingconditions.
9.4.1. Where the building is protected throughout with an approved, electrically

supervisedautomaticsprinklersystem.
9.4.2. Where the openings are protected with a fire window, fire door, fire
shuttersassemblyorotherlistedopeningprotectivehavingtherequiredfire
protectionratinginaccordancewithTable1.3.
10. Table1.3:MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforExteriorOpening
Protection
WallFireResistanceRating(hr)
2
1
ExterioropeningFireProtectionRating(hr)
1
P a g e |27
11. Table1.4:
Maximumallowableareaofunprotectedopenings(percentageofexteriorwalls)forAssembly,
Educational,Daycare,Healthcare,AmbulatoryHealthCare,Detentionandcorrectional,Residential,
Residentialboardandcare,Business,IndustrialandLowHazardStorage.
Horizontalseparation
toboundaryor
notionalboundary(m)
0
1
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.0
>3.0
MaximumAreaofExposingBuilding(m)
28
37
47
55
65
74
84
93
140 185 230 325
Maximumallowableareaofunprotectedopenings(%ofareaofexposingwall)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12 11 10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
18 15 13
12 11
10
10
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
7
25 20 17
15 14
12
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
33 25 21
19 17
15
14
13
12
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
43 32 27
23 21
18
16
15
14
13
12
12
11
10
9
9
55 40
33
28
25
21
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
14
19
23
465
930
1860
0
0
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
100
0
0
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
100
0
0
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
100
P a g e |28
12. Table1.5:
MaximumAllowableAreaofUnprotectedOpenings(percentageofexteriorwall)forMercantile,
IndustrialandStoragewithOrdinaryHazardandIndustrialandStoragewithHighHazard.
Horizontal
separationto
boundaryor
notional
boundary(m)
0
1
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.0
4.5
6
7.5
9
>9
14
19
23
28
37
47
MaximumAreaofExposingBuilding(m)
55
65
74
84
93
140
185
230
325
465
930
1860
Maximumallowableareaofunprotectedopenings(%ofareaofexposingwall)
0
0
4
6
9
12
17
21
27
69
100
0
0
4
5
7
10
13
16
20
48
91
100
0
0
4
5
7
8
11
13
16
38
70
100
0
0
4
5
6
8
9
12
14
31
57
91
100
0
0
4
5
6
7
9
10
12
27
48
77
100
0
0
4
4
5
6
7
9
11
21
38
59
86
100
0
0
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
18
31
48
59
100
0
0
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
16
27
41
56
100
0
0
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
14
24
36
52
100
0
0
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
13
22
32
46
100
0
0
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
12
20
29
42
100
0
0
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
12
18
27
38
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
9
16
20
27
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
8
12
16
22
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
7
10
14
18
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
9
11
15
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
7
9
12
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
7
8
100
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
100
P a g e |29
Buildingheight
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
TypeA
<23m
1
1440
1
1440
1
1440
1
3485
1
1765
1
2460
1
1395
1
2460
1
1395
1
3485
1
2320
TypeB
TypeC
TypeD
<55m
<128m
>128m
Assembly<300OL
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Assembly>300<1000OL
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Assembly>1000OL
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Business
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Board&care
2
3
4
5110
UL
UL
Daycare
2
3
4
5620
UL
UL
Detention
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Education
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Healthcare
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Healthcareambulatory
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Industriallow&ordinaryhazard
2
3
4
UL
UL
UL
Mercantile
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
2000
UL
UL
UL
Residential
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
2230
UL
UL
UL
Elementsof
structure
Exteriorbearing
walls,Interior
bearingwalls,
Columns,Beams,
Girders,Trusses,
Arches,floorand
roof.
ForTypeDandType
Cbuildings,fire
resistanceratingof
Interiorbearingwalls
andColumns
supporting1floor,
roofonlycanbe
reducedby1hour
ForTypeDandType
Cbuildingsfire
resistanceratingof
Beams,Girders,
Trusses,Arches
supporting1floor,
roofonlywillbe
requiredtobe2
hours.
ForTypeDandType
Cbuildingsfire
resistanceratingof
floor,roofcanbe
reducedby2hours
ForTypeBbuildings
fireresistancerating
ofroofandexterior,
interiorbearing
walls,columns,
Beams,Girders,
Trussesandarches
supportingroofonly,
fireresistancerating
canbereducedby1
hour
P a g e |30
Buildingheight
TypeA
<23m
TypeB
<55m
TypeC
<128m
TypeD
>128m
Elementsof
structure
4
UL
Storagelow&ordinaryhazard
Fireresistance(Hr)
Maxfloorarea(m)
1
2415
2
4460
3
UL
Note:
1.
UL=Unlimited.
2.
Forfullysprinkleredbuildingsotherthanmercantile,industrialandstorage
occupancyTypeDconstructioncanbereducedtoTypeCandTypeCconstruction
canbereducedtoTypeB.
3.
Forfullysprinkleredbuildingsotherthanmercantile,industrialandstorage
occupancylessthan36metersinheightTypeBconstructioncanbereducedto
TypeA.
P a g e |31
14. Table1.7:Occupancy,Area,HeightandOccupantLoadlimitationforprovisionofautomaticsprinklers
Note:
ThistableshouldbeconsideredonlyforprovisionofSprinklerSystems.ForfurtherdetailsregardingprovisionofWetRisers,DryRisersetc
refertotable9.1,9.2,9.3and9.4ofChapter9.FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEMS
OCCUPANCYTYPE
ShouldbeprovidedfullywithAutomaticSprinklers,if
anyoneoftheconditionsmentionedbelowexists
TotalFloorarea(m)
Areaofsinglelargest
/Usage
compartment(m)
14.1. AssemblyBarswithLive
Entertainment,DanceHalls,
NotApplicable
NotApplicable
Discotheques,Nightclubs,
Assemblywithfestival
seating.
IfOL>3600
14.2. AnimalHousing
14.3. Educational
14.4.
14.5.
14.6.
14.7.
14.8.
DayCare
HealthCare
OneandTwoFamily
Dwelling(Villas)
14.9. LodgingorRoomingHouse
Numberofstories/
Height
Ifmorethan23min
height(i.eIfHighrise
Building)
If3storiesor15m
Iflessthan1hourfor
abovegrade(i.eIf
structure
MidriseBuilding)
IfOL>1860
If3storiesor15m
Iflessthan1hour
abovegrade(i.eIf
ratingforcorridors
MidriseBuilding)orwith
abasement
Unconditional(Shouldbeprovidedfullywithsupervisedautomaticsprinklersystem)
Unconditional(Shouldbeprovidedfullywithsupervisedautomaticsprinklersystem).Exceptforcellsareas.
If>1115m
IfBasementis>900m Ifmorethan23min
Iflessthan2hour
height(including
ratingseparation
basement)
wallbetween
buildings
If3storiesor15m
P a g e |32
Numberof
Fireresistance
occupants
IfOL>300 Iflessthan1hourfor
structure
OCCUPANCYTYPE
TotalFloorarea(m)
/Usage
14.10. HotelsandDormitory
14.11. ApartmentBuildings
14.12. ResidentialBoardandCare
14.13. Mercantile
14.14. Business
14.15. Industrial
14.16. Storage
14.17. StaffAccommodation
Areaofsinglelargest
compartment(m)
Numberofstories/
Height
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
Ifmorethan23minheight,IfGuest
roomsdonothavedirectdischargeto
groundlevelorIfnoexternalexitaccess
inbuildings3storiesabovegrade.
IfMorethan23minheight,IfExitdoor
notopendirecttoexternal,IfNodirect
accesstoexternalstaircaseserving
morethan2unitsperfloor,IfNodirect
accesstointernalstaircaseserving
morethan1unit
If>1115
If3storiesor15m
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
If>900
Ifmorethan23min
height(i.eIfHighrise
Building)
If>2230
If>1115
If3storiesor15m
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
If>2230
If>1115
If3storiesor15m
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
If3storiesor15m
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
P a g e |33
Numberof
occupants
Fireresistance
Iflessthan1hour
ratingforcorridors
Iflessthan1hour
ratingforcorridors.
Iflessthan1hour
fireratingfor
corridors
OCCUPANCYTYPE
14.18. LaborAccommodation
TotalFloorarea(m)
/Usage
Areaofsinglelargest
compartment(m)
If>1860
Numberofstories/
Height
If3storiesor15m
abovegrade(i.eIf
MidriseBuilding)
P a g e |34
Numberof
occupants
Fireresistance
[CHAPTER1.CONSTRUCTIONAND
COMPARTMENTALIZATION]
15.1.
Buildingswithmixedoccupanciesshallhavetheirrequiredtypeofconstruction
determined by applying the most restrictive type of construction to the entire
building.RefertoClause1.2.
16.1.
All structural members up to and including the floor of the lowest level of
discharge of underground buildings more than 7000 mm below or more than
two level below the lowest level of exit discharge (i.e. All Highdepth
Underground Buildings or Structures) shall be at least 2 hours fire rated
construction.Nopartofabasementstoreyshallbeusedforthebulkstorageof
highlyinflammableliquidsorsubstancesofanexplosivenature.
17.1. EmergencyCommandCentre
17.1.1. TheEmergencycommandcentreshallbeseparatedfromotherpartsofthe
samebuildingbycompartmentwallsandfloorshavingfireresistanceofat
least1hourwithfiresuppressionsystem.Minimumsizeshallbe8.9m.
17.2. FirePumpRooms
17.2.1. Firepumpsshallbelocatedonthegroundfloororbelowgradelevelwith
protecteddedicatedaccessfromthefireengineaccesslevel.
17.2.2. WheremultiplepumpsetsarerequiredinaHighrisebuilding,Intermediate
FirePumpsandWatertanksshallbelocatedat90mintervalsfromtheFirst
FirePumplocatedasmentionedin17.2.1.
Note:
i. Theintentionofaboverequirementsistoprohibitthedown
feedingofwaterintotheFireWaterSystems.
ii. Thusaboverequirementscallforappropriatedesignand
allocationsofServiceFloorsinabuildingwithmultipleFirePump
sets,where90mintervalbetweenintermediateFirePumpscanbe
established.
17.2.3. Firepumproomshallhave2hoursfireratedcompartmentinnon
sprinkleredbuildings.
P a g e |35
17.3. Kitchen
17.3.1. Inaneatingestablishmentwhereakitchenisrequiredforthepreparationof
food and/or where 'open flame' cooking appliances are used, the kitchen
shall be separated from other parts of the same building by compartment
wallandfloorhavingfireresistanceofatleast1hour.
17.3.2. For open kitchens, where roller shutters separate food serving area, such
shuttersshallbeof30minutesfirerating.SeeFigure1.4,1.5,1.6and1.7.
17.3.3. Doors shall have fire resistance of half an hour and fitted with automatic
selfclosingdevice.
17.3.4. Where the flue or duct passes through the compartment wall or floor, the
flue or duct shall be encased by noncombustible construction and no
dampershallbepermittedtobeinstalledinsuchflueorduct.
17.3.5. Separationrequirementforkitchencouldbeexemptedwhenallthecooking
facilities in the kitchen are fitted with an approved extinguishing system
suchasKitchenhoodsuppression.
17.3.6. Separation requirement for kitchen could be exempted when an eating

establishment is separated from other parts of the same building by walls
and floors having fire resistance of at least 1 hour and doors having fire
resistanceofatleasthalfanhour.
17.3.7. For a nonsprinkler protected building, the floor area of the kitchen
compartmentshallnotexceed150m.
17.3.8. LPG cylinders provided for the open flame cooking activities are not
allowedtobelocatedatthebasement.
17.3.9. Thecompartmentwhereopenflamecookingactivitiesarecarriedoutshall
notcomprisemorethanonestorey.
P a g e |36
Figure1.4:Kitchenwithoutextinguishingsystemseparatedfromotherareas
Figure1.5:Kitchenwithoutextinguishingsystemseparatedfromdiningarea.
P a g e |37
Figure1.6:Separationbetweenkitchenanddumbwaiter.
Figure1.7:Controlofareaforkitcheninbuildingswithnosprinklers.
17.4. Separationoftheatre,cinemaorconcerthallfromotherpartsofthebuilding
17.4.1. Atheatre,cinemaorconcerthallshallbeseparatedfromotherpartsofthe
samebuilding,whichisofadifferentpurposegroup,bycompartmentwalls
and floors having a fire resistance of at least 2hour. If the building is
protectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem,thefireresistanceratingofthe
compartmentwallsorfloorscanbereducedto1hour.
P a g e |38
17.4.2. Where openings are provided for access between the theatre, cinema or
concerthallandanyotherpartofthesamebuildingofadifferentpurpose
group, the openings shall either be protected by fire doors having the
necessary fire resistance rating as the enclosing walls or floors, or be
providedwithlobbywhichcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements.Refer
toTable1.10.
17.4.3. Thelobbyisenclosedbywallshavingfireresistanceofatleastonehour,is
naturallyormechanicallyventilated.
17.4.4. Alldoorstothelobbyshalleachhavefireresistanceofnotlessthanhalfan
hourandfittedwithautomaticselfclosingdevice.
17.5. HotelBedrooms
17.5.1. Each hotel bedroom shall be compartmented from adjoining rooms and
otherpartsofthesamebuildingbyconstructionhavingfireresistancerating
ofatleast1
17.6. LaborAccommodation
17.6.1. Each labor accommodation bedroom shall be compartmented from

adjoiningroomsandotherpartsofthesamebuildingbyconstructionhaving
fireresistanceratingofatleast1hour.
17.6.2. Kitchens are only allowed on the ground floor and shall be enclosed with
minimum 1hour fire rated compartment wall, including hour fire rated
door. Kitchen shall be separated by 1 hour fire rating and a protected
corridorawayfromthedormitorysleepingareaonthegroundfloor.
17.7. MotorVehicleWorkshop
17.7.1. A motor vehicle workshop shall be separated from any other part of the
samebuildingbycompartmentwallsandfloorshavingfireresistanceofnot
lessthan2hours.
17.8. SprayPaintingRoom
17.8.1. Areas in which spray painting or other allied processes are performed or
carried out, shall be separated from other parts of the same building by
compartmentwallsandfloorshavingfireresistanceofnotlessthan2hours.
Spraypaintingboothsshallhavebuiltinvaporextractionsystem.
17.8.2. Where a spray painting room or booth is protected by an automatic Fire

Suppression system, the fire compartment to the room or booth can be
reducedfrom2hoursto1hour.SeeFigure1.8.
P a g e |39
[CHAPTER1.CONSTRUCTTIONAND
COM
MPARTMEN
NTALIZATIO
ON]
Figure1.8:SeparationbetweenSp
prayPaintinggroomando
otherareas.
17.9. Coldroom
17.9
9.1. Whereaacoldroom hasaflooraareaexceediing20m,a separateou
uterlayer
of noncombustiblee constructio
on, includingg the door, having minimum 1
hour fiire resistan
nce rating (with sprin
nkler), shalll be provvided to
comparttmentalizeth
hecoldroom
menclosureffromotheraareas.SeeFiggure1.9.
9.2. Provisio
onofthefireresistingouterlayerencclosure,inclu
udingthefire
edoorto
17.9
thecold
droomwoulldnotberequirediftheecoldroom hasafloor areanot
exceedin
ng20man
ndissprinkle
erprotected.Thestoragematerials shallnot
includehighlyflamm
mablechemiccals.
17.9
9.3. Cold roo
om lesser th
han 20 m provided
p
with at least one hour fire rating
comparttment, need
d not be provided witth sprinklerss provided that the
storageshallnotinccludeflammaablematerials.
e1.9:Firecom
mpartmentforcoldroomexceedingg20m
Figure
P a g e |40
18.1.
Rooms housing transformer containing flammable liquid and generator rooms,

flammable storage and processes shall be located against an external wall.
Where louvers for ventilation are used on internal walls for ventilation, fire
shuttersshallbeprovidedtomaintainsameratingoftheinternalwall.
19.1.
Fire compartmentalization between individual tenancy units within terraced

buildings (Multitenant Warehouse and Factories) shall be provided. The entire
enclosure of each of these units shall be fire compartmented with walls and
floors of minimum onehour fire resistance rating or more depending on the
typeofoccupanciesmentionedinthiscode.(SeeChapter13A.FIRESAFETYFOR
MULTITENANTWAREHOUSEANDFACTORY)
.
20.1. FireResistanceRatedConstruction.
20.1.1. Constructionassembliesrequiredtobefireresistanceratedfloorsorroofs,
oracombinationoffloorsorroofsandceilings,shallbefirebarriershavinga
fireresistanceratingsetforthinTable1.1,1.6,1.9,1.10and1.10a,which
evergreater.
20.1.2. Ceilings shall form continuous fireresistive membranes but shall be

permittedtohavesteel,ferrous,orcopperconduits;electricaloutletboxes;
pipes; tubes; combustion vents; exhaust vents; concrete; or masonry
penetratingitemswheretheannularspaceisprotectedtopreventthefree
passageofflameandtheproductsofcombustionwheretheaggregatearea
of ceiling penetrations is not more than 64,520 mm for any 9.3 m of
ceiling.
20.1.3. Where 1hour fire resistancerated construction is required for floor or

floorceilingassemblies,thefireresistiveprotectionshallbepermittedtobe
omittedfromtheundersideofthefloorinthecrawlspaceareaatgradeand
fromtheatticareaoftheceilingwheretheroofformstheuppersurfaceof
theattic.
20.1.4. Ductsystemsthatpenetratetheceilingmembraneofafireresistancerated
floorceiling or roofceiling assembly shall be protected with fire rated
enclosure.
20.2. MinimumFireProtectionRating.
20.2.1. Openingprotectionshallhaveaminimumfireprotectionratingasspecified
inTable1.10.SeeFigure1.10forillustrations.
P a g e |41
Figure1.10:Examplesofopeningprotection
20.3. Table1.9:Fireseparationandprotectionforthevarious
rooms.
Usage
A/CPlantroom
AHUroom
BoilerRoom(oilfired)
CentralBulkLaundries>9.3m
Coldroom>20m
Coldroom20m
CommunicationNerveCentre
Controlrooms
DataCentre
ElectricLiftmotorroom
Electricalroom
Emergencylightingbattery
room
Essentialfanroom
Firepumproom
Generatorroom
Giftorretailshops
GuestLaundryroom<9.3m
GuestLaundryroom>9.3m
Highvoltageswitchroom
Hydraulicliftmotorroom
Kitchen
WithSprinklerProtectionor
othersuppressionsystem
AsperBuildingconstructiontype
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
0(Nostorageofflammable
material)
1hrrating
1hrrating
WithoutSprinklerProtectionor
othersuppressionsystem
2hrrating
2hrrating
Notallowed
1(Nostorageofflammable
material)
2hrrating
2hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
0hrrating
0hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating(ifnokitchen
suppressionsystemisprovided)
2hrrating
2hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
2hrrating
1hrratingand
limitedto150m
P a g e |42
Laboratoriesusingflammable
orcombustibleliquid
Lockerrooms
Lowvoltageswitchroom
Maintenanceworkshop
MDFRoom
OilTankroom
PABXroom
Paddedcells
Paintshops
Soiledlinenrooms
Spraypaintingroom
Sprinkler/Wetrisertankroom
Storagerooms<9.3m
Storagerooms>9.3m
Transformerroom(oiltype)
Trashcollectionroom
1hrrating
2hrrating
0hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1(withvaporextract)
0hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
1hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
2(withvaporextract)
1hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
2hrrating
20.4. Table1.10:
MinimumFireProtectionRatingsforOpeningProtectioninFire
ResistanceRatedAssemblies
FIRERESISTANCE
RATING
Component
Elevatorhoistways
Verticalshafts,
stairways,services
refusechutes.
HCfirewallsandfire
walls
Firebarrier
Horizontalexit
Corridors,exitaccess
Smokebarrier
Smokepartition
Wallsand
Partitions
(hrs)
2
1
2
FIREPROTECTIONRATING
FireDoor
Assemblies
(hrs)
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
1
FireWindow
Assemblies
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
WindowsNotallowed
P a g e |43
Table1.10a:FireRatingofCorridorsandInternalWallsbasedon
Occupancies
Educational
Corridor
Internal
wall
Corridor
Internal
wall
1hour
1hour
DayCare
HealthCare Residential Boardandcare Mercantile Business
FireresistanceratingoffullySprinkleredBuilding
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
FireresistanceratingofNonSprinkleredBuilding
2hour
1hour
1hour
2hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour
1hour 1hour
1hour 1hour
Note:
1. SmokeSeparationshallbeprovidedwherenofireresistanceratingisrequired.
2. ForDoorandwindowratingsrefertoTable1.10.
3. ForSeparationbetweendifferentOccupanciesrefertoTable1.1.
20.5. FireDoorClosers.
20.5.1. Fire doors used to protect the means of egress shall be selfclosing or
automaticclosing.
20.6. FireDoorAssembliesandFireWindowAssemblies.
20.6.1. Fire protection ratings for Fire Doors and windows shall be in accordance
with NFPA 252 or NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass
BlockAssemblies.
20.6.2. Allfiredoorassembliesandfirewindowassembliesshallbearanapproved
labelfrominternationalandlocalapprovedtestlaboratories.
20.7. FireDoorAssemblies.
20.7.1. Opening protection in fire walls and fire barrier walls shall have a fire
protectionratinginaccordancewithTable1.10.
20.7.2. Fire door assemblies and fire window assemblies shall be installed in
accordancewithNFPA80.
21. Penetrations
21.1.1. Firestopping
Material or combination of materials used to retain integrity of firerated

constructionbymaintaininganeffectivebarrieragainstthespreadofflame,
smokeandhotgasesthroughpenetrations/jointsinbetweenfireratedwall
andfloorassemblies.
P a g e |44
21.2. FiresstopSystemsandDevicesRequired.
21.2.1. Penetrations for cables, cable trays, conduits, pipes, tubes, combustion
ventsandexhaustvents,wires,andsimilaritemstoaccommodateelectrical,
mechanical, plumbing, and communications systems that pass through a
wall, floor, or floorceiling assembly constructed as a fire barrier shall be
protectedbyafirestopsystemordevice.SeeFigure1.11.
21.3. Testing
21.3.1. The fire stop system or device shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E
814,StandardTestMethodforFireTestsofThroughPenetrationFireStops,
or UL 1479, Standard for Safety for Fire Tests of ThroughPenetration Fire
Stops, OR any approved test criteria, under a minimum positive pressure
differentialof0.01in.watercolumn(2.5Pa)betweentheexposedandthe
unexposedsurfaceofthetestassembly.
21.4. InstallerQualifications
21.4.1. An experienced Installer who is certified shall be engaged. To be certified,
the installer shall be licensed by Civil Defence and qualified by the fire
stopping manufacturer as having been provided the necessary training to
installmanufacturersproductsasperspecifiedrequirements.
21.5.
Submittals
21.5.1. Product Data shall consist of Manufacturer's specifications and technical

data for each material including the composition and limitations,
documentation of fire stop systems to be used and manufacturer's
installationinstructions.
21.5.2. Manufacturer's engineering judgment identification number and drawing

details. Engineering judgment must include both project name and
contractorsnamewhowillinstallfirestopsystemasdescribedindrawing.
21.5.3. Submit material safety data sheets provided with the product delivered to
jobsite.
21.5.4. Sound Insulation Test Reports and Test Certificates from qualified
independent laboratories showing clearly a minimum of 54 dB sound
reductionforFirestopSystemsisachieved.
21.5.5. AgeingTestReportshowingFirestopSystemswhichhavebeentestedand
ratedtowithstandaginginnormalservicelifebetween25and30yearsin
accordance with appropriate guidelines for the repair and protection of
building components with subsequent fire testing to ensure long term
functionality.
P a g e |45
21.6.
FirestoppingGeneralApplication
21.6.1. Provide fire stopping composed of components that are compatible with
each other, the substrates forming openings, and the items, if any,
penetratingthefirestoppingunderconditionsofserviceandapplication,as
demonstratedbythemanufacturerbasedontestingandfieldexperience.
21.6.2. Providecomponentsforeachfirestoppingsystemthatareneededtoinstall
fill material. Use only components specified by the fire stopping
manufacturer and approved by the qualified testing agency for the
designatedfireresistanceratedsystems.
21.6.3. Fire stopping Materials are either castinplace (integral with concrete
placement)orpostinstalled.Providecastinplacefirestopdevicesprior
toconcreteplacement.
21.7.
MaterialsforusewithThroughPenetrations
21.7.1. CastIn Place Fire stop Devices for use with noncombustible and
combustible pipes (closed and open systems), conduits, and cable bundles
penetratingconcretefloors.
21.7.2. High performance intumescent fire stop sealants, expanding foams,

expandingfireseals,fireresistantacousticmasticsorsiliconebasedelastic
firestopsealantsforusewithnoncombustibleitemsincludingsteelpipes,
copperpipes,rigidsteelconduitsandelectricalmetallictubing(EMT).
21.7.3. Fire resistant acoustic mastics, silicone based elastic fire stop sealants or
high performance intumescent fire stop sealants for use with sheet metal
ducts.
21.7.4. High performance intumescent fire stop sealants, intumescent fire stop
wrap strips or fire stop jackets for use with combustible items (penetrants
consumed by high heat and flame) including insulated metal pipes and
plasticpipes.
21.7.5. High performance intumescent fire stop sealants, expanding foams,

expanding fire seals, fire stop mortars or fire resistant acoustic mastics for
usewithPVCjacketed,flexiblecablesorcablebundles.
21.7.6. Noncuring,repenetrableintumescentputties,intumescentfirestopbricks,
intumescentfirestopplugsorfirestopcushionsforusewithflexiblecables
orcablebundles.
21.7.7. Firestopputtypadsforuseaswallopeningsprotectivematerialsforuse
withU.L.listedmetallicandspecifiednonmetallicoutletboxes.
21.7.8. Intumescent fire stop wrap strips or fire stop jackets attached to assembly
aroundcombustibleplasticpipes(closedandopenpipingsystems).
P a g e |46
21.7.9. FirestopMortars,firestopbricks,expandingfirefoams,expandingfireseals
or fire safety coated board systems for use in large openings and complex
penetrationsmadetoaccommodatecabletraysandbundles,multiplesteel
andcopperpipes,electricalbusways&enclosedsteeltrunkings.
21.7.10. Noncuring,repenetrableintumescentfirestopbricks,firestopcushionsor
firesafetycoatedboardsystemsforuseinlargesize/complexpenetrations
made to accommodate cable trays and bundles, multiple steel and copper
pipes,electricalbusways&enclosedsteeltrunkings.
21.7.11. Intumescentfirestopbricks,intumescentfirestopplugs,firestopcushions
orfiresafetycoatedboardsystemsforuseinblankopeningsmadeinfire
ratedwallorfloorassemblies,wherefuturepenetrationofpipes,conduits,
orcablesisexpected.
21.8. MaterialsforusewithConstructionandPerimeterJoints.
21.8.1.
21.8.2.
21.8.3.
21.8.4.
21.9.
Fire stop joint spray, silicone based elastic fire stop sealants, fire resistant
acoustic mastics or selfleveling Fire stop Sealants for use with firerated
constructionjointsandothergaps.
Fire stop joint spray, silicone based elastic fire stop sealants, fire resistant
acoustic mastics or selfleveling Fire stop Sealants for use in openings
betweenstructurallyseparatesectionsofwallandfloors.
SpeedPlugs,speedstrips,classifiedmineralwoolorbackingrodstofitgaps
in different types of joints as backing for proper installation of fire stop
material.
Provide a fire stop system with an Assembly Rating as determined by

approved testing criteria, which is equal to the time rating of construction
jointassembly.
21.9.1.
Examine areas and conditions under which work is to be performed and

identifyconditionsdetrimentaltoproperortimelycompletionaccordingto
thefollowing:
a. Verify penetrations are properly sized and in suitable condition for
applicationofmaterials.
b. Surfacestowhichfirestopmaterialswillbeappliedshallbefreeof
dirt,grease, oil,rust,laitance,release agents,waterrepellentsand
anyothersubstancesthatmayaffectproperadhesion.
c. Provide masking and temporary covering to prevent soiling of

adjacentsurfacesbyfirestoppingmaterials.
P a g e |47
d. Complywithmanufacturer'srecommendationsfortemperatureand
humidity conditions before, during and after installation of fire
stopping.
e. Donotproceeduntilunsatisfactoryconditionshavebeencorrected.
21.10. FirestopInstallation
21.10.1. InstallfirestopmaterialsinaccordancewithULFireResistanceDirectory,
OmegaPointLaboratoriesDirectoryorotherapprovedinternational
laboratories.
21.10.2. Complywithmanufacturer'sinstructionsforinstallationofthrough
penetrationandconstructionjointmaterials.
21.10.3. Thefollowingshallbedoneforanyfirestoppinginstallation
a. Sealallholesorvoidsmadebypenetrationstoensureanairand
waterresistantseal.
b. Consultwithmechanicalengineer,projectmanager,anddamper
manufacturerpriortoinstallationoffirestopsystemsthatmight
hamper the performance of fire dampers as it pertains to duct
work.
c. Protectmaterialsfromdamageonsurfacessubjectedtotraffic.
d. All electrical and mechanical services, pipes sleeves, insulating

materialsoranyotherconstructionmaterialsthatcanaffectthe
performance of the system, shall be considered in the design
stagewiththeconsultancyofmanufacturersqualifiedengineers
accordingtotheinternationalfirestoprequirements.
e. Identify through penetration fire stop systems with pressure

sensitive, self adhesive, preprinted vinyl labels. Attach labels
permanently to surfaces of penetrated constructions on both
sides of each fire stop system installations where labels will be
visible to anyone seeking to remove penetrating items for fire
stopsystems.includethefollowinginformation:
i. Thewords(Warningthroughpenetrationsfirestopsystem
dontdisturb)notifybuildingmanagementofanydamage.
ii. Thecontractorname,address,andphonenumber.
iii. Throughpenetrationfirestopsystemdesignationofapplicable
testingandinspectingagency.
iv. Dateofinstallation.
P a g e |48
v. Throughpenetrationfirestopsystemname.
vi. Theinstallername.
21.11. Penetrationsize
21.11.1. The nominal diameter of each penetrating item shall not exceed 150 mm,
the opening size shall not exceed 92,909 mm, and the thickness of the
concrete, grout, or mortar shall be the full thickness of the assembly. See
Figure1.11forillustrations.
21.11.2. Wherefirestoppingmaterialsareusedwiththefollowingpenetratingitems,
the penetration is limited to one floor, and the fire stopping material is
capableofpreventingthepassageofflameandhotgasessufficienttoignite
cotton waste when subjected to the timetemperature fire conditions of
NFPA251underaminimumpositivepressuredifferentialof0.01in.water
column (2.5 Pa) at the location of the penetration for the time period
equivalenttotherequiredfireresistanceratingoftheassemblypenetrated:
i.
Steel,ferrous,orcoppercables
ii.
Cableorwirewithsteeljackets
iii.
Castiron,steel,orcopperpipes
iv.
Steelconduitortubing
21.11.3. Themaximumnominaldiameterofthepenetratingitemshallnotbegreater
than100mmandshallnotexceedanaggregate64,520mmopeninginany
9.3moffloororwallarea.
P a g e |49
Figure1.11:Pipepenetrationthroughwallandfloor
21.12. UseofSleevesforPenetration
21.12.1. Wherethepenetratingitemusesasleevetopenetratethewallorfloor,the
sleeveshallbesecurelysetinthewallorfloor,andthespacebetweenthe
itemandthesleeveshallbefilledwithanapprovedmaterial.
21.13. InsulationCoverings
21.13.1. Insulation and coverings for penetrating items shall not pass through the
wallorfloorunlesstheinsulationorcoveringhasbeentestedaspartofthe
firestopsystemordevice.
21.13.2. Wherewallsorpartitionsarerequiredtohaveafireresistanceratingofnot
lessthan1hour,recessedfixturesshallbeinstalledinthewallorpartitionin
suchamannerthattherequiredfireresistanceisnotreduced,unlessoneof
thefollowingcriteriaismet:
21.13.3. Anysteelelectricalboxnotexceeding10,300mminareashallbepermitted
wheretheaggregateareaoftheopeningsprovidedfortheboxesdoesnot
exceed64,520mminany9.3mofwallarea,andwhereoutletboxesare
P a g e |50
installedonoppositesidesofthewall,theboxesshallbeseparatedbyone
ofthefollowingmeans:
i.
ii.
iii.
Byahorizontaldistanceofnotlessthan610mm
By a horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the
wall cavity where the wall cavity is filled with cellulose
loosefill,rockwool,orslagwoolinsulation
Bysolidfireblocking.
21.13.4. Membrane penetrations for any listed electrical outlet box made of any
materialshallbepermitted,providedthatsuchboxeshavebeentestedfor
useinfireresistanceratedassembliesandareinstalledinaccordancewith
theinstructionsincludedinthelisting.
21.13.5. Theannularspacecreatedbythemembranepenetrationofafiresprinkler
shall be permitted, provided that the space is covered by a metal
escutcheonplate.
22.1. FireDamperRequirements
22.1.1. Fire dampers shall be installed to protect ducts and airtransfer openings
thatpenetratefirebarriersandfirewalls.
22.1.2. Fire dampers shall be designed and tested in accordance with the
requirements of UL 555, Standard for Fire Dampers, and shall have the
minimumfireprotectionratingspecifiedinTable1.11fortheratingofthe
assemblypenetrated.
22.1.3. Table1.11:FireDamperRating
Fireresistanceratingofassembly
3hourorgreaterfireresistanceratedassemblies
Lessthan3hoursfireresistanceratedassemblies
Ceilingoffloorceilingorroofceilingassemblies
MinimumFireDamperRating
3
1
Sameratingasofassemblies
22.1.4. Firedampersshallberequiredinthefollowinglocations:
i.
ii.
iii.
Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating walls or

partitionshavingafireresistanceratingof2ormorehours.
Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating shaft walls

havingafireresistanceratingof1ormorehours.
Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating floors that are

required tohaveprotectedopeningswherethe ductisnot
protectedbyashaftenclosure.
P a g e |51
iv.
Airtransfer openings that occur in walls or partitions that

arerequiredtohaveafireresistiveratingof30minutesor
more.
Figure1.12:ExampleofSmokeandFireDamperapplication
22.1.5. Firedampersshallnotberequiredinthefollowinglocations:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Infloorsthatdonotrequireprotectedflooropenings
In a duct system serving only one floor and used only for
exhaust of air to the outside and not penetrating a wall or
partition having a required fire resistance rating of 2 hours
or more or passing entirely through the system and
containedwithinitsowndedicatedshaft.SeeFigure1.13.
Where branch ducts connect to enclosed exhaust risers in

whichtheairflowisupward,andsteelsubductsatleast560
mminlengtharecarriedupinsidetheriserateachinlet.
Infirepumproom.
v.
Instandbygeneratorroom.
P a g e |52
Figure1.13:Penetrationsofventilationductsforexhaustandsupplyair
22.2. Installation
22.2.1. Airconditioning, heating, and ventilating ductwork and related equipment,

including fire dampers, smoke dampers, combination fire and smoke
dampers, and ceiling radiation dampers, shall be installed in accordance
with NFPA 90A or NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air
HeatingandAirConditioningSystems.
22.3. AccessandIdentification
22.3.1. Fire and smoke dampers shall be provided with an approved means of
access,asfollows:
i.
The means of access shall be large enough to allow
inspectionandmaintenanceofthedamperanditsoperating
parts.
ii.
The access shall not affect the integrity of fire resistance
ratedassemblies.
iii.
The access openings shall not reduce the fire resistance
ratingoftheassembly.
iv.
Accesspointsshallbepermanentlyidentified.
v.
Accessdoorsinductsshallbeidentifiedwithalabelhaving
lettersnotlessthan13mminheight.
vi.
Thelabelshallreadasfollowsin:
a. FIRE/SMOKEDAMPER
b. SMOKEDAMPER
c. FIREDAMPER
P a g e |53
vii.
Access doors in ducts shall be tightfitting and suitable for

therequiredductconstruction.
22.4.
22.4.1. The operating temperature of the heatactuating device shall be

approximately 27.8C above the normal temperature within the duct
system, but not less than 71C; or it shall be not more than 141C where
located in a required smoke control system; or, where a combination fire
andsmokedamperisinstalled,itshallnotexceed177Cwherelocatedina
smokecontrolsystem.
23. Joints
23.1. JointSystem
23.1.1. Joints made within or between fire resistancerated assemblies shall be

protected with a joint system that is designed and tested to prevent the
spreadoffireforatimeperiodequaltothatoftheassemblyinwhichthe
jointislocated.
23.1.2. Thematerials,systems,ordevicesspecifiedin23.1.1shallbetestedaspart
of the assembly in accordance with the requirements of ASTM E 1966,
Standard Test Method for FireResistive Joint Systems, or ANSI/UL 2079,
StandardforTestsforFireResistanceofBuildingJointSystems.
23.1.3. Testingofthejointsystemshallberepresentativeoftheactualinstallation.
23.1.4. Alljointsystemsshallbetestedattheirmaximumjointwidthinaccordance
withtherequirementsofASTME1966orANSI/UL2079underaminimum
positive pressure differential of 0.01 in. water column (2.5 Pa) for a time
periodequaltothatoftheassembly.
23.2. Materials
23.2.1. Sealantsforusewithfireresistanceratedconstructionjoints,thefollowing
productsdescriptionsareacceptable:
a. SpeedSprayElastomericFirestopSealantorFlexibleFirestop
SealantorSelflevelingFirestopSealantorequivalent.
23.2.2. Sealants for use as part of a Perimeter Fire Barrier System between fire
resistanceratedfloorsandexteriorwallassemblies,thefollowingproducts
descriptionsareacceptable:
a. SpeedSprayorSelflevelingFirestopSealantorequivalent.
23.2.3. Preformedmineralwooldesignedtofitflutesofmetalprofiledeckandgap
between top of wall and metal deck profile; use as a backer for spray
material.
P a g e |54
a. SpeedPlugsorSpeedStripsorequivalent.
23.2.4. ProvideafirestopsystemwithanAssemblyRatingasdeterminedbyASTM
E1966and/orANSI/UL2079whichisequaltothefireresistanceratingsof
theconstructioninwhichthejointoccurs.
23.3. ExteriorCurtainWallsandthePerimeterJoint
23.3.1. Exterior curtain walls and perimeter joints shall be intended to restrict the
interiorverticalpassageofflameandhotgasesfromonefloortoanotherat
thelocationwherethefloorintersectstheinsideofanexteriorcurtainwall
assembly.
23.3.2. Floorassembliesthatarerequiredtobeafirebarriershallextendto,andbe
tightagainst,theexteriorcurtainwall.
23.3.3. Where fire resistancerated floor or floorceiling assemblies are required,

voidscreatedattheintersectionoftheexteriorcurtainwallassembliesand
such floor or floorceiling assemblies shall be sealed with approved
materials.
23.3.4. Theapprovedmaterialsshallbecapableofpreventingthepassageofflame
andhotgasessufficienttoignitecottonwastewheresubjectedtothetime
temperaturefireconditionsofNFPA251underaminimumpositivepressure
differentialof0.01in.watercolumn(2.5Pa)foratimeperiodatleastequal
tothefireresistanceratingofthefloorassembly.
23.3.5. Height and fire resistance requirements for curtain wall spandrels shall
complywithChapter37ofNFPA5000.
23.3.6. BS4767canalsobeusedasastandardforcurtainwallwhereapplicable.
23.3.7. Thejointbetweenthecurtainwallandconcreteelementsshallbedesigned
andinstalledsuchthatitisabletoaccommodatedynamicmovement.
24. SmokeBarriers
24.1.
24.2.
24.3.
SmokebarriersrequiredbythisCodeshallbecontinuousfromanoutsidewallto
an outside wall, from a floor to a floor, or from a smoke barrier to a smoke
barrier,oracombinationthereof.
SmokebarriersrequiredbythisCodeshallbecontinuousthroughallconcealed
spaces,suchasthosefoundaboveaceiling,includinginterstitialspaces.
Asmokebarrierrequiredforanoccupiedspacebelowaninterstitialspaceshall
not be required to extend through the interstitial space, provided that the
construction assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space provides
resistancetothepassageofsmokeequaltothatprovidedbythesmokebarrier.
P a g e |55
24.4.
24.5.
Whereasmokebarrierispenetratedbyaductorairtransferopening,asmoke
damper designed and tested in accordance with the requirements of UL 555S
shallbeinstalled.
Where a smoke barrier is also constructed as a fire barrier, a combination

fire/smokedamperdesignedandtestedinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
UL555andUL555Sshallbeinstalled.
25. SmokebarrierPenetrations
25.1.
25.2.
25.3.
25.4.
25.5.
Penetrations for cables, cable trays, conduits, pipes, tubes, vents, wires, and
similar items to accommodate electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and
communications systems that pass through a wall, floor, or floorceiling
assemblyconstructedasasmokebarrier,orthroughtheceilingmembraneofa
roofceiling of a smoke barrier, shall be protected by a listed system or a
materialcapableofrestrictingthetransferofsmoke.
Where a smoke barrier is also constructed as a fire barrier, the penetrations

shallbeprotectedtolimitthespreadoffireforatimeperiodequaltothefire
resistanceratingoftheassembly,torestrictthetransferofsmoke.
Where sprinklers penetrate a single membrane of a fire resistancerated

assembly in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic fire
sprinkler system, noncombustible escutcheon plates shall be permitted,
providedthatthespacearoundeachsprinklerpenetrationdoesnotexceedin.
(13mm),measuredbetweentheedgeofthemembraneandthesprinkler.
Wherethe penetrationitemusesasleevetopenetratethesmokebarrier,the
sleeve shall be securely set in the smoke barrier, and the space between the
itemandthesleeveshallbefilledwithalistedsystemoramaterialcapableof
restrictingthetransferofsmoke.
Wheredesignstaketransmissionofvibrationsintoconsideration,anyvibration
isolationshallmeetoneofthefollowingconditions:
i.
Itshallbemadeoneithersideofthefirebarrier.
Itshallbedesignedforthespecificpurpose.
ii.
SeeFigure1.12,1.14andFigure1.15forpenetrationthroughfireandsmokebarrier.
P a g e |56
Figure1.14:Penetrationthroughfirebarrier
Figure1.15:Penetrationthroughsmokebarrier
P a g e |57
26. SmokeDamperExceptions
26.1.
Smokedampersshallnotberequiredinthefollowing:
i.
Where ducts or airtransfer openings are part of an

engineered smoke control system and the smoke damper
willinterferewiththeoperationofasmokecontrolsystem.
ii.
Where the air in ducts continues to move and the air
handling system installed is arranged to prevent
recirculation of exhaust or return air under fire emergency
conditions.
iii.
Wheretheairinletoroutletopeningsinductsarelimitedto
asinglesmokecompartment
iv.
Whereductspenetratefloorsthatserveassmokebarriers
26.1.2. SmokeDamperRatings.
i.
SmokedamperleakageratingsshallbenotlessthanClassII.
ii.
Elevated temperature ratings shall be not less than 250F
(140C).
26.2. SmokeDetectors
Required smoke dampers in ducts penetrating smoke barriers shall close upon
detection of smoke by means of approved smoke detectors, unless ducts
penetrate smoke barriers above the smoke barrier doors and the door release
detectoractuatesthedamper.
26.3. Requiredsmokedampersinairtransferopeningsshallcloseupondetectionof
smokebymeansofapprovedsmokedetectors.
27. VerticalOpenings
27.1.
27.2.
27.3.
Openings through floors shall be enclosed with fire barrier walls, shall be
continuous from floor to floor or floor to roof, and shall be protected as
appropriateforthefireresistanceratingofthebarrier.
Shaftsshallbepermittedtoterminateinaroomorspacehavingauserelatedto
thepurposeoftheshaft,providedthattheroomorspaceisseparatedfromthe
remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance rating and
openingprotection.
Shaftsthatdonotextendtothebottomortopofthebuildingorstructureshall
bepermittedtobeprotectedbyapprovedfiredampersinstalledinaccordance
with their listing at the lowest or highest floor level, as applicable, within the
shaftenclosure.
P a g e |58
27.4.
The fire resistance rating for the enclosure of floor openings shall be not less
thanasfollows:
i.
Enclosures connecting four stories or more shall be 2hour

firebarriers.
ii.
Enclosures connecting three stories or less shall be 1hour
fire barriers, but not less than the required fire resistance
ratingofthefloorpenetrated,andshallnotberequiredto
exceed2hours.
iii.
Enclosures for exits and Exit Passageways serving 4 floors
andaboveshallbe2hoursfireratedand1hourfirerated
forbelow4floors.SeeFigure1.16forillustrations.
Figure1.16:Fireratingforverticalopeningenclosures
28. CommunicatingSpace
28.1.
Unenclosedflooropeningsformingacommunicatingspacebetweenfloorlevels
shallbepermitted,providedthatthefollowingconditionsaremet:
i.
28.2.
The communicating space does not connect more than

threecontiguousstories.
ii.
The lowest or next to lowest story within the
communicatingspaceisastreetfloor.
iii.
The entire floor area of the communicating space is open
and unobstructed, such that a fire in any part of the space
willbereadilyobvioustotheoccupantsofthespacepriorto
thetimeitbecomesanoccupanthazard.
The communicating space is separated from the remainder of the building by
firebarrierswithnotlessthana1hourfireresistancerating,unlessoneofthe
followingismet:
i.
Inbuildingsprotectedthroughoutbyanapprovedautomatic
sprinklersystemandasmokebarrier.
P a g e |59
ii.
28.3.
28.4.
28.5.
28.6.
Shallnotapplytofullysprinkleredresidentialhousingunits
ofdetentionandcorrectionaloccupancies.
The communicating space has ordinary hazard contents protected throughout

byanapprovedautomaticsprinklersystemorhasonlylowhazardcontents.
Egress capacity is sufficient to provide for all the occupants of all levels within
thecommunicatingspacetosimultaneouslyegressthecommunicatingspaceby
consideringitassinglefloorareaindeterminingtherequiredegresscapacity.
Eachoccupantwithinthecommunicatingspacehasaccesstonotlessthanone
exitwithouthavingtotraverseanotherstorywithinthecommunicatingspace.
Eachoccupantnotinthecommunicatingspacehasaccesstonotlessthanone
exit without having to enter the communicating space. See Figure 1.17 for
illustrations.
Elevation
Plan
Figure1.17:ExampleofCommunicatingSpace
P a g e |60
29. Atrium
29.1.
29.2.
Anatriumshallbepermitted,providedthatthefollowingconditionsaremet:
Theatriumisseparatedfromtheadjacentspacesbyfirebarrierswithnotless
than a 1hour fire resistance rating with opening protection for corridor walls,
unlessoneofthefollowingcriteriaismet:
29.2.1. Anynumberoflevelsofthebuildingshallbepermittedtoopendirectlyto
the atrium without enclosure based on the results of the engineering
analysis.
29.2.2. Glass walls and inoperable windows shall be permitted in lieu of the fire
barrierswhereallofthefollowingcriteriaaremet:
i.
Automatic sprinklers (window type sprinklers for
maintainingfireratingonly)shallbespacedalongbothsides
oftheglasswallandtheinoperablewindowatintervalsnot
toexceed1830mm.
ii.
Theautomaticsprinklersshallbelocatedatadistancefrom
the glass not to exceed 305 mm and shall be arranged so
thattheentiresurfaceoftheglassiswetuponoperationof
thesprinklers.
iii.
Theglassshallbetempered,wired,orlaminatedglassheld
in place by a gasket system that allows the glass framing
system to deflect without breaking (loading) the glass
beforethesprinklersoperate.
iv.
Theautomaticsprinklersshallnotberequiredontheatrium
side of the glass wall and the inoperable windows where
there is no walkway or other floor area on the atrium side
abovethemainfloorlevel.
v.
Doors in glass walls shall be glass or other material that
restrictsthepassageofsmoke.
vi.
Doors shall be selfclosing or automaticclosing upon
detectionofsmoke.
29.3.
Access to exits is permitted to be within the atrium and exit discharge is also
permittedtobeintheatriumiffollowingconditionsaremet:
i.
Theoccupancywithinthespacemeetsthespecificationsfor
classificationasloworordinaryhazardcontents.
ii.
Theentirebuildingisprotectedthroughoutbyanapproved,
P a g e |61
[CHAPTER1.CONSTRUCTTIONAND
COM
MPARTMEN
NTALIZATIO
ON]
29.4.
An engineering analysis should be

e performed
d which dem
monstrates that the
o keep the smoke layeer interface above the
e highest
building is designed to
dopeningtoadjoiningsp
paces,1830m
mmaboveth
hehighestfloorlevel
unprotected
ofexitaccesssopentotheatriumfo
oraperiodeequalto1 timesthecaalculated
egresstimeor20minutes,whicheve
erisgreater.
29.5.
An engineeered smoke control system is instaalled to also be independently

activatedbyyeachofthefollowing:
29.5
5.1. Uponacctuationofth
herequiredaautomaticsp
prinklersysteemwithinth
heatrium
orareassopentotheeatrium.
29.5
5.2. Manualcontrolsthaatarereadilyyaccessiblettothefiredeepartment.
Figu
ure1.18:ExaampleofAtrrium
30. Conve
enienceO
Openings
30.1.
30.2.
Averticalop
peningservingasother thananexittenclosure, connecting onlytwo
adjacent sto
ories, and piiercing only one floor sh
hall be perm
mitted to be open to
oneofthetw
wostories.
Where permitted, uneenclosed vertical openings not co

oncealed within the
buildingcon
nstructionshallbepermitttedasfollow
ws:
i.
ii.
iii.
h openings shall connect not moree than two adjacent

Such
storries(onefloo
orpiercedon
nly).
Such
hopeningssshallbesepaaratedfrom unprotected
dvertical
openingsservinggotherfloorrsbyafirean
ndsmokebaarriers.
Such
hopeningssshallbeseparatedfromccorridors.
P a g e |62
iv.
Suchopeningsshallnotserveasarequiredmeansofegress.
Separated
Notseparated
Figure1.19:ExampleofConvenienceOpening
31. ServiceOpenings
31.1.
31.2.
Service openings for conveyors, where required to be open on more than one
storyatthesametimeforpurposesofoperation,shallbeprovidedwithclosing
devices.
Moving walks not constituting an exit, and escalators, shall have their floor
openingsenclosedorprotectedasrequiredforotherverticalopenings
P a g e |63
31.3.
In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system,

escalators or moving walk openings shall be permitted to be protected in
accordancewiththesprinklerdraftcurtainmethod.
Sprinkleranddraftcurtainusedinescalatoropening
Figure1.20:ExampleofSprinklerDraftCurtainusedinserviceopening.
31.4.
In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system,

escalatorsormovingwalkopeningsshallbepermittedtobeprotectedbyrolling
steel shutters appropriate for the fire resistance rating of the vertical opening
protected,andthefollowingcriteriashallbemet:
31.4.1. Theshuttersshallcloseautomaticallyandindependentlyofeachotherupon
smokedetectionandsprinkleroperation.
31.4.2. Thereshallbeamanualmeansofoperatingandtestingtheoperationofthe
shutter.
P a g e |64
31.4.3. Theshuttersshallbeoperatednotlessthanonceaweektoensurethatthey
remaininproperoperatingcondition.
31.4.4. Theshuttersshalloperateataspeednottoexceed30ft/min(0.15m/s)and
shallbeequippedwithasensitiveleadingedge.
31.4.5. Theleadingedgeshallarresttheprogressofamovingshutterandcauseit
toretractadistanceofapproximately6in.(150mm)upontheapplicationof
a force not exceeding 20 lbf (90 N) applied to the surface of the leading
edge.
31.4.6. Theshutter,followingtheretraction,shallcontinuetoclose.
31.4.7. The operating mechanism for the rolling shutter shall be provided with
standbypower.
32. ElevatorHoistway
32.1.
Thenumberofelevatorcarspermittedinahoistwayshallbeasfollows:
32.1.1. Where four or more cars serve the entire same portion of a building, the
elevatorsshallbelocatedinatleast2separatehoistways.
32.1.2. Not more than 4 elevators cars shall be located in one single hoist way
enclosure.
32.1.3. Hoist way enclosure shall be at least 1 hour fire rated unless not required
such as in atriums, communicating space, convenience openings or hoist
wayfacingexternalfacade.
33. Mezzanine
33.1.
Amezzanineshallnotbeincludedasastoryforthepurposeofdeterminingthe
allowablenumberofstoriesinabuilding.
AreaLimitations.
33.2.
33.2.1. Theaggregateareaofmezzanineswithinaroom,otherthanthoselocated
in specialpurpose industrial occupancies, shall not exceed onethird the
openareaoftheroominwhichthemezzaninesarelocated.SeeFigure1.21
forillustration.
P a g e |65
Figure1.21:Arealimitationformezzanine
33.2.2. Enclosed space shall not be included in a determination of the size of the
roominwhichthemezzanineislocated.
33.2.3. Thereshallbenolimitonthenumberofmezzaninesinaroom.
33.2.4. Forpurposesofdeterminingtheallowablemezzaninearea,theareaofthe
mezzaninesshallnotbeincludedintheareaoftheroom.
33.3. Openness
33.3.1. Allportionsofamezzanine,otherthanwallsnotmorethan1065mmhigh,
columns,andposts,shallbeopentoanunobstructedexitfromtheroomin
whichthemezzanineislocated,unlesstheoccupantloadoftheaggregate
areaoftheenclosedspacedoesnotexceed10.
33.3.2. A mezzanine having two or more means of egressshall not be required to

openintotheroominwhichitislocatedifnotlessthanoneofthemeansof
egress provides direct access from the enclosed area to an exit at the
mezzaninelevel.SeeFigure1.22and1.23forillustrations.
P a g e |66
Figure1.22:Partiallyenclosedmezzanine
Enclosedmezzanine
Unprotected
ExitStaircase
ProtectedExitStaircase
Withdirectdischargeto
external
Figure1.23:FullyEnclosedMezzanine
34. ConcealedSpaces
34.1. DraftStops
34.1.1. Anyconcealedcombustiblespaceinwhichbuildingmaterialshavingaflame
spread index greater than Class A are exposed shall be draft stopped as
follows:
P a g e |67
i.
ii.
Every unoccupied attic space shall be subdivided by draft

stopsintoareasnottoexceed280m.
Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or

roof above shall be draft stopped for the full depth of the
space along the line of support for the floor or roof
structural members and, if necessary, at other locations to
formareasnottoexceed93mforanyspacebetweenthe
ceiling and floor and 280 m2 for any space between the
ceilingandroof.
34.1.2. Theaboverequirementsshallnotapplyifeitherofthefollowingconditions
ismet:
i.
The requirements shall not apply where the concealed
space is protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler
system.
ii.
The requirements shall not apply to concealed spaces
servingasplenums.
iii.
Draft stopping materials shall be not less than 13 mm
gypsum board or other approved materials adequately
supported. The integrity of all draft stops shall be
maintained.
34.2. CombustiblesinConcealedSpaces
34.2.1. Combustiblematerialsshallnotbepermittedwithintheconcealedspacesof
buildings classified as Type I or Type II construction and within walls
required to be constructed of noncombustible or limitedcombustible
materials.
35. InteriorWallandCeilingFinishRequirements
35.1.
35.2.
Materials applied, in total thickness of less than in. (0.90 mm), directly to the
surfaceofwallsandceilingsshallnotbeconsideredinteriorfinishandshallbe
exempt from tests simulating actual installation if they meet the requirements
ofClassAinteriorwallorceilingfinishwhentestedaccordingly.
Fixedormovablewallsandpartitions, paneling,andwallpadsandcrashpads,
applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation,
orotherpurposes,shallbeconsideredinteriorfinishandshallnotbeconsidered
decorationsorfurnishings.
P a g e |68
35.3.
Table1.12:InteriorFinishClassificationLimitations
Occupancy
Assembly>300
OccupantLoad
A
1or2
ExitAccessCorridors
OtherSpaces
AorB
AorB
1or2
Assembly300
OccupantLoad
A
1or2
AorB
1or2
A,BorC
Educational
A
1or2
A
1or2
AorB
1or2
A
1or2
AorB
1or2
A
1or2
AorB
AorB;Cforlow
partitions
AorB
DayCareCenters
DayCareHomes
HealthCare
Detentionand
Correctional
OneandTwoFamily
Dwelling,Lodgingand
RoomingHouse
HotelsandDormitories
Exits
AorB
1or2
A,BorC
A
1or2
ApartmentBuildings
A
1or2
A
ResidentialBoardand
Care
1or2
Mercantile
AorB
1or2
AorB
Businessand
AmbulatoryHealthCare 1or2
Industrial
AorB
1or2
Storage
AorB
1or2
A(B,onlowerportionof
corridor)
1or2
AorB
1or2
A,BorC
A,BorC
A(B,insmall
individualrooms)
A,BorC
A,BorC
AorB
1or2
AorB
1or2
A
1or2
AorB
A,BorC
AorB
A,BorC
A,BorC
1or2
A,BorC
A,BorC
A,BorC
AorB
AorB
A,BorC
P a g e |69
36. InteriorWallorCeilingFinishTestingandClassification
36.1.
36.2.
InteriorwallorceilingfinishthatisrequiredelsewhereinthisCodetobeClassA,
Class B, or Class C shall be classified based on test results from NFPA 255,
Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building
Materials, or ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method of Surface Burning
CharacteristicsofBuildingMaterials.
Fireretardantcoatingsshallnotbeusedtoobtaincompliancewiththeinterior
finishrequirementsofthisCode.
36.3. ClassAInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.3.1. ClassAinteriorwallandceilingfinishesshallbethosefinisheswithaflame
spread of 025 and smoke development of 0450 and shall include any
materialclassifiedat25orlessontheflamespreadtestscaleand450orless
on the smoke test scale. Any element thereof, when so tested, shall not
continuetopropagatefire.
36.4. ClassBInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.4.1. ClassBinteriorwallandceilingfinishesshallbethosefinisheswithaflame
material classified at more than 25 but not more than 75 on the flame
spreadtestscaleand450orlessonthesmoketestscale.
36.5. ClassCInteriorWallandCeilingFinish
36.5.1. ClassCinteriorwallandceilingfinishesshallbethosefinisheswithaflame
material classified at more than 75 but not more than 200 on the flame
spreadtestscaleand450orlessonthesmoketestscale.
36.6. Interior wall and ceiling finish tested in accordance with NFPA 286, Standard
Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior
FinishtoRoomFireGrowth,andmeetingtheconditionsofclause37.10,shallbe
permittedtobeusedwhereaClassAclassificationinaccordancewithNFPA255
orASTME84isrequired.
36.7. WherevertheuseofClassCinteriorwallandceilingfinishisrequired,ClassAor
Class B shall be permitted. Where Class B interior wall and ceiling finish is
required,ClassAshallbepermitted.
36.8. Products tested in accordance with NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests
forEvaluatingRoomFireGrowthContributionofTextileCoveringsonFullHeight
PanelsandWalls,shallcomplywiththecriteriaofclause37.9.Productstestedin
accordancewithNFPA286shallcomplywiththecriteriaofclause37.10.
P a g e |70
36.9.
Products shall be tested using the method B test protocol of NFPA 265. The
followingconditionsshallbemet:
i.
ii.
Flame shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40 kW

exposures.
Duringthe150kWexposure,thefollowingcriteriashallbe
met:
a. Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the

sampleonthe2440mm3660mmwall.
b. Flashovershallnotoccur.
36.10. Products shall be tested using the test protocol of NFPA 286. The following
conditionsshallbemet:
i.
Flame shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40 kW
exposures.
ii.
Duringthe160kWexposure,thefollowingcriteriashallbe
met:
a. Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the

sampleonthe2440mm3660mmwall.
b. Flashovershallnotoccur.
c. Thepeakheatreleaseratethroughoutthetestshallnot
exceed800kW.
d. For new installations, the total smoke released

throughoutthetestshallnotexceed1000m).
37. SpecificMaterials
37.1. TextileWallorCeilingMaterials
37.1.1. Theuseoftextilematerialsonwallsorceilingsshallcomplywithoneofthe
followingconditions:
i.
Textile materials having a Class A rating shall be permitted
on the walls or ceilings of rooms or areas protected by an
approvedautomaticsprinklersystem.
ii.
onpartitionsthatdonotexceedthreequartersofthefloor
toceiling height or do not exceed 2440 mm in height,
whicheverisless.
P a g e |71
iii.

toextendnotmorethan1220mmabovethefinishedfloor
onceilingheightwallsandceilingheightpartitions.
iv.
Textile materials shall be permitted on walls and partitions

wheretestedinaccordancewithNFPA265.
37.2. ExpandedVinylWallorCeilingCoverings
37.2.1. Theuseofexpandedvinylwallorceilingcoveringsshallcomplywithoneof
thefollowingconditions:
i.
MaterialshavingaClassAratingshallbepermittedonthe
wallsorceilingsofroomsorareasprotectedbyanapproved
automaticsprinklersystem.
ii.
Materials having a Class A rating shall be permitted on
partitionsthatdonotexceedthreequartersofthefloorto
ceiling height or do not exceed 8 ft (2440 mm) in height,
whicheverisless.
iii.
Materials having a Class A rating shall be permitted to
extend up to 1220 mm above the finished floor on ceiling
heightwallsandceilingheightpartitions.
iv.
Materials shall be permitted on walls and partitions where
testedinaccordancewithNFPA265.
v.
Materials shall be permitted on walls, partitions, and
ceilingswheretestedinaccordancewithNFPA286.
37.3. CellularorFoamedPlastic
37.3.1. Cellular or foamed plastic materials shall not be used as interior wall and
ceilingfinish,unlessspecificallypermittedby:
i.
Cellularorfoamedplasticmaterialmeetingthedefinitionof
foamed plastic insulation subjected to largescale fire tests
that substantiate the combustibility characteristics of the
material for the use intended under actual fire conditions.
The tests shall be performed on a finished foamed plastic
assembly related to the actual enduse configuration,
includinganycoverorfacing,andatthemaximumthickness
intendedforuse.
ii.
Cellularorfoamedplasticshallbepermittedfortrimnotin
excess of 10 percent of the wall or ceiling area, provided
P a g e |72
that it is not less than 20 lb/ft3 (320 kg/m3) in density, is

limitedtoin.(13mm)inthicknessand4in.(100mm)in
width, and complies with the requirements for Class A or
Class B interior wall and ceiling finish; however, the smoke
ratingshallnotbelimited.
37.4. LightTransmittingPlastics
37.4.1. Lighttransmitting plastics used as interior wall and ceiling finish shall be
permittedbasedonlargescalefireteststhatsubstantiatethecombustibility
characteristics of the plastics for the use intended under actual fire
conditions. The tests shall be performed on a lighttransmitting plastic
assemblyrelatedtotheactualenduseconfigurationandonthemaximum
thicknessintendedforuse.
37.5. MetalCeilingandWallPanels
37.5.1. Listed, factoryfinished Class A metal ceiling and wall panels shall be
permitted to be finished with one additional application of paint. These
painted panels shall be permitted for use in areas where Class A interior
finishes are required. The total paint thickness shall not exceed in. (0.90
mm).
37.6. TrimandIncidentalFinish
37.6.1. Interior wall and ceiling trim and incidental finish, not in excess of 10
percentoftheaggregatewallandceilingareasofanyroomorspaceshallbe
permitted to be Class C materials in occupancies where interior wall and
ceilingfinishofClassAorClassBisrequired.
37.6.2. Wall Base. Interior floor trim material used at the junction of the wall and
the floor to provide a functional or decorative border, and not exceeding
150 mm in height, shall meet the interior wall finish requirements for its
locationortherequirementsforClassIIinteriorfloorfinish.IfaClassIfloor
finishisrequired,theinteriorfloortrimshallbeClassI.
37.7. BulletinBoardsandPosters
37.7.1. Bulletinboardsandpostersattacheddirectlytothewallshallnotexceed20
percentoftheaggregatewallareatowhichtheyareapplied.
38. InteriorFloorFinishTestingandClassification
38.1.
Carpet and carpetlike interior floor finishes shall comply with ASTM D 2859,
Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor
CoveringMaterials.
P a g e |73
38.2.
38.3.
Floor coverings, other than carpet, that are judged to represent an unusual
hazardshallhaveaminimumcriticalradiantfluxof0.1W/cm2.
Interiorfloorfinishesshallbeclassifiedinaccordancewith10.6.4basedontest
resultsfromNFPA253,StandardMethodofTestforCriticalRadiantFluxofFloor
CoveringSystemsUsingaRadiantHeatEnergySource,orASTME648,Standard
TestMethodforCriticalRadiantFluxofFloorCoveringSystemsUsingaRadiant
HeatEnergySource.
38.4.
38.4.1. Class I interior floor finish shall have a critical radiant flux of not less than
0.45W/cm.
38.5.
38.5.1. ClassIIinteriorfloorfinishshallhaveacriticalradiantfluxofnotlessthan
0.22W/cm,butlessthan0.45W/cm,
38.5.2. WherevertheuseofClassIIinteriorfloorfinishisrequired,ClassIinterior
floorfinishshallbepermitted.
39. InteriorFinishinrelationtoAutomaticSprinklers
39.1.
39.2.
Whereanapprovedautomaticsprinklersystemisprovided,ClassCinteriorwall
and ceiling finish materials shall be permitted in any location where Class B is
required,andClassBinteriorwallandceilingfinishmaterialsshallbepermitted
inanylocationwhereClassAisrequired.
Whereanapprovedautomaticsprinklersystemisprovidedthroughoutthefire
compartmentorsmokecompartmentcontainingtheinteriorfloorfinish,ClassII
interiorfloorfinishshallbepermittedinanylocationwhereClassIinteriorfloor
finish is required, and where Class II is required, no critical radiant flux rating
shallberequired.
P a g e |74
NFPA101:
NFPA5000:
NFPA70:
TestRequirements:ASTME81402,"StandardMethodofFireTestsofThrough
PenetrationFireStops"
UnderwritersLaboratories(UL)ofNorthbrook,ILrunsASTME814undertheir
designationofUL1479andpublishestheresultsintheir"FIRERESISTANCE
DIRECTORY"thatisupdatedannually.
LifeSafetyCode
BuildingConstructionandBuildingCode
NationalElectricCode
i.
ULFireResistanceDirectory:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
FirestopDevices(XHJI)
FireResistanceRatings(BXUV)
ThroughPenetrationFirestopSystems(XHEZ)
Fill,Voids,orCavityMaterial(XHHW)
FormingMaterials(XHKU)
JointSystems(XHBN)
PerimeterFireContainmentSystems(XHDG)
FireResistanceRatings(BXRH)
ii.
Alternate Omega Point Laboratories Directory (updated

annually).
TestRequirements:UL2079,TestsforFireResistanceofBuildingJoint
Systems(July1998.)
D. ANSI/ASTME2307,"StandardTestMethodforDeterminingFireResistance
ofPerimeterFireBarriersUsingIntermediateScale,MultistoryTestApparatus."
TestRequirements:ASTME196601,StandardtestmethodforFireResistive
JointSystems
InspectionRequirements:ASTME217401,StandardPracticeforOnsite
InspectionofInstalledFireStops.
InternationalFirestopCouncilGuidelinesforEvaluatingFirestopSystems
EngineeringJudgments
ASTME8401,StandardTestMethodforSurfaceBurningCharacteristicsof
BuildingMaterials.
Allmajorbuildingcodeswhichareapplicable:ICBO,SBCCI,BOCA,andIBC.
WheretheBSstandardstobeusedforthespecificationsoftheprojectusethe
followingBSstandards:
P a g e |75
i.
ii.
BS476,FireTestsonBuildingMaterials
BS 6401, Method of measurement, in the agency, of the
specificopticaldensityofsmokegeneratedbymaterials.
iii.
BS6399:Loadingforbuildings
iv.
Part1:1996:Codeofpracticefordeadandimposedloads
v.
Part3:1988:CodeofpracticeforImposedroofloads
vi.
Durability Criteria: DafStb guidelines for the protection and
repair of concrete building components, Part 4, Section
2.4.5.6, with subsequent fire testing to ensure long term
functionality.
ASTME1966,StandardTestMethodforFireResistiveJointSystems
ASTME1399,TestMethodforCyclicMovementandMeasuringtheMinimum
andMaximumJointWidthofArchitecturalJointSystems
ASTME84,StandardTestMethodforSurfaceBurningCharacteristicsof
BuildingMaterials
ASTME2174,StandardPracticeforOnSiteInspectionofInstalledFireStops
ASTME2307,StandardTestMethodforDeterminingtheFireEnduranceof
PerimeterFireBarrierSystemsUsingIntermediateScale,MultistoryTest
Apparatus
ANSI/UL2079,TestsforFireResistanceofBuildingJointSystems
InternationalFirestopCouncilRecommended(IFC)GuidelinesforEvaluating
FirestopSystemsEngineeringJudgments
P a g e |76
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER2.FIRESERVICEVEHICLEANDPERSONNELACCESSIBILITY
1. Definitions
1.1.
Breechinginlet
1.2.
FireServiceaccesslevel
1.3.
FireAccessRoadway
1.4.
FireAccessway
1.5.
LandingValve
1.6.
HoseReelorHoseRack
1.7.
Standpipe
2. General
3. AccessLevel
7. Pipeforhydrantwatersupply.
8. SteelPipe.
10. WorkingPressure.
11. MasterStreams.
12. ProtectionAgainstDamage
13. AccesswayforFireFightingAppliances
(withoutsprinklers)
(withsprinklers)
14. AccessRoadways
Table8:Accessroadwaysandroutespecifications.
15. FireFighterAccesswithinthebuilding
15.1.
FireLift
15.2.
Homingoflifts
15.3.
15.4.
FireFightingStairs
15.5.
FireFightingLobby
15.6.
15.7.
PAGENO.
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
83
85
86
86
86
86
87
87
90
90
92
93
95
95
99
99
100
100
100
101
101
101
102
102
104
Page |
77
[CHAPTER2.FIRESERVICEOPERATIONALREQUIREMENTS]
CHAPTER2
FIRESERVICEOPERATIONALREQUIREMENTS
1. Definitions
1.1. Breechinginlet
AconnectionthroughwhichtheCivilDefencefiredepartmentcanpumpsupplemental
waterintothesprinklersystem,standpipe,orothersystem,furnishingwaterforfire
extinguishmenttosupplementexistingwatersupplies.
1.2. FireServiceaccesslevel
LevelwhereCivilDefenceFireAppliances(FireTruck/Engine)aredeployedandwhere
firefightershavedirectaccessintothebuilding.
1.3. FireAccessRoadway
TheroadtothebuildingorstructuretoallowaccessforCivilDefencefirefightingand
rescueapparatus.
1.4. FireAccessway
ThepathadjacenttothebuildingorstructuretoallowoperationalsetupforCivil
DefencefirefightingandrescueapparatussuchasAerialAppliances.
1.5. LandingValve
A65mmdiameterthreadedwateroutletnormallylocatedinsidethestaircaselanding
(Seesection15.6fordetailsonapprovedlocations)fortrainedorCivilDefencefire
fighterstouseduringfire.
1.6. HoseReelorHoseRack
A25mmor40mmdiameterthreadedwateroutletwithaconnectedhosefortrained
occupantsorCivilDefencefirefighterstouseduringfire.
1.7. Standpipe
Theverticalportionofthesystempipingthatdeliversthewatersupplyforhose
connections(andsprinklersoncombinedsystems),verticallyfromfloortofloor.The
termstandpipecanalsorefertothehorizontalportionofthesystempipingthatdelivers
thewatersupplyfortwoormorehoseconnections(andsprinklersoncombined
systems)onasinglelevel.
2. General
2.1.
CivilDefenceFirefightersneedtobeabletoreachafirequickly,withtheir
equipment,iftheyaretosuccessfullydealwithafire.Thisisevenmore
Page |
78
importantinahighrisebuildingwherethefirecouldbeataheightofmany
metersfromfireserviceaccesslevel.
2.2.
Physicalsafetyandlives,boththoseofthefirefightersandthoseofthe
occupantsofthebuilding,andthepreservationofthebuildinganditscontents,
canbejeopardizedbydelaysinreachingtheareaofthefire.
Rescuebythefireservicecanprovideanadditionalfactorofsafety,butthisis
notgenerallytakenintoaccountinanycalculationofprobablerisktothebuilding
oroccupantsforthedesignofabuilding.Firefightingaccessshouldbeaimedat
assistingtheCivilDefenceserviceinprotectinglife,protectingfirefighters,
reducingbuildinglosses,salvagingpropertyandgoodsandminimizing
environmentaldamage.
2.3.
3. AccessLevel
3.1.
FireServiceaccesslevelcanbeatgroundlevel,podiumleveloratparkinglot
level,wherethesearenotbelowground.
3.2.
Atfireserviceaccesslevel,CivilDefencevehiclesshallbeabletoapproachand
parktowithin15mandwithinsightofasuitableentrancewhichgivesaccessto
theInterioroftheBuilding,aFirefightingLiftandassociatedstaircases.
4.1.
4.2.
Buildingsfittedwithstandpipesandautomaticsprinklersystemshallhave
accesswaysforpumpingapplianceswithin18mofthebreechinginlet.The
breechinginletsshallbevisiblefromtheaccessways.SeeFigure2.1for
illustration.
Breechinginletsshouldbevisiblefromfireengineaccessroadtoavoiddelayin
locatingthemuponarrivalofthefirecrew.Forbettercontrolandlimittoonly
onehoselengthbeingused,thebreechinginletsshallnotbesitedmorethan
18mawayfromthefireengineaccessroad.
5.1
5.2
ConsiderationshouldbegiventoestablishPublicFireHydrantSystemaspartof
UAEinfrastructure.UAEMunicipalityshouldstressonprovisionofPublicFire
HydrantSystematallupcomingdevelopmentsandfollowingbasicguidelines
shallbeapplicableforsuchinstallations.
Spacingbetweenpublichydrantsalongpublicroadsshallbeasfollows:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ResidentialandCommercialOccupanciesshallbe120m
LightHazardStorageOccupanciesshallbe100m
OrdinaryHazardStorageOccupanciesshallbe100m
HighHazardStorageOccupanciesshallbe60m
LightHazardIndustrialOccupanciesshallbe100m
Page |
79
vi.
vii.
5.3
OrdinaryHazardIndustrialOccupanciesshallbe100m
HighHazardIndustrialOccupanciesshallbe60m
Minimumflowrateforanypublicfirehydrantshallbe500GallonsperMinute
(250GPMperoutlet).
5.4
5.5
Twonumbersofpublicfirehydrantsshallbeconsideredforhydraulicdemand
calculation,thusreachingthetotalflowrequirementto1000GallonsperMinute.
MinimumPressurerequiredatmostremotehydrantshallbe3bars.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
PrivateFireHydrantSystemsaretheHydrantnetworkSystemprovidedon
privatepropertyspecificallytoprotectthebuildingsandstructureswithinthat
particularproperty.
WhereprivateFireHydrantnetworkisrequiredbytheCivilDefence,theFire
Hydrantnetworksystemshallbededicated.Combinednetworkswith
irrigation,processesordomesticusearenotallowed.
Firehydrantsshallbelocatedatnotlessthan6mandnotmorethan30mfrom
thebuildingtobeprotected.
Everypartofafireengineaccessroadand/oranaccesswayinaprivateproperty
shallbewithinanunobstructeddistanceof
i.
30mforhighhazardoccupancies
ii.
50mforlightandordinarystorageoccupancies
iii.
50mforlightandordinaryindustrialoccupancies
iv.
60mforresidentialandcommercialoccupancies
WhereaPublicHydrantconformingtodistancerequirementsofsection6.4is
notavailable,Privatehydrant(s)shallbeprovidedinaccordancewithsection6.
SeeFigure2.4andFigure2.5forillustrations.
SpacingbetweenPrivateHydrantsalongFireEngineaccesswayandaccessroad
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
6.7
ResidentialandCommercialOccupanciesshallbe120m
LightHazardStorageOccupanciesshallbe100m
OrdinaryHazardStorageOccupanciesshallbe100m
LightHazardIndustrialOccupanciesshallbe100m
OrdinaryHazardIndustrialOccupanciesshallbe100m
HighHazardOccupanciesshallbe60m
MinimumflowrateforeachPrivatefirehydrantshallbe500GallonsperMinute
(250GPMperoutlet).
Page |
80
6.8
TwonumberofPrivatefirehydrantshallbeconsideredforhydraulicdemand
calculationswhichis,atotalflowrequirementof1000GPM.
MinimumPressurerequiredforPrivatefirehydrantis3barsifbuildinghaswet
landingvalvewithpressureat6.9bar.
Ifbuildingisnotprovidedwithwetlandingvalves,thePrivatefirehydrantshall
havepressureof6.9bar.
PrivateFireHydrantWatersupplyforfirefightingshallbefor2hours.
FirePumpforHydrants
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
i.
Hydrauliccalculationshallbeprovidedtosizeupthefirepumprequiredforthe
firehydrantnetwork.Separatepumpsmayberequiredtoaddresspressure
fluctuationwithinthehydrantnetwork.
ii.
Eachfirepumpflowrateshallbeaminimumof1000GPMforhydrantdemand
atminimumpumppressureof10.3bar.
Page |
81
CivilDefenceFFireCode
[CHAPTER2.FIRESERVICEOPERATIONALREQUIREMEENTS]
Brreeching inlets
Build
ding
entra
ance
onlocationofbre
eechinginlet,builldingentrance,em
mergencycommaandcentreandfirepumproom.
Figure2.1:Exampleo
Page |
82
7 Pipeforhydrantwatersupply.
7.1
7.2
PipingandFittingsMaterialforHydrantwatersupplyshallbeapprovedbyCivil
DefenceandshallconformtomanufacturingstandardsasperTable2.1and
Table2.2
Hydrantsshallbeofapprovedtypeandhavenotlessthana6in.(152mm)
diameterconnectionwiththemains.SeeFigure2.2forPitforGateValve,Check
Valve,andFireDepartmentConnection.
Figure2.2:TypicalPitforGateValve,CheckValve,andFireDepartmentConnection.
7.3
LocationandSignageforfiredepartmentconnections(BreechingInlets)
7.3.1
Firedepartmentconnectionsshallbelocatedonthestreetsideofthe
buildings.
7.3.2
Firedepartmentconnectionsshallbelocatedandarrangedsothat
hoselinescanbereadilyandconvenientlyattachedtotheinlets
withoutinterferencefromanynearbyobjects,includingbuildings,
fences,posts,orotherfiredepartmentconnections.
Eachfiredepartmentconnectiontosprinklersystemsshallbe
designatedbyasignasfollows:
7.3.3
i.
Thesignshallhaveraisedorengravedlettersatleast25.4mmin
heightonaplateorfitting.
ii.
Thesignshallindicatetheserviceforwhichtheconnectionis
intendedandshallread,forexample,asfollows:
WATERTANK/SPRINKLER/STANDPIPE
7.3.4
Asignatinletsshallindicatethepressurerequiredtodeliverthe
greatestsystemdemand.Avalveshallbeinstalledinthehydrant
connection.Independentgatevalveson2in.(65mm)outletsshallbe
permitted.
Page |
83
7.4
7.5
Hydrantsshallbesetonflatstonesorconcreteslabsandshallbeprovidedwith
smallstones(ortheequivalent),placedaboutthedraintoensuredrainage.
Thecenterofahoseoutletshallbenotlessthan457mmabovefinalgrade.See
Figure2.3forillustrations.
Minimumheightofoutlet(457mm)
Maximumheightofoutlet(914mm)
Figure2.3:Minimumandmaximumoutletheightforhydrant
7.6
7.7
7.8
Hydrantsshallbeprotectedwithbarricadesifsubjecttomechanicaldamage.
Themeansofhydrantprotectionshallbearrangedinamannerthatdoesnot
interferewiththeconnectionto,oroperationof,hydrants.
Thefollowingshallnotbeinstalledintheservicestubbetweenafirehydrantand
privatewatersupplypiping:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Checkvalves
Detectorcheckvalves
Backflowpreventionvalves
Othersimilarappurtenances
Page |
84
7.9
Undergroundpipingshallbelistedforfireprotectionserviceorshallcomplywith
thestandardsinTable2.1and2.2
MaterialsandDimensions
DuctileIron
CementMortarLiningforDuctileIronPipeandFittingsforWater
PolyethyleneEncasementforDuctileIronPipeSystems
DuctileIronandGrayIronFittings,3in.Through48in.,forWaterand
OtherLiquids
RubberGasketJointsforDuctileIronPressurePipeandFittings
FlangedDuctileIronPipewithDuctileIronorGrayIronThreaded
Flanges
ThicknessDesignofDuctileIronPipe
DuctileIronPipe,CentrifugallyCastforWater
StandardfortheInstallationofDuctileIronWaterMainsandTheir
Appurtenances
Steel
SteelWaterPipe6in.andLarger
CoalTarProtectiveCoatingsandLiningsforSteelWaterPipelines
EnamelandTapeHotApplied
CementMortarProtectiveLiningandCoatingforSteelWaterPipe4in.
AndLargerShopApplied
FieldWeldingofSteelWaterPipe
SteelPipeFlangesforWaterworksServiceSizes4in.Through144in.
DimensionsforFabricatedSteelWaterPipeFittings
AGuideforSteelPipeDesignandInstallation
Copper
SpecificationforSeamlessCopperTube
SpecificationforSeamlessCopperWaterTube
RequirementsforWroughtSeamlessCopperandCopperAlloyTube
Concrete
ReinforcedConcretePressurePipe,SteelCylinderType,forWaterand
OtherLiquids
PrestressedConcretePressurePipe,SteelCylinderType,forWaterand
OtherLiquids
ReinforcedConcretePressurePipe,NonCylinderType,forWaterand
OtherLiquids
ReinforcedConcretePressurePipe,SteelCylinderType,Pretensioned,
forWaterandOtherLiquids
StandardforAsbestosCementDistributionPipe,4in.Through16in.,for
WaterandOtherLiquids
StandardPracticefortheSelectionofAsbestosCementWaterPipe
CementMortarLiningofWaterPipeLines4in.andLargerinPlace
StandardfortheInstallationofAsbestosCementWaterPipe
Plastic
PolyvinylChloride(PVC)PressurePipe,4in.Through12in.,forWater
andOtherLiquids
Standard
AWWAC104
AWWAC105
AWWAC110
AWWAC111
AWWAC115
AWWAC150
AWWAC151
AWWAC600
AWWAC200
AWWAC203
AWWAC205
AWWAC206
AWWAC207
AWWAC208
AWWAM11
ASTMB75
ASTMB88
ASTMB251
AWWAC300
AWWAC301
AWWAC302
AWWAC303
AWWAC400
AWWAC401
AWWAC602
AWWAC603
AWWAC900
Page |
85
8. SteelPipe.
8.1
Steelpipingshallnotbeusedforgeneralundergroundserviceunlessspecifically
listedforsuchservice.
9.1
Thetypeandclassofpipeforaparticularundergroundinstallationshallbe
determinedthroughconsiderationofthefollowingfactors:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Fireresistanceofthepipe
Maximumsystemworkingpressure
Depthatwhichthepipeistobeinstalled
Soilconditions
Corrosion
Susceptibilityofpipetootherexternalloads,includingearth
loads,installationbeneathbuildingsandtrafficorvehicleloads
9.2
Pipeunderdrivewaysshallbeburiedataminimumdepthof3ft(0.9m).
Pipeunderrailroadtracksshallbeburiedataminimumdepthof4ft(1.2m)
Thedepthofcovershallbemeasuredfromthetopofthepipetofinishedgrade
anddueconsiderationshallalwaysbegiventofutureorfinalgradeandnature
ofsoil.
9.3
9.4
10.
WorkingPressure.
10.1
Pipeandfittingsshallbedesignedtowithstandasystemworkingpressureof
notlessthan150psi(10.3bar).
11.
MasterStreams.
11.1
Masterstreamsshallbedeliveredbymonitornozzles,hydrantmounted
monitornozzlesandsimilarmasterstreamequipmentcapableofdelivering
morethan250gpm(946L/min).
Page |
86
MaterialsandDimensions
CastIron
CastIronThreadedFittings,Class125and250
CastIronPipeFlangesandFlangedFittings
MalleableIron
MalleableIronThreadedFittings,Class150and300
Steel
FactoryMadeWroughtSteelButtweldFittings
ButtweldingEndsforPipe,Valves,Flanges,andFittings
SpecificationforPipingFittingsofWroughtCarbonSteelandAlloySteel
forModerateandElevatedTemperatures
SteelPipeFlangesandFlangedFittings
ForgedSteelFittings,SocketWeldedandThreaded
Copper
WroughtCopperandBronzeSolderJointPressureFittings
CastBronzeSolderJointPressureFittings
12.
Standard
ASMEB16.4
ASMEB16.1
ASMEB16.3
ASMEB16.9
ASMEB16.25
ASTMA234
ASMEB16.5
ASMEB16.11
ASMEB16.22
ASMEB16.18
ProtectionAgainstDamage
12.1
12.2
Pipesshallnotberununderbuildings.
Wherepipesmustberununderbuildings,specialprecautionsshallbetaken,
includingthefollowing:
i.
Archingthefoundationwallsoverthepipe
ii.
Runningpipeincoveredtrenches
iii.
Providingvalvestoisolatesectionsofpipeunderbuildings
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
Fireservicemainsshallbepermittedtoenterthebuildingadjacenttothe
foundation.
Whereadjacentstructuresorphysicalconditionsmakeitimpracticalto
locaterisersimmediatelyinsideanexteriorwall,suchrisersshallbe
permittedtobelocatedascloseaspracticaltoexteriorwallstominimize
undergroundpipingunderthebuilding.
Whereariserislocatedclosetobuildingfoundations,undergroundfittings
ofproperdesignandtypeshallbeusedtoavoidlocatingpipejointsinor
underthefoundations.
Mainsshallbesubjectedtoanevaluationofthefollowingspecificloading
conditionsandprotected,ifnecessary:
i.
ii.
iii.
Mainsrunningunderrailroadscarryingheavycargo
Mainsrunningunderlargepilesofheavycommodities
Mainslocatedinareasthatsubjectthemainstoheavyshockand
vibrations
Page |
87
CivilDefenceFirreCode
12.7
[CHA
APTER2.FIRESERVICEEOPERATIO
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Whereitisnecessarrytojoinmetalpipewith
hpipeofdisssimilarmetal,the
hepassageo
ofanelectricccurrentusin
ngan
jointshaallbeinsulattedagainstth
approveedmethod.
Innocaseshallpipeebeusedforgroundingo
ofelectricalsservices.
12.8
Note:Th
hedistanceffromAtoBo
orCshallbe3
30m,50morr60mdepen
ndingon
theHaza
ard.
e2.4:Distancefromfurtthestpointo
ofprivatefire
eengineacccesswaytoapublic
Figure
hyd
drant
12.9
Page |
88
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figgure2.5:Spaacingbetwee
enprivatefirrehydrants
12.10
Note:In
nsituationsw
wheremoretthanoneprivvatehydranttsarerequireed,the
hydranttsshallbeloccatedalongtthefireengin
neaccessroa
adand/oran
n
accessw
waysuchthatteveryparto
oftheaccesssroadand/o
oraccesswayyis
withina
anunobstructeddistanceeof30m,50m
mor60mfro
omanyhydra
ant
dependiingonthetyypeofhazard
d.Constructio
onandinstallationoffiree
hydranttsshallcomp
plywiththerrequirementssstatedinNFFPA24:Insta
allation
ofPrivatteFireServicceMainsand
dTheirAppurtenances.
Page |
89
CivilDefenceVehicleAccessspecifications
Item
Requirements
MaximumParkingdistanceofCivilDefenceVehiclefrom
15m.
buildingentrance
MaximumParkingdistanceofCivilDefenceVehiclefrom
18m.
Breechinginlet
MaximumRoadGradeoftheCivilDefenceVehicleAccess
10%
12.11
Wherethereisabuildingabovealevelorlevelsofopensidedcarpark,fire
serviceaccesslevelatcarparklevelisacceptableprovidedthereisaroute
availableforfirefighterstoaccessthefirefightersliftatthatlevel.
12.12
Asuitableaccesspathwayshallalsobeprovidedtoenablefirefightersto
inspectallelevationsofabuildingduringorafterafire.Asuitablepathway
couldbeapavedorgravelpath.Anysuchpathwayshouldbeaminimumof
1mwideandPlants,Bushes,Wallsorotherfeaturesshouldnotimpede
suchpathway.
Wherethereisabuildingaboveanopensidedcarpark,anaccesspathway
throughthecarparkatitslowestlevelwouldbeacceptable.
12.13
13.
AccesswayforFireFightingAppliances
13.1
13.2
Theaccessswayshallhaveaminimumwidthof6mthroughout.Such
accesswaymustbeabletoaccommodatetheentryandmaneuveringoffire
engine,extendedladders,pumpingappliances,aerialappliances,turntable
and/orhydraulicplatforms.
Forclusterhousingdevelopments(Clusterhousingislandedhousingwith
sharedcommunalfacilities)fireengineaccessroadwithaminimum4m
widthshallbeprovidedforaccessbyFireappliancetowithinatravel
distanceof60mfromeverypointontheprojectedplanareaofanybuilding
inthehousingdevelopments.SeeFigure2.6forillustrations.
Page |
90
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figure2.6:D
Distancefro
omtheedgeofthefireengineaccesssroadtotheemostremo
otepoint
intthecompoun
ndforbuildingsnotexce
eeding60m.
ForLow
wriseresidenttialoccupanccy(exceptfo
orhotels,dorrmitoriesand
lodging))buildingsw
withhabitable
eheightofleessthan15m
m,noaccessw
waywill
berequired.However,fireengin
neaccessroaadhavingmiinimum4mwidth
foraccessbyFireap
pplianceshallbeprovided
dtowithinaatraveldistanceof
60mofeverypointontheproje
ectedplanarreaofthebu
uilding.
Therequ
uirementforrfireengineaccessroadshallnotapplytonon
residenttialstandalonebuildings,,suchasclub
bhouse,carp
park,etc.thaatare
locatedwithinthehousingdevelopment.
Breechin
nginletsshallbelocated
dontheexteernalwallabo
ovegroundlevel
nearesttotheverticcalrunofthe
estandpipe.
13.3
13.4
13.5
Page |
91
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figure2.7:Distancefro
omedgeofffireengineaccesstothemostremottepoint
ofcompo
oundofbuildingsnotexxceeding45m
m
13.6
ForLow
wrisebuildinggsunderdaycare,detenttionandcorrectional,
educatio
onal,healthcare,business,mercantileandassem
mblyoccupan
nciesnot
exceedin
ngthehabitaableheighto
of15m,acceesswaywilln
notberequirred.
Howeveer,provisionoffireengineaccessroaadhavingmin
nimum4mw
widthfor
Fireapp
pliancewillberequiredto
owithinatraaveldistanceeof45mofe
every
pointon
ntheprojecttedplanareaaofthebuild
ding.SeeFigu
ure2.7.
13.7
ForMidriseandHigh
hrisebuildingsunderdayycare,deten
ntionand
correctio
onal,educattional,health
hcare,business,mercanttileandasse
embly
occupan
nciesexceedingthehabittableheightof15m,acccesswayshallbe
provided
d.Accesswayyshallbepro
ovidedbased
donthegrossfloorareaa
(includin
ngtoilets,sto
ores,circulattionareas,etc.)ofthelargestfloorin
nthe
buildinggasshownin
nTable2.4.
Table2.4:Extentofffireengin
T
neaccesssfornoniindustrialand
nonstorageo
occupanciies(witho
outsprink
klers)
Minimum
2000meetersq.to40
000metersq
q.
4000meetersq.to80
000metersq
q.
>8000m
metersq.to1
16,000meteersq.
>16000metersq.
1/6perim
meter(min15m)
1/4perim
meter
1/2perim
meter
3/4perim
meter
Wholeperimeter
Page |
92
13.8
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Forbuild
dingsprotectedbyanau
utomaticspriinklersystem
m,theflooraarea
shallbedoubledassshowninTab
ble2.5.
Table2.5:Extentofffireengin
T
neaccesssfornoniindustrialand
non
nstorage
eoccupancies(with
hsprinkle
ers)
Minimum
4000meetersq.to80
000metersq
q.
>8000m
metersq.to1
16,000meterrsq.
>16,000
0metersq.to
o32,000meteersq.
>32,000
0metersq.
13.9
1/6perim
meter(min15m)
1/4perim
meter
1/2perim
meter
3/4perim
meter
Wholeperimeter
Accessw
wayshallbep
providedtow
within18mofbreechingginletforallmidrise
andhigh
hrisebuildinggsthatexcee
edthehabitaableheighto
of15m.
Figure2.8::Minimumlengthoffire
eengineaccess
Page |
93
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figure2.9:Quarte
erPerimeterAccessway
Accessway
Figurre2.10:HalfPerimeterA
13.10
Forbuild
dingsunderallindustriallandstorageeoccupanciees,accesswayyshall
beproviidedforfirefightingappliances.Theprovisionoffaccesswaysshallbe
calculateedbasedonthefollowin
nggrosscubiicalextentoffthebuildinggas
showninTable2.6.
Page |
94
Table2.6:Extentoffireengineaccessforindustrialandstorage
MinimumVolume
>28,400metercube
>56,800metercube
>85,200metercube
>113,600metercube
13.11
1/6perimeter(min15m)
1/4perimeter
1/2perimeter
3/4perimeter
Wholeperimeter
Forbuildingsprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem,thecubicalextent
ofthebuildingcanbedoubledasshowninTable2.7.
Table2.7:Extentoffireengineaccessforindustrialandstorage
MinimumVolume
>56,800metercube
>113,600metercube
>170,400metercube
>227,200metercube
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
1/6perimeter(min15m)
1/4perimeter
1/2perimeter
3/4perimeter
Wholeperimeter
Note:Thefireloadsinindustrialpremisesaremuchhigherandfirescouldbe
morecomplexinnature,scaleandmagnitudecomparedtocommercial
buildings.Largercompartmentsizesarecommoninsuchbuildingsespecially
inprocessandstorageareas.Thehighrackstorageofmaterialscreatesa
largevolumeofcombustibles.Itisimportanttonotethatforindustrial
buildings,thegrosscubicleextentisusedforthecalculationoftheextentof
accesswayrequired.Forbuildingsprotectedbyanautomaticsprinkler
system,thecubicalextentofthebuildingscanbedoubled.
Accesswayshallbepositionedsothattheneareredgeshallbenotlessthan
2mormorethan10mfromthecentrepositionoftheaccessopening,
measuredhorizontally.
Accesswayshallbelaidonalevelplatformorifonanincline,thegradient
shallnotexceed10%.
Deadendaccesswayandfireengineaccessroadshallnotexceed45min
lengthorifexceeding45m,beprovidedwithturningfacilitiesasshownin
Figure2.11.
Page |
95
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figure2
2.11:TurninggFacilityforrFireEnginee
13.16
Theouteerradiusforrturningofaaccesswayan
ndfireengineeaccessroadshall
complywiththereq
quirementsasshowninFFigure2.12.
Figure2.12
2:UTurnFaccilityforFire
eEngine
13.17
Overheaadclearanceofaccesswaayandfireen
ngineaccesssroadshallb
beat
least4.5
5mforpassaageoffirefigghtingappliaances.Overheadobstructtionto
accessw
waycouldbeentrancegate,linkorbrridgesconnectingbuildin
ngs.See
Figure2
2.13.
Page |
96
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
Figure2.13:Overh
headClearan
nceforFireEEngineAccesssroad
13.18
13.19
Publicro
oadscanserveasFireaccessprovideedthelocatio
onofsuchpu
ublic
roadsisincompliancewiththeffireengineaccessrequirements.
Accessw
wayandfireeengineaccesssroadshallbekeptcleaarofobstructtions
andotherpartsofth
hebuilding,plants,treessorotherfixtturesshallnot
obstructtthepathbeetweentheaaccesswayan
ndaccessop
penings.SeeFigure
2.14.
Figure
e2.14:AerialAppliancessClearance
13.20
Note:Th
hepodiumed
dgeisobstru
uctingtherea
achofthebo
oomoffireeengineto
4thstorrey.Otherob
bstructionsco
ouldberoad
dsidetrees,en
ntranceporcchetc.
Toallow
wfullextensio
onofaeriallladdersatasafeclimbing
gorelevatio
onangle
of60to80degreees,sufficientspaceisneeededtoposittionthefireeengine.
Publicro
oadmaybeu
usedashard
dstandingbyfireengine,providedtheeedgeof
Page |
97
13.21
[CHA
ONALREQUIREMENTS]]
thepubllicroadtoth
hefacadeofthebuildingwhereaccesssopeningsa
are
locatedshouldnoteexceed10m.
Towerb
blockisreloca
atednearertotheedgeo
ofthepodium
mbasetoavvoid
obstructtiontothebo
oomoffireeengine.Theffireenginesh
hallbelocateedat
least2m
m,butnotmo
orethan10m
mawayfrom
mtheexterna
alwallorfaa
ade
(includin
nganyoverh
headobstruction)oftheb
building.Ifth
hefireengineeis
locatedwithin2mfrromthebuild
ding,theaerrialladderwh
hensetupw
wouldfall
outsidethesafeworrkinglimiti.ee.theinclinationofthela
adderwouldbetoo
steep.Iffthefireengineislocated
dmorethan10mfromth
hebuilding,tthe
effectiveereachoftheaerialladd
derwouldbereduced.
Figure
e2.15:BarriierorGantries
13.22
13.23
Thesecu
uritybarrier,,whenliftedup,shallno
otobstructth
hefireengine
e
accessw
way.Eavesoffthesecurityypostorguardhouseshaallnotprojecctinto
thefireengineaccesssway.
Allcorneersofaccessswayshallbe
emarked.Markingofcorrnersshallbe
ein
contrasttingcolourto
otheground
dsurfacesorrfinishes.
Page |
98
13.24
13.25
14.
Accesswayprovidedonturfedareamustbemarkedwithcontrastingobject
(preferablyreflective)thatisvisibleatnight.Themarkingsaretobeatan
intervalnotmorethan3metersapartandshallbeprovidedonbothsidesof
theaccessway.
SignpostdisplayingthewordingsFireEngineAccessKeepClearshallbe
providedattheentranceoftheaccessway.Sizeofwordingsshallnotbeless
than50mm.
FireAccessRoadways
14.1
CivilDefenceFiredepartmentaccessroadsshallconsistofRoadways,Fire
Lanes,Parkinglotslanes,oracombinationthereof.
Table8:FireAccessroadwaysandroutespecifications.
Accessroadwaysandroutespecifications.
Item
ForStandardFire
ForHighReachFire
Appliances
Appliances
Minimumweightcarryingcapacityofall
41,000Kg
81,000Kg
weatherdrivingsurfacetowithstandCivil
DefenceVehicle
MaximumDeadend
45m
45m
MinimumUnobstructedwidth
6m
6m
MinimumUnobstructedverticalclearance
4.5m
4.5m
foranyGrade
MaximumRoadGrade
10%
10%
MinimumwidthofroadbetweenKrebs
6m
6m
MinimumwidthofGateways
4m
4m
Minimumturningcircle(Roundabout)
16m
16m
radiuswalls
14.2
HighReachappliancesaretypicallyheavierthannormalpumping
appliances.Howeverbecausetheweightofhighreachappliancesis
distributedoveranumberofaxles,itisconsideredthattheirinfrequentuse
ofanaccessroadwaydesignedto41,000kgshouldnotcausedamage.Itis
thereforereasonabletodesigntheRoadbaseto41,000kg,althoughany
bridgesformingpartoftheaccessrouteshouldbedesignedtothefull
81000kgcapacity.
14.3
However,theFireapplianceweightsmentionedshouldbecheckedwithCivil
Defencetoaccountforanychangestovehiclesortheintroductionofnew
vehicles.
Page |
99
15
FireFighterAccesswithinthebuilding
15.1
FireLift
15.1.1
15.1.2
InanybuildingwhichisclassifiedashighriseorHighdepthbuilding
havingmorethan2levelofbasement,thereshallbeprovidedat
leastonefirelift,whichshallbecontainedwithinaseparate
protectedshaftoracommonprotectedshaftcontainingotherlifts
subjecttosuchotherliftsbeingservedateachstoreybyafire
fightinglobby.
MinimumdimensionofaFireliftshallbeof1950mmeitherinlength
ofbreadth.
15.1.3
15.1.4
15.1.5
15.1.6
15.1.7
Afireliftshallhaveaccesstoeveryhabitableflooraboveorbelow
thedesignatedfloorandshallbeadjacentandaccessibletoanexit
staircaseandbeapproachedbyafirefightinglobbyateachstorey.
Fireliftshallbeprovidedwithanoperationalfeaturethatwould
enablefirementocancelfirstorearliercallwhichhadbeen
inadvertentlymadetothefireliftduringanemergency.
Thisoperationalfeaturecouldbebuiltintotheliftcontrolsystemor
alternativelyaseparatebypassswitchcouldbeprovided.Ifthe
operationalfeatureisbuiltintotheliftcontrol,itisnotmandatory
toprovideaseparatebypassswitch.
Aliftmainlyintendedforthetransportofgoodsshallnotbe
designatedasafirelift.
Thepowersupplytotheliftshallbeconnectedtoasubmaincircuit
exclusivetotheliftandindependentofanyothermainorsubmain
circuit.Thepowercablesservingtheliftinstallationshallberouted
throughanareaofnegligiblefirerisk.
15.2
Homingoflifts
15.2.1
15.2.2
Inafireemergencywhenanyoneofthefiredetectiondevicesor
firealarmsystemsisactivated,allthepassengerliftsshallbe
broughttothegroundfloororegresslevelwiththeliftlanding
doorsremainingopened.
Intheeventofpowerfailureorpowerinterruptioninthebuilding,
thesupplytotheliftsshallbeautomaticallyswitchedovertothe
emergencypowersupplyfromthegeneratingplantandallliftsshall
bebroughttothegroundfloorwiththeliftlandingdoorsremaining
open.Normaloperationoftheliftshallbeautomaticallyreseton
thereturnofnormalpowersupply.
15.2.3
Allpassengerlifts,includinghydrauliclifts,canbeprovidedwith
AutomaticRescueDevice(ARD).TheARDshallpermittheliftsto
Page |
100
moveandparkatthenearestliftlandingfloorwiththelift/landing
doorsintheopenedpositionintheeventofpowerfailure.Homing
anyoftheliftstoabasementstoreyisnotpermitted.
15.3
15.3.1
Wheretheliftsopendirectlyintoanoccupancyareainadesignated
floor,forexample,ashoppingfloororanofficefloor,analternative
designatedfloorshallalsobeidentified.Theliftsshallbebroughtto
thealternativefloorintheeventthatthereisafireinthe
designatedfloor,inclosevicinityoftheliftlandingdoor.The
activationofanydetectororsprinklerheadcoveringtheliftlanding
spaceatthedesignatedfloorwouldcausethelifttoberedirected
tohometothealternativefloor.
15.3.2
Thealternativefloorshallhaveminimumfirehazardandpre
selectedforthehomingofpassengerlifts,andwherepeoplecan
escapetosafetyinanexitstaircaseorotherexitfromtheliftlanding
door.
LifthoistwaysshallbeventedinaccordancewithNFPAandASME
requirements
Emergencypowersupplyforlighting,ventilationandalarmsystems
shallbeprovidedforallpassengerlifts.
15.3.3
15.3.4
15.3.5
Inanybuildingwhichisclassifiedashighrise,theemergencypower
supplyshallbesosizedandarrangedsuchthat:
i.
ii.
Atleastonelift(otherthanthefirelift)withaccesstoevery
storey,or
Oneliftfromeachverticalzoneiftheliftsarearrangedto
servedifferentzonesinthebuilding,shallremainoperative
intheeventofpowerfailureorfire.
15.3.6
15.4
AmanualoverridingswitchwiththesamefunctionastheFIRE
SWITCHshallbeprovidedforeachoftheabovedesignatedlift(s).
Thefireswitchshallbelocatedinadesignatedlocationsuchasthe
emergencycommandcentre.
FireFightingStairs
15.4.1
15.5
Firefightingstairsshouldbeaminimumof1200mmwide.
FireFightingLobby
15.5.1
Beforeafirecanbefoughtbyfirefighters,aspaceshouldbe
dedicatedwheretheycangathertheirequipmentsuchaslengthsof
hose,branches,dooropeningtoolsetc.,beforeadvancingtofight
thefire.
Page |
101
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.5.4
Thefirefightinglobbyshallhaveaclearfloorareaofnotlessthan5
m2.Theclearfloorareashouldnotexceed20m2forspacesserving
uptofourliftsor5m2perliftforspacesservingmorethanfourlifts.
Allprincipaldimensionsshallbenotlessthan1.5mandshouldnot
exceed8minspacesservinguptofourliftsor2mperliftinspaces
servingmorethanfourlifts.
Thefirefightinglobbyshallbefreeofcombustiblematerialsand
ignitionsources.
15.6
15.6.1
Landingvalvesshallbelocatedinaccordancetothefollowing
preference:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
InfireFightinglobby(ifprovided),forthefirstlandingvalve.
InFirefightingorexitstaircase,forthefirstlandingvalve.
Insmokefreeenclosureorexternalcorridor.
Inthecommoncorridororareawithinaprotectedshaft.
15.6.2
15.7
Everypartofthefloorareashallbewithin40mcoverageofthea
landingvalve.
15.7.1
AnEmergencyCommandCentreshallbeprovidedinanybuilding
whichisHighrisewith23mormoreinheightwiththeexception
ofOneandTwoFamilyDwellingandsuchEmergencyCommand
Centershallhavethefollowing:
i.
Firelift
ii.
Emergencyvoicecommunicationsystem
iii.
Engineeredsmokecontrolsystem.
15.7.2
AnEmergencyCommandCentreshallbeofadequatesizetohouse
alltheterminalsandsupervisory/controlequipment,etcofthe
buildingsfireprotection/detectionsystemsandafreeworking
spaceofatleast8.9m2withnodimensionlesserthan2440mm.
15.7.3
AnEmergencyCommandCentreshallbelocatedadjacenttothefire
liftlobbyatthedesignatedstoreyofthebuilding(i.e.thelobbyof
thebuildingonthefirststoreyorimmediatelyadjacentthereto)
15.7.4
AirconditioningorMechanicalventilationwhererequiredforthe
EmergencyCommandCentreshallbeprovidedwithsecondary
powersupplyandshallhaveductworksindependentofanyother
ductworkservingotherpartsofthebuilding.
Page |
102
15.7.5
Twowayemergencycommunicationsystemshallbeprovided
betweenanEmergencyCommandCentreandthefollowingarea:
i.
Everyfirefightinglobby,includinggroundfloor
ii.
Allfirefightingrelatedmechanicalequipmentrooms
inclusiveofsprinklerpumproom,wetrisingmainpump
room,hosereelpumproom,switchroomsandgenerator
rooms
iii.
Allroomshousingsmokecontrolequipment
iv.
Allliftmachinerooms
v.
Firelift
vi.
Firefightingstaircase
vii.
Eachareaofrefuge
viii.
Airhandlingcontrolrooms.
15.7.6
ThesefollowingdevicesshallbeprovidedintheEmergency
CommandCentre
i.
Buildingplanindicatingtypicalfloorplansanddetail
locationofbuildingexitstaircases,meansofegress,exit
routes,protectedcorridorsandexitaccess,fireprotection
system,firecompartments,firefightingequipmentandfire
departmentaccess.
ii.
EmergencyVoice/Alarmcommunicationsystemunit.
FireDetectionandalarmsystemunit.
Annunciatorvisuallyindicatingthelocationofelevatorand
theiroperation.
Statusindicatorandcontrolofairhandlingsystem.
Controlsforunlockingelectromagneticoraccesscontrol
stairwaysdoors.
Sprinklervalveandwaterflowdetectordisplaypanels.
Emergencyandstandbypowerstatusindicators.
FirePumpstatusindicators.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Generatorsupervisiondevicesandmanualstartandtransfer
features.
Page |
103
xi.
xii.
Publicaddresssystem.
Controlsforsmokemanagementsystemsincludingjetfans.
16
FurtherReference
NFPA1: UniformFireCode
NFPA14: StandardfortheinstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems
NFPA24: StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheir
Appurtenances
NFPA22: StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection
NFPA20: StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsfor FireProtection
Page |
104
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER3.MEANSOFEGRESS
1. Definition
1.1
MeansofEgress
2. General
3. TheExitAccess
3.2
Doors
3.3
3.4
3.5
MinimumDoorWidth
3.6
FloorLevelatDoor
3.7
SwingandForce
3.8
3.9
3.11 PoweredDoors
3.12 RevolvingDoors
4. ExitAccessCorridors
4.2
4.3
Ramps
5. Exits
5.2
ExitStairs
5.2.2 MeasurementofHeadroom
5.2.3
MinimumStairWidthmeasurement
5.2.4
Landings
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10 ScissororInterlockedStairs
5.2.11 SpiralStairs
5.2.12 FireEscapeLadders
5.2.13 Handrails
5.2.14 HandrailDetails
5.2.15 Guards
5.2.16 MarkingofStairs
5.2.17 FloorDiagrams
5.2.18 StairPressurization
5.2.19 SmokeProofEnclosure
5.2.20 HorizontalExit
5.2.21 BridgesandBalconies
5.2.22 Elevators
5.2.23 ElevatorLobby
6. ExitDischarge
6.2
ExitPassageway
6.2.6
Construction
6.3
AreaofRefuge
6.4
PAGENO.
107
107
107
107
107
107
108
109
110
111
111
111
113
113
114
114
114
114
115
116
118
119
119
119
120
121
121
123
125
127
127
127
127
127
128
128
130
130
131
132
134
136
137
137
137
138
138
139
140
140
Page |
105
[CONTENTS]
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
6.5
ArrangementandMarkingofExitDischarge
NumberofExits
7.4
WalkingSurfaces
MeasurementofMeansofEgress
ArrangementofMeansofEgress
11.6.2
11.6.3
11.6.4
11.6.5
11.6.6
11.6.7
11.6.8
11.8 Table3.6A:RequirementsforArrangementofMeansofEgress
Table3.6B:RequirementforArrangementofMeansofEgress
SingleExitStaircaseRequirements
12.2 Business
RequirementsforAssemblyOccupanciesandPlacesofPublicInterest
13.1 General
13.2 Occupantload
13.3 WaitingSpaces.
13.4 OutdoorFacilities.
13.5 MeansofEgress.
13.5.1
Doors
13.6 Numberandwidthofexitfacilities
13.7 AssemblyOccupancywithFixedSeating:
(Theatres,Cinemas,Auditoriums,ConcertHallsetc)
13.7.1
AislesandGangways
13.8 ExitComponent
13.9 Exitsfromatheatre,cinemaoraconcerthall
LabourAccommodation
14.2 Size
FurtherReferences
141
142
142
145
145
145
146
146
146
146
147
147
147
147
149
149
149
149
149
152
154
162
162
165
167
167
167
168
168
168
168
169
170
170
172
173
174
174
174
175
175
175
175
179
Page |
106
[CHAPTER3.MEANSOFEGRESS]
CHAPTER3
MEANSOFEGRESS
1.
Definition
1.1
MeansofEgress
Acontinuousandunobstructedwayoftravelfromanypointinabuildingor
structuretoapublicwayconsistingofthreeseparateanddistinctparts:The
exitaccess,theexitandtheexitdischarge.
2.
General
2.1
2.2
TheprovisionsofthissectionoftheCodeexpressthewayofdeterminingthe
design,construction,protection,locationandarrangementofexitfacilitiesto
providesafemeansofegressforoccupantsfromalloccupancieshereafter
erected,alteredorchangedinoccupancy.MeansofEgressconsistsofvertical
andhorizontaltravelwhichcanbeinterveningroomspaces,doorways,
hallways,corridors,passageways,balconies,ramps,stairs,elevators,
enclosures,lobbies,horizontalexits,courtsandyards.
Suchmeansofegressiscategorizedintodistinctfollowingsections.
i.
ii.
iii.
TheExitAccess
TheExit
TheExitDischarge
3.
TheExitAccess
3.1
TheExitAccessisthatpartofthemeansofegresswhichleadstoanexit.In
otherwordsallspacesoccupiedandtraversedtoreachanexitisconsideredas
theExitAccesssuchasdoors,interveningroomspaces,hallways,corridors,
passageways,elevators,balconies,lobbiesandramps.Stairscanbeusedwithin
anycategory,asanexitaccess,astheexitandastheexitdischargedepending
uponthelocationofstairinthebuilding.
3.2
Doors
3.2.1 Everydooranddoorassemblyshallbedesignedandconstructedsothat
thewayofegresstravelisobviousanddirect.Otherfeaturessuchas
dcorandwindowsthat,becauseoftheirphysicalappearanceordesign
orthematerialsusedintheirconstructionhavethepotentialtobe
mistakenfordoorsshallbemadeinaccessibletotheoccupantsby
barriersorrailings.Doorscanbeofseveraltypes.Thissectioncovers
Standarddoors,Revolvingdoors,Powereddoors,Accesscontrolled
doors,SlidingdoorsandRollingshutters.
Page |
Page |
107
3.3
3.3.1 Forpurposesofcalculatingegresscapacity,thewidthofdoorsshallbe
measuredasfollows:
Figure3.1:Doorwidthegresscapacity
Figure3.2:Doorwidthegresscapacitywithpermittedobstructions
Page |
Page |
108
3.3.2 Fornewswingingdoors,onlythewidthofthedoorwaywhenthedooris
open90degreesshallbeincluded.
3.3.3 Foralldoors,projectionsnotmorethan90mmateachsideofthe
doorwayataheightofnotmorethan965mmshallnotbeconsidereda
reductioninegresscapacitywidth.
3.3.4 Forswingingdoors,egresscapacitywidthshallbemeasuredbetweenthe
faceofthedoorandthestop.
3.4
3.4.1 Clearwidthshallbemeasuredatthenarrowestpointinthedoor
opening.
Figure3.3:Minimumclearwidth(betweenfaceofdoorandstop
3.4.2 Forswingingdoors,projectionsofnotmorethan100mmintothe
doorwaywidthonthehingesideshallnotbeconsideredreductionsin
width,providedthatsuchprojectionsareforpurposesofaccommodating
panichardwareorfireexithardwareandarelocatednotlessthan865
mmabovethefloor.Projectionsexceeding2030mmabovethefloor
shallnotbeconsideredreductionsinwidth.
Page |
Page |
109
3.5
Figure3.4:Minimumclearwidthwithpermittedobstructions
MinimumDoorWidth
3.5.1 Dooropeningsinmeansofegressshallbenotlessthan915mminclear
width.Whereapairofdoorsisprovided,notlessthanoneofthedoors
shallprovidenotlessthan810(915)mmclearwidthopening.
3.5.2 Nodoorintoameansofegress,whenfullyopened,shallprojectmore
than180mmintotherequiredwidthofanaisle,corridor,passageway,or
landing.
Figure3.5:Minimumrequiredwidth
Page |
Page |
110
3.6
FloorLevelatDoor
3.6.1 Theelevationofthefloorsurfacesonbothsidesofadoorshallnotvary
bymorethan13mm.
3.6.2 Theelevationofthefloorsurfacesshallbemaintainedonbothsidesof
thedoorwayforadistancenotlessthanthewidthofthewidestleaf.
3.6.3 Thresholdsatdoorwaysshallnotexceed13mminheight.
3.6.4 Raisedthresholdsandfloorlevelchangesinexcessof6.3mmat
doorwaysshallbebeveledwithaslopenotsteeperthan1in2.
3.7
SwingandForce
3.7.1 Anydoorinameansofegressshallbeofthesidehingedorpivoted
swingingtype,andshallbeinstalledtobecapableofswingingfromany
positiontothefullrequiredwidthoftheopeninginwhichitisinstalled.
3.7.2 Wheredoorsaresubjecttotwowaytraffic,orwheretheiropeningcan
interferewithpedestriantraffic,anappropriatelylocatedvisionpanelcan
reducethechanceofaccidents.
3.7.3 Doorsrequiredtobeofthesidehingedorpivotedswingingtypeshall
swinginthedirectionofegresstravelwhereservingaroomorareawith
anoccupantloadof50ormore.
3.7.4 Adoorshallswinginthedirectionofegresstravelundereitherofthe
followingconditions:
i.
ii.
Wherethedoorisusedinanexitenclosure
Wherethedoorservesahighhazardcontentsarea
3.7.5 Duringitsswing,anydoorinameansofegressshallleavenotlessthan
onehalfoftherequiredwidthofanaisle,acorridor,apassageway,ora
landingunobstructedandshallprojectnotmorethan180mmintothe
requiredwidthofanaisle,acorridor,apassageway,oralanding,when
fullyopen.
3.7.6 Theforcesrequiredtofullyopenanydoormanuallyinameansofegress
shallnotexceed67Ntoreleasethelatch,133Ntosetthedoorin
motion,and67Ntoopenthedoortotheminimumrequiredwidth.
3.8
3.8.1 Doorsshallbearrangedtobeopenedreadilyfromtheegressside
wheneverthebuildingisoccupied.
3.8.2 Everydoorinastairenclosureservingmorethanfourstoriesshallmeet
oneofthefollowing:
Page |
Page |
111
i.
ii.
Reentryfromthestairenclosuretotheinteriorofthebuilding
shallbeprovided.
Anautomaticreleasethatisactuatedwiththeinitiationofthe
buildingfirealarmsystemshallbeprovidedtounlockallstair
enclosuredoorstoallowreentry.
3.8.3 Reentryprovisionsapplyonlytoenclosedexitstairsandnottooutside
stairs.
3.8.4 Thereshallbenotmorethanfourstoriesinterveningbetweenstories
whereitispossibletoleavethestairenclosuretoaccessanotherexit.
SeeFigure3.6.
3.8.5 Reentryshallbepossibleonthetopstoryornexttotopstoryservedby
thestairenclosure,andsuchstoryshallallowaccesstoanotherexit.
3.8.6 Doorsallowingreentryshallbeidentifiedassuchonthestairsideofthe
door.
Figure3.6:Reentryfloor
3.8.7 Doorsnotallowingreentryshallbeprovidedwithasignonthestairside
indicatingthelocationofthenearestdoor,ineachdirectionoftravelthat
allowsreentryorexit.
3.8.8 Ifastairenclosureallowsaccesstotheroofofthebuilding,thedoorto
theroofeithershallbekeptlockedorshallallowreentryfromtheroof.
Page |
Page |
112
3.8.9 Alatchorotherfasteningdeviceonadoorshallbeprovidedwitha
releasingdevicethathasanobviousmethodofoperationandthatis
readilyoperatedunderalllightingconditions.
3.8.10 Thereleasingmechanismforanylatchshallbelocatednotlessthan
865mm,andnotmorethan1220mm,abovethefinishedfloor.The
releasingmechanismshallopenthedoorwithnotmorethanone
releasingoperation.
3.8.11 Wherepairsofdoorsarerequiredinameansofegress,eachleafof
thepairshallbeprovidedwithareleasingdevicethatdoesnot
dependonthereleaseofonedoorbeforetheother.
3.9
3.9.1
Doorsinthemeansofegressshallbepermittedtobeequippedwith
anapprovedentranceandegressaccesscontrolsystem,providedthat
allofthefollowingcriteriaaremet:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Asensorshallbeprovidedontheegressside,arrangedto
detectanoccupantapproachingdoorsthatarearrangedto
unlockinthedirectionofegressupondetectionofan
approachingoccupantorlossofpowertothesensor.
Lossofpowertothepartoftheaccesscontrolsystemthatlocks
thedoorsshallautomaticallyunlockthedoorsinthedirection
ofegress.
Thedoorsshallbearrangedtounlockinthedirectionofegress
fromamanualreleasedevicelocated1015mmto1220mm
verticallyabovethefloorandwithin1525mmofthesecured
doors.
Themanualreleasedeviceshallbereadilyaccessibleandclearly
identifiedbyasignthatreadsasfollows:PUSHTOEXIT.
Activationofthebuildingautomaticsprinklerorfiredetection
system,ifprovided,shallautomaticallyunlockthedoorsinthe
directionofegress,andthedoorsshallremainunlockeduntil
thefireprotectivesignalingsystemhasbeenmanuallyreset.
3.10.1 Adoornormallyrequiredtobekeptclosedshallnotbesecuredinthe
openpositionatanytimeandshallbeselfclosingorautomatic
closing.
3.10.2 Doorsshallbepermittedtobeautomaticclosing,providedthatthe
followingcriteriaaremet:
Page |
Page |
113
i.
Uponreleaseoftheholdopenmechanism,thedoorbecomes
selfclosing.
ii.
Thereleasedeviceisdesignedsothatthedoorinstantly
releasesmanuallyand,uponrelease,becomesselfclosing.
iii.
Theautomaticreleasingmechanismormediumisactivatedby
theoperationofapprovedsmokedetectors.
iv.
Uponlossofpowertotheholdopendevice,theholdopen
mechanismisreleasedandthedoorbecomesselfclosing.
3.11 PoweredDoors
3.11.1 Wheremeansofegressdoorsareoperatedbypoweruponthe
approachofapersonorareprovidedwithpowerassistedmanual
operation,thedesignshallbesuchthat,intheeventofpowerfailure,
thedoorsopenmanuallytoallowegresstravelorclosewhen
necessarytosafeguardthemeansofegress.
3.11.2 Theforcesrequiredtomanuallyopenthedoorsshallnotexceed133
Ntosetthedoorinmotion,and67Ntoopenthedoortothe
minimumrequiredwidth.
3.11.3 Thedoorshallbedesignedandinstalledsuchthat,whenaforceis
appliedtothedooronthesidefromwhichegressismade,itshallbe
capableofswingingfromanypositiontoprovidefulluseofthe
requiredwidthoftheopeninginwhichitisinstalled.
3.11.4 Areadilyvisible,durablesigninlettersnotlessthan25mmhighona
contrastingbackgroundthatreadsasfollowsinbothEnglishand
Arabic,shallbelocatedontheegresssideofeachdoor:IN
EMERGENCY,PUSHTOOPEN.
3.12 RevolvingDoors
3.12.1
Revolvingdoorsshallnotbepermittedasacomponentinameansof
egress.
3.13.1
Wherepermanentlymountedfoldingormovablepartitionsdividea
roomintosmallerspaces,aswingingdoororopendoorwayshallbe
providedasanexitaccessfromeachsuchspace.
3.14.1 Fireratingofdoorsshallbeasfollowsbasedonlocationand
occupanciesinthetablebelow:
Page |
Page |
114
OCCUPANCY
LOCATION
DOORFIRE
RATING
SMOKE
PROOF
SELF
LATCHES
CLOSING
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
AllOccupancies
LabourAccommodation
ResidentialFlats
Hotels
Office
ExitStairs
ExitDischarge
ExitCorridor
ServiceCorridor
ServiceRooms
AccessPanel
ElevatorLobby
HorizontalExits
RoomDoor
MainFlatDoor
MainRoomDoor
MainEntrance
90Minutes
90Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
90Minutes
30Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
60Minutes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
NotAllowed
NotAllowed
NotAllowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
NotAllowed
NotAllowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
4.
ExitAccessCorridors
4.1
ExitAccessCorridors,alsotermedasExitenclosuresshallprovideaccesstoexit
withoutpassingthroughanyinterveningroomsotherthancorridors,lobbies,
andotherspacespermittedtobeopentothecorridor.Exitaccesscorridors
shallalsoprovideaccesstonotlessthantwoapprovedexits.Exitstaircasescan
alsobeaccessedbyexternalexitpassageway.SeeFigure3.7forexamplesof
externalexitpassageways.
Page |
Page |
115
Figure3.7:ExternalExitPassageways.
4.2
4.2.1
Corridorsusedasexitaccessandservinganareahavinganoccupant
loadexceeding30peopleshallbeseparatedfromotherpartsofthe
buildingbysmokepartitions.Theseparatingconstructionshallmeet
thefollowingrequirements:
Page |
Page |
116
i.
ii.
iii.
Theseparationshallhavenotlessthana1hourfireresistance
rating.
Separationof1hourfireratingshallnotbewithlightweight
constructioninHighrise,Midrise,HighdepthUnderground
buildingsandbuildingsconnectingfourormorestories.
Theseparationrequiredbetweentheexitaccesscorridorand
theotherpartsofthebuildingshallbeconstructedofan
assemblyofnoncombustiblematerialandshallbesupportedby
constructionhavingnotlessthana1hourfireresistancerating.
4.2.2
AlsoRefertoChapter1.CONSTRUCTIONAND
COMPARTMENTALIZATION,Table1.10a:FireRatingofCorridorsand
InternalWallsbasedonOccupanciesandprovisionofsprinklers.
4.2.3
Openingsintheseparationshallbeprotectedbyfiredoorassemblies
equippedwithdoorclosers.See3.14.FireRatingRequirementsfor
Doors.
Openingsinexitenclosuresshallbelimitedtodoorsfromnormally
occupiedspacesandcorridorsanddoorsforegressfromthe
enclosure.
Meansofegressfromthelevelofexitdischargeispermittedtopass
throughanexitstairenclosureorexitpassagewayservingotherfloors.
Visionpanelsindoorsarepermitted.
Penetrationsinto,andopeningsthrough,anexitenclosureassembly
shallbelimitedtothefollowing:
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Firedoorswithselfcloser.
Electricalconduitsservingthestairwaysuchassecuritysystems,
publicaddresssystems,andfiredepartmentemergency
communicationsdevices.
Requiredexitdoors.
Ductworkandequipmentnecessaryforindependentstair
pressurization.
Sprinklerpiping.
Standpipes.
4.2.8
4.2.9
4.2.10
Penetrationsforfirealarmcircuits,wherethecircuitsareinstalledin
metalconduitandthepenetrationsareprotected.
Penetrationsorcommunicatingopeningsshallbeprohibitedbetween
adjacentexitenclosures
Anexitenclosureshallprovideacontinuousprotectedpathoftravel
toanexitdischarge.
Page |
Page |
117
4.2.11
Anexitenclosureshallnotbeusedforanypurposethathasthe
potentialtointerferewithitsuseasanexit.Occupancyisprohibited
otherthanforegress,refuge,andaccess.
Ramps
4.3
4.3.1
Rampsarepermittedaspartofmeansofegressandarepreferred
overstairsundersomecircumstances,providedconformitytothe
followingconstructionrequirementsareensuredandCivilDefence
Authorityapproves.
Table3.1:RampsSpecifications
Rampspecifications
ITEM
Minimumunobstructedwidth
MaximumprojectionsatorbelowHandrailheighton
eachside
Maximumslope
Maximumcrossslope
MaximumriseforasingleRamprun
Maximumslopeoflandings
Minimumwidthoflandinginthedirectionoftravel
4.3.2
4.3.3
REQUIREMENTS
1200mm
114mm
1in12(8.3%)
1in48(2%)
760mm
1in48(2%)
1220mm
Allrampsservingasrequiredmeansofegressshallbeofpermanent
fixednoncombustibleconstruction.
Therampfloorandlandingsshallbesolidandwithoutperforations.
4.3.4
Rampsshallhavelandingslocatedatthetop,atthebottom,andat
doorsopeningontotheramp.
4.3.5
Everylandingshallhaveawidthnotlessthanthewidthoftheramp.
4.3.6
Wheretherampisnotpartofanaccessibleroute,theramplandings
shallnotberequiredtoexceed1220mminthedirectionoftravel,
providedthattheramphasastraightrun.
4.3.7
Anychangesintraveldirectionshallbemadeonlyatlandings.
4.3.8
Rampsandintermediatelandingsshallcontinuewithnodecreasein
widthalongthedirectionofegresstravel.
4.3.9
EnclosureandProtectionofRamps
4.3.9.1 Rampsinarequiredmeansofegressshallbeenclosedor
protectedasastair.
Page |
Page |
118
5.
Exits
5.1
Exitisthatpartofthemeansofegresswhichisseparatedfromallotherspaces
ofabuildingbyconstructionrequiredprovidingaprotectedwayoftraveltothe
ExitDischarge.Exitsincludeexteriordoors,exitstairs,exitrampsandhorizontal
exits.
5.2
ExitStairs
5.2.1
Stairs,whetherinteriororexteriortoabuilding,servemultiple
functions,allowingnormaloccupantmovementamongfloorsof
building,providingegressduringemergenciesandfiresandfacilitating
rescueandfirecontroloperationsbyFirefighters.
Table3.2:ExitStairSpecifications
ExitStairspecifications
Item
Minimumunobstructedwidthforlessthan2000people
Minimumunobstructedwidthformorethan2000people
Maximumriserheight
Minimumriserheight
Minimumtreaddepth
Minimumheadroom
Maximumheightbetweenlandings
Maximumtreadandlandingslope
Requirements
1200mm*
1420mm*
180mm
100mm
280mm
2030mm
3660mm
21mm(1in48)
*Note:i.Alsosee5.2.3.1forOccupantLoadconsideration
ii.AlsoseeSection11.8,Table3.6A&3.6BforOccupantloadfactors,
Dischargedensitiesandminimumcorridorwidths.
5.2.2
MeasurementofHeadroom
5.2.2.1 Measurementofheadroomclearanceshallbeinaccordancewith
Figure3.8andTable3.3below.
Page |
Page |
119
[CCHAPTER3.MEANSOFEEGRESS]
F
Figure3.8:H
Headroom
Tab
ble3.3:He
eadroominMeanssofEgresss
H
HeadroomS
Specification
ns
Items
Req
quirements
MinimumH
Headroom
MinimumH
Headroomwithprojectio
onsfromceiling
MinimumH
HeadroomattStairs
Maximump
projections
Ifchangein
nelevationissbetween6.3mm13m
mm
Ifchangein
nelevationexxceed13mm
m
228
85mm
203
30mm
203
30mm
6.3mm
Shallbeebeveled1to2
Shallbeeachievedwitha
Rampo
oraStair
5.2.3
M
MinimumSta
irWidthmeasurement
5.2.3.1
1 Theminim
mumwidthclearofallob
bstructions,eexceptprojections
notmorethan114mm
matorbelow
whandrailheightoneacchside.
Thestairw
widthrequire
ementisbassedonaccum
mulatingthe
occupantloadoneach
hstorythesttairserves.
5.2.3.2
2 Thetotalccumulativeo
occupantloadassignedtoaparticulaarstair
shallbeth
hatstairsshaareoftheto
otaloccupanttload.
5.2.3.3
3 Fordownw
wardegresstravel,stairwidthshallb
bebasedonthetotal
numberofoccupantsfromstoriessabovetheleevelwheretthe
widthism
measured.
5.2.3.4
4 Forupwarrdegresstravel,stairwid
dthshallbeb
basedonthe
etotal
numberofoccupantsfromstoriessbelowtheleevelwheretthe
measured.
widthism
Page |
Page |
120
5.2.4
Landings
5.2.4.1 Stairsshallhavelandingsatdooropenings.
5.2.4.2 Stairsandintermediatelandingsshallcontinuewithnodecrease
inwidthalongthedirectionofegresstravel.
5.2.4.3 Everylandingshallhaveadimension,measuredinthedirectionof
travel,thatisnotlessthanthewidthofthestair.
5.2.4.4 Landingsshallnotberequiredtoexceed1220mminthedirection
oftravel,providedthatthestairhasastraightrun.
5.2.5
5.2.5.1 Stairtreadsandlandingsshallbesolid,withoutperforations.
Figure3.9:Risermeasurementwithtreadslopetothefront
Figure3.10:Risermeasurementwithtreadslopetoback
Page |
Page |
121
Figure3.11:Treaddepth
Figure3.12:Treadmeasurementwithstablesupportatleadingedge
Figure3.13:Treadmeasurementwithanunstablesteppingsurfaceatleadingedge
Page |
Page |
122
5.2.6
5.2.6.1 Allinsidestairsservingasanexitshallbeenclosedandprotected
withtherequiredfireratedconstruction.
5.2.6.2 RefertoChapter1.CONSTRUCTIONAND
COMPARTMENTALIZATION,section27:VerticalOpeningsforFire
RatingrequirementsofExitStairsandExitPassageways.
5.2.6.3 ExitstairsservingHighrisebuildings,Midrisebuildings,Highdepth
Undergroundbuildingsandbuildingsconnectingfourormore
storiesshallbeconstructedofRCC(ReinforcedConcrete)witha
minimumof2hourfirerating.
5.2.6.4 ExitStairsservingLowrisebuildings,LowdepthUnderground
buildingsandbuildingsconnetingThreeorlessstoriesshallbe
protectedwith2hourfireratedconstruction.
5.2.6.5 Wherenonratedwallsorunprotectedopeningsenclosethe
exteriorofastairway,andthewallsoropeningsareexposedby
otherpartsofthebuildingatanangleoflessthan180degrees,
thebuildingenclosurewallswithin3050mmhorizontallyofthe
nonratedwallorunprotectedopeningshallbeconstructedas
requiredforstairwayenclosures,includingopeningprotectives.
Figure3.14:Stairwaywithnonratedexteriorwallinsameplaneasthe
buildingexteriorwall
Page |
Page |
123
Figure3.15:Astairwaywithanunprotectedexteriorperimeterprotruding
pastthebuildingexteriorwall
Figure3.16:Astairwaywithnonratedexteriorwallexposedbyanadjacentexterior
wallofabuilding
5.2.6.6 Fireratedconstructionshallextendverticallyfromthegroundtoa
point3050mmabovethetopmostlandingofthestairsortothe
roofline,whicheverislower.
5.2.6.7 Thefireresistanceratingoftheseparationextending3050mm
fromthestairsshallbeatleast1hourfirerating.
5.2.6.8 Enclosed,usablespaceswithinexitenclosuresshallbeprohibited,
includingunderstairs,unlessthefollowingcriteriaaremet:
Page |
Page |
124
i.
Thespaceshallbeseparatedfromthestairenclosurebythe
samefireresistanceastheexitenclosure
ii.
Entrancetotheenclosed,usablespaceshallnotbefrom
withinthestairenclosure.
5.2.7
5.2.7.1 Anopenstaircaseusedasameansofegressmaylinknomore
thanFourfloors.
5.2.7.2 Outsidestairsshallbeseparatedfromtheinteriorofthebuilding
byconstructionwiththefireresistanceratingrequiredfor
enclosedstairsexceptasfollows:
i.
Outsidestairsservinganexteriorexitaccessbalconythathas
tworemoteoutsidestairwaysorrampsshallbepermittedto
beunprotected.SeeFigure3.17.
Outsidestairsservingnotinexcessoftwoadjacentstories,
includingthestoryofexitdischarge,shallbepermittedtobe
unprotectedwherethereisaremotelylocatedsecondexit.
ii.
External Balcony
Unprotected outside stair
Interior exit Stair
Unprotected outside stair
Internal corridor
Figure3.17:ExteriorandInteriorapproachtoexitstaircase.
Page |
Page |
125
5.2.7.3 Thefireresistanceratingofaseparationextending3050mmfrom
thestairsshallbeatleast1hourfirerating.SeeFigure3.18for
illustrations.Wallconstructionshallextendasfollows:
i.
ii.
Verticallyfromthegroundtoapoint3050mmabovethe
topmostlandingofthestairsortotheroofline,whicheveris
lower
Horizontallyfornotlessthan3050mm
Figure3.18ProtectionofOutsideStaircase
5.2.7.4 Roofconstructionshallmeetthefollowingcriteria:
i.
ii.
Itshallprovideprotectionbeneaththestairs
Itshallextendhorizontallytoeachsideofthestairfornotless
than3050mm.
Page |
Page |
126
5.2.8
5.2.8.1 Allopeningsbelowanoutsidestairshallbeprotectedwithan
assemblyhavingnotlessthana1hourfireprotectionrating.
5.2.8.2 Openingstothesideofanoutsidestairwithin3mshouldalso
haveafireprotectionratingof1hour.
5.2.8.3 Inthecaseofnormallyopenablewindowsetc.theseshouldbe
fixedshutatalltimes.
5.2.8.4 Outsidestairs,shallbenotlessthan50percentopenononeside.
Outsidestairsshallbearrangedtorestricttheaccumulationof
smoke.
5.2.9
5.2.9.1 Outsidestairsshallbearrangedtoavoidanyimpedimentstothe
useofthestairsbypersonshavingafearofhighplaces.Outside
stairsmorethanthreestoriesinheight,shallbeprovidedwithan
opaquevisualobstructionnotlessthan1220mminheight.
5.2.10
ScissororInterlockedStairs
5.2.10.1 Interlockingorscissorstairsshallbeconsideredonlyassingleexit.
5.2.10.2 Interlockingorscissorstairsshallbepermittedprovidedthatthey
meetthefollowingcriteria:
i.
ii.
iii.
Theyareenclosedinwiththepropernoncombustibletype
ofconstructionwiththerequiredfirerating.
Theyareseparatedfromeachotherby2hourfire
resistanceratednoncombustibleconstruction.
Noprotectedorunprotectedpenetrationsor
communicatingopeningsexistbetweenthestair
enclosures
5.2.11
SpiralStairs
5.2.11.1 SpiralStairsisnotallowedasapartofmeansofegress.
5.2.12
FireEscapeLadders
5.2.12.1 Fireescapeladdersshallbepermittedinthemeansofegressonly
whereprovidingoneofthefollowing:
i.
ii.
Assecondarymeansofegressfromboilerroomsor
Similarspacessubjecttooccupancynottoexceedthree
personswhoareallcapableofusingtheladder.
Page |
Page |
127
iii.
FireescapeladdersshallcomplywithANSIA14.3,Safety
RequirementsforFixedLadders.
Laddersshallbeinstalledwithapitchthatexceeds75
degrees.
Thelowestrungofanyladdershallnotbemorethan305
mmabovethelevelofthesurfacebeneathit.
iv.
v.
5.2.13
Handrails
5.2.13.1 Stairsandrampsshallhavehandrailsonbothsides.
5.2.13.2 Inadditiontothehandrailsrequiredatthesidesofstairs
exceeding1905mminwidth,handrailsshallbeprovidedwithin
760mmofallportionsoftherequiredegresswidth.
Figure3.19:Handrailslocation
5.2.13.3 Requiredguardsandhandrailsshallcontinueforthefulllengthof
eachflightofstairs.Atturnsinsidehandrailsshallbecontinuous
betweenflightsatlandings.
5.2.14
HandrailDetails
5.2.14.1 Handrailsonstairsshallbenotlessthan865mm,andnotmore
than965mm,abovethesurfaceofthetread,measuredvertically
tothetopoftherailfromtheleadingedgeofthetread.
Page |
Page |
128
5.2.14.2
5.2.14.3
5.2.14.4
5.2.14.5
Figure3.20:Handraildetails
Theheightofrequiredhandrailsthatformpartofaguardshallbe
permittedtoexceed965mm,butshallnotexceed1065mm,
measuredverticallytothetopoftherailfromtheleadingedgeof
thetread.
Additionalhandrailsthatarelowerorhigherthanthemain
handrailshallbepermitted.
Handrailsshallbeinstalledtoprovideaclearanceofnotlessthan
57mmbetweenthehandrailandthewalltowhichitisfastened.
Circularcrosssectionwithanoutsidediameterofnotlessthan32
mmandnotmorethan51mm.
Figure3.21:Handrailmeasurement
Page |
Page |
129
5.2.14.6 Handrailsshouldbedesignedsotheycanbegraspedfirmlywitha
comfortablegripandsothehandcanbeslidalongtherailwithout
encounteringobstructions.Theprofileoftherailshould
comfortablymatchthehandgrips.Handrailsshallbecontinuously
graspablealongtheirentirelength.
5.2.15
Guards
5.2.15.1 Guardsshallbeprovidedattheopensidesofmeansofegressthat
exceed760mmabovethefloororgradebelow.Meansofegress
componentsthatmightrequireprotectionwithguardsinclude
stairs,landings,balconies,corridors,passageways,floororroof
openings,ramps,aisles,porches,andmezzanines.
5.2.15.2 Theheightofguardsrequiredshallbemeasuredverticallytothe
topoftheguardfromthesurfaceadjacenttheretoandshallbe
notlessthan1065mmhigh.
5.2.16
MarkingofStairs
5.2.16.1 Enclosedstairsservingfourormorestoriesshallcomplywiththe
following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Thestairsshallbeprovidedwithspecialsignagewithinthe
enclosureateachfloorlanding
Thesignageshallindicatethefloorlevel
Thesignageshallindicatetheterminusofthetopandbottomof
thestairenclosure
Thesignageshallindicatetheidentificationofthestairenclosure
Thesignageshallindicatethefloorlevelof,andthedirectionto
exitdischarge
Thesignageshallbelocatedinsidetheenclosureapproximately
1525mmabovethefloorlandinginapositionthatisvisiblewhen
thedoorisintheopenorclosedposition.
Figure3.22:Exampleofastairwaymarkingsign
Page |
Page |
130
5.2.16.2 Thesignshouldbevisibleunderalllikelylightingconditions
5.2.16.3 Whereveranenclosedstairrequirestravelinanupwarddirection
toreachthelevelofexitdischarge,specialsignswithdirectional
indicatorsshowingthedirectiontothelevelofexitdischargeshall
beprovidedateachfloorlevellandingfromwhichupward
directionoftravelisrequired.
5.2.16.4 Thesignshallbepaintedorstenciledonthewalloronaseparate
signsecurelyattachedtothewall1.6mfromthefinishedfloor
level.
5.2.16.5 Thestairwayidentificationlettershallbelocatedatthetopofthe
signinminimum25mmhighlettering.
5.2.16.6 Roofaccessorthelackthereofshallbedesignatedbyasignthat
readsROOFACCESSorNOROOFACCESSandlocatedunderthe
stairwayidentificationletter.Letteringshallbeaminimumof25
mmhigh.
5.2.16.7 Thefloorlevelnumbershallbeaminimumof125mmhigh
numbers.MezzaninelevelsshallhavetheletterMorother
appropriateidentificationletterprecedingthefloornumber,while
basementlevelsshallhavetheletterBorotherappropriate
identificationletterprecedingthefloorlevelnumber.
5.2.16.8 Identificationofthelowerandupperterminusofthestairway
shallbelocatedatthebottomofthesigninminimum25mmhigh
lettersornumbers.
5.2.17
FloorDiagrams
5.2.17.1 Afloordiagramshallbeprovidedinstaircaselandingsonthewall
besidetheexitdoor.Floordiagramsshallalsobeprovidedbeside
firealarmpanels,insmokefreeenclosures,infirefightinglobbies
andinindividualroomsofhotelsandhealthcareoccupancies
5.2.17.2 Floordiagramsshallshowtheactualfloorlayout,exitstairways
locations,corridors,rooms,landingvalves,hosereel,fire
extinguishers,liftlobbiesandotherusefulinformationforfire
departmentaswellasoccupants.
5.2.17.3 Firesafetyinformationshallbeprovidedtoeachandevery
employeetomakethedecisiontoevacuatetotheoutside,to
evacuatetoanareaofrefuge,toremaininplace,ortoemploy
anycombinationofthethreeoptions.
Page |
Page |
131
5.2.18
StairPressurization
5.2.18.1 Everyenclosedescapestaircaseinhighrisebuildingsshouldbea
smokeproofenclosure.
5.2.18.2 Everyescapestaircaseservingbuildingsof23minheightormore
mustbemadeasmokeproofenclosure.Themeansofachievinga
smokeproofenclosureshouldbebypressurization.SeeFigure
3.23,3.24and3.25forexamplesofstaircasepressurization.
Figure3.23:Example1ofStaircasePressurization
Page |
Page |
132
5.2.18.3 Equipmentandductworkforstairpressurizationshallbelocated
inaccordancewithoneofthefollowingspecifications:
i.
ii.
Exteriortothebuildinganddirectlyconnectedtothestairway
byductworkenclosedinnoncombustibleconstruction.
Withinthestairenclosurewithintakeandexhaustairvented
directlytotheoutsideorthroughductworkenclosedbya2
hourfireresistiverating.
iii.
iv.
Wherethebuilding,includingthestairwayenclosure,andthe
equipmentandductworkareseparatedfromtheremainderof
thebuilding,includingothermechanicalequipment,bynotless
thana1hourfireresistiverating.
Openingsintotherequiredfireresistanceratedconstruction
shallbelimitedtothoseneededformaintenanceandoperation
andshallbeprotectedbyselfclosingfireprotectionrated
devices.
v.
Forpressurizedstairenclosuresystems,theactivationofthe
systemsshallbeinitiatedbyasmokedetectorinstalledinan
approvedlocationwithin3050mmoftheentrancetothe
smokeproofenclosure.
5.2.18.4 Therequiredmechanicalsystemshalloperateupontheactivation
ofthesmokedetectorsandbymanualcontrolsaccessibletothe
firedepartment.Therequiredsystemalsoshallbeinitiatedbythe
following,ifprovided:
Page |
Page |
133
i. Waterflowsignalfromanautomaticsprinklersystem.
ii. Generalevacuationalarmsignal.
5.2.19
SmokeProofEnclosure
5.2.19.1 Asmokeproofenclosureshallbeenclosedfromthehighestpoint
tothelowestpointbybarriershaving2hourfireresistance
ratings.
5.2.19.2 Whereavestibuleisused,itshallbewithinthe2hourrated
enclosureandshallbeconsideredpartofthesmokeproof
enclosure.
5.2.19.3 Everysmokeproofenclosureshalldischargeintoapublicway,
intoayardorcourthavingdirectaccesstoapublicway,orintoan
exitpassageway.Suchexitpassagewaysshallbewithout
openings,otherthantheentrancetothesmokeproofenclosure
andthedoortotheoutsideyard,court,orpublicway.
5.2.19.4 Theexitpassagewayshallbeseparatedfromtheremainderofthe
buildingbya2hourfireresistancerating.
5.2.19.5 Smokeproofenclosuresshalluseanapprovedengineeredsmoke
managementsystemwithadesignpressuredifferenceacrossthe
barrierofnotlessthan12.5N/m2andshallbecapableof
maintainingthesepressuredifferencesunderlikelyconditionsof
stackeffectorwind.Thepressuredifferenceacrossdoorsshall
notexceedthatwhichallowsthedoortobegintobeopenedbya
forceof133N.SeeFigure3.26and3.27forexamplesofsmoke
proofenclosures.
5.2.19.6 Staircaseventilationfornonhighrisebuildingsshallbeprovided
withnatural,mechanicalventilationorbyprovidingsmokeproof
enclosures.
Page |
Page |
134
Figure3.26:ExamplesofSmokeproofEnclosures
5.2.19.2 RefertoChapter10.MECHANICALVENTILATIONANDSMOKECONTROL
SYSTEMforfurtherdetails.
Page |
Page |
135
Figure3.27SmokeProofEnclosuresDimensions
5.2.20
HorizontalExit
5.2.20.1 Awayofpassagefromonebuildingtoanareaofrefugein
anotherbuildingonapproximatelythesamelevel,orawayof
passagethroughoraroundafirebarriertoanareaofrefugeon
approximatelythesamelevelinthesamebuildingthataffords
safetyfromfireandsmokeoriginatingfromtheareaofincidence
andareascommunicatingtherewith.OnlyHealthcaretypeof
occupancyisallowedforHorizontalExits.
5.2.20.2 Onlyonehorizontalexitsshallbepermittedtobesubstitutedfor
otherexitswherethetotalegresscapacityoftheotherexits
(stairs,ramps,doorsleadingoutsidethebuilding)isnotlessthan
halfthatrequiredfortheentireareaofthebuildingorconnected
buildings,andprovidedthatnoneoftheotherexitsisahorizontal
exit.Horizontalexitsshallonlybeappliedalongwithsmoke
controlsystemandCFDanalysis.SeeFigure3.28forexampleof
HorizontalExit.
5.2.20.3 HorizontalExitsshallbesituatedat2hourFireratedwallwith90
minutesFireratedDoorassemblies.
Page |
Page |
136
Figure3.28:ExampleofHorizontalExit
5.2.21
BridgesandBalconies
5.2.21.1 Eachbridgeorbalconyusedinconjunctionwithhorizontalexits
shallhaveguardsandhandrails.
5.2.21.2 Everybridgeorbalconyshallbenotlessthanthewidthofthe
doortowhichitleadsandshallbenotlessthan1200mmwidefor
newconstruction.
5.2.21.3 Wherethebridgeorbalconyservesasahorizontalexitinone
direction,thehorizontalexitdoorshallberequiredtoswingonly
inthedirectionofegresstravel.
5.2.21.4 Wherethebridgeorbalconyservesasahorizontalexitinboth
directions,doorsshallbeprovidedinpairsthatswinginopposite
directions.
5.2.22
Elevators
5.2.22.1 Onehundredpercentoftheegresscapacityshallbeprovided
independentoftheelevators.
5.2.23
ElevatorLobby
5.2.23.1 Everyfloorservedbytheelevatorshallhaveanelevatorlobby.
Barriersformingtheelevatorlobbyshallhaveafireresistance
Page |
Page |
137
ratingofnotlessthan1hourandshallbearrangedasasmoke
barrier.Orelse,pressurizationofliftshaftisrequired.
6.
ExitDischarge
6.1
ExitdischargeorDischargefromexitisdefinedasprovidingbuildingoccupants
withasafepathoftravelfromanexittoapublicway.Thispathoftravelmight
beinsideoroutsideabuildingandcanbeachievedthroughanexitpassageway.
6.2
ExitPassageway
6.2.1
6.2.2
Thewidthofanexitpassagewayshallbeadequatetoaccommodate
theaggregaterequiredcapacityofallexitsthatdischargethroughit.
Exitsshallterminatedirectly,atapublicwayoratanexteriorexit
discharge.
6.2.3
6.2.4
Yards,courts,openspaces,orotherportionsoftheexitdischarge
shallbeoftherequiredwidth,sizeandopentotheskyaboveto
providealloccupantswithasafeaccesstoapublicway.
Atleast50%ofthebuildingoccupantcapacityand50%ofthe
buildingexitsshoulddischargedirectlytofreshairoutsidethe
building.Directlyinthiscontextmeanshorizontaltravelofnomore
thandistancementionedinTable3.6Aand3.6B.Anexit
passagewaycanbeextendedfromtheexitstaircaseshafttoqualify
asdirectdischarge.SeeFigure3.29.
Figure3.29:ExtensionofExitStaircasetocomplywithExitDischarge
Page |
Page |
138
6.2.5
Exitpassagewayscanalsobeappliedwherenecessarytoprevent
excessivetraveldistancetotheexitstaircase.SeeFigure3.30.
Figure3.30:ExtensionofExitStaircasetomeetwithtraveldistancerequirements.
Figure3.31:ExitPassagewaysinMalls
6.2.6
Construction
6.2.6.1
Anexitpassagewaythatservesasadischargefromastair
enclosureshallbeseparatedfromotherpartsofthe
buildingbynoncombustibleconstructionandshallhavenot
lessthanthesamefireresistanceratingasthoserequired
forthestairenclosure.
Page |
Page |
139
6.3
AreaofRefuge
6.3.1
Allhighrisebuildingswillbeprovidedwithanautomaticsupervised
sprinklersystemthroughout.Assuchanyfloorareaotherthanthe
flooroffireoriginandnotintimatewiththefirecanbeconsidered
asanareaofrefugeforthoseawaitingassistancetoescape.
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
Forsprinklerprotectedbuildings,notmorethan50percentofthe
requirednumberofexits,andnotmorethan50percentofthe
requiredegresscapacity,shalldischargethroughareasonthelevel
ofexitdischarge.
Theentireareaonthelevelofdischargeshallbeseparatedfrom
areasbelowbyconstructionhavingafireresistanceratingnotless
thanthatrequiredfortheexitenclosure.
Levelsbelowthelevelofdischargeinanatriumshallbepermitted
tobeopentothelevelofdischargewheresuchlevelofdischargeis
appropriatelyprotectedbysprinklers,fireratedconstructionand
smokepartitionsoranengineeredsmokecontrolsystemdesigned
toaninternationallyrecognizedguidancedocumentorstandard
acceptabletoCivilDefence.ExitdischargeisillustratedinFigure
3.32.
Figure3.32:ExamplesofExitDischarge
Page |
Page |
140
6.5
Arrangeme
entandMarkkingofExitD
Discharge
6.5.1
6.5.2
Theexitdiscchargeshallbearrangedandmarked
dtomakecle
earthe
directionofegresstoap
publicway.SStairsshallbearrangedssoasto
nofegressto
oapublicwaay.
makecleartthedirection
Stairsthatcontinuemorrethanonehalfstorybeeyondthelevvelof
nterruptedatttheleveloffexitdischarrgeby
exitdischarggeshallbein
partitions,d
doors,orothereffectivemeans.SeeFFigure3.33.
Figure3.33:Separationbetw
weendischargefrombassementandabovefloorrs
Page |
Page |
141
7.
NumberofExits
7.1
Thenumberofmeansofegressshallbesufficienttoaccommodatethe
occupantloadandcomplyingwiththetraveldistancerequirements.Numberof
exitsshallcomplywithTable3.4.
Table3.4:NumberofExits
ExitsSpecification
Item
Requirements
MinimumNumberofExitsrequiredoneverystory
MinimumnumberofseparateExitsaccessiblefromevery
partofeverystory
partofeverystoryfor5001000people
partofeverystoryformorethan1000people
2
2
3
7.2
7.3
Asinglemeansofegressshallbepermittedfromamezzanine,providedthat
thecommonpathoftraveldoesnotexceedthedistancesinTable3.6Aand
3.6B.
Wheremorethanoneexitisrequiredfromabuildingorportionthereof,such
exitsshallberemotelylocatedfromeachotherandshallbearrangedand
constructedtominimizethepossibilitythatmorethanonehasthepotentialto
beblockedbyanyonefireorotheremergencycondition.
7.4
7.4.1
Theminimumseparationdistancebetweentwoexitsorexitaccess
doorsinasprinkleredbuildingshallbenotlessthanonethirdthe
lengthofthemaximumoveralldiagonaldimensionofthebuildingor
areatobeserved.Thisdistanceshallbehalfthediagonalfornon
sprinkleredbuildings.SeeFigures3.34,3.35,3.36and3.37for
examples.
Page |
Page |
142
Figure3.34:Measurementofdiagonaldistanceofroomorspace
Figure3.35:Halfdiagonaldistanceinvolvingexitaccesscorridorwithina
space
Page |
Page |
143
Figure3.36:Measuringofdiagonaldistanceinvolvingtwoadjacentrooms
Figure3.37:Example4forseparationofexitalongfireratedcorridor
Page |
Page |
144
7.4.2
7.4.3
Wheremorethantwoexitsorexitaccessdoorsarerequired,at
leasttwooftherequiredexitsorexitaccessdoorsshallbearranged
tocomplywiththeminimumseparationdistancerequirement.
Thebalanceoftheexitsorexitaccessdoorsshallbelocatedsothat,
ifonebecomesblocked,theothersshallbeavailable.
8.
WalkingSurfaces
8.1
WalkingsurfacesshallbeinaccordancewithTable3.5.
WalkingsurfaceSpecifications
Item
Requirements
Walkingsurface
Maximumslopeinthedirectionofegresstravel
Maximumslopeperpendiculartothedirectionofegresstravel
Maximumabruptchangesinelevation
Ifchangeinelevationisbetween6.3mm13mm
Ifchangeinelevationexceed13mm
Shallbenominallyleveland
slipresistant
1in20(5%)
1in48(2%)
6.3mm
Shallbebeveled1to2
Shallbeachievedwitha
RamporaStair
9.
9.1
InteriorWall,FloorandCeilingFinishesinExitEnclosuresinexitenclosures,
interiorwallandceilingfinishmaterialsshallbenoncombustibleandnontoxic.
ThestandardsacceptabletotheCIVILDEFENCEarelistedinthestandards
sectionofthiscode.
Page |
Page |
145
10. MeasurementofMeansofEgress
10.1 Thewidthofmeansofegressshallbemeasuredintheclearatthenarrowest
pointoftheegresscomponentunderconsideration.
10.2 Projectionswithinthemeansofegressofnotmorethan114mmoneachside
shallbepermittedataheightof965mmandbelow.
11. ArrangementofMeansofEgress
11.1 Exitsshallbelocatedandexitaccessshallbearrangedsothatexitsarereadily
accessibleatalltimes.
11.2 Whereexitsarenotimmediatelyaccessiblefromanopenfloorarea,continuous
passageways,aisles,orcorridorsleadingdirectlytoeveryexitshallbe
maintainedandshallbearrangedtoprovideaccessforeachoccupanttonot
lessthantwoexitsbyseparatewaysoftravel.
11.3 Exitaccessfromroomsorspacesshallbepermittedtobethroughadjoiningor
interveningroomsorareas,providedthatsuchroomsorareasareaccessoryto
theareaserved.Foyers,lobbies,andreceptionroomsconstructedasrequired
forcorridorsshallnotbeconstruedasinterveningrooms.Exitaccessshallbe
arrangedsothatitisnotnecessarytopassthroughanyhazardousarea.
11.4.1
Figure42describes(a)Commonpathoftravel,(b)Deadendtravel,
(c)Combinedcommon&deadendpathoftravel.
11.5.1
Thetraveldistancetoanexitshallbemeasuredontheflooror
otherwalkingsurfaceasfollows:
i.
ii.
Alongthecenterlineofthenaturalpathoftravel,starting
fromthemostremotepointsubjecttooccupancy.See1to2
to3to4inFigure3.38.
Curvingaroundanycornersorobstructions,witha305mm
clearancetherefrom,terminatingatoneofthefollowing:
a.
Centreofthedoorway
b.
Otherpointatwhichtheexitbegins
11.5.2
11.5.3
Whereopenstairwaysorrampsarepermittedasapathoftravelto
requiredexits,thedistanceshallincludethetravelonthestairway
orrampandthetravelfromtheendofthestairwayorramptoan
outsidedoororotherexitinadditiontothedistancetravelledto
reachthestairwayorramp.
Wheremeasurementincludesstairs,themeasurementshallbe
takenintheplaneofthetreadnosing.See5to6inFigure3.38.
Page |
Page |
146
Figure3.38:MeasuringofTravelDistance
11.6.1
Thetotalcapacityofthemeansofegressforanystory,balcony,tier,
orotheroccupiedspaceshallbesufficientfortheoccupantload
thereof.
11.6.2
11.6.2.1
Whereanexitservesmorethanonestory,onlythe
occupantloadofeachstoryconsideredindividuallyshallbe
usedincalculatingtherequiredcapacityoftheexitatthat
story,providedthattherequiredegresscapacityoftheexit
isnotdecreasedinthedirectionofegresstravel.
11.6.3
11.6.3.1
Wheremeansofegressfromastoryaboveandastory
belowconvergeatanintermediatestory,thecapacityofthe
meansofegressfromthepointofconvergenceshallbenot
lessthanthesumofthecapacityofthetwomeansof
egress.
11.6.4
11.6.4.1
Whereanyrequiredegresscapacityfromabalconyor
mezzaninepassesthroughtheroombelow,thatrequired
capacityshallbeaddedtotherequiredegresscapacityof
theroombelow.SeeFigure3.39.
Page |
Page |
147
Figure3.39:EgressCapacityforMezzanine
Figure3.40:Distancextoymeetscommonpathoftravel,ifnotanenclosedexitstaircase
isrequiredfromthemezzaninelevel.
Page |
Page |
148
11.6.5
11.6.5.1
11.6.5.2
Therequiredcapacityofacorridorshallbetheoccupant
loadthatutilizesthecorridorforexitaccessdividedbythe
requirednumberofexitstowhichthecorridorconnects,
butthecorridorcapacityshallbenotlessthantherequired
capacityoftheexittowhichthecorridorleads.
Theclearwidthofanycorridororpassagewayservingan
occupantloadof50ormoreshallbenotlessthan1200mm.
11.6.6
11.6.6.1
Whereasingleexitaccessleadstoanexit,itscapacityin
termsofwidthshallbenotlessthantherequiredcapacity
oftheexittowhichitleads.
11.6.7
11.6.7.1
Wheremorethanoneexitaccessleadstoanexit,eachshall
haveawidthadequateforthenumberofpersonsit
accommodates.
11.6.8
11.6.8.1
Streetfloorexitsshallbesufficientfortheoccupantloadof
thestreetfloorplustherequiredcapacityofstairsand
rampsdischargingthroughthestreetfloor.
11.7.1
11.7.2
11.7.3
Anydeviceoralarminstalledtorestricttheimproperuseofameans
ofegressshallbedesignedandinstalledsothatitcannot,evenin
caseoffailure,impedeorpreventemergencyuseofsuchmeansof
egress.
Accesstoanexitshallnotbethroughkitchens,storerooms,orother
roomsorspacessubjecttolocking.
Meansofegressshallbecontinuouslymaintainedfreeofall
obstructionsorimpedimentstofullinstantuseinthecaseoffireor
otheremergency.SeeFigure3.41forexampleofadeficientexit
accesscorridor.
Page |
Page |
149
Figure3.41:Exampleofadeficientexitaccesscorridor
Figure3.42:(a)Commonpathoftravel,(b)Deadendtravel,(c)Combinedcommon&dead
endpathoftravel,(d)Commonpathoftravel
Page |
Page |
150
11.8Table3.6A:RequirementsforArrangementofMeansofEgress
Occupancy
Occupant
Load
(m2Per
person)
WithSprinklerProtection
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
Business
MedicalClinics
Education
Classroom
Labs,others
Assembly
9.3m2
9.3m2
1.9net
4.6net
15m
30m
91m
15m
15m
15m
30m
30m
30m
Concentrated.
0.65net
6.1m
LessConcentrated.
1.4net
Benchseating.
Fixedseating.
Waitingspaces.
1person/455
linearmm
Numberof
fixedseats
0.28
Kitchens.
WithoutSprinklerProtection
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
ExitDischargeCapacities
Stairs Ramps Corridors
mm
mm
mm
per
per
per
Person Person Person
23m
61m
7.6
91m
61m
61m
6.1m
6.1m
6.1m
6.1m
23m
23m
23m
61m
45m
45m
7.6
7.6
7.6
5
5
5
5
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
9.3
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Librarystacksareas.
9.3
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Libraryreadingrooms.
4.6net
4.6(water
surface)
2.8
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Swimmingpool.
Swimmingpooldecks.
Page |
Page |
151
Occupancy
Occupant
Load
(m2Per
person)
Exerciseroomwith
equipment.
Exerciseroomwithout
equipment.
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
mm
mm
mm
per
per
per
4.6
1.4
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Stages.
1.4net
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Lighting&access
catwalks.
9.3net
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
4.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
6.1m
23m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
9.1m
30m
61m
9.1m
30m
45m
7.6
Casinosandgaming
areas.
Skatingrings.
Healthcare
Inpatienttreatment.
22.3
Sleeping.
11.1
9.1m
30m
61m
9.1m
30m
45m
7.6
Ambulatoryhealth
care.
Mercantile
9.3
9.1m
30m
61m
9.1m
30m
45m
7.6
2.8
15m
30m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
Saleareaonstreet
floor.
Page |
Page |
152
Occupancy
Saleareaon2ormore
streetfloor.
Saleareaonfloor
belowstreetfloor.
Detentionand
correctional
Residential
Occupant
Load
(m2Per
person)
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
mm
mm
mm
per
per
per
3.7
2.8
15m
30m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
15m
30m
76m
6.1m
23m
45m
7.6
11.1
6.1m
30m
61m
6.1m
15m
45m
7.6
Dormitory,
18.6
15m
38m
61m
10.7m
23m
45m
7.6
ApartmentBuildings
18.6
15m
38m
61m
10.7m
23m
45m
7.6
15m
38m
61m
10.7m
23m
45m
7.6
15m
15m
30m
30m
61m
76m
6.1m
6.1m
23m
23m
45m
45m
7.6
10
15m
38m
99m
10.7m
23m
53m
7.6
LargeBoardandCare
18.6
occupancy
DayCareUse
3.3
LaborAccommodation
3(not
exceeding
120mper
room)
Hotel/Staff
Accommodation
18.6
Page |
Page |
153
Occupancy
Industrial
General
SpecialProcess
HighHazard
StoragewithOrdinary
Hazard
StoragewithHigh
Hazard
OpenParking
Structures
EnclosedParking
Structures
AnimalHousing
Facilities
Occupant
Load
(m2Per
person)
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
DeadEnd
Common
Travel
(Maximum) Path
Distance
(Maximum) (Maximum)
mm
mm
mm
per
per
per
9.3
9.3
9.3
15m
15m
15m
30m
30m
30m
76m
122m
23m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
61m(GI)
91m(SPI)
7.6
18
5
10
5
10
27.9
30m
122m
15m
7.6
15m
61m
30m
27.9
15m
15m
30m
15m
15m
23m
18
10
10
27.9
15m
15m
122m
15m
15m
91m
7.6
27.9
15m
15m
60m
15m
15m
45
7.6
11.1
6.1m
30m
61m
6.1m
15m
45m
10
GI:GeneralIndustry,SPI:SpecialProcessIndustry
Page |
Page |
154
11.8Table3.6B:RequirementforArrangementofMeansofEgress
Occupancy
Assembly
Education
(seeFigure3.43)
DayCare
(seeFigure3.44)
MinCorridororPassageway
width(mm)
1200mm
1830mm
1200mm(without
projections)
1830mm(withprojections)
RoomSizewhichneedsminimumof
2exits(m)
93perclassroom
15fromanypointinsleepingroomto
roomdoor
30(46ifsprinklered)fromsleeping
roomexitdoortoexitstaircase.
46(61ifsprinklered)fromanypointin
sleepingroomtoexitstaircase.
15fromanypointinsleepingroomto
exitaccessdoor.
30for1interveningroom
15for2interveningrooms
1830mm(withprojections)
1200mmfornonhousing,
nontreatmentornon
inpatientareas.
HealthCare
(seeFigure3.45)
Traveldistancethroughintervening
rooms(m)
23frominterveningroomtoexitdoor
intocorridor
93forsleepingroom
460forSleepingsuites
460to700Sleepingsuitesrequire
visualsupervision
230to930forNonsleepingsuites
30(46ifsprinklered)fromroomdoorto
exitstaircase
46(61ifsprinklered)fromanypointin
roomtostaircase
15fromroomtoroomdoor
30fromopendormtodoor
30(46ifsprinkleredandsmoke
controlled)fromroomdoortoexit
staircase
61(76ifsprinkleredandsmoke
controlled)fromdormtoexitstaircase
(seeFigure3.46)
1200mm
232
Detentionandcorrectional
(seeFigure3.47)
1220mm
OneAndTwoFamily
Dwelling
LodgingandRooming
House
1200mm
185
23fromroomtoexitstaircase
Page |
Page |
155
Occupancy
HotelandDormitory
(seeFigure3.48)
MinCorridororPassageway RoomSizewhichneedsminimumof
width(mm)
2exits(m)
1200
185
Apartment
(seeFigure3.48)
ResidentialBoardandCare
(seeFigure3.48)
LaborAccommodation
Mercantile
1200
1525
185
Business
Industrial
Storage
1200
1200
1200
Traveldistancethroughintervening
rooms(m)
23(38ifsprinklered)fromroomto
roomdoor
30(61ifsprinklered)fromroomdoorto
exitstaircase
23(38ifsprinklered)fromroomtodoor
45(61ifsprinkler)fromroomtoexit
23(38ifsprinklered)fromroomtodoor
45(61ifsprinkler)fromroomtoexit
SeeSection14fordetailsonmeansofegressarrangement
1675
1525(Exitaisle)
465
Page |
Page |
156
Interveningroomwithsmokeorheatdetector
Interveningroomwithautomaticsprinklers
Figure3.43:EgressarrangementforEducationalOccupancy
Page |
Page |
157
Traveldistancefromsleepingroomtoexitstaircase
Limitationofprojectionsalongcorridor
Figure3.44:EgressarrangementDayCareOccupancy
Page |
Page |
158
Corridors
d
93m
D
Sleeping room
>93m
230m
Non-sleeping
room
Numberofexitfordifferentroomsandtraveldistancethroughinterveningroom
(E1toE230m,D3toD415m)
Traveldistancefromsleepingroomtoexitstaircase(XtoC15m,CtoEX46m)
Figure3.45:EgressarrangementforHealthCareOccupancy
Page |
Page |
159
Exit Access corridor
Maximum distance:
C to E - 30m (46m with sprinklers)
X to E - 46m (61m with sprinklers)
1 hr partitions complete from floor

to floor or roof deck above.
1 hr fire rated smoke barrier
Dental
Office
clinic
Public corridor width minimum

1200mm
doors where area 232m

Minimum 2 exit access
Office Spaces
Figure3.46:EgressarrangementforAmbulatoryHealthCareOccupancy
Page |
Page |
160
X1
Exit
E2
C2
Exit
E1
C1
Smoke tight construction

2 remote exits access doors if X2 to C2 > 15m
Open Dormitory
X2
Maximumdistance:
X1toC115m
X2toC230m
C1toE130m(46mwithsprinklers)
C2toE230m(46mwithsprinklers)
X1toE146m(61mwithsprinklers)
X2toE261m(76mwithsprinklers)
Figure3.47:DetentionandCorrectionalOccupancy
Page |
Page |
161
Figure3.48:EgressarrangementforHotelandDormitory,Apartment,ResidentialBoard
andCare
12. SingleExitStaircaseRequirements
12.1.1
Anynonsprinklereddwellingunitshallbepermittedtohaveasingle
exit,providedthatoneofthefollowingcriteriaismet:
i.
ii.
Thedwellingunithasanexitdooropeningdirectlytothestreet
oryardatgroundlevel.
Thedwellingunithasdirectaccesstoanoutsidestairandserves
amaximumoftwounits,bothofwhicharelocatedonthesame
floor.
Page |
Page |
162
iii.
Thedwellingunithasdirectaccesstoaninteriorstairthatserves
onlythatunitandisseparatedfromallotherportionsofthe
buildingbyfirebarriershavingaminimum1hourfireresistance
rating,withnoopeningtherein.
Traveldistancefromtheanywhereintheunitshallnotexceed
23mtothefinaldischarge.SeeFigure3.49.
iv.
Figure3.49:SingleExitStaircasefor2unitapartmentbuilding
12.1.2
Anybuildingthatisprotectedthroughoutbyanapproved,
supervisedautomaticsprinklersystemhasfourorfewerstories,and
hasnotmorethanfourdwellingunitsperstoryshallbepermittedto
haveasingleexit,providedthatallofthefollowingconditionsapply:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Thestairwayisseparatedfromtherestofthebuildingby
barriershavingnotlessthana1hourfireresistancerating,with
selfclosing1hourfiredoorassembliesprotectingallopenings
betweenthestairwayenclosureandthebuilding.
Thestairwaydoesnotservemorethanonehalfstorybelowthe
levelofexitdischarge.
Allcorridorsservingasaccesstoexitshaveaminimum1hour
fireresistancerating.
Thereisnotmorethan35ft(10.7m)oftraveldistancefromthe
entrancedoorofanydwellingunittotheexitstaircase
Onehalfhourfireratedhorizontalandverticalseparation
betweendwellingunitsisprovided.
Traveldistancefromanywherefromtheunittotheunitexit
doorshallnotexceed23m.SeeFigure3.50.AlsoseeFigure3.51
forexistingbuildingrequirementforsinglestaircase.
Page |
Page |
163
Figure3.50:Singleexitstaircasefor4unitapartmentbuilding(AtoE10.7m)
Exit
Staircase
Apartment
Apartment
Apartment
Apartment
Within 9m
Apartment
Apartment
Figure3.51:ExistingBuildingrequirement(6unitsperfloor,500mperfloorarea,less
than21mbuildingheightandwithin9mfromroomdoortoexitstaircase.
Page |
Page |
164
12.2 Business
12.2.1
Asingleexitshallbepermittedforaroomorareawithatotal
occupantloadoffewerthan100persons,providedthatthe
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Theexitshalldischargedirectlytotheoutsideatthelevelof
exitdischargeforthebuilding.SeeFigure3.52.
Thetotaldistanceoftravelfromanypoint,includingtravel
withintheexit,shallnotexceed100ft(30m).
Thetotaldistanceoftravelshallbeonthesamefloorlevelor,if
traversingofstairsisnecessary,suchstairsshallnotexceed15
ft(4570mm)inheight,andthestairsshallbeprovidedwith
completeenclosurestoseparatethemfromanyotherpartof
thebuilding,withnodooropeningstherein.
Asingleoutsidestairshallbepermittedtoserveallfloors
permittedwithinthe4570mmverticaltravellimitation.See
Figure3.53forabasementexampleforverticaltravel
limitation.
Occupant load of room < 100
Exit leads directly to street or
an open area at ground level
Total travel distance from any
point is 30m to the exit
Figure3.52:Singleexitstaircaseforbusinessoccupancywithlessthan100occupants
Page |
Page |
165
Figure3.53:Verticaltravellimitation
12.2.2
Anybusinessoccupancynotexceedingthreestories,andnot
exceedinganoccupantloadof30peopleperfloor,shallbe
permittedasingleseparateexittoeachfloor,providedthatthe
i.
ii.
Thisarrangementshallbepermittedonlywherethetotaltravel
distancetotheoutsideofthebuildingdoesnotexceed30m
andwheretheenclosedexitservesnootherlevels,and
dischargesdirectlytotheoutside.
Asingleoutsidestairshallbepermittedtoserveallfloors.
12.2.3
12.2.4
Asinglemeansofegressshallbepermittedfromamezzaninewithin
businessoccupancy,providedthatthecommonpathoftraveldoes
notexceed23m,or30mifprotectedthroughoutbyanapproved,
Asingleexitshallbepermittedforamaximumtwostory,single
tenantspace/buildingthatisprotectedthroughoutbyanapproved,
supervisedautomaticsprinklersystemandwherethetotaltravelto
theoutsidedoesnotexceed30m.SeeFigure3.53andFigure3.54
forillustration.
Page |
Page |
166
Figure3.54:Singleexitstaircaseforbusinessoccupancynotexceeding3stories.
13. RequirementsforAssemblyOccupanciesandPlacesofPublic
Interest
13.1 General
13.1.1
Thisguidelinestatestherequirementsforthefollowingassembly
occupancies.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Assemblyhalls
Auditoriums
Cinema
ConcertHalls
Theatre
13.1.2
Thisguidelinealsoappliestospecialstructuresandconstructions
thatcatersfororaccommodatesassemblytypeofoccupanciesas
wellasplacesofpublicinterest.
13.2 Occupantload
13.2.1
Thenumberofpeoplewhomwhichmeansofegressistobe
providedshallbebasedontheoccupantloadfactorshowninTable
3.6Aand3.6B.
Page |
Page |
167
13.3 WaitingSpaces.
13.3.1
Intheatersandotherassemblyoccupancieswhereseatsarenot
available,personsareallowedtowaitinalobbyorsimilarspace
untilseatsorspaceisavailable,thefollowingrequirementsshall
apply:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Suchuseofalobbyorsimilarspaceshallnotencroachuponthe
requiredclearwidthofexits.
Thewaitingspacesshallberestrictedtoareasotherthanthe
requiredmeansofegress.
Exitsshallbeprovidedforthewaitingspacesonthebasisofone
personforeach0.28mofwaitingspacearea.
Exitsforwaitingspacesshallbeinadditiontotheexitsspecified
forthemainauditoriumareaandshallconforminconstruction
andarrangementtothegeneralrulesforexitsgiveninthis
chapter.
13.4 OutdoorFacilities.
13.4.1
Inoutdoorfacilities,thenumberofoccupantswhommeansof
egressaretobeprovidedshallbebasedontheoccupantloadfactor
of1.4mperperson.
13.5 MeansofEgress.
13.5.1
Doors
13.5.1.1
Assemblyoccupancieswithoccupantloadsof300or
lessinmallsshallbepermittedtohavehorizontalor
verticalsecuritygrillesordoorscomplyingwithonthe
mainentrance/exits.
13.5.1.2
Anydoorinarequiredmeansofegressfromanarea
havinganoccupantloadof100ormorepersonsshall
bepermittedtobeprovidedwithalatchorlockonlyif
thelatchorlockispanichardwareorfireexit
hardware.
Doorsinthemeansofegressshallbepermittedtobe
equippedwithanapprovedaccesscontrolsystemand
suchdoorsshallnotbelockedfromtheegressside
whentheassemblyoccupancyisoccupied.Suchdoors
shallalsobelinkedtothefirealarmsystemwhich
allowsthedoortobeusedreadilyduringfirealarm
independentoftheaccesscontrol.
13.5.1.3
Page |
Page |
168
13.5.2
Noturnstilesorotherde
evicesthatreestrictthem
movementofpersons
shallbeinstalledinanyassemblyoccupancyinssuchamanne
erasto
interferewitthrequiredm
meansofegressfacilitiess.
13.6 Numberan
ndwidthofe
exitfacilities
13.6.1
Numberand
dminimumw
widthofexitsforassemb
blyoccupancciesshall
complywith
htheprovisio
onstabulatedasfollows:
Ta
able3.7:N
Numbera
andwidth
hofexits
No
oofOccupan
nts
MinNoo
ofDoors
50200
201500
5011000
>10
000to2000
2
2
3
4
MinimumW
WidthofAislles
1120
1120
1220
1220
11
120mm
1120mm
1120mm
1120mm
Figure3.55:Minim
mumwidtho
ofAisle.
13.6.2
Thetotalnu
umberofocccupantloado
oftheaboveauditoriumismore
than50perssons,butnotexceeding200personss.Theclearw
widthof
eachexitdo
oorshallbessufficienttorreceiveatleaasthalftheo
occupant
ofthefloorspace.Thecclearwidtho
oftheaisleso
organgwaysshall
Page |
Page |
169
notbelessthan1120mm.Theexitdoorsshallbesitedremotefrom
eachother.
13.7 AssemblyOccupancywithFixedSeating:(Theatres,Cinemas,Auditoriums,
ConcertHallsetc)
13.7.1
AislesandGangways
i.
ii.
clearaislesorgangwaysofnotlessthantheminimumwidthof
corridorsshallbeprovidedaroundtheauditorium,stallsand
balconiesleadingtodoorsorexitdoors,and
aislesorgangwaysshallbeprovidedwithintersectingrowsof
seatingandthenumberofseatsinarowshallbeinaccordance
withtheprovisionstabulatedasfollows:
Table3.8SeatingArrangement
Seatwaywidth
mm
300to324
325to349
350to374
375to399
400to424
425to449
450to474
475to499
500ormore
MaximumNoofseatsinarow
Aislesononeside
Aislesontwosides
7
14
8
16
9
18
10
20
11
22
12
24
12
26
12
28
12
LimitedbyTravelDistance
mentionedinNFPA101
13.7.2
Theseatwayshallbetheminimumclearwidthbetweenrows,
whichshallnotbelessthan300mm,measuredastheclear
horizontaldistancefromthebackoftherowahead(includingseats
thattipupautomatically)andthenearestprojectionoftherow
behindwhentheseatsareinuprightposition.Theseatwaywidths
shallbeconstantthroughoutthelengthoftherow.
Page |
Page |
170
Figu
ure3.56:Seaatwaywidth
handnumbe
erofseatsin
nrow
13.7.3
13.7.4
TheFigure3
3.56illustratesuniformw
widthofganggwayinthed
direction
ofescape,w
whereescape
einoppositeedirectionsisavailablein
nthe
auditorium.
Theseatingmaterials,in
nallcinemass,theatres,concerthalls,
auditorium,etcarerequ
uiredtobetyypetestedbyarecognize
ed
testinglaboratory.
Figure3.57
7:DeterminaationofSeattWaywidth
Page |
Page |
171
13.7.5
Seatwaywidthsshouldbenotlesstthanthetabu
ulatedseatw
way
widthinTab
ble3.8andshouldbecon
nstantthroughoutthele
engthof
therow.
13.8 ExitCompo
onent
13.8.1
Forchangessoflevel,ste
epsshallnotbeusedtoo
overcome
differencesinlevelinaisslesorgangw
waysunlessttheslopeofsuch
10.
gangwaysexxceeds1in1
13.8.2
Fiigure3.58:C
Changeoflevvel
Handrailssh
hallbeprovid
ded,wheresstepsofapittchexceeding30
degreesorrrampsofaslopeexceeding1in10arreprovidedinaisles
organgwayssflankingthe
eseating.
Figurre3.59:Hand
drailsalongramp
Page |
Page |
172
13.8.3
Figurre3.60:Handrailsalongsteps
Flooringforthesurfaceofstepsand
drampsform
mingtheaisle
esor
gangwayssh
hallbefinishedusingnon
nslipmateriials.
13.8.4
13.8.5
Illumination
nofstepsshaallbesuchth
hateachstep
pisclearlyvisible
whenthegeenerallightin
ngisswitchedoff.
Figure3.61:Illum
minationofssteps
Therationalleofilluminaatingthestepsisintendeedtoalertth
hepublic
ofthepreseenceofstepss.Sucharrangementwillhelptoprevvent
tripping.Wh
heretheeme
ergencylighttingofthehaallorauditorriumis
abletoprovvidesufficien
ntlightingtothesteps,seeparateeme
ergency
powersupplytoilluminaatethestepsswouldnotberequired.
13.9 Exitsfromaatheatre,cin
nemaoraco
oncerthall
13.9.1
Thenumberrandcapacittyofexitsfro
omatheatree,cinemaorconcert
hallshallbeprovidedwiithinitsowncompartmeentwithouth
havingto
providedforitsadjoininggpartsofthe
esame
takeintoacccountexitsp
buildinginw
whichitisho
oused.
Page |
Page |
173
Exceptionmaybepermittedwheretheoccupancyloaddoesnot
exceed200,inwhichcaseatleasthalfthecapacityofexitsmustbe
providedwithinthecompartment.
Theexitsadjacentorattachedtocinema,theatreorconcerthalland
thelikecanbesharedasexitswiththeotherpartsofthebuilding,
subjecttothefollowing:
13.9.2
13.9.3
i.
theexitsareaccessiblefromthecommoncirculationareas;and
ii.
theoccupancyloadofthecinema,theatre,concerthallandthe
likedoesnotexceed200persons.
13.10.1
13.10.2
SelfraisingseatsorautomaticraisingseatsshallcomplywithASTM
F851,TestMethodforSelfRaisingSeatMechanism,or
BS5852inrespectofthefollowingtestingstandard:
i.
ii.
iii.
SmolderingIgnitionSource
FlamingIgnitionSource1
CribIgnitionSource5
13.11.1 InteriorwallandceilingmaterialsshallbeofClassAorBinall
corridorsandlobbiesandshallbeClassAinstairways.
13.11.2 InteriorwallsandceilingsmaterialsshallbeofClassAorBfor
occupantloadofmorethan300.
13.11.3 InteriorwallsandceilingsmaterialsshallbeofClassA,BorCfor
occupantloadoflessthan300.
13.11.4 InteriorfloorfinishshallbenotlessthanClass2.
13.12.1
Interiorwallandceilingfinishshallbeclassifiedbasedontestresults
fromNFPA255,StandardMethodofTestofSurfaceBurning
CharacteristicsofBuildingMaterialsASTME84orUL723.Flame
retardanttestshallmeetNFPA701requirements.
i.
ClassA:
FlameSpread,025
SmokeDevelopment,0450
Nonewpropagationoffireinanyelement.
Page |
Page |
174
ii.
ClassB:
FlameSpread,2675
iii.
ClassC:
FlameSpread,76200
13.12.2
CurtainFabricsshallnothavesmokedensitymorethan25.
13.13.1
13.13.2
CarpetandcarpetlikeinteriorfloorfinishesshallcomplywithASTM
D2859,StandardTestMethodforIgnitionCharacteristicsof
FinishedTextileFloorCoveringMaterials.
InteriorFloorfinishshallbeclassifiedaccordancewithNFPA253,
Standardmethodoftestforcriticalradiantfluxoffloorcovering
systemsusingaradiantheatenergysource.
Class1:
Class2:
Criticalradiantfluxnotlessthan0.45W/cm2
Criticalradiantfluxnotlessthan0.22W/cm2
13.14.1
Exposedfoamedplasticmaterialsandunprotectedmaterialsused
fordecorativepurposesorstagesceneryshallbeinaccordancewith
UL1975,Standardforfiretestforfoamedplasticfordecorative
purposes.
14. LaborAccommodation
14.1 Laboraccommodationsincludebuildingsorspacesinbuildingswheresleeping
accommodationisprovidedforworkers,withorwithoutmeals,butwithout
individualcookingfacilities.Thephrase"withoutindividualcookingfacilities"
referstotheabsenceofcookingequipmentinanyroomorunit.
14.2 Size
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Eachbedroomorunitshallnotexceed120m2.
Theoccupantloadshallbebasedongrossfloorareaonthebasisof3m2
perpersonorbasedontheactualnumberofoccupantsforwhicheach
occupiedspaceofthefloorisdesignedasshownontheplan,whichever
isgreater.
Thereshallbeatleasttwoindependentexitstaircasesorotherexits
fromeverystoreyofabuilding.
Thetraveldistance,measuredfromthemostremotepointofthe
labouraccommodationbedroomtothenearestexitstaircaseorother
storeyexit,shallnotexceedthemaximumtraveldistancepermitted
underthischapter.
14.3 Bedroomswithaccessthroughaninternalcorridorshallcomplywiththe
requirementsasfollows:
Page |
Page |
175
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Bedroomsshallbeseparatedfromtheinternalcorridorbyawall
havingfireresistanceofatleast1hour;and
Doorsopeningintointernalcorridorsshallhavefireresistanceofat
leasthalfanhourandfittedwithautomaticselfclosingdevice.
Internalcorridorsshallbenaturallyventilatedwithfixedopeningsin
anexternalwall,suchventilationopeningsbeingnotlessthan15
percentofthefloorareaoftheinternalcorridor,and
Theventilationopeningsintheexternalwallsshallnotbelessthan3.5
mandshallbeunobstructedfromparapetwallorbalustradelevel
upwardsandbepositionedonoppositesidesofthecorridorsuchthat
theyprovideeffectivecrossventilationthroughouttheentirespaceof
thecorridor,and
Theventilationopeningsintheexternalwallsshallnotbemorethan
12mfromanypartofthecorridor,and
Otherroomsorspaceswhichopenintoorformpartofthebedroom
corridorandwhichmayprejudicethemeansofescapeprovisionshall
berequiredtobecompartmentedby1hourfireratedenclosuresand
hourfiredoors.
14.4 Bedroomswithaccessthroughanexternalcorridorshallcomplywiththe
requirementsasfollows:
i.
ii.
iii.
Bedroomsshallbeseparatedfromtheexternalcorridorbyawallhaving
fireresistanceofatleast1hour,exceptthatventilationopeningsofnon
combustibleconstructionmaybefixedatorabovealevelof1.1m,
measuredfromthefinishedfloorleveloftheexternalcorridortothesill
heightoftheopening,and
Doorsopeningintotheexternalcorridorshallnotberequiredtohavefire
resistancerating,and
Externalcorridorsshallconformtotherequirementsofexternalexit
passagewayforminimumwidth,changesinfloorlevel,roofprotection
andenclosureontheopenside.
14.5 Entryintoanexitstaircasefromanypartofabuildingofmorethan3storeys
aboveground(>15m,midrise)levelshallprovidesmokeproofenclosureto
exitstaircase.Pressurizationofstaircaseinlieuoftheprovisionofsmokestop
lobbyispermitted.SeeFigure3.62,3.63,3.64and3.65forillustrations.
14.6 Smokedetectorsshallbeprovidedalonginternalcorridorsaswellasinside
eachbedroom.Kitchensshallbeprovidedwithheatdetectors
Page |
Page |
176
Figure3.62:Intervalcorridorarrangementforlaboraccommodation
Figure3.63:Crossventilationopeningforinternalcorridor.
Page |
Page |
177
Figure3.64:Maximumdistancefromnaturalventilationopening
Min1.2m
Figure3.65:Passiveprotectionforexternalcorridor
Page |
Page |
178
15.
FurtherReferences
NFPA101:
NFPA5000:
LifeSafetyCode
BuildingConstructionandSafetyCode
Page |
Page |
179
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER4.PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERS
1. Definition
1.1. PortableExtinguisher
2. Application
PAGENO.
181
181
181
181
181
182
183
184
184
185
185
Page |
180
[CHAPTER4.PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERS]
CHAPTER4
1. Definition
1.1.
PortableExtinguisher
1.1.1.
Aportabledevice,carriedoronwheelsandoperatedbyhand,
containinganextinguishingagentthatcanbeexpelledunder
pressureforthepurposeofsuppressingorextinguishingfire.
SL.NO.
1.
CLASSIFICATIONOFFIRES
ClassA
2.
ClassB
3.
ClassC
4.
5.
ClassD
ClassK
ClassesofFires
DEFINITION
TheFiresinvolvingordinarycombustiblesolid
materialssuchaswood,cloth,paper,rubber,
andmanyotherplastics.
TheFiresinvolvingflammableliquids,
combustibleliquids,allpetroleumbased
products,solvents,paints,chemicalsand
flammablegases.
TheFiresinvolvingenergizedelectrical
equipmentsduetoignitionofelectricalnature.
TheFiresinvolvingcombustiblemetals,suchas
magnesium,titanium,zirconium,sodium,
lithium,andpotassium.
TheFiresinvolvingcookingappliancesdueto
combustiblecookingmediasuchasvegetable
oilsandanimalfatsetc.
2. Application
2.1.
AsafirstlineofdefenceduringtheinitialstagesofFire,availabilityofportable
fireextinguishersismandatoryforalloccupanciesfortheuseofoccupantsto
extinguishthefirebeforethefiregrowsoutofcontrol.Therearevarious
classesandtypesofPortablefireextinguishersusedforextinguishingthe
variousclassesoffires.
P a g e |181
SL.NO.
1.
2.
3.
ApplicabletypesofFireExtinguishers
CLASSIFICATIONOFFIRES
APPLICABLEEXTINGUISHERS
Watertype
MultipurposeDryPowder
CarbonDiOxide(CO2)
ClassA
Foam
DryPowder
Foam
CarbonDiOxide(CO2)
ClassB
CarbonDiOxide(CO2)
DryPowder
ClassC
4.
5.
ClassD
ClassK
SpecialpurposeDry
Powder
WetChemicaltype
2.2.
PortableFireextinguishersshallbeprovidedfortheprotectionofboththe
buildingstructureandtheoccupancyhazardscontainedthereinregardlessof
thepresenceofanyfixedfiresuppressionsystems.
P a g e |182
Location
TypeofExtinguishersto
beprovidedasaset
Maximumtravel
distancetonearest
Extinguisherset
Offices
CommonCirculationAreas
Corridors,Lobbys,Passageways
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,5Kg
22.5m
ElectricalRooms,TelephoneRooms
MechanicalPlantRoom,LiftMachine
Room,Otherservicerooms
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,5Kg
9m
Parkingareas
Multipurpose(ABC)Dry
PowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,5Kg
FFPFoamTrolleyType,
20Gal.
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,5Kg
DryPowderTrolleyType,
25Kgpertransformer
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,5Kg
CO2TrolleyType,12Kg
nearexit
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,5Kg
FFPFoamTrolleyType,
20Gal.perDGset.
DryPowderType,6Kg
TransformerRoom
HV/LVRoom
DieselGeneratorRoom
GarbageCollectionRoom
Library
Laboratories
Gymnasium
Theater
Kitchen
PatientRooms
Hotel
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
WaterType,9Ltrs
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
FoamExtinguisher
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
WaterType,9Ltrs
CO2,2Kg
DryPowderType,4.5Kg
15m
15m
30malongthedriveway.
9m
9m
9m
9m
15m
9m
15m
15m
9m
15m
15m
P a g e |183
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
Thewallmounttypeportablefireextinguishersshallbeinstalledinsuchaway
thatthetopofthefireextinguisherisnotmorethan1.5mtrsabovethefloor
andnotlessthan30cmfromthebottomofextinguishertothefinishedfloor.
Fireextinguishersshallbeinstalledinaneasilyaccessiblelocation,immediate
vicinityareaswithoutobstructingtheescapepath.
Allextinguishersshallbeinstalledinsuchthattheoperatinginstructionsare
facingtowardsfrontsidetoreadclearly.
Inthecorridor,passageway,liftlobbyetcareaswhereaestheticissueraises,
thefireextinguisherscanbeinstalledinsidethefirehosecabinet,recessed
insidethewall.Insuchcase,properidentificationsignsshallbeplacedonthe
cabinetandthefrontdoorshallbeofpartiallywiredglassdoortoviewthefire
extinguishers.Thefireextinguishersplacedinsidethecabinetsshallface
towardsfrontsidetoreadtheoperatinginstructionsclearly.
Fireextinguishersshallnotbeinstalled/placedinanyareaswherethe
temperaturesoutsideofthelistedtemperaturerangeshownonthefire
extinguisherlabel.Generallythefireextinguishersarepermittedtobe
installedintheareaswheretemperaturesrangingfrom4deg.Cto49deg,C.
Fireextinguisherscabinetsshallnotbekeptlockedinanycasewithinthe
facility.Whileinstallation,allthefireextinguishersshallbefullychargedand
readyforuseincaseofanemergency.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
Allfireextinguishersshallbeinspectedimmediatelyaftertheinstallationand
periodicallyatregularintervalsnotmorethan30days.
Inspectionrecordshallbemaintainedatthefacilitybythemanagement
representativeortheCivilDefenceapprovedfireprotectioninstallationand
maintenancecontractorappointedbythemanagement.
Thepersonsconductinginspectionsshallmaintaintherecordofallfire
extinguishersinstalledinthefacilityincludingthefireextinguisherswhich
requirescorrectiveactionandthedateofactiontaken.
Allthefireextinguishersshallbemaintainedbyanapprovedmaintenance
companybytheCivilDefenceAuthority.SeeNFPA10fordetailedInspection
andMaintenancerequirements.
P a g e |184
6.1.
Atleast10%oftheSecuritypersonnel,Occupants,Employeesand
Supervisorypersonnelofeachoccupancyshallbetrainedonbasicfire
awareness,types,useandoperationoffireextinguishersinemergency
situation.
6.2.
ThetrainingshallbeconductedbyanauthorizedagencybytheCivilDefence
orbytheCivilDefencedepartmentpersonnel.
NFPA10: StandardforPortableFireExtinguisher.
P a g e |185
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER5.EXITSIGNS
2. ExitAccess
5. Visibility
7. DirectionalSigns
8. SignLegend
9. PowerSource
10. ExternallyIlluminatedSigns
11. SizeandLocationofDirectionalIndicator
12. LevelofIllumination
13. InternallyIlluminatedSigns
14. PhotoluminescentSigns
15. NoExitSign
16. ElevatorSigns
PAGENO.
187
187
188
188
188
189
189
189
190
190
190
190
191
191
191
191
192
192
Page |
186
[CHAPTER5.EXITSIGNS]
CHAPTER5
EXITSIGNS
1.1.
1.2.
Inallbuildings,exceptforOneandTwoFamilyDwelling,theentrancetoevery
exitoneveryfloorshallbeclearlyindicatedbyanexitsignplacedovertheexit
door.Suchsignsshallbeplacedsoastobeclearlyvisibleatalltimes.
Inlongcorridors,inopenfloorareas,andinallsituationswherethelocationof
theexitsmaynotbereadilyvisible,directionalsignsshallbeprovidedtoserve
asguidesfromallportionsofthecorridorsorfloors.SeeFigure5.1.
Figure5.1:LocationofExitandDirectionalSigns
P a g e |187
DubaiCivilDefenceFireCode
1.3.
Additionallowlevelorfloormountedexitandexitdirectionalsignsshallbe
providedinhotelaccommodationfloorsincludingboardinghouses.
Exits,otherthanmainexteriorexitdoorsthatobviouslyandclearlyare
identifiableasexits,shallbemarkedbyanapprovedsignthatisreadilyvisible
fromanydirectionofexitaccess.
ExitDoorTactileSignageshallbeprovidedtomeetthefollowingCriteria.
1.4.
1.5.
i.
ii.
iii.
Tactilesignageshallbelocatedateachexitdoorrequiringanexitsign.
Tactilesignageshallreadasfollows:EXIT.
TactilesignageshallcomplywithICC/ANSIA117.1,AmericanNational
StandardforAccessibleandUsableBuildingsandFacilities.
2. ExitAccess
2.1.
Accesstoexitsshallbemarkedbyapproved,readilyvisiblesignsinallcases
wheretheexitorwaytoreachtheexitisnotreadilyapparenttotheoccupants.
Newsignplacementshallbesuchthatnopointinanexitaccesscorridorisin
excessoftheratedviewingdistanceor30m,whicheverisless,fromthenearest
sign.
2.2.
3.1.
Wherefloorproximityexitsignsarerequiredinsuchsignsshallbelocatednear
thefloorlevelinadditiontothosesignsrequiredfordoorsorcorridors.The
bottomofthesignshallbenotlessthan150mm,butnotmorethan455mm,
abovethefloor.
Forexitdoors,thesignshallbemountedonthedoororadjacenttothedoor,
withthenearestedgeofthesignwithin100mmofthedoorframe.
3.2.
4.1.
Wherefloorproximityegresspathmarkingisrequired,alistedandapproved
floorproximityegresspathmarkingsystemthatisinternallyilluminatedshallbe
installedwithin455mmofthefloor.
Thesystemshallprovideavisibledelineationofthepathoftravelalongthe
designatedexitaccessandshallbeessentiallycontinuous,exceptasinterrupted
bydoorways,hallways,corridors,orothersucharchitecturalfeatures.
Thesystemshalloperatecontinuouslyoratanytimethebuildingfirealarm
systemisactivated.
4.2.
4.3.
P a g e |188
5. Visibility
5.1.
Everysignrequiredshallbelocatedandofsuchsize,distinctivecolor,anddesign
thatitisreadilyvisibleandshallprovidecontrastwithdecorations,interior
finish,orothersigns.
Nodecorations,furnishings,orequipmentthatimpairsvisibilityofasignshallbe
permitted.Nobrightlyilluminatedsign(forotherthanexitpurposes),display,or
objectinornearthelineofvisionoftherequiredexitsignthatcoulddetract
attentionfromtheexitsignshallbepermitted.
5.2.
6.1.
Thebottomofegressmarkingsshallbelocatedataverticaldistanceofnotmore
than2030mmabovethetopedgeoftheegressopeningintendedfor
designationbythatmarking.
Egressmarkingsshallbelocatedatahorizontaldistanceofnotmorethanthe
requiredwidthoftheegressopening,asmeasuredfromtheedgeoftheegress
openingintendedfordesignationbythatmarkingtothenearestedgeofthe
marking.SeeFigure5.2.
6.2.
EXIT
EXIT
EXIT
2030mm
EXIT
EXIT
Figure5.2:Mountinglocationofexitsignsonexitdoorfacade
7. DirectionalSigns
7.1.
Adirectionalsignshallbewithadirectionalindicatorshowingthedirectionof
travelshallbeplacedineverylocationwherethedirectionoftraveltoreachthe
nearestexitisnotapparent.
P a g e |189
8. SignLegend
8.1.
Signsshallreadasfollowsinplainlylegibleletters,orotherappropriatewording
shallbeused:
EXIT
8.2.
ClearPictogramsshallbepermittedtobeused.SeeFigure5.3.
Figure5.3:Pictorialanddirectionalsign
9. PowerSource
9.1.
Whereemergencylightingfacilitiesarerequired,thesigns,otherthanapproved
selfluminoussignsandlistedphotoluminescentsignsinaccordancewithshall
beilluminatedbytheemergencylightingfacilities.
10.
ExternallyIlluminatedSigns
10.1.
Externallyilluminatedsignsrequired,shallreadEXITorshalluseother
appropriatewordinginplainlylegiblelettersandshallbenotlessthan150mm
high,withtheprincipalstrokesoflettersnotlessthan19mmwide.
11.
SizeandLocationofDirectionalIndicator
11.1.
Directionalindicators,shallcomplywiththefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ThedirectionalindicatorshallbelocatedoutsideoftheEXIT
legend,notlessthan9.5mmfromanyletter.
Thedirectionalindicatorshallbeofachevrontype.
Thedirectionalindicatorshallbeidentifiableasadirectional
indicatoratadistanceof12m.
Adirectionalindicatorlargerthantheminimumshallbe
proportionatelyincreasedinheight,width,andstroke.
Thedirectionalindicatorshallbelocatedattheendofthesign
forthedirectionindicated.
P a g e |190
Figure5.4:ChevronTypeIndicator
12.
LevelofIllumination
12.1.
Externallyilluminatedsignsshallbeilluminatedbynotlessthan5ftcandles(54
lux)attheilluminatedsurfaceandshallhaveacontrastratioofnotlessthan0.5.
However,thelevelofilluminationshallbepermittedtodeclineto60percentat
theendoftheemergencylightingduration.
13.
InternallyIlluminatedSigns
13.1.
InternallyilluminatedsignsshallbelistedinaccordancewithUL924,Standard
forEmergencyLightingandPowerEquipment.
14.
PhotoluminescentSigns
14.1.
Thefaceofaphotoluminescentsignshallbecontinuallyilluminatedwhilethe
buildingisoccupied.Theilluminationlevelsonthefaceofthephotoluminescent
signshallbeinaccordancewithitslisting.Thechargingilluminationshallbea
reliablelightsource..Thecharginglightsourceshallbeofatypespecifiedinthe
productmarkings.
15.
NoExitSign
15.1.
Anydoor,passage,orstairwaythatisneitheranexitnorawayofexitaccess
andthatislocatedorarrangedsothatitislikelytobemistakenforanexitshall
beidentifiedbyasignthatreadsasfollows:
NO
EXIT
15.2.
TheNOEXITsignshallhavethewordNOinletters51mmhigh,withastroke
widthof9.5mm,andthewordEXITinletters25mmhigh,withthewordEXIT
belowthewordNO,unlesssuchsignisanapprovedexistingsign.
P a g e |191
16.
ElevatorSigns
16.1.
17.
SignsconcerningElevatorsshallhaveaminimumletterheightof16mmposted
ineveryelevatorlobby.
FurtherReferences
NFPA72:NationalFireAlarmandSignalingCode
NFPA70:NationalElectricalCode
NFPA110:StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems.
NFPA111:StandardonStoredElectricalEnergyEmergencyandStandby
PowerSystems.
NFPA170: StandardforFireSafetyandEmergencySymbols
P a g e |192
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER6.EMERGENCYANDEXITLIGHTING
1. General
2. EmergencyLightingforCorridorsandLobbies
3. EmergencyLightingforOccupiedAreas
4. PerformanceofSystem
5. Emergencylightingforfirefightingfacilities
6. SecondarySourceofPowerSupply
7. DesignStages
PAGENO.
194
194
194
194
195
197
197
198
200
Page |
193
[CHAPTER6.EMERGENCYANDEXITLIGHTING]
CHAPTER6
EMERGENCYANDEXITLIGHTING
1.
General
1.1
Emergencylightingsystemsshallbedesignedandinstalledsothatthe
failureofanyindividuallightingelement,suchastheburningoutofa
lightbulb,cannotleaveintotaldarknessanyspacethatrequires
emergencyillumination.
Theobjectiveofhavingemergencylightingduringemergenciesorwhen
thenormallightingoftheoccupiedbuildingfails.Theemergencylight
shallfulfillthefollowingfunctions:
1.2
a. Toindicateclearlyandunambiguouslytheescaperoutes.
b. Toprovideilluminationalongsuchroutestoallowsafemovement
towardsandthroughtheexitsprovided.
c. Toensurethatfirealarmcallpointsandfirefightingequipment
providedalongescaperoutescanbereadilylocated.
d. Topermitoperationsconcernedwithsafetymeasures
2.
EmergencyLightingforCorridorsandLobbies
2.1
Emergencylightingshallbeprovidedinallcorridors,egressroutes,
lobbiesandalltheareasmentionedinthischapterofallbuildings
exceptforOneandTwoFamilyDwelling.
3.
EmergencyLightingforOccupiedAreas
3.1
ForallbuildingsexceptforOneandTwoFamilyDwelling,emergency
lightingshallbeprovidedinalloccupanciesinthefollowingareas:
i.
ii.
alongexitcorridors,egresspath,lobbiesandexitsstaircases
Overareaiftherearenoexplicitpathsleadingtocorridors,
lobbiesandexits.
iii.
Inhotelroomsorsuites.
iv.
Educationaloccupanciesusedasassembly,i.e.gymnasium,
concerthalls,auditoriums,theatres.
v.
Inofficeroomsmorethan60m.
3.2
Notwithstandingtherequirementsintheclauseabove,emergency
lightingshallbeprovidedinthefollowinglocations:
P a g e |194
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Liftcars
Emergencycommandcenters
Generatorrooms
Basementcarparks
Firepumprooms
Areasofrefugewithinthesamebuilding.
3.3
3.4
Thedelaybetweenthefailureoftheelectricalsupplytonormallighting
andtheenergizationoftheemergencylightingforoccupiedareasshall
notexceed1second.
Wheremaintenanceofilluminationdependsonchangingfromone
energysourcetoanother,adelayofnotmorethan10secondsshallbe
permitted.
4.
PerformanceofSystem
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Emergencyilluminationshallbeprovidedfornotlessthan3hoursinthe
eventoffailureofnormallighting.
Emergencylightingfacilitiesshallbearrangedtoprovideinitial
illuminationthatisnotlessthananaverageof1ftcandle(10.8lux)and,
atanypoint,notlessthan0.1ftcandle(1.1lux),measuredalongthe
pathofegressatfloorlevel.
Illuminationlevelsshallbepermittedtodeclinetonotlessthanan
averageof0.6ftcandle(6.5lux)and,atanypoint,notlessthan0.06ft
candle(0.65lux)attheendofthe1hours.Amaximumtominimum
illuminationuniformityratioof40to1shallnotbeexceeded.
Newemergencypowersystemsforemergencylightingshallbeatleast
Type10,Class1.5,Level1,inaccordancewithNFPA110,Standardfor
EmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems.
Theemergencylightingsystemshallbearrangedtoprovidetherequired
illuminationautomaticallyintheeventofanyinterruptionofnormal
lightingduetoanyofthefollowing:
a. Failureofapublicutilityorotheroutsideelectricalpowersupply
b. Openingofacircuitbreakerorfuse
c. Manualact(s),includingaccidentalopeningofaswitchcontrolling
normallightingFacilities
4.6
4.7
Emergencygeneratorsprovidingpowertoemergencylightingsystems
shallbeinstalled,tested,andmaintainedinaccordancewith
InternationalStandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems.
Storedelectricalenergysystems,whererequiredinthisCode,shallbe
installedandtestedinaccordancewithInternational,Standardon
StoredElectricalEnergyEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems.
P a g e |195
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Unitequipmentandbatterysystemsforemergencyluminairesshallbe
listedandapprovedbyinternationaltestinglaboratories.
Existingbatteryoperatedemergencylightsshalluseonlyreliabletypes
ofrechargeablebatteriesprovidedwithsuitablefacilitiesfor
maintainingtheminproperlychargedcondition.Batteriesusedinsuch
lightsorunitsshallbeapprovedfortheirintendeduse.
CentralBatteryisrequiredformalls,highrisebuildings,buildingwith
basementsandanybuildinghavingmultitenantedareaofmorethan
900mfloorareapertenant.Centralbatteryshallbeautomatically
monitoredandtestedthroughtheBuildingMonitoringSystemandthe
firealarmcontrolunit.
WhenCentralBatterysystemisprovideditshallbeprovidedwithcross
zoningarrangement.Atleasttwocircuitsshallcovereachareaina
overlappingoflightunits.
IfSelfcontainedEmergencylightsareused,itshallbelinkedtoan
emergencypowersupplyincasethebatteriesarenotmaintainedand
shallbewithautomaticmonitoringandtestingthroughtheBuilding
MonitoringSystemandthefirealarmcontrolunit.Thebatteriesshallbe
abletofunctionforatleast3hoursduringpowerfailureoremergency.
Theemergencylightingsystemshallbeeithercontinuouslyinoperation
orshallbecapableofrepeatedautomaticoperationwithoutmanual
intervention.
Allcomponentsoftheemergencylightanditsfittingsshallbedesigned,
testedandapprovedtobeusedforthepurposeofemergencylighting.
Thefollowingschematicshowsthetypicalsetupofcentralandself
containedemergencylightingsystemwithmonitoringarrangement.
P a g e |196
5.
Emergencylightingforfirefightingfacilities
5.1
5.2
Firealarmpanels,firealarmcallpointsandfirefightingequipmentshall
beadequatelyilluminatedatalltimessothattheycanbeeasilylocated.
Thedelaybetweenthefailureoftheelectricalsupplytonormallighting
andtheenergizationoftheemergencylightingforfirefightingfacilities
shallnotexceed10seconds.
6.
SecondarySourceofPowerSupply
6.1
6.2
6.3
Thedelayforenergizationoftheexitandemergencylightingsystems
betweennormalsupplyandthesecondarysourceshallbeasstipulated
intherelevantclausesinChapter8.
Durationofthesecondarysourceofpowersupplyshallcomplywiththe
requirementsinNFPA110.StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPower
SystemsandNFPA111,StandardonStoredElectricalEnergyEmergency
andStandbyPowerSystems.
Location,arrangementandcontrol,installationofelectricalwiringofthe
secondarysourceofsupply,beitintheformofbattery,standby
P a g e |197
generator,inverterorotheracceptedequipment,shallcomplywiththe
requirementsinNFPA70.
7.
DesignStages
7.1
Thefollowingarethegeneraldesignrequirementsforemergencyand
exitlightings.
7.1.1
Locatingemergencylightsatmandatorypoints
Identifyspecificlocationswhereemergencylightsshallbe
provided.SeeFigure6.1foremergencylightsmandatorypoints.
Ateachexitdoor
Allsafetyexitsigns
Outsideandneareach
finalexit(2m)
Nearstairssothateach
treadreceivesdirect
light(2m)
Ateachchangeof
direction
Neareachfirstaid
post(2m)
Nearanyotherchange
Ateachintersectionof
Ateachfirefighting
offloorlevel(2m)
corridors
equipmentandcallpoint
Figure6.1:Specificlocationswhereemergencylightsmustbeprovided
P a g e |198
7.1.2
FormatofExitSigns
EnsurethattheExitSignsareofthecorrectformatandsize.
Signswhichareprovidedatallexitsintendedtobeusedinan
emergencyandalongegressroutesshallbeilluminatedto
indicateunambiguouslytherouteofescapetoapointofsafety.
Wheredirectsightofanemergencyexitisnotpossible,an
illuminateddirectionalsign(orseriesofsigns)shallbeprovided
toassistprogressiontowardstheemergencyexit.
7.1.3 Locatingluminairesatessentialareasinthebuildings.
a. Liftcarsalthoughonlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswillthey
bepartoftheegressroute,dopresentaprobleminthatthe
publicmaybetrappedinthemintheeventofasupplyfailure.
b. Toiletsalltoiletsforthedisabledandfacilitiesexceeding8m2
floorareaorwithoutborrowedlights.
c. Escalatorstoenableuserstogetoffthemsafely.
d. Motorgenerator,controlorplantroomsrequirebattery
suppliedemergencylightingtoassistanymaintenanceor
operatingpersonnelintheeventoffailure.
e. Coveredcarparksthenormalpedestrianroutesshouldbe
providedwithnonmaintainedluminairesofatleast3hour
duration.
7.1.3.1 Theselocationsarenotpartoftheescaperoutebut
becauseoftheirrisktheyrequireprotectionby
emergencylighting.
7.1.4
Openareas
Openareaslargerthan60m,withanegressroutepassing
throughthem,orhazardsidentifiedbythebuildingrisk
assessmentallrequireemergencylighting.
7.1.5
Highriskareas
Emergencylightingarerequiredforhighriskareas,suchas
kitchens,plantroomsareaofrefuge,firstaidroomsandfire
controlequipmentrooms.Typicallytheminimum
recommendedilluminationlevelis10.8Lux.
P a g e |199
8.
FurtherReferences
NFPA110:StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems.
PowerSystems.
NFPA170: StandardforFireSafetyandEmergencySymbols.
BS EN 60 598-2-22: standard for luminaires
BS EN 50171: standard for central battery systems.
EN50172: Installation of emergency lighting.
BS5266-1: Installation of emergency lighting.
EN1838Lightingapplicationsemergencylighting.
EN48441Graphicalsymbolssafetycoloursandsafetysigns.
EN48442Safetymarking.
EN502721and2:Safetyrequirementsforsecondarybatteriesand
batteryinstallations
P a g e |200
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER7.EMERGENCYVOICEEVACUATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM
1. General
2. Definition
3. RequirementsforEmergencyVoiceEvacuationandCommunicationSystem
4. AutomaticResponse.
5. VoiceEvacuationMessages.
6. Tones.
7. Controls.
8. RelocationandPartialEvacuation.
9. Circuits
10. EvacuationSignalZoning.
11. TwoWayCommunicationService.
12. Furtherreferences
PAGENO.
202
202
202
202
203
203
204
204
204
205
205
206
206
Page |
201
[CHAPTER7.EMERGENCYVOICEEVACUATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS]
CHAPTER7
EMERGENCYVOICEEVACUATIONANDCOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
1.
General
1.1
ThisSectionshallbeusedinthedesignandapplicationofemergency
voice/alarmcommunications.Moredetailsandinformationcanbe
foundinChapter8,FireDetectionandAlarmSystem.
2.
Definition
2.1
EmergencyVoiceCommunications(EVC)
Asystemthatisinterlinkedwiththefirealarmtogiveevacuationor
emergencymessagesthroughoutthepremisesforalloccupants.
3.
RequirementsforEmergencyVoiceEvacuationand
CommunicationSystem
3.1
Onewayemergencyvoiceevacuationandcommunicationsystemas
wellasanemergencycommandcentreshallbeprovidedasfollows:
i.
ii.
iii.
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Foralllargebuildingswithgrossfloorareagreaterthan2800m
orhavingatotaloccupantloadexceeding1000personsandlarge
industrialandwarehousebuildingswithgrossfloorareagreater
than5000m.
Forallbuildingswhicharecategorizedashighriseoran
assembly.
Forhotelorhealthcareoccupanciesoflessthan23mbuilding
height.
Theemergencyvoiceevacuationandcommunicationsystemshall
overrideanypublicaddresssystems.
Speakersforemergencyvoiceevacuationshallbeprovidedineverylift
lobby,staircaseenclosure,corridorsandotherstrategicpositionswithin
audibledistanceofallpartsofallstoreysofthebuilding.
Speakerswithflashers(strobelights)shallbeprovidedforbasement
carparks,mechanicalormachinerooms,largemachiningareasof
factories(morethan5000m)andatlocationswheretheambientnoise
levelis75dbormore.
Speakersusedasalarmnotificationappliancesonfirealarmsystems
shallalsobepermittedtobeusedfornonemergencypurposes,
providedthatconditionioriiismet:
P a g e | 202
i.
Theemergencycommandcentreisconstantlyattendedby
trainedpersonnel.
ii.
Thespeakersandassociatedaudioequipmentareinstalled
orlocatedwithsafeguardstoresisttamperingor
maladjustmentsofthosecomponentsessentialforintended
emergencynotification.
3.6
3.7
Speakersusedasalarmnotificationappliancesonfirealarmsystems
shallalsobepermittedtobeusedformassnotificationsystems.
Firealarmsignalsshallbedistinctive,clearlyrecognizable,and,withthe
exceptionofmassnotificationinputs,takeprecedenceoveranyother
signalevenwhenanonfirealarmsignalisinitiatedfirstandshallbe
indicatedasfollowsindescendingorderofpriorityunlessotherwise
permittedbythisCode:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Signalsassociatedwithlifesafety
Signalsassociatedwithpropertyprotection
Troublesignalsassociatedwithlifeand/orproperty
protection
Allothersignals
3.8
Livevoiceinstructionsoriginatingfromtheprotectedpremisesfireor
massnotificationsystemsshalloverrideallpreviouslyinitiatedsignals
andshallhavepriorityoverbothofthefollowing:
i.
ii.
Anysubsequentautomaticallyinitiatedsignalsonthat
channel
Remotelygeneratedmassnotificationmessages
4.
AutomaticResponse.
4.1
4.2
Theemergencyvoice/alarmcommunicationssystemshallbeusedto
provideanautomaticresponsetothereceiptofasignalindicativeofafire
alarmorotheremergency.
Thesystemshallpermit,whereapplicable,theapplicationofanautomatic
evacuationsignaltooneormoreevacuationsignallingzonesand,atthe
sametime,shallpermitmanualvoicepagingtotheotherevacuation
signallingzonesselectivelyorinanycombination.
5.
VoiceEvacuationMessages.
5.1
Inresponsetoaninitiatingsignalindicativeofafireemergency,thesystem
shalltransmitavoicerecordedmessage.
P a g e |203
Evacuationmessagesshallbeprecededandfollowedbyaminimumoftwo
cyclesoftheemergencyevacuationsignal.
5.2
6.
Tones.
6.1
Thetoneprecedinganymessageshallbepermittedtobeapartofthevoice
messageortobetransmittedautomaticallyfromaseparatetonegenerator.
7.
Controls.
7.1
Controlsfortheemergencyvoice/alarmcommunicationsystemshallbeat
theEmergencyCommandCentreoracentrallocationaccessiblebybuilding
staffandemergencyresponders.
Controlsshallbelocatedorsecuredtoallowaccessbyonlytrainedand
authorizedpersonnel.
7.2
7.3
Operatingcontrolsshallbeclearlyidentified.
7.4
Iftherearemultipleemergencyvoice/alarmcommunicationscontrol
locations,onlyoneshallbeincontrolatanygiventime.
7.5
Thelocationhavingcontrolofthesystemshallbeidentifiedbyavisible
indicationatthatlocation.
7.6
Manualcontrolsshallbearrangedtoprovidevisibleindicationoftheonoff
statusfortheirassociatedevacuationsignallingzone.
7.7
Iflivevoiceinstructionsareprovided,theyshalloverridepreviouslyinitiated
signalstotheselectednotificationzone(s)andshallhavepriorityoverany
subsequentautomaticallyinitiatedsignalstotheselectedzone(s).
8.
RelocationandPartialEvacuation.
8.1
Systemsshallbeprovidedwithmanualvoicetransmissioncapabilities
selectivelytooneormorezonesoronanallcallbasis.
8.2
Wherethesystemisusedtotransmitrelocationinstructionsorothernon
evacuationmessages,acontinuousalerttoneof3secondto10second
durationfollowedbyamessage(ormessageswheremultichannel
capabilityisprovided)shallbeautomatic,andthesequenceshallbe
repeatedatleastthreetimestodirectoccupantsintheevacuationsignalling
zonewherethealarminitiationoriginatedandotherevacuationsignalling
zonesinaccordancewiththebuildingsfireevacuationplan.
Whereprovided,speakersineachenclosedstairwayshallbeconnectedtoa
separatenotificationzoneformanualpagingonly.
8.3
8.4
Firealarmsystemsusedforpartialevacuationandrelocationshallbe
designedandinstalledsuchthatattackbyfirewithinanevacuation
P a g e |204
signallingzoneshallnotimpaircontrolandoperationofthenotification
appliancesoutsidetheevacuationsignallingzone.
9.
Circuits
9.1
Allcircuitsnecessaryfortheoperationofthenotificationappliancesshallbe
protecteduntiltheyentertheevacuationsignallingzonethattheyserve.
Anyofthefollowingmethodsshallbeconsideredacceptableasmeetingthe
requirementsofthissubsection:
i.
A2hourfireratedcircuitintegrity(CI)cable
ii.
A2hourfireratedcablesystem(electricalcircuitprotective
system)
iii.
iv.
A2hourfireratedenclosure
Buildingsfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystemand
withtheinterconnectingwiringorcablesusedfortheoperation
ofnotificationappliancesinstalledinmetalraceways
9.2
Wheretheseparationofemergencyvoice/alarmcontrolequipment
locationsresultsintheportionsofthesystemcontrolledbyonelocation
beingdependentuponthecontrolequipmentinotherlocations,thecircuits
betweenthedependentcontrolsshallbeprotectedagainstattackbyfire
usingoneofthefollowingmethods:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
A2hourfireratedcablesystem(electricalcircuitprotective
system)
Routingthecablethrougha2hourratedenclosure
Buildingsfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystemand
withtheinterconnectingwiringorcablesbetweenthe
emergencyvoice/alarmcommunicationcontrolequipment
locationsinstalledinmetalraceways.
9.3
Protectionofcircuitsbetweenredundantcontrolequipmentlocationsthat
arenotmutuallydependentshallnotberequired.
10.
EvacuationSignalZoning.
10.1
10.2
Undividedfireorsmokeareasshallnotbedividedintomultipleevacuation
signallingzones.
Ifmultiplenotificationappliancecircuitsareprovidedwithinasingle
evacuationsignallingzone,allofthenotificationapplianceswithinthezone
shallbearrangedtoactivateordeactivatesimultaneously,either
automaticallyorbyactuationofacommon,manualcontrol.
P a g e |205
11.
TwoWayCommunicationService.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
Twowaytelephonecommunicationsservice,ifprovided,shallbeforuseby
thefireserviceandcollocatedwiththeemergencyvoicealarm
communicationsequipment.
Monitoringoftheintegrityoftwowaytelephonecommunicationscircuits
shallbeprovided.
Twowaytelephonecommunicationsserviceshallbecapableofpermitting
thesimultaneousoperationofanyfivetelephonestationsinacommontalk
mode.
Anotificationsignalatthecontrolequipment,distinctivefromanyother
alarm,supervisory,ortroublesignal,shallindicatetheoffhookconditionof
acallingtelephonecircuit.Ifaselectivetalktelephonecommunications
serviceissupplied,adistinctivevisibleindicatorshallbefurnishedforeach
selectablecircuitsothatallcircuitswithtelephonesoffhookare
continuouslyandvisiblyindicated.
Asaminimumforfireserviceuse,twowaytelephonesystemsshallbe
commontalk(i.e.,aconferenceorpartylinecircuit),providingatleastone
telephonestationorjackperfloorandatleastonetelephonestationorjack
perexitstairway.
Inbuildingsequippedwithafirepump(s),atelephonestationorjackshall
beprovidedineachfirepumproom.
Iftelephonejacksareprovided,atleasttwohandsetsshallbestoredateach
controlcenterforusebyemergencyresponders.
Allcircuitsnecessaryfortheoperationoftwowaytelephone
communicationsystemsshallbeinstalledusingoneofthefollowing
methods:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
A2hourfireratedcablesystem(electricalcircuitprotectivesystem)
A2hourfireratedenclosure
Buildingsfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklerwiththewiringor
cablesinstalledinmetalraceways
12.
FurtherReferences
NFPA72:
NFPA70:
NationalFireAlarmandSignalingCode
NationalElectricalCode
P a g e |206
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER8.FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM
1. General
3. SystemDesign
3.1. General
3.2. DetectionZones
3.3. AlarmZones
5. HeatDetectors.
5.1.
General
5.2.
Location.
5.3. Temperature.
5.4. Spacing.
5.5.
SolidJoistConstruction.
5.6.
BeamConstruction.
5.7.
SlopingCeilings.
5.8.
HighCeilings.
6. SmokeDetectors.
6.1. General
8. ProjectedBeamTypeSmokeDetectors.
9. RaisedFloorsandSuspendedCeilings.
10. Partitions.
11. Heating,Ventilating,andAirConditioning(HVAC).
12. SpotTypeDetectors
13. HighRackStorage.
14. HighAirMovementAreas.
14.1. General.
14.2. Location.
14.3. Spacing.
14.4. HVACMechanicalRooms
15. VideoImageSmokeDetection.
16. OtherDetectors
17. SprinklerWaterflowAlarmInitiatingDevices.
18. DetectionoftheOperationofOtherAutomaticExtinguishingSystems.
19. SupervisorySignalInitiatingDevices.
20. PressureSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
21. WaterLevelSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
22. SmokeDetectorsforControlofSmokeSpread.
22.2. Purposes.
22.3. Application.
PAGENO.
209
209
209
213
213
213
214
214
214
215
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
220
220
220
222
222
222
223
224
226
226
228
228
228
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
232
232
233
233
233
233
234
234
235
235
235
235
Page |
207
[CONTENTS]
23. SmokeDetectionfortheAirDuctSystem.
235
235
235
24. LocationandInstallationofDetectorsinAirDuctSystems.
236
25. SmokeDetectorsforDoorReleaseService.
238
26. BuildingFireAlarmSystems.
242
242
243
244
244
245
245
26.8. SupervisorySignalInitiationFireSuppressionSystemsOtherThanSprinklers. 245
245
26.10. FireAlarmandSupervisorySignalInitiationReleasingServiceControlUnits. 246
246
246
26.13. NotificationAppliancesinExitStairEnclosures,ExitPassageways,
246
andElevatorCars.
247
247
27. SuppressionSystemActuation.
247
28. ElevatorRecallforFireFightersService.
247
29. VisualWarning.
248
30. ElevatorShutdown.
248
31. HVACSystems.
249
32. DoorReleaseService.
249
33. DoorUnlockingDevices.
250
34. PublicModeAudibleRequirements.
250
35. PrivateModeAudibleRequirements.
250
36. SleepingAreaRequirements.
251
37. LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforaBuildingorStructure.
251
38. LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforWideAreaSignalling.
251
39. VisibleCharacteristicsPublicMode.
253
39.1. Light,Color,andPulseCharacteristics.
253
39.2. ApplianceLocation.
253
39.3. SpacinginRooms.
253
257
40.
FurtherReferences
258
Page |
208
[CHAPTER8.FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM]
CHAPTER8
FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEM
1. General
1.1. Thissectioncoversrecommendationstobefollowedforplanning,designing,
installing,operatingandmaintainingoffiredetectionandalarmsystemsinall
occupancies.SystemsincludedintheCodeareManualalarmsystemsand
Automaticalarmsystems.Alltypesofoccupanciesshallbeprovidedwith
automaticandmanualfirealarmsystems
2.1. AutomaticAlarm
Automaticalarmsystemsthatactivateauxiliarysystems,suchasfirefighting
system,elevatorsandfiresafetysystem.
2.2. EmergencyVoiceCommunications(EVC)
Asystemthatisinterlinkedwiththefirealarmtogiveevacuationoremergency
messagesthroughoutthepremisesforalloccupants.
2.3. AnalogueDetector
Adevicethatproducesaquantitativesignalasperstatuschangeinthe
protectedzone,anditisunlikethetraditionaldetectorsthatindicatethe
On/Offstatusesonly.
2.4. AspiratingDetectororAirSamplingDetector
Adetectionsysteminwhichanairsampleissuckedfromtheprotectedareaby
aventilatororpumptothecentralsensorwhichanalizestheairsamplefor
presenceofsmokeparticles.
2.5. Annunciator
Aunitcontainingoneormoreindicatorlamps,alphanumericdisplaysorother
equivalentmeansofindicationthatprovidesstatusinformationaboutcircuit,
conditionorlocationinformationfromthemaincontrolpanel.
2.6. AddressableSystem
Asystem,inwhichinputandoutputdeviceshaveauniqueaddressthatcanbe
read,recognizedandcontrolledbythecontrolpanel.
Page |
209
2.7. AnalogueAddressableSystem
Addressablesystemthatreportsquantativestatussignalsratherthantwostate
signals.
2.8. Areaofcoverage
Areainwhichspeechsignalfromvoicealarmaresufficientlyintelligibleand
warningsignalsfromthesystemaresufficientlyaudible.
2.9. AlarmSignal
Asignalactivatedbythealarmsystemtowarnofemergencyconditionsthat
requireimmediateaction.
2.10.
Bell
AnelectroMechanicaldeviceusedtoproduceaudiblesignals.
2.11.
Buzzer
Adeviceusedtoproducelowaudiblewarningwithoutcausingpanic.
2.12.
ControlPanel
Acomponentofthefirealarmsystem,providedwithprimaryandsecondary
powersource,whichreceivesignalsfrominitiatingdevicesorotherfire
alarmcontrolunits,andprocessesthesesignalstodeterminepartorallof
therequiredfirealarmsystemoutputfunctions.
2.13.
CombinationDetector
Acombinationthateitherrespondstomorethatoneofthefirephenomena
oremploysmorethanoneoperatingprincipletosenseoneofthese
phenomena.Typicalexamplesarethecombinationofaheatdetectorwitha
smokedetectororacombinationrateofriseandfixedtemperatureheat
detector.
2.14.
CombinedSystem
Analarmsystemconsistsofconventional,addressableandanalogue
systems.
2.15.
Decibel
Decibel(dB)isameasurementunitofsoundpressurelevel,itequalsone
tenthofaBell,whichisthedecimallogarithmofratiosbetweentwo
quantities.
Page |
210
2.16.
Evacuationsystem
Asystemintendedtoevacuatethebuildingoccupantstoasaferefugeby
broadcastingalertandevacuationmessages.
2.17.
FlameDetector
Adeviceusedfordetectinginfraredandultravioletraysemittingfrom
flames.
2.18.
FinalVoltageofaBattery
Thevoltageatwhichthebatteryisconsidereddepleted.Thisvoltagemaybe
atthepointwherethepowereddevicenolongerfunctionsasintendedby
themanufacturerwherefurtherdischargemaycauseerraticoperationor
maycauseirreversibledamagetothebatteryorboth.
2.19.
FixedTemperatureDetector
Adevicethatrespondsonlywhenitssensitiveelementheatedupreachesa
predeterminedtemperature.
2.20.
HeatDetector
Afiredetectorthatdetectseitherabnormallyhightemperatureorrateof
rise,orboth.
2.21.
Horn
Afunnellikedeviceusedforemittingaudiblesignalsdifferentfrombell
sounds.
2.22.
LineTypeHeatDetector
Adeviceusedfordetectingheatinwhichsensingelementiscontinuousline
alongacertainpath.
2.23.
MultiStateDetector
Adevicethatproducesoutputsignals(morethantwo),toinclude"Normal,
"FireAlarm"andotherabnormalconditions.
2.24.
MimicDiagram
Atopographicdiagramoftheprotectedbuildingsanditsaffiliate
departments.Itconsistsofelectriccircuitsthatactivatevisualalarmsignals
connectedfiresystemtoindicatealarmlocation.
Page |
211
2.25.
ManualSystem
Asystemthatdoesnotcontainautomaticdetectorsandwherebythefire
alarmmaybeactivatedonlymanually.
2.26.
ManualCallPoint
Manualoperationdeviceusedtoactivatethefirealarm.
2.27.
2.28.
RateofRiseDetector
Adevicethatrespondswhenthetemperaturerateofrisesismorethana
predeterminedlevel.
SmokeDetector
Adeviceusedfordetectingvisibleandinvisibleparticlesofsmokeresulting
fromcombustion.Severaloperatingprinciplesareusedfordetection;
examplesincludephotoelectricalandIonizationType.
2.29.
StandbySupply
Anelectricalautomaticpowersupplyconnectedtothefirealarmsystem
andoperatedincaseofmainsupplyfailure.
2.30.
SpotTypeDetector
Adeviceinwhichsensitiveelementisfixedinacertainpoint.
2.31.
VoiceAlarmsystem
Dedicatedmanualorautomaticsystemfororiginatinganddistributingof
voiceinstructions,alertandevacuationsignalsforthesafeevacuationof
occupants.Thissystemtobeusedforemergencysituationlikefire.
2.32.
Zone
Apartoftheprotectedbuildingwhichcontainsoneormorefiredetectors,
thezoneisdefinedbyauniquealphanumericwhichisindicatedatthe
controlpanel.
Page |
212
3. SystemDesign
3.1. General
3.1.1.
Buildingsshallbedividedintoanumberofdetectionzonesforeasy
recognitionandshortsearchtime.Firealarmsystemsshallbe
designedtosuitethefireplanproceduresfollowedbyoccupants
duringemergency.Singleopen,shortcircuitorgroundinone
detectionzoneshallnotaffecttheoperationofotherzones.In
conventionalsystemseachdetectionzoneshallbesuppliedbya
separatecircuit.Whereasinaddressablesystems,severalzonesmay
besuppliedbyasingleloop.
3.2. DetectionZones
3.2.1.
Theareaandthenumberofzonesinagivenbuildingshallcomply
withthefollowing:
i.
Theareaofanysingleopendetectionzonetowhichthe
buildinghasbeendividedshallnotexceed2000m;except
forasingle,openplanarea,whichshouldnotexceed10000
m.
ii.
Ifanyfloorareaisgreaterthan2000m,itshouldbedivided
intoseparatezonesof2000morless,thissubdivisionmay
ormaynotbeachievedbyfollowingaphysicalbarrier.
Searchareashallnotexceed60mforconventionalsystem;
Searchdistanceforaddressablesystemisrelaxedifbuilding
issprinklered.
Ifthetotalareaofagivenbuildingislessthan300m,the
entirebuildingshallbeconsideredasinglezoneevenifitis
amorethanonestoreybuilding.
Whereasincasethetotalbuildingareaexceeds300m,
eachstoreyshallbeconsideredasinglezone.
Automaticfiredetectorswithinanyenclosedstairwelllift
wellorotherenclosedflulikestructureshouldbe
consideredasaseparatezone.
IndicationofzonestatusonthecontrolpanelisbyLED
and/orgraphicaltextindicator.
Forvoidsaboveorbelowthefloorareaofaroom,these
maybeincludedwithinsamezoneoftheroom,provided
thatthevoidsandtheroomconstituteasinglefire
compartment.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Page |
213
ix.
Remoteindicatorshouldbeclearlylabelledtoindicate
detectorslocatedinvoids.Theyshouldbesitedand/or
labelledinsuchawayastoassistindeterminingthe
locationofthedetectorsthattheyserve.
3.3. AlarmZones
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
AlarmzonesarenecessaryincomplexbuildingswithStaff
alarm(stafftrainedtotakeemergencyaction)
Phasedevacuation(e.g.stairsisnotwideenough);orStaged
alarm(e.g.alertsignalthenfullevacuation)
Alarmsignalsmayavoidtotalevacuationiffalsealarm
occurred.
Alarmzonemayincludeofseveraldetectionzonesandnot
viseversa.
Alarmzoneboundariestobefirecompartmentswhere
possible.
Nooverlapofsignalsbetweenalarmzones.
Samesignalstobroadcastwithinonealarmzone.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
Alongwithrecommendationsofthischapter,approved
Manufacturersspecificationsshouldalsobefollowedregarding
spacingandinstallationdetails.
Metalconduitsarenotnecessaryforwiresandcableswhichare
havingtheproperfirerating.Metalconduitsarerequiredforusein
corrosiveenvironment.
3.5.1.
3.5.2.
Themanualcallpointsshallbeusedonlyforfirealarminitiation.In
addition,allmanualcallpointswithinanoccupancyshallbeof
similardesign.Deviationfromsingledesignshallbejustifiedbased
onspecialneedsandshallbeapprovedbyCivilDefenceauthorities.
Timefromtheoperationofcallpointtotheactuationofalarm
signalshallnotexceed(10)seconds.
3.5.3.
Wherecallpointsareinstalledincombustible,explosive
environmentsthesedevicesshallbelistedfortheapplication.
3.5.4.
Wheremanualcallpointsareinstalledinfoodpreparation
environment,wherebreakablepartsresultingfromoperationmay
causerisks,thedesignerconsultwithandconformtorelated
approvedstandards.
3.5.5.
Themanualcallpointsshallbeinstalledonallescaperoutesandin
particularallstairwellentrancesandallexitstoopenair.
Page |
214
3.5.6.
Themanualcallpointsshallbeinstalledsothattheyare
conspicuous,unobstructedandaccessible.
3.5.7.
Distributionofthemanualcallpointsshouldbesuchthattravel
distanceshouldnotbemorethan45mtoreachthenearestmanual
callpoint.
3.5.8.
Thesefigurestobereducedto25mand16minlimitedmobility
areas,andwhereprocessesofthearearesultinalikelihoodofrapid
firedevelopment.
3.5.9.
ManualCallPointshallbeinstalledwithin1.5mfromexitdoorway
openingandshallbemountedonbothsidesofgroupedopening
over12.2mwidthand1.5meachsideofopening.
3.5.10.
Themanualcallpointsshallbeinstalledgenerallyattheheightof
(1.11.4)m,abovefloorlevelandinplain,accessible,welllitand
freehindrancesplaces.
3.5.11.
Wheredisablepeopleareexpectedtooperate,heighttobelowered
to(91cm1.2m).
4.1.1.
Unlesstestedandlistedforrecessedmounting,detectorsshallnot
berecessedintothemountingsurface.
4.2.1.
Coverageofdetectorsshallincludeallrooms,halls,storageareas,
basements,attics,lofts,spacesabovesuspendedceilings,andother
subdivisionsandaccessiblespacesaswellastheinsideofallclosets,
elevatorshafts,dumbwaitershafts,andchutes.
4.2.2.
Whereinaccessibleareascontaincombustiblematerial,theyshall
bemadeaccessibleandshallbeprotectedbyadetector(s).
Detectorsshallnotberequiredincombustibleblindspacesifanyof
thefollowingconditionsexist:
4.2.3.
i.
ii.
Wheretheceilingisattacheddirectlytotheundersideofthe
supportingbeamsofacombustiblerooforfloordeck.
Wheretheconcealedspaceisentirelyfilledwithanon
combustibleinsulation(Insolidjoistconstruction,the
insulationshallberequiredtofillonlythespacefromthe
ceilingtothebottomedgeofthejoistoftherooforfloordeck.)
Page |
215
iii.
iv.
4.2.4.
Wheretherearesmallconcealedspacesoverrooms,provided
anyspaceinquestiondoesnotexceed4.6minarea.
Inspacesformedbysetsoffacingstudsorsolidjoistsinwalls,
floors,orceilingswherethedistancebetweenthefacingstuds
orsolidjoistsislessthan150mm.
Detectorsshallnotberequiredbelowopengridceilingsifallofthe
followingconditionsexist:
i.
ii.
iii.
Openingsofthegridare6.4mm(in.)orlargerintheleast
dimension.
Thicknessofthematerialdoesnotexceedtheleastdimension.
Openingsconstituteatleast70percentoftheareaofthe
ceilingmaterial.
4.2.5.
Detectorsshallnotberequiredinconcealed,accessiblespaces
abovesuspendedceilingsthatareusedasareturnairplenum
meetingtherequirementsofNFPA90A,StandardfortheInstallation
ofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems,whereequippedwith
smokedetectionateachconnectionfromtheplenumtothecentral
airhandlingsystem.
4.2.6.
Detectorsshallnotberequiredunderneathopenloadingdocksor
platformsandtheircoversandforaccessibleunderfloorspacesif
allofthefollowingconditionsexist:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Spaceisnotaccessibleforstoragepurposesorentranceof
unauthorizedpersonsandisprotectedagainstthe
accumulationofwindbornedebris.
Spacecontainsnoequipmentsuchassteampipes,electric
wiring,shafting,orconveyors.
Flooroverthespaceistight.
Noflammableliquidsareprocessed,handled,orstoredonthe
floorabove.
5. HeatDetectors.
5.1. General
5.1.1.
Heatsensingfiredetectorsofthefixedtemperatureorrate
compensated,spottypeshallbeclassifiedastothetemperatureof
operationandmarkedwithacolorcodeinaccordancewithTable
8.1
Page |
216
Table8.1:ColorCodingforHeatDetectors
Temperature
Classification
Low
Ordinary
Intermediate
High
ExtraHigh
VeryExtraHigh
UltraHigh
5.2.
TemperatureRatingRangeC MaximumCeiling
temperatureC
3957
28
5879
47
80121
69
122162
111
163204
152
205259
194
260302
249
ColorCode
Uncolored
Uncolored
White
Blue
Red
Green
Orange
Location.
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
Spottypeheatsensingfiredetectorsshallbelocatedontheceiling
notlessthan100mmfromthesidewalloronthesidewallsbetween
100mmand300mmfromtheceiling.SeeFigure8.1.
Inthecaseofsolidjoistconstruction,detectorsshallbemountedat
thebottomofthejoists.
5.2.3.
Inthecaseofbeamconstructionwherebeamsarelessthan300
mmindepthandlessthan2.4moncentre,detectorsshallbe
permittedtobeinstalledonthebottomofbeams.
5.2.4.
Linetypeheatdetectorsshallbelocatedontheceilingoronthe
sidewallsnotmorethan500mmfromtheceiling.
5.2.5.
Inthecaseofsolidjoistconstruction,detectorsshallbemountedat
thebottomofthejoists.
5.2.6.
Inthecaseofbeamconstructionwherebeamsarelessthan300
mmindepthandlessthan2.4moncenter,detectorsshallbe
permittedtobeinstalledonthebottomofbeams.
5.2.7.
Wherealinetypedetectorisusedinanapplicationotherthanopen
areaprotection,themanufacturerspublishedinstructionsshallbe
followed.
5.3.
Temperature.
5.3.1.
Detectorshavingfixedtemperatureorratecompensatedelements
shallbeselectedinaccordancewithTable8.1forthemaximum
expectedambientceilingtemperature.Thetemperatureratingof
thedetectorshallbeatleast11Cabovethemaximumexpected
temperatureattheceiling.
Page |
217
Figure8.1:Locationofspottypedetectors
5.4.
Spacing.
5.4.1.
SmoothCeilingSpacing.
5.4.1.1.
Oneofthefollowingrequirementsshallapply:
i.
Thedistancebetweendetectorsshallnotexceedtheirlisted
spacing,andthereshallbedetectorswithinadistanceof
onehalfthelistedspacing,measuredatrightanglesfromall
wallsorpartitionsextendingupwardtowithinthetop15
percentoftheceilingheight.
ii.
Allpointsontheceilingshallhaveadetectorwithina
distanceequalto0.7timesthelistedspacing(0.7S).See
Figure8.2forHeatandLineDetectorsrespectively.
Page |
218
Figure8.2:SpacingofHeatandlinedetectorsonsmoothceiling
5.4.2.
Forirregularlyshapedareas,thespacingbetweendetectorsshallbe
permittedtobegreaterthanthelistedspacing,providedthe
maximumspacingfromadetectortothefarthestpointofasidewall
orcornerwithinitszoneofprotectionisnotgreaterthan0.7times
thelistedspacing.SeeFigure8.3.
Figure8.3:Locationofsmokeorheatdetectorsonirregularshapeceiling
Page |
219
5.5. SolidJoistConstruction.
5.5.1.
Thespacingofheatdetectors,wheremeasuredatrightanglesto
thesolidjoists,shallnotexceed50percentofthesmoothceiling
spacing.SeeFigure8.4.
Figure8.4:Locationofheatdetectorsonceilingwithsolidjoist.
5.6. BeamConstruction.
5.6.1.
5.6.2.
5.6.3.
Aceilingshallbetreatedasasmoothceilingifthebeamsprojectno
morethan100mmbelowtheceiling.
Wherethebeamsprojectmorethan100mmbelowtheceiling,the
spacingofspottypeheatdetectorsatrightanglestothedirection
ofbeamtravelshallbenotmorethantwothirdsofthesmooth
ceilingspacing.
Wherethebeamsprojectmorethan460mmbelowtheceilingand
aremorethan2.4moncenter,eachbayformedbythebeamsshall
betreatedasaseparatearea.
5.7. SlopingCeilings.
5.7.1.
Peaked
5.7.1.1. Arowofdetectorsshallfirstbespacedandlocatedator
within900mmofthepeakoftheceiling,measured
horizontally.Thenumberandspacingofadditionaldetectors,
ifany,shallbebasedonthehorizontalprojectionofthe
ceilinginaccordancewiththetypeofceilingconstruction.See
Figure8.5.
Page |
220
Figure8.5:Locationofsmokeorheatdetectoronpitchedceiling
5.7.2.
Shed
5.7.2.1.
Slopingceilingsshallhavearowofdetectorslocatedonthe
ceilingwithin900mm(3ft)ofthehighsideoftheceiling
measuredhorizontally,spacedinaccordancewiththetypeof
ceilingconstruction.Theremainingdetectors,ifany,shallbe
locatedintheremainingareaonthebasisofthehorizontal
projectionoftheceiling.SeeFigure8.6.
Figure8.6:Locationofsmokeorheatdetectorsonshedceilings.
Page |
221
RoofSlopeLessThan30Degrees.
5.7.3.
5.7.3.1.
Foraroofslopeoflessthan30degrees,alldetectorsshallbe
spacedusingtheheightatthepeak.Foraroofslopeof
greaterthan30degrees,theaverageslopeheightshallbe
usedforalldetectorsotherthanthoselocatedinthepeak.
5.8. HighCeilings.
5.8.1.
Onceilings3mto9.1mhigh,heatdetectorlinearspacingshallbe
reducedinaccordancewithTable8.2priortoanyadditional
reductionsforbeams,joists,orslope,whereapplicable.
Table8.2:CeilingHeightandspacingreductionfactor
CeilingHeight(m)
0to3.05
3.06to3.66
3.67to4.27
4.28to4.88
4.89to5.49
5.50to6.10
6.11to6.71
6.72to7.32
7.33to7.93
7.94to8.54
8.55to9.14
MultiplebyReductionFactorof
1
0.9
0.84
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.58
0.52
0,46
0.40
0.34
6. SmokeDetectors.
6.1. General
6.1.1.
Theselectionandplacementofsmokedetectorsshalltakeinto
accountboththeperformancecharacteristicsofthedetectorand
theareasintowhichthedetectorsaretobeinstalledtoprevent
nuisancealarmsorimproperoperationafterinstallation.
6.2. Unlessspecificallydesignedandlistedfortheexpectedconditions,smoke
detectorsshallnotbeinstalledifanyofthefollowingambientconditionsexist:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Temperaturebelow0C(32F)
Temperatureabove38C(100F)
Relativehumidityabove93percent
Airvelocitygreaterthan1.5m/sec(300ft/min)
Page |
222
6.3. Thelocationofsmokedetectorsshallbebasedonanevaluationofpotential
ambientsourcesofsmoke,moisture,dust,orfumes,andelectricalor
mechanicalinfluencestominimizenuisancealarms.
6.4. Thecommonsourcesofaerosols,particlesandmoisturesthatmayaffector
influencetheperformancesmokedetectorscanbereferredfromTable
A.5.7.1.9(a)ofNFPA72.
6.5. Detectorsshallnotbeinstalleduntilaftertheconstructioncleanupofallworks
arecompletedandfinalised.Whererequiredforprotectionduring
construction,detectorsthathavebeeninstalledduringconstructionandfound
tohaveasensitivityoutsidethelistedandmarkedsensitivityrangeshallbe
cleanedorreplacedatcompletionofconstruction.
6.6.1.
General
6.6.1.1. Thelocationandspacingofsmokedetectorsshallbebased
upontheanticipatedsmokeflowsduetotheplumeandceiling
jetproducedbytheanticipatedfireaswellasanypreexisting
ambientairflowsthatcouldexistintheprotected
compartment.Thedesignshallaccountforthecontributionof
thefollowingfactorsinpredictingdetectorresponsetothe
anticipatedfirestowhichthesystemisintendedtorespond:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Ceilingshapeandsurface.
Ceilingheight.
Configurationofcontentsintheprotectedarea.
Combustioncharacteristicsandprobableequivalenceratio
oftheanticipatedfiresinvolvingthefuelloadswithinthe
protectedarea.
Compartmentventilation.
Ambienttemperature,pressure,altitude,humidity,and
atmosphere.
6.6.2.
Iftheintentistoprotectagainstaspecifichazard,thedetector(s)
shallbepermittedtobeinstalledclosertothehazardinaposition
wherethedetectorcaninterceptthesmoke.
6.7.1.
6.7.2.
Spottypesmokedetectorsshallbelocatedontheceilingnotless
than100mmfromasidewalltothenearedgeor,ifonasidewall,
between100mmand300mmdownfromtheceilingtothetopof
thedetector.
Tominimizedustcontamination,smokedetectors,whereinstalled
underraisedfloors,shallbemountedonlyinanorientationfor
whichtheyhavebeenlisted.SeeFigure8.7.
Page |
223
Figure8.7:Mountingofsmokedetectorsinraisedfloor.
6.7.3.
6.7.4.
6.7.5.
6.7.6.
Onsmoothceilings,spacingforspottypesmokedetectors,inthe
absenceofperformancebaseddesigncriteria,shallbepermittedto
belocatedusingnotmorethan9.1mspacing.
Inallcases,themanufacturerspublishedinstructionsshallbe
followed.
Otherspacingshallbepermittedtobeuseddependingonceiling
height,differentconditions,orresponserequirements.
Forsmoothceilings,allpointsontheceilingshallhaveadetector
withinadistanceequalto0.7timestheselectedspacing.
6.8.
Forsolidjoistandbeamconstruction,spacingforspottypesmokedetectors
shallbeasfollows:
6.8.1.
Solidjoistsshallbeconsideredequivalenttobeamsforsmoke
detectorspacingguidelines.Forlevelceilingsthefollowingshall
apply:
i. Forceilingswithbeamdepthsoflessthan10percentofthe
ceilingheight(0.1H),smoothceilingspacingshallbe
permitted.
Page |
224
ii. Forceilingswithbeamdepthsequaltoorgreaterthan10
percentoftheceilingheight(0.1H)andbeamspacingequal
toorgreaterthan40percentoftheceilingheight(0.4H),
spottypedetectorsshallbelocatedontheceilingineach
beampocket.
iii. Forwaffleorpantypeceilingswithbeamsorsolidjoistsno
greaterthan600mmdeepandnogreaterthan3.66m
centertocenterspacing,thefollowingshallbepermitted:
a. Smoothceilingspacingincludingthoseprovisions
permittedforirregularareas.
b. Locationofspottypesmokedetectorsonceilingsor
onthebottomofbeams.
iv. Forcorridors4.5minwidthorlesshavingceilingbeamsor
solidjoistsperpendiculartothecorridorlength,the
followingshallbepermitted:
a. Smoothceilingspacingincludingthoseprovisions
permittedforirregularareas.
b. Locationofspottypesmokedetectorsonceilings,
sidewalls,orthebottomofbeamsorsolidjoists
v. Forroomsof84mareaorless,onlyonesmokedetector
shallberequired.
6.9.
Forslopedceilingswithbeamsrunningparallelto(up)theslope,spacingshall
complywiththefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Thespacingforlevelbeamedceilingsshallbeused.
Theceilingheightshallbetakenastheaverageheightoverslope.
Forslopesgreaterthan10degrees,thedetectorslocatedatonehalfthe
spacingfromthelowendshallnotberequired.
Spacingshallbemeasuredalongahorizontalprojectionoftheceilings.
6.10. Forslopedceilingswithbeamsrunningperpendicularto(across)theslope,
spacingshallcomplywiththefollowing:
i.
ii.
Thespacingforlevelbeamedceilingsshallbeused.
Theceilingheightshallbetakenastheaverageheightoverslope.
Page |
225
6.11. Forslopedceilingswithsolidjoists,thedetectorsshallbelocatedonthe
bottomofthejoist.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
Eachsamplingportofanairsamplingtypesmokedetectorshallbetreated
asaspottypedetectorforthepurposeoflocationandspacing.
Maximumairsampletransporttimefromthefarthestsamplingporttothe
detectorshallnotexceed120seconds.
Samplingpipenetworksshallbedesignedonthebasisof,andshallbe
supportedby,soundfluiddynamicprinciplestoensurerequired
performance.
Samplingpipenetworkdesigndetailsshallincludecalculationsshowingthe
flowcharacteristicsofthepipenetworkandeachsampleport.
Airsamplingdetectorsshallgiveatroublesignaliftheairflowisoutsidethe
manufacturersspecifiedrange.
Thesamplingportsandinlinefilter,ifused,shallbekeptclearinaccordance
withthemanufacturerspublishedinstructions.
Airsamplingnetworkpipingandfittingsshallbeairtightandpermanently
fixed.
SamplingsystempipingshallbeconspicuouslyidentifiedasSMOKE
DETECTORSAMPLINGTUBEDONOTDISTURB,asfollows:
i.
ii.
iii.
Atchangesindirectionorbranchesofpiping.
Ateachsideofpenetrationsofwalls,floors,orotherbarriers.
Atintervalsonpipingthatprovidevisibilitywithinthespace,butno
greaterthan6m.
8. ProjectedBeamTypeSmokeDetectors.
8.1. Projectedbeamtypesmokedetectorsshallbelocatedinaccordancewiththe
manufacturerspublishedinstructions.SeeFigure8.8.
8.2. Theeffectsofstratificationshallbeevaluatedwhenlocatingthedetectors.The
beamlengthshallnotexceedthemaximumpermittedbytheequipmentlisting.
8.3. Ifmirrorsareusedwithprojectedbeams,themirrorsshallbeinstalledin
accordancewiththemanufacturerspublishedinstructions.
Page |
226
Figure8.8:SpacingofBeamTypesmokedetector
8.4. Aprojectedbeamtypesmokedetectorshallbeconsideredequivalenttoarow
ofspottypesmokedetectorsforlevelandslopingceilingapplications.
8.5. Projectedbeamtypedetectorsandmirrorsshallbemountedonstable
surfacestopreventfalseorerraticoperationduetomovement.
8.6. Thebeamshallbedesignedsothatsmallangularmovementsofthelight
sourceorreceiverdonotpreventoperationduetosmokeanddonotcause
nuisancealarms.
8.7. Thelightpathofprojectedbeamtypedetectorsshallbekeptclearofopaque
obstaclesatalltimes.
8.8. Peaked
8.8.1.
Detectorsshallfirstbespacedandlocatedwithin900mm(3ft)of
thepeak,measuredhorizontally.Thenumberandspacingof
additionaldetectors,ifany,shallbebasedonthehorizontal
projectionoftheceiling.
8.9. Shed
8.9.1.
Detectorsshallfirstbespacedandlocatedwithin900mm(3ft)of
thehighsideoftheceiling,measuredhorizontally.Thenumberand
spacingofadditionaldetectors,ifany,shallbebasedonthe
horizontalprojectionoftheceiling.
Page |
227
9. RaisedFloorsandSuspendedCeilings.
9.1. Spacesbeneathraisedfloorsandabovesuspendedceilingsshallbetreatedas
separateroomsforsmokedetectorspacingpurposes.Detectorsinstalled
beneathraisedfloorsorabovesuspendedceilings,orboth,includingraised
floorsandsuspendedceilingsusedforenvironmentalair,shallnotbeusedin
lieuofprovidingdetectionwithintheroom.
9.2. Forraisedfloors400mmandabovethefloorlevelorcontainingcombustible
materials,thefollowingshallapply:
i.
ii.
Detectorsinstalledbeneathraisedfloorsshallbespacedinaccordancewith
spottyperequirementsandFigure8.7.
Wheretheareabeneaththeraisedfloorisalsousedforenvironmentalair,
detectorspacingshallalsoconformtoconditionsforHeating,Ventilation
andAirCondition(HVAC),statedinthischapter.
9.3. Forsuspendedceilingswhichare800mmandmorefromtheceilinglevelor
containingcombustiblematerials,thefollowingshallapply:
a. Detectorspacingabovesuspendedceilingsshallconformtothe
requirementsofspottypedetectorsfortheceilingconfiguration.
b. Wheredetectorsareinstalledinceilingsusedforenvironmentalair,
detectorspacingshallalsoconformtorequirementsunderHeating,
VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)inthischapter.
10.
Partitions.
10.1.
Wherepartitionsextendtowithin15percentoftheceilingheight,the
spacesseparatedbythepartitionsshallbeconsideredasseparaterooms.
11.
Heating,Ventilating,andAirConditioning(HVAC).
11.1. Inspacesservedbyairhandlingsystems,detectorsshallnotbelocated
lesserthan1mwhereairflowpreventsoperationofthedetectors.
11.2. Detectorsinstalledinplenumsshallcomplywiththefollowing:
i.
Inunderfloorspacesandaboveceilingspacesthatareusedas
HVACplenums,detectorsshallbelistedfortheanticipated
environmentasrequiredbyambientconditionsliketemperature,
humidityandairflow.
ii.
Detectorspacingandlocationsshallbeselectedonthebasisof
anticipatedairflowpatternsandfiretype.
iii.
Detectorsplacedinenvironmentalairductsorplenumsshallnotbe
usedasasubstituteforopenareadetectors.Wheredetectorsare
Page |
228
usedforthecontrolofsmokespread,therequirementsshallfollow
thesectionunderSmokeDetectorsforControlofSmokeSpread.
12.
SpotTypeDetectors
12.1. Combinationandmultisensorsmokedetectorsthathaveafixed
temperatureelementaspartoftheunitshallbeselectedinaccordancewith
Table8.1forthemaximumceilingtemperatureexpectedinservice.
12.2. Holesinthebackofadetectorshallbecoveredbyagasket,sealant,or
equivalentmeans,andthedetectorshallbemountedsothatairflowfrom
insideoraroundthehousingdoesnotpreventtheentryofsmokeduringa
fireortestcondition.
13.
HighRackStorage.
13.1. Thelocationandspacingofsmokedetectorsforhighrackstorageshall
addressthecommodity,quantity,andconfigurationoftherackstorage.See
Figure8.9andFigure8.10.
14.
HighAirMovementAreas.
14.1. General.
14.1.1. Thepurposeandscopeofthissectionshallbetoprovidelocation
andspacingguidanceforsmokedetectorsintendedforearly
warningoffireinhighairmovementareas.Suchdetectorsshallnot
beusedinraisedfloororsuspendedceilingareas(concealed
spaces).
14.2. Location.
14.2.1. Smokedetectorsshallnotbelocateddirectlyintheairstreamof
supplyregisters.
14.3. Spacing.
14.3.1. SmokedetectorspacingshallbeinaccordancewithTable8.3and
Figure8.11.
14.4. HVACMechanicalRooms.
14.4.1. WhereHVACmechanicalroomsareusedasanairplenumforreturn
air,thespacingsofsmokedetectorsshallnotberequiredtobe
reducedbasedonthenumberofairchanges.
Page |
229
Figure8.9:DetectorLocationforSolidStorage(ClosedRack)inWhichTransverseand
LongitudinalFlueSpacesAreIrregularorNonexistent,asforSlattedorSolidShelved
Storage.
Page |
230
Figure8.10:DetectorLocationforPalletizedStorage(OpenRack)orNoShelvedStoragein
WhichRegularTransverseandLongitudinalFlueSpacesAreMaintained.
Page |
231
15.
VideoImageSmokeDetection.
15.1. Videoimagesmokedetectionsystemsandallofthecomponentsthereof,
includinghardwareandsoftware,shallbelistedforthepurposeofsmoke
detection.
15.2. Systemsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithaperformancebaseddesign
approach.
16.
OtherDetectors
16.1. ThereareothertypesdetectorsusedsuchasRadiantEnergySensingFire
Detectors,FlameDetectors,Spark/EmberDetectors,VideoImageFlame
Detection,Combination,MultiCriteria,andMultiSensorDetectors.The
selection,spacing,locationandinstallationofthesedetectorsshallbebased
ontheassociatedcriteriasuchasfollows
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
Sizeofthefirethatistobedetected
Fuelinvolved
Sensitivityofthedetector
Fieldofviewofthedetector
Distancebetweenthefireandthedetector
Radiantenergyabsorptionoftheatmosphere
Presenceofextraneoussourcesofradiantemissions
Purposeofthedetectionsystem
Responsetimerequired
Structuralfeatures,size,andshapeoftheroomsandbays
Occupancyandusesofthearea
Ceilingheight
Ceilingshape,surface,andobstructions
Ventilation
Ambientenvironment
Burningcharacteristicsofthecombustiblematerialspresent
Configurationofthecontentsintheareatobeprotected
16.2. Inaddition,Manufacturersspecificationsshallbefollowedbasedonthe
differentapplicationanddesigncharacteristics.
Table8.3:SmokeDetectorSpacingBasedonAirMovement
MinutesPerAirChange
AirChangesPerHour
SpacingPerDetector(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
30
20
15
12
10
8.6
7.5
6.7
6
11.61
23.23
34.84
46.45
58.06
69.68
81.29
83.61
83.61
83.61
Page |
232
Figure8.11:Areaofcoverageforhighairmovementareas
17.
SprinklerWaterflowAlarmInitiatingDevices.
17.1. Activationoftheinitiatingdeviceshalloccurwithin90secondsofwaterflow
atthealarminitiatingdevicewhenflowoccursthatisequaltoorgreater
thanthatfromasinglesprinklerofthesmallestorificesizeinstalledinthe
system.
17.2. Movementofwaterduetowaste,surges,orvariablepressureshallnot
initiateanalarmsignal.
18.
DetectionoftheOperationofOtherAutomatic
ExtinguishingSystems.
18.1. Theoperationoffireextinguishingsystemsorsuppressionsystemsshall
initiateanalarmsignalbyalarminitiatingdevicesinstalledinaccordance
withtheirindividuallistings.
19.
SupervisorySignalInitiatingDevices.
19.1.1. Twoseparateanddistinctsignalsshallbeinitiated:oneindicating
movementofthevalvefromitsnormalposition(offnormal)and
theotherindicatingrestorationofthevalvetoitsnormalposition.
Page |
233
19.1.2. Theoffnormalsignalshallbeinitiatedduringthefirsttwo
revolutionsofthehandwheelorduringonefifthofthetravel
distanceofthevalvecontrolapparatusfromitsnormalposition.
19.1.3. Theoffnormalsignalshallnotberestoredatanyvalveposition
exceptnormal.
19.1.4. Aninitiatingdeviceforsupervisingthepositionofacontrolvalve
shallnotinterferewiththeoperationofthevalve,obstructtheview
ofitsindicator,orpreventaccessforvalvemaintenance.
20.
PressureSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
20.1. Twoseparateanddistinctsignalsshallbeinitiated:oneindicatingthatthe
requiredpressurehasincreasedordecreased(offnormal)andtheother
indicatingrestorationofthepressuretoitsnormalvalue.
20.2. Thefollowingrequirementsshallapplytopressuresupervisorysignal
initiatingdevices:
i.
ii.
Apressuretanksupervisorysignalinitiatingdeviceforapressurizedlimited
watersupply,suchasapressuretank,shallindicatebothhighandlow
pressureconditions.
Theoffnormalsignalshallbeinitiatedwhentherequiredpressureincreases
ordecreasesby70kPa(10psi).
iii.
iv.
Apressuresupervisorysignalinitiatingdeviceforadrypipesprinklersystem
shallindicatebothhighandlowpressureconditions.Theoffnormalsignal
shallbeinitiatedwhenthepressureincreasesordecreasesby70kPa(10
psi).
Asteampressuresupervisorysignalinitiatingdeviceshallindicatealow
pressurecondition.Theoffnormalsignalshallbeinitiatedpriortothe
pressurefallingbelow110percentoftheminimumoperatingpressureof
thesteamoperatedequipmentsupplied.
21.
WaterLevelSupervisorySignalInitiatingDevice.
21.1. Twoseparateanddistinctsignalsshallbeinitiated:oneindicatingthatthe
requiredwaterlevelhasbeenloweredorraised(offnormal)andtheother
indicatingrestoration.
21.2. Apressuretanksignalinitiatingdeviceshallindicatebothhighandlow
waterlevelconditions.Theoffnormalsignalshallbeinitiatedwhenthe
waterlevelfalls76mm(3in.)orrises76mm(3in.).
21.3. Asupervisorysignalinitiatingdeviceforotherthanpressuretanksshall
initiatealowwaterlevelsignalwhenthewaterlevelfalls300mm(12in.).
Page |
234
22.
SmokeDetectorsforControlofSmokeSpread.
22.1.1. Smokedetectorsinstalledandusedtopreventsmokespreadby
initiatingcontroloffans,dampers,doors,andotherequipmentshall
beclassifiedinthefollowingmanner:
i.
Areadetectorsthatareinstalledintherelatedsmoke
compartments
ii.
Detectorsthatareinstalledintheairductsystems
iii.
Videoimagesmokedetectionthatisinstalledinrelated
smokecompartments
22.2. Purposes.
22.2.1. Topreventtherecirculationofdangerousquantitiesofsmoke,a
detectorapprovedforairductuseshallbeinstalledonthesupply
sideofairhandlingsystemsasrequiredbyNFPA90A,Standardfor
theInstallationofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems.
22.3. Application.
22.3.1.
AreaSmokeDetectorswithinSmokeCompartments
22.3.1.1. Areasmokedetectorswithinsmokecompartmentsshallbe
permittedtobeusedtocontrolthespreadofsmokeby
initiatingoperationofdoors,dampers,andother
equipment.
23.
SmokeDetectionfortheAirDuctSystem.
23.1.1. Wherethedetectionofsmokeinthesupplyairsystemisrequired
byotherNFPAstandards,adetector(s)listedfortheairvelocity
presentandthatislocatedinthesupplyairductdownstreamof
boththefanandthefiltersshallbeinstalled.Additionalsmoke
detectorsshallnotberequiredtobeinstalledinductswheretheair
ductsystempassesthroughothersmokecompartmentsnotserved
bytheduct.
23.2.1. Adetector(s)listedfortheairvelocitypresentshallbelocated
wheretheairleaveseachsmokecompartment,orintheduct
systembeforetheairentersthereturnairsystemcommontomore
thanonesmokecompartment.
Page |
235
23.2.2. Additionalsmokedetectorsshallnotberequiredtobeinstalledin
ductswheretheairductsystempassesthroughothersmoke
compartmentsnotservedbytheduct.
23.2.3. Wheretotalcoveragesmokedetectionisinstalledinallareasofthe
smokecompartmentservedbythereturnairsystem,installationof
airductdetectorsinthereturnairsystemshallnotberequired,
providedtheirfunctionisaccomplishedbythedesignofthearea
detectionsystem.SeeFigure8.12and8.13.
24.
LocationandInstallationofDetectorsinAirDuct
Systems.
24.1. Detectorsshallbelistedforthepurposeforwhichtheyarebeingused.
24.2. Airductdetectorsshallbeinstalledinsuchawayastoobtaina
representativesampleoftheairstream.Thisinstallationshallbepermitted
tobeachievedbyanyofthefollowingmethods:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Rigidmountingwithintheduct
Rigidmountingtothewalloftheductwiththesensingelement
protrudingintotheduct
Installationoutsidetheductwithrigidlymountedsamplingtubes
protrudingintotheduct
Installationthroughtheductwithprojectedlightbeam
24.3. Detectorsshallbemountedinaccordancewiththemanufacturers
publishedinstructionsandshallbeaccessibleforcleaningbyproviding
accessdoorsorcontrolunitsinaccordancewithNFPA90A,Standardforthe
InstallationofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems.
24.4. Thelocationofalldetectorsinairductsystemsshallbepermanentlyand
clearlyidentifiedandrecorded.
24.5. Detectorsmountedoutsideofaductthatemployssamplingtubesfor
transportingsmokefrominsidetheducttothedetectorshallbedesigned
andinstalledtoallowverificationofairflowfromtheducttothedetector.
Page |
236
Figure8.12:Smokedetectorlocatedatreturnairlouvers.
Figure8.13:Locationofsmokedetectoralongreturnairstream.
Page |
237
24.6. Detectorsshallbelistedforoperationoverthecompleterangeofair
velocities,temperature,andhumidityexpectedatthedetectorwhenthe
airhandlingsystemisoperating.
24.7. Allpenetrationsofareturnairductinthevicinityofdetectorsinstalledon
orinanairductshallbesealedtoprevententranceofoutsideairand
possibledilutionorredirectionofsmokewithintheduct.
24.8. Whereinductsmokedetectorsareinstalledinconcealedlocationsmore
than3mabovethefinishedfloororinarrangementswherethedetectors
alarmorsupervisoryindicatorisnotvisibletorespondingpersonnel,the
detectorsshallbeprovidedwithremotealarmorsupervisoryindicationina
locationwithintheroom.
24.9. Remotealarmorsupervisoryindicatorsshallbeinstalledinanaccessible
locationandshallbeclearlylabelledtoindicateboththeirfunctionandthe
airhandlingunit(s)associatedwitheachdetector.
25.
SmokeDetectorsforDoorReleaseService.
25.1. Smokedetectorsthatarepartofanopenareaprotectionsystemcovering
theroom,corridor,orenclosedspaceoneachsideofthesmokedoorand
thatarelocatedandspacedasrequiredbyspottypedetectorsrequirement
shallbepermittedtoaccomplishsmokedoorreleaseservice.
25.2. Wheresmokedoorreleaseisaccomplisheddirectlyfromthesmoke
detector(s),thedetector(s)shallbelistedforreleasingservice.
25.3. Smokedetectorsshallbeofthephotoelectric,ionization,orotherapproved
type.
25.4. Ifthedepthofwallsectionabovethedooris610mm(24in.)orless,one
ceilingmountedsmokedetectorshallberequiredononesideofthe
doorwayonly,ortwowallmounteddetectorsshallberequired,oneon
eachsideofthedoorway.Figure8.14,partAorB,shallapply.
Page |
238
Figure8.14DetectorLocationRequirementsforWallSections.
Page |
239
25.5. Ifthedepthofwallsectionabovethedoorisgreaterthan610mm(24in.)
ononesideonly,oneceilingmountedsmokedetectorshallberequiredon
thehighersideofthedoorwayonly,oronewallmounteddetectorshallbe
requiredonbothsidesofthedoorway.Figure8.14,partD,shallapply.
25.6. Ifthedepthofwallsectionabovethedoorisgreaterthan610mm(24in.)
onbothsides,twoceilingmountedorwallmounteddetectorsshallbe
required,oneoneachsideofthedoorway.Figure8.14,partF,shallapply.
25.7. Ifadetectorisspecificallylistedfordoorframemountingorifalisted
combinationorintegraldetectordoorcloserassemblyisused,onlyone
detectorshallberequiredifinstalledinthemannerrecommendedbythe
manufacturer'spublishedinstructions.Figure8.14,partsA,C,andE,shall
apply.
25.8. Iftheseparationbetweendoorwaysexceeds610mm(24in.),eachdoorway
shallbetreatedseparately.Figure8.15,partE,shallapply.
Figure8.15DetectorLocationRequirementsforSingleandDoubleDoors.
Page |
240
25.9. Eachgroupofthreeormoredoorwayopeningsshallbetreatedseparately.
Figure16shallapply.
Figure8.16DetectorLocationRequirementsforGroupDoorways.
25.10. Eachgroupofdoorwayopeningsthatexceeds6.1m(20ft)inwidth
measuredatitsoverallextremesshallbetreatedseparately.Figure8.17
shallapply.
Figure8.17DetectorLocationRequirementsforGroupDoorwaysover6.1m(20ft)in
Width.
25.11. Iftherearemultipledoorwaysandlisteddoorframemounteddetectorsor
iflistedcombinationorintegraldetectordoorcloserassembliesareused,
thereshallbeonedetectorforeachsingleordoubledoorway.
25.12. Ifceilingmountedsmokedetectorsaretobeinstalledonasmoothceiling
forasingleordoubledoorway,theyshallbelocatedasfollows(Figure8.15
shallapply):
i.
ii.
iii.
Onthecentrelineofthedoorway
Nomorethan1.5m(5ft)measuredalongtheceilingand
perpendiculartothedoorway(Figure8.14shallapply.)
NocloserthanshowninFigure8.14,partsB,D,andF
Page |
241
26.
BuildingFireAlarmSystems.
26.1. Protectedpremisesfirealarmsystemsthatservethegeneralfirealarm
needsofabuildingorbuildingsshallincludethefollowingsystemsor
functionswhereapplicable:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
Manualalarmsignalinitiation
Automaticalarmsignalinitiation
Monitoringofabnormalconditionsinfiresuppression
systems
Activationoffiresuppressionsystems
Activationoffiresafetyfunctions
Activationofalarmnotificationappliances
Emergencyvoice/alarmcommunications
Guardstoursupervisoryservice
Processmonitoringsupervisorysystems
Activationofoffpremisessignals
Combinationsystems
Integratedsystems
26.2.1. ActuationTime.
Actuationofalarmnotificationappliancesoremergencyvoice
communications,firesafetyfunctions,andannunciationatthe
protectedpremisesshalloccurwithin10secondsafterthe
activationofaninitiatingdevice.
26.2.2. Anopenorgroundconditionofanyfirealarmcircuitsshallresultin
theannunciationofatroublesignalattheprotectedpremisewithin
200seconds.
26.2.3. Thesignalfromanautomaticfiredetectiondeviceselectedfor
positivealarmsequenceoperationshallbeacknowledgedatthefire
alarmcontrolunitbytrainedpersonnelwithin15secondsof
annunciationinordertoinitiatethealarminvestigationphase.
26.2.4. Ifthesignalisnotacknowledgedwithin15seconds,notification
signalsinaccordancewiththebuildingevacuationorrelocationplan
andremotesignalsshallbeautomaticallyandimmediately
activated.
26.2.5. Trainedpersonnelshallhaveupto180secondsduringthealarm
investigationphasetoevaluatethefireconditionandresetthe
system.Ifthesystemisnotresetduringtheinvestigationphase,
notificationsignalsinaccordancewiththebuildingevacuationplan
andremotesignalsshallbeautomaticallyandimmediately
activated.
Page |
242
26.2.6. Ifasecondautomaticfiredetectorselectedforpositivealarm
sequenceisactuatedduringthealarminvestigationphase,
notificationsignalsinaccordancewiththebuildingevacuationor
relocationplanandremotesignalsshallbeautomaticallyand
immediatelyactivated.
26.2.7. Ifanyotherinitiatingdeviceisactuated,notificationsignalsin
accordancewiththebuildingevacuationorrelocationplanand
remotesignalsshallbeautomaticallyandimmediatelyactivated.
26.2.8. Thesystemshallprovidemeansforbypassingthepositivealarm
sequence.
26.2.9. Systembandwidthismonitoredtoconfirmthatallcommunications
betweenequipmentthatiscriticaltotheoperationofthefirealarm
systemorfiresafetyfunctionstakeplacewithin10seconds;failure
shallbeindicatedwithin200seconds.
26.2.10. Failureofanyequipmentthatiscriticaltotheoperationofthe
firealarmsystemorfiresafetyfunctionsisindicatedatthe
masterfirealarmcontrolunitwithin200seconds.
26.2.11. Alistedbarriergateway,integralwithorattachedtoeachcontrol
unitorgroupofcontrolunits,asappropriate,shallbeprovidedto
preventtheothersystemsfrominterferingwithorcontrolling
thefirealarmsystem.
26.2.12. Eachinterconnectedfirealarmcontrolunitshallbeseparately
monitoredforalarm,supervisory,andtroubleconditions.
26.2.13. Interconnectedfirealarmcontrolunitalarmsignalsshallbe
permittedtobemonitoredbyzoneorbycombinedcommon
signals.
26.2.14. Protectedpremisesfirealarmcontrolunitsshallbecapableof
beingresetorsilencedonlyfromthefirealarmcontrolunitat
theprotectedpremises.
26.2.15. Allnonfirealarmcomponentsshallbelistedforfirealarmuseor
forfireconditions.
26.3.1.
Speakersusedasalarmnotificationappliancesonfirealarm
systemsshallalsobepermittedtobeusedfornonemergency
purposes,providedthatconditionioriiismet:
i.
Theemergencycommandcentreisconstantlyattendedby
trainedpersonnel.
Page |
243
ii.
Thespeakersandassociatedaudioequipmentareinstalled
orlocatedwithsafeguardstoresisttamperingor
maladjustmentsofthosecomponentsessentialforintended
emergencynotification.
26.3.2.
Speakersusedasalarmnotificationappliancesonfirealarm
systemsshallalsobepermittedtobeusedformassnotification
systems.
Firealarmsignalsfromcombinationsystemshallbedistinctive,
clearlyrecognizable,and,withtheexceptionofmassnotification
inputs,takeprecedenceoveranyothersignalevenwhenanon
firealarmsignalisinitiatedfirstandshallbeindicatedasfollows
indescendingorderofpriorityunlessotherwisepermittedbythis
Code:
26.3.3.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Signalsassociatedwithlifesafety
Signalsassociatedwithpropertyprotection
Troublesignalsassociatedwithlifeand/orproperty
protection
Allothersignals
26.3.4.
Livevoiceinstructionsoriginatingfromtheprotectedpremises
fireormassnotificationsystemsshalloverrideallpreviously
initiatedsignalsandshallhavepriorityoverbothofthefollowing:
i.
ii.
Anysubsequentautomaticallyinitiatedsignalsonthat
channel
Remotelygeneratedmassnotificationmessages
26.3.5.
Signalsfromcarbonmonoxidedetectorsandcarbonmonoxide
detectionsystemstransmittedtoafirealarmsystemshallbe
permittedtobesupervisorysignals.
26.4.1. Asmokedetectorthatiscontinuouslysubjectedtoasmoke
concentrationabovealarmthresholddoesnotdelaythesystem
functionsbymorethan1minute.
26.5.1. Whererequiredtobeelectronicallymonitored,waterflowalarm
initiatingdevicesshallbeconnectedtoadedicatedfunctionfire
alarmcontrolunitdesignatedassprinklerwaterflowand
Page |
244
supervisorysystem,andpermanentlyidentifiedonthecontrolunit
andrecorddrawings.
26.5.2. Wherewaterflowalarminitiatingdevicesareconnectedtoa
buildingfirealarmsystem,adedicatedfunctionfirealarmcontrol
unitshallnotberequired.
26.5.3. Thenumberofwaterflowalarminitiatingdevicespermittedtobe
connectedtoasingleinitiatingdevicecircuitshallnotexceedfive.
26.6.1. Whererequiredtobeelectronicallymonitored,supervisorysignal
initiatingdevicesshallbeconnectedtoadedicatedfunctionfire
alarmcontrolunitdesignatedassprinklerwaterflowand
supervisorysystem,andpermanentlyidentifiedonthecontrolunit
andrecorddrawings.
26.6.2. Wheresupervisorysignalinitiatingdevicesareconnectedtoa
buildingfirealarmsystem,adedicatedfunctionfirealarmcontrol
unitshallnotberequired.
26.6.3. Thenumberofsupervisorysignalinitiatingdevicespermittedtobe
connectedtoasingleinitiatingdevicecircuitshallnotexceed20.
26.7.1. Whererequiredtobemonitoredandabuildingfirealarmsystemis
installed,theactuationofafiresuppressionsystemshallannunciate
analarmorsupervisoryconditionatthebuildingfirealarmcontrol
unit.
26.8. SupervisorySignalInitiationFireSuppressionSystemsOtherThan
Sprinklers.
26.8.1. Whererequiredtobemonitoredandabuildingfirealarmsystemis
installed,anoffnormalconditionofafiresuppressionsystemshall
annunciateasupervisoryconditionatthebuildingfirealarmcontrol
unit.
26.8.2. Supervisorysignalsthatlatchintheoffnormalstateandrequire
manualresetofthesystemtorestorethemtonormalshallbe
permitted.
Page |
245
26.9.1. Wherefirepumpsarerequiredtobemonitoredandabuildingfire
alarmsystemisinstalled,apumprunningsignalshallbepermitted
tobeasupervisoryoralarmsignal.
26.10. FireAlarmandSupervisorySignalInitiationReleasingServiceControl
Units.
26.10.1. Releasingservicecontrolunitsshallbeconnectedtotheprotected
premisesfirealarmsystem.
26.10.2. Firealarmandsupervisorysignalsgeneratedatthereleasingcontrol
unitshallbeannunciatedataprotectedpremisesfirealarmunit.
26.10.3. Whererequired,actuationofanysuppressionsystemconnectedto
areleasingservicecontrolunitshallbeannunciatedattheprotected
premisesfirealarmcontrolunitevenwherethesystemactuationis
bymanualmeansorotherwiseaccomplishedwithoutactuationof
thereleasingservicecontrolunit.
26.10.4. Ifavalveisinstalledintheconnectionbetweenasuppression
systemandaninitiatingdevice,thevalveshallbesupervised.
26.11.1. Automaticfiresuppressionsystemalarminitiatingdevicesand
supervisorysignalinitiatingdevicesandtheircircuitsshallbe
designedandinstalledsothattheycannotbesubjecttotampering,
opening,orremovalwithoutinitiatingasignal.Thisprovisionshall
includejunctionboxesinstalledoutsideofbuildingstofacilitate
accesstotheinitiatingdevicecircuit.
26.12.1. OccupantNotification.
26.12.1.1.
Firealarmandmassnotificationsystemsprovided
forevacuationorrelocationofoccupantsshallhave
oneormorenotificationoneachfloorofthe
building.
26.13. NotificationAppliancesinExitStairEnclosures,ExitPassageways,and
ElevatorCars.
26.13.1. Visiblenotificationsignalappliancesshallnotberequiredinexit
stairenclosures,exitpassageways,andelevatorcars.
Page |
246
26.14.1. Notificationzonesshallbeconsistentwiththeemergencyresponse
orevacuationplanfortheprotectedpremises.
26.14.2. Theboundariesofnotificationzonesshallbecoincidentwith
buildingouterwalls,buildingfireorsmokecompartment
boundaries,floorseparations,orotherfiresafetysubdivisions.
26.15.1. Inprotectedpremiseswithmorethanonenotificationzone,asingle
open,shortcircuit,orgroundonthesysteminstallationconductors
shallnotaffectoperationofmorethanonenotificationzone.
27.
SuppressionSystemActuation.
27.1. Firealarmcontrolunitsusedforautomaticormanualactivationofafire
suppressionsystemshallbelistedforreleasingservice.
27.2. Releasingdevicesforsuppressionsystemsshallbelistedforusewith
releasingservicecontrolunits.
27.3. Firealarmsystemsusedforfiresuppressionreleasingserviceshallbe
providedwithadisconnectswitchtoallowthesystemtobetestedwithout
actuatingthefiresuppressionsystems.
27.4. Operationofadisconnectswitchoradisablefunctionshallcausea
supervisorysignalatthefirealarmcontrolunit.
27.5. Thedisconnectshallbeaphysicalswitchandnotbeaccomplishedbyusing
software.
27.6. Suppressionsystemsorgroupsofsystemsshallbecontrolledbyasingle
controlunitthatmonitorstheassociatedinitiatingdevice(s),actuatesthe
associatedreleasingdevice(s),andcontrolstheassociatedagentrelease
notificationappliances.Ifthereleasingcontrolunitislocatedinaprotected
premiseshavingaseparatefirealarmsystem,itshallbemonitoredfor
alarm,supervisory,andtroublesignals,butshallnotbedependentonor
affectedbytheoperationorfailureoftheprotectedpremisesfirealarm
system.
27.7. Firealarmsystemsperformingsuppressionsystemreleasingfunctionsshall
beinstalledinsuchamannerthattheyareeffectivelyprotectedfrom
damagecausedbyactivationofthesuppressionsystem(s)theycontrol.
28.
ElevatorRecallforFireFightersService.
Page |
247
28.1. Systemtypesmokedetectors,orotherautomaticfiredetectionlocatedin
elevatorlobbies,elevatorhoistways,andelevatormachineroomsincluding
machinespace,controlroom,andcontrolspaceusedtoinitiatefirefighters
servicerecall,shallbeconnectedtothebuildingfirealarmsystem.
28.2. Eachelevatorlobby,elevatorhoistway,andelevatormachineroomsmoke
detector,orotherautomaticfiredetection,shallbecapableofinitiating
elevatorrecallwhenallotherdevicesonthesameinitiatingdevicecircuit
havebeenmanuallyorautomaticallyplacedinthealarmcondition.
28.3. Alobbysmokedetectorshallbelocatedontheceilingwithin6.4mofthe
centerlineofeachelevatordoorwithintheelevatorbankundercontrolof
thedetector.
28.4. Smokedetectorsshallnotbeinstalledinunsprinkleredelevatorhoistways
unlesstheyareinstalledtoactivatetheelevatorhoistwaysmokerelief
equipment.
28.5. Ifambientconditionsprohibitinstallationofautomaticsmokedetection,
otherautomaticfiredetectionshallbepermitted.
28.6. Whenactuated,anydetectorthathasinitiatedfirefightersrecallshallalso
beannunciatedatthebuildingfirealarmcontrolunitandrequiredremote
annunciators.
29.
VisualWarning.
29.1. Actuationfromelevatorhoistwayandelevatormachineroomsmoke
detectorsorotherautomaticfiredetectionshallcauseseparateanddistinct
visibleannunciationatthebuildingfirealarmcontrolunitorthefirealarm
controlunitandrequiredannunciatorstoalertfirefightersandother
emergencypersonnelthattheelevatorsarenolongersafetouse.
29.2. Wherelobbydetectorsareusedforotherthaninitiatingelevatorrecall,the
signalinitiatedbythedetectorshallalsoinitiateanalarmsignal.
29.3. Foreachelevatororgroupofelevators,anoutput(s)shallbeprovidedfor
theelevatorvisualwarningsignalinresponsetothefollowing:
i.
ii.
Activationoftheelevatormachineroominitiatingdevices
Activationoftheelevatorhoistwayinitiatingdevices
30.
ElevatorShutdown.
30.1. Whereheatdetectorsareusedtoshutdownelevatorpowerpriorto
sprinkleroperation,thedetectorshallhavebothalowertemperaturerating
andahighersensitivityascomparedtothesprinkler.
Page |
248
30.2. Ifheatdetectorsareusedtoshutdownelevatorpowerpriortosprinkler
operation,theyshallbeplacedwithin610mmofeachsprinklerhead.
30.3. Ifpressureorwaterflowswitchesareusedtoshutdownelevatorpower
immediatelyuponorpriortothedischargeofwaterfromsprinklers,theuse
ofdeviceswithtimedelayswitchesortimedelaycapabilityshallnotbe
permitted.
30.4. Controlcircuitstoshutdownelevatorpowershallbemonitoredfor
presenceofoperatingvoltage.Lossofvoltagetothecontrolcircuitforthe
disconnectingmeansshallcauseasupervisorysignaltobeindicatedatthe
controlunitandrequiredremoteannunciators.
30.5. Theinitiatingdevicesshallbemonitoredforintegritybythefirealarm
controlunit
31.
HVACSystems.
31.1. Ifconnectedtothefirealarmsystemservingtheprotectedpremises,all
detectiondevicesusedtocausetheoperationofHVACsystemssmoke
dampers,firedampers,fancontrol,smokedoors,andfiredoorsshallbe
monitoredforintegrity.
31.2. SmokedetectorsmountedintheairductsofHVACsystemsshallinitiate
eitheranalarmsignalattheprotectedpremisesorasupervisorysignalata
constantlyattendedlocationorsupervisingstation.
31.3. IfthefirealarmcontrolunitactuatestheHVACsystemforthepurposeof
smokecontrol,theautomaticalarminitiatingzonesshallbecoordinated
withthesmokecontrolzonestheyactuate.
31.4. Whereinterconnectedasacombinationsystem,aFirefightersSmoke
ControlStation(FSCS)shallbeprovidedtoperformmanualcontroloverthe
automaticoperationofthesystemssmokecontrolstrategy.
31.5. Whereinterconnectedasacombinationsystem,thesmokecontrolsystem
programmingshallbedesignedsuchthatnormalHVACoperationor
changesdonotpreventtheintendedperformanceofthesmokecontrol
strategy.
32. DoorReleaseService.
32.1. Alldetectiondevicesusedfordoorholdopenreleaseserviceshallbe
monitoredforintegrity.
32.2. Alldoorholdopenreleaseandintegraldoorreleaseandclosuredevices
usedforreleaseserviceshallbemonitoredforintegrity.
Page |
249
32.3. Magneticdoorholdersthatallowdoorstocloseuponlossofoperating
powershallnotberequiredtohaveasecondarypowersource.
33.
DoorUnlockingDevices.
33.1. Anydeviceorsystemintendedtoactuatethelockingorunlockingofexits
shallbeconnectedtothefirealarmsystemservingtheprotectedpremises.
33.2. Allexitsshallunlockuponreceiptofanyfirealarmsignalbymeansofthe
firealarmsystemservingtheprotectedpremises.
33.3. Ifexitdoorsareunlockedbythefirealarmsystem,theunlockingfunction
shalloccurpriortoorconcurrentwithactivationofanypublicmode
notificationappliancesinthearea(s)servedbythenormallylockedexits.
33.4. Alldoorsthatarerequiredtobeunlockedbythefirealarmsystemshall
remainunlockeduntilthefirealarmconditionismanuallyreset.
34.
PublicModeAudibleRequirements.
34.1. Toensurethataudiblepublicmodesignalsareclearlyheard,theyshallhave
asoundlevelatleast15dBabovetheaverageambientsoundlevelor5dB
abovethemaximumsoundlevelhavingadurationofatleast60seconds,
whicheverisgreater,measured1.5mabovethefloorinthearearequiredto
beserved.RefertoTable8.4forthesoundlevelbasedonlocation.
34.2. Afirealarmsystemarrangedtostoporreduceambientnoiseshallproduce
asoundlevelatleast15dBabovethereducedaverageambientsoundlevel
or5dBabovethemaximumsoundlevelhavingadurationofatleast60
secondsafterreductionoftheambientnoiselevel,whicheverisgreater,
measured1.5mabovethefloorinthearearequiredtobeserved.
35.
PrivateModeAudibleRequirements.
35.1. Toensurethataudibleprivatemodesignalsareclearlyheard,theyshall
haveasoundlevelatleast10dBabovetheaverageambientsoundlevelor
5dBabovethemaximumsoundlevelhavingadurationofatleast60
seconds,whicheverisgreater,measured
1.5mabovethefloorinthearearequiredtobeserved.
35.2. Asystemarrangedtostoporreduceambientnoiseshallbepermittedto
produceasoundlevelatleast10dBabovethereducedaverageambient
soundlevelor5dBabovethemaximumsoundlevelhavingadurationofat
least60secondsafterreductionoftheambientnoiselevel,whicheveris
greater,measured1.5mabovethefloor.
Page |
250
36.
SleepingAreaRequirements.
36.1. Audibleappliancesshallbeinstalledtoprovidesignalsforsleepingareas.
Theyshallhaveasoundlevelofatleast15dBabovetheaverageambient
soundlevelor5dBabovethemaximumsoundlevelhavingadurationofat
least60secondsorasoundlevelofatleast75dBA,whicheverisgreater,
measuredatthepillowlevelinthearearequiredtobeserved.
36.2. Ifanybarrier,suchasadoor,curtain,orretractablepartition,islocated
betweenthenotificationapplianceandthepillow,thesoundpressurelevel
shallbemeasuredwiththebarrierplacedbetweentheapplianceandthe
pillow.
37.
LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforaBuildingor
Structure.
37.1. Ifceilingheightsallow,wallmountedappliancesshallhavetheirtopsabove
thefinishedfloorsatheightsofnotlessthan2290mmandbelowthe
finishedceilingsatdistancesofnotlessthan150mm.
37.2. Ceilingmountedorrecessedappliancesshallbepermitted.
38.
LocationofAudibleNotificationAppliancesforWideArea
Signalling.
38.1.
Audiblenotificationappliancesforwideareasignalingshallbeinstalledin
accordancewiththeapproveddesigndocuments,andthemanufacturers
installationinstructiontoachievetherequiredperformance.
Page |
251
Table8.4AverageAmbientSoundLevelAccordingtoLocation
Page |
252
39.
VisibleCharacteristicsPublicMode.
39.1.
Light,Color,andPulseCharacteristics.
39.1.1.
39.1.2.
Theflashrateshallnotexceedtwoflashespersecond(2Hz)norbe
lessthanoneflasheverysecond(1Hz)throughoutthelistedvoltage
rangeoftheappliance.
Amaximumpulsedurationshallbe0.2secondwithamaximum
dutycycleof40percent.
39.1.3.
39.1.4.
39.1.5.
Thepulsedurationshallbedefinedasthetimeintervalbetween
initialandfinalpointsof10percentofmaximumsignal.
Lightsusedforfirealarmsignallingonlyortosignaltheintentfor
completeevacuationshallbeclearornominalwhiteandshallnot
exceed1000cd(effectiveintensity).
Lightsusedtosignaloccupantstoseekinformationorinstructions
shallbeclear,nominalwhite,orothercolourasrequiredbythe
emergencyplan.
39.2.
ApplianceLocation.
39.2.1.
39.2.2.
Visualalarmsignals(flashers)shallbeusedinareaswhereaudio
alarmsignalisnoteffective,notfeasibletotypeofoccupancy(i.e.
operatingtheatresinhospitals,extremelynoisyenvironmentlike
engineroom,intensivecareunitsinhealthcareoccupancies)orin
areaswhereaudioalarmrequirestheaidofvisualalarm.
Wallmountedappliancesshallbemountedsuchthattheentirelens
isnotlessthan2030mmandnotgreaterthan2440mmabovethe
finishedfloor.
39.3.
SpacinginRooms.
39.3.1.
Spacingofwallandceilingmountedvisibleappliancesshallbein
accordancewithTable8.5andFigure8.18orTable8.6accordingly.
Page |
253
Table8.5RoomSpacingforWallMountedVisibleAppliances
Page |
254
Figure8.18RoomSpacingforWallMountedVisibleAppliances.
Page |
255
Table8.6RoomSpacingforCeilingMountedVisibleAppliances
Page |
256
39.4.
VisiblenotificationappliancesshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithTable
8.5,usingoneofthefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Asinglevisiblenotificationappliance.
Twovisiblenotificationapplianceslocatedonoppositewalls.
Twogroupsofvisiblenotificationappliances,wherevisual
appliancesofeachgrouparesynchronized,inthesameroomor
adjacentspacewithinthefieldofview.Thisshallinclude
synchronizationofstrobesoperatedbyseparatesystems.
Morethantwovisiblenotificationappliancesorgroupsof
synchronizedappliancesinthesameroomoradjacentspacewithin
thefieldofviewthatflashinsynchronization.
39.5.
RoomspacinginaccordancewithTable8.5andFigure8.18forwall
mountedappliancesshallbebasedonlocatingthevisiblenotification
applianceatthehalfwaydistanceofthewall.
39.6. Insquareroomswithappliancesnotcenteredorinnonsquarerooms,the
effectiveintensity(cd)fromonevisiblewallmountednotificationappliance
shallbedeterminedbymaximumroomsizedimensionsobtainedeitherby
measuringthedistancetothefarthestwallorbydoublingthedistanceto
thefarthestadjacentwall,whicheverisgreater,asrequiredbyTable8.3and
Figure8.16.
39.7. Ifaroomconfigurationisnotsquare,thesquareroomsizethatallowsthe
entireroomtobeencompassedorallowstheroomtobesubdividedinto
multiplesquaresshallbeused.
39.8. Ifceilingheightsexceed9.14m(30ft),ceilingmountedvisiblenotification
appliancesshallbesuspendedatorbelow9.14m(30ft)orwallmounted
visiblenotificationapplianceshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithTable8.3.
39.9. Table8.4shallbeusediftheceilingmountedvisiblenotificationapplianceis
atthecenteroftheroom.Iftheceilingmountedvisiblenotification
applianceisnotlocatedatthecenteroftheroom,theeffectiveintensity
(cd)shallbedeterminedbydoublingthedistancefromtheappliancetothe
farthestwalltoobtainthemaximumroomsize.
39.10.1. Theinstallationofvisiblenotificationappliancesincorridors6.1m
orlessinwidthshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
Table8.5or8.6accordingly.
39.10.2. Inacorridorapplication,visibleappliancesshallberatednotless
than15cd.
39.10.3. Corridorsgreaterthan6.1mwideshallalsocomplywiththespacing
requirementsforroomsinaccordancewithTable8.3or8.4
accordingly.
Page |
257
39.11. Visiblenotificationappliancesshallbelocatednotmorethan4.57mfrom
theendofthecorridorwithaseparationnotgreaterthan30.4mbetween
appliances.
39.12. Ifthereisaninterruptionoftheconcentratedviewingpath,suchasafire
door,anelevationchange,oranyotherobstruction,theareashallbe
treatedasaseparatecorridor.
39.13. Incorridorswheremorethantwovisiblenotificationappliancesareinany
fieldofview,theyshallflashinsynchronization.
39.14. Wallmountedvisiblenotificationappliancesincorridorsshallbepermitted
tobemountedoneithertheendwallorthesidewallofthecorridornot
morethan4.57mfromtheendofthecorridorwithaseparationnotgreater
than30.4mbetweenappliances.
40.
FurtherReferences
NFPA110:StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems
PowerSystems.
NFPA170:StandardforFireSafetyandEmergencySymbols
Page |
258
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER9.FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEM
1. General
2. Definitions
3. Application
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Storageoccupancies
4. DesignRequirements
4.1. DryRiserSystems
4.5. PipeSizes
4.6. FirePumpset
4.7. FireWatertanks
4.11. ZoningofWetrisersystem
4.15. PipeSizes
4.16. FirePumpSets
5. SprinklerSystem
5.1. General
5.2. TypesofSprinklerSystems
5.4. DryPipeSprinklerSystem
5.5. PreActionSprinklersystem
5.6. TypesofSprinklerHeads
5.7. TypesofSprinklerHeadsbasedondischargepattern
5.9. TypesofSprinklerHeadbasedonsensingelement
PAGENO.
262
262
262
267
267
268
268
269
279
279
279
279
279
280
280
280
281
283
284
285
288
288
289
289
289
290
291
292
292
293
293
293
293
294
295
296
296
296
296
297
297
298
298
298
299
299
299
300
300
Page |
259
5.20. PipeSizes
6. Firepumplocationandarrangement
6.8
FirePumpforHydrants
7. InspectorsTest&Drains
7.1. InspectorsTest
7.2. Drains
8. ClassificationofFireHazardsforSprinklerDesign
8.2. LightHazard
8.3. OrdinaryHazard
8.4. ExtraHighHazard
9. SprinklerSystemDesignRequirements
10. SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforalloccupanciesotherthan
StorageOccupancies
11. SpecialDesignConsiderationforAtria
12. SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforStorageOccupancies
12.1 General
13. DesigncriteriaforStorageOccupancies
14. RefrigeratedSpaces(ColdRoomApplication)
14.1. General
14.4. ControlValve
14.5. CheckValve
15. PipingRequirements
16. Isolation/SectionorfloorControlvalves
17. CheckValves
18. AlarmCheckValve(ACV)Assembly
19. ControlValves
20. Supervision.
21. PressureGauges
22. PressureReducingValves
23. SectionorFloorZoneControlValve(ZCV)Assembly
24. SprinklerHeadsInstallation
24.1. General
24.6 Recessed/ConcealedPendentSprinklerHeads
24.8 SidewallSprinklerHeads
25. Obstructionfromstructuralmembers,pipe,columnsandfixturesforuprightand
pendentsprinklers
26. SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforuprightorpendentsprinklers
27. ObstructionsthatPreventSprinklerDischargefromReachingtheHazard
28. ObstructionstoSprinklerDischargePatternDevelopmentforsidewallsprinklers
29. SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforsidewallsprinklers
30. DistanceBelowCeilings.
31. Location&ProtectionofSprinklerRiserPipe
[CONTENTS]
301
302
302
302
302
303
304
304
304
305
305
307
308
319
319
319
319
320
353
353
353
353
353
353
353
354
355
355
355
355
356
356
358
360
361
361
361
362
363
363
364
366
369
371
374
375
376
376
377
377
379
Page |
260
[CONTENTS]
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42
43
44
45
46
47
PipeExpansionJoints
39.4. Inspection
Maintenance
WaterSpraySystem
41.1 Introduction
41.2 CharacteristicsofWaterSpraySystem
41.3 ApplicationofWaterSpraySystem
41.4 GeneralDesignRequirementsandProcedure
WaterMistSystems
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Definitions
42.3 Applications
42.4 Limitations
42.5 DesignCriteria
FoamExtinguishingSystems
43.1 Introduction
43.2 DifferentTypesofFoamsandTheirApplications
43.3 FoamProportioning
43.4 CharacteristicsandLimitations
43.5 DesignCriteria
GasSuppression
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Definitions
44.3 GasExtinguishingSystems
44.4 AgentStorageBank
44.5 CylinderValves
44.6 Nozzles
44.7 AreaValves
44.8 PipeandFittings
44.9 RoomIntegrityandAirTightnessRequirements
44.10 InertGases
44.11 ChemicalGases
44.12 FirePreventionSystems
44.13 Health&SafetyAspectsofGasExtinguishingSystemsand
DryChemicalSuppression
WetChemicalSuppressionSystems
FurtherReferences
380
380
381
382
382
382
382
383
383
383
385
385
385
386
387
387
391
391
391
392
392
393
393
394
394
394
395
397
398
399
402
402
402
403
404
405
406
406
407
408
411
421
424
428
430
432
435
Page |
261
[CHAPTER9.FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEMS]
CHAPTER9
FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEMS
1. General
1.1.
TheprovisionofFireProtectionsystemsistoprovideautomaticaswellas
manualapproachtoextinguishfires.AlongwiththeirFirefightingequipment,
CivilDefenceFirefightersalsoutilizeFireProtectionSystemsinstalledin
occupancies,tomanuallyfightfirestherebyprotectingthepropertyandlivesof
people.ThusawelldesignedandwellfunctioningFireProtectionSysteminany
occupancyisveryimportant.FireProtectionorFireExtinguishmentcanbe
achievedwithvarioustechniquesandmechanisms.However,basicallythe
conceptsbehindalltheextinguishingmeasuresareoneormoreofthe
following.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Physicallyseparatethecombustiblematerialfromtheflame
RemovingorReducingtheOxygensupply
Reducingtemperatureofthecombustibleortheflame
Introducingthechemicalsthatmodifythecombustionchemistry
1.2.
Thissectionofthecodedealswiththerequirementsforapplication,design,
installationandmaintenanceoffollowingtypesofinternationallyacceptedand
approvedFireProtectionSystems.
i.
ii.
iii.
WaterBasedFireProtectionSystems
GasandChemicalBasedFireProtectionSystems
OthertypesofFireExtinguishers,ExtinguishingAgents,Extinguishing
methodsandmechanismswhicharenotpartofthiscodeshallobtain
approvalfromCivilDefence.
2. Definitions
2.1.
2.2.
WaterBasedFireProtectionSystems
2.1.1. Wateristhemostwidelyusedandavailablefireextinguishingagent.Water
isinexpensive,abundant(See2.1.2),andeffectiveinfiresuppression.The
techniquesandmechanismsusingwateranditsheatabsorbing,coolingand
fireextinguishingpropertiestofightandextinguishfiresareWaterBased
FireProtectionSystemssuchasStandpipeSystem,AutomaticSprinkler
Systems,WaterSpraySystems,FireHydrantSystems,andFoamSystems
etc.
2.1.2. SeeChapter5.COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE,section2.
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTandSUSTAINABILITYonSaveWater
GasandChemicalBasedFireProtectionSystems
2.2.1. Gasextinguishingtechnologyisbasedmainlyontheprincipleofremoving
oxygen.Byintroducingagaseousextinguishingagentintotheroom's
Page |
262
atmospheretheoxygencontentisreducedtothepointwherethe
combustionprocessishalted.Thegasextinguishingprocessuseseitherinert
orchemicalgases.Thistechniqueandmechanismusingvariousgasesand
chemicalssuchasCleanAgents,CO2,DryChemicalandWetChemical
agentsandtheirfireextinguishingpropertiestofightandextinguishfiresare
calledGasandChemicalbasedFireProtectionSystems.
2.3.
2.4.
StandpipeSystems
2.3.1. TheverticalportionoftheWaterBasedFireProtectionsystempipingthat
deliversthewatersupplyforHoseconnections(andsprinklersincombined
systems)verticallyfromfloortofloor.Thetermstandpipecanalsoreferto
thehorizontalportionofthesystempipingthatdeliversthewatersupplyfor
twoormorehoseconnections(andsprinklersoncombinedsystems),ona
singlelevel.
2.3.2. TwotypesofStandpipeSystemsareapprovedbytheCivilDefencebasedon
thebuildingspecificationsandfloorareas.OneisDryTypeStandpipe
SystemsandsecondisWetTypeStandpipeSystems.Thesestandpipe
systemsarefurthercategorizedintoClassI,ClassIIandClassIIIStandpipe
Systems.
2.3.3. CombinedStandpipeSystemswithacommonriserprovidingwatersupply
tobothhoseconnectionsaswellasSprinklersystemsarenotallowedby
CivilDefence.
DryStandpipeSystemsorDryRiserSystem
2.4.1. Dryrisersystemsarenormallydrywithoutpermanentwaterconnectionto
itanddependontheCivilDefencefiretrucktopumpwaterintothesystem.
Dryrisersystemcomprisesofoneormultipleverticalriserpipesor
horizontalrunsofpipingthatareterminatedtothetwowaybreeching
inletslocatedatgroundlevelandconnectedtothe65mmdialanding(Fire
Department)valveoutletscoupledoruncoupledwith65mmdiameter,30m
longreinforcedrubberlined(RRL)hosewithmultipurposehosenozzlethat
areplacedinsideacabinetfortheuseofCivilDefenceDepartment
personnelorothertrainedfirefightingpersonnel.
2.5.
WetStandpipeSystemsorWetRiserSystem
2.5.1. Wetrisersystemsarenormallypressurizedwithwaterhavingpermanent
watersupplyfromfirewaterpumpsandfirewaterstoragetanks.Wetriser
systemcomprisesofoneormultipleverticalriserpipesorhorizontalrunsof
pipingthatfeedtheSprinklerSystem,WaterSpraySystemaswellasHose
andLandingValveconnections.Theserisersareconnectedtofirepumps
andfirewaterstoragetankslocatedwithinthebuildings.25mmforHose
ReelSystem,40mmforHoseRacksystem,65mmdiameterforLanding
Valvetappingswillbemadefromthewetriserineachfloorlevelandfitted
withmultipurposehosesandnozzlesthatareplacedinsideacabinetforthe
useofCivilDefencedepartmentpersonnelorothertrainedfirefighting
personnel.Inadditionfourwaybreechinginletslocatedatgroundlevelare
Page |
263
connectedtobottomofthewetrisertopumpwaterfromtheCivilDefence
firetruckassupplementarywatersupply.
2.6.
FireHoseReelSystem
2.6.1. Firehosereelsystemsarealsonormallypressurizedwithwaterhaving
permanentwatersupplyfromfirewaterpumpsandfirewaterstorage
tanks.Firehosereelsystemcomprisesofoneormultipleverticalriserpipes
orhorizontalrunsofpipingthatareconnectedtothe25mmdiabore,30m
longfirehosereelslocatedatallthefloors.Systemincludespermanentfire
pumpsandfirewatertanks.
2.7.
FireHoseRackSystem
2.7.1. Firehoseracksystemsarealsonormallypressurizedwithwaterhaving
permanentwatersupplyfromfirewaterpumpsandfirewaterstorage
tanks.Firehoseracksystemcomprisesofoneormultipleverticalriserpipes
orhorizontalrunsofpipingthatareconnectedtothe40mmdiabore,30m
longfirehose,foldedverticallyandattachedoverthepinsinanapproved
mannerandlocatedatallthefloors.Systemincludespermanentfirepumps
andfirewatertanks.
2.8.
ClassISystem
2.8.1. ClassIsystemscomprisesof65mmdiameterLandingValveoutletscoupled
oruncoupledwith65mmdiameter,30mlongreinforcedrubberlined(RRL)
hosewithmultipurposehosenozzlefortheuseofCivilDefencedepartment
personnelorothertrainedfirefightingpersonnel.
2.9.
ClassIISystem
2.9.1. ClassIIsystemscomprisesof25mmdiameterboreforHoseReelSystemor
40mmdiameterboreforHoseRackSystem,30mlongdualreinforced
rubberhosecoupledwith6or8mmboremultipurposenozzle,fortheuse
ofoccupantstoextinguishsmallfiresorwhenthefireisatitsincipient
stagesuntilthearrivalofCivilDefencefirefighters.
2.10. ClassIIISystem
2.10.1. ClassIIIsystemisacombinationofbothClassI&ClassIIsystemsfortheuse
ofoccupantsandaswellasCivilDefenceuse.IngeneraltheclassIsystem
equipmentsareinstalledinlowerlevelorcompartmentandclassIIsystem
equipmentsinupperlevelorcompartmentofacabinet.
2.10.2. Alternatively,becauseofthemultipleuse,classIIIstandpipesystem
comprising65mmdiameterlandingvalvewith65mmx40mmeasily
removableadapterandcoupledwith40mmdiameter,30mlongfirehose
andnozzlemaybepermittedasaspecialcases.
Page |
264
2.11.
2.12.
AutomaticSprinklerSystem
2.11.1. Thesprinklersarethedeviceswhichconsistofanorificetodischarge
waterisnormallyclosedbyadiscorcapheldinplacebytemperature
sensitiveelementsuchasfusiblelinkorquartzoidbulbs.Convictedheat
fromafirecausesoperationofoneormorethermallysensitive
sprinklers,therebypermittingwatertobedischargeddirectlyoverthe
fireaffectedarea.Atypicalsprinklersystemconsistsessentiallyofa
pipingnetwork,connectedtoapermanentwatersupplyandcontrol
valvesfeedingautomaticwatersprinklersspacedregularlythroughout
theprotectedpremises,incorporatinglocalandfiredepartmentservice
alarms.
WaterSpraySystem
2.12.1. SimilartoautomaticSprinklersystem,itisanautomaticormanually
actuatedfixedpipingnetworksystemconnectedtoafixedwatersupply
andequippedwithwaterspraynozzlesdesignedtoprovideaspecific
waterdischargeanddistributionovertheprotectedsurfacesorarea.
2.13. WaterMistSystem
2.13.1. SimilartoAutomaticSprinklerSystem,watermistsystemisanautomatic
ormanualfireprotectionsystemconnectedtoafixedwatersupply
networkandusingspecialspraynozzlesdischargingveryfinewater
sprays(i.e.,watermist).Thewaterdischargedtoproducesmallparticles
ofwater(misteffect)whichabsorbsheat,displacesoxygen,orblocks
radiantheatinordertocontrolorsuppressfireinanenvironmentwhere
waterdamageandwaterquantityisaconcern.Watermistsystemsare
availableinbothHighPressure&LowPressureversions.Watermist
systemscanalsobeusedasalternativestosprinklersystemsincertain
applications.
2.14. FireHydrantSystem
2.14.1. FireHydrantisanexteriorvalvedconnectiontowatersupplythat
providesoneormorehoseconnections.Asasystemitisawatersupply
pipingnetworksystemhavingoneormoreoutletsandthatisusedto
supplyhoseandfiredepartmentpumperswithwateronprivate
property.Whereconnectedtoapublicwatersystem,theprivate
hydrantsaresuppliedbyaprivateservicemainthatbeginsatthepointof
service,usuallyatamanuallyoperatedvalvenearthepropertyline.
2.14.2. FireHydrantsystemcanalsobeaFireHydrantsdistributedthrough
pipingnetworkwithpermanentWaterTankandPumpsforthe
pressurizedwatersupplywhichisnormallyarequirementforprivate
propertyprotectionwithoutpublicwatersystem.(Seechapter2,section
6)
2.15. FoamSystem
Page |
265
2.15.1. Foamisastableaggregationofsmallgasfilledbubblesoflowerdensity
thanoilorwater,formedfromaqueoussolutionsofspeciallyformulated
concentratedliquidfoamingagentsthatexhibitsatenacityforcovering
horizontalsurfaces,producinganairexcluding,coolingcontinuouslayer
ofvapoursealing,waterbearingmaterialthatpreventscombustion.A
fixedFoamsystemisacompleteinstallationinwhichfoamconcentrate
andwateraremixedinfoamstationthuscreatingrequiredfoamwhich
thenispipedfromfoamstation,dischargingthroughfixeddelivery
outletstothehazardtobeprotectedwithpermanentlyinstalledpumps
whererequired.
2.15.2. Foamsystemcanalsobemobilewithanytypeoffoamproducingunit
thatismountedonwheelsandthatisselfpropelledortowedbya
vehicleandcanbeconnectedtoawatersupplyorcanutilizeapremixed
foamsolution.
2.16. CleanAgentSystem
2.16.1. CleanAgentsareessentiallythefireextinguishingagentswhichare
electricallynonconducting,vaporizereadilyandleavenoresidueupon
evaporation.CleanagentsareHalonreplacementswhicharebroadly
classifiedintotwocategories.Halocarboncompoundssuchas
Hydrobromofluorocarbons(HBFC),Hydrofluorocarbons(HFC),
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFC),perfluorocarbons(FCorPFC)and
Fluoroiodocarbons(FIC).Fluoroketone(FK),InertGasessuchasNitrogen
andArgonorblendsofthesegases.
2.16.2. SeeChapter5.COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE,section2.
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTandSUSTAINABILITYonAcceptable
andApprovedCleanAgentSystems
2.16.3. AllcleanagentsystemsshouldbelistedinNFPA2001,latestversionand
designedinaccordancewiththisstandard.
2.16.4. TheseCleanagentscanbeeitherdischargedasTotalFloodingwhichis
theactandmechanismofdischargingagentthroughdistributionpiping
networkandthroughnozzlesforthepurposeofachievingaspecified
minimumagentconcentrationthroughoutahazardtoextinguishfireOR
canbedischargedasLocalApplicationwhereasystemconsistingofa
supplyofCleanagentarrangedtodischargedirectlyontheburning
material.
2.17. CarbonDioxide(CO2)System
2.17.1. CarbonDioxideisanonconductivegaswhichextinguishesfirebyOxygen
Reductionprinciple.Thiscanbeachievedthroughvariousmechanisms
suchasAutomaticTotalflooding,LocalapplicationandManualHose
lines.Totalfloodingissupplyofcarbondioxidearrangedwithstorage
tank,pipingdistributionandnozzlestodischargeinto,andfilltothe
properconcentration,anenclosedspaceorenclosurearoundthehazard.
SimilarlyLocalapplicationisdischargingCO2directlyontheburning
Page |
266
surface.Manualhoselinesconsistofahoseandnozzleassembly
connectedbyfixedpipingnetworkandCO2storagetankorconnected
directlytoasupplyofCO2.CO2systemshouldbeappliedforthe
protectionofunmannedareas.
2.18.
DryChemicalSystem
2.18.1. DryChemicalisapowdercomposedofverysmallparticles,usually
sodiumbicarbonate,potassiumbicarbonate,orammoniumphosphate
basedwithaddedparticulatematerialsupplementedbyspecial
treatmenttoprovideresistancetopacking,resistancetomoisture
absorption(caking),andtheproperflowcapabilities.Drychemicalhas
Oxygenreduction,CoolingandRadiationShieldingpropertieswhichis
usedtoextinguishfiresbyvariousautomaticallyandmanuallyoperating
mechanismssuchasTotalflooding,Localapplication,HandHoseline.
2.19.
WetChemicalSystem
2.19.1. WetChemicalnormallyisanaqueoussolutionoforganicorinorganic
saltsoracombinationthereofthatformsanextinguishingagentwith
Oxygenreducingandcoolingproperties.Thisagentisthendischarged
throughpipingortubingnetworktriggeredbyexpellantgaspressure.
3. Application
3.1.
3.1.1.
DRS
WRS
FHR
AS
PAS
WSS
WMS
YFH
FSS
FIS
DCS
WCS
CAS
CDS
Abbreviationsbelowareusedtoguidethroughtheselectionand
applicationofFireProtectionSystemsinthefollowingsectionsofthis
code.
DryRiserSystem
WetRiserSystem
FireHoseReelSystem
AutomaticSprinklerSystem
PreactionSprinklerSystem
WaterSpraySystem
WaterMistSystem
YardFireHydrantSystem
FoamSprinklerSystem
FoamInjectionSystem
DryChemicalSystem
WetChemicalSystem
CleanAgentSystem
CarbonDioxideSystem
Page |
267
3.2.
3.2.1. Alloccupancieswithmorethan20,000mplotarea,usuallywithclusterof
alltypesofbuildingsshallbeprovidedwithYardFireHydrantSystemswith
dedicatedFirePumpsetandwatertank.
3.2.2. TheselectionofFireProtectionSystemsforNonIndustrialandNonStorage
occupanciesshallbeasperTable9.1.
3.2.3. AuxiliaryoccupanciessuchasElectricalrooms,TelephoneRooms,Generator
Rooms,AnesthetizingRooms,Laboratoriesetc.,connectedwithandpartof
theprimaryorpredominantoccupanciesshallcomplywiththe
requirementsofTable9.2.
3.3.
3.3.1. AllIndustrialpremisesmorethan3600mplotareashallbeprovidedwith
YardFireHydrantSystems.
3.3.2. AllIndustrialoccupancieshavingmorethan3floorsaboveFireAccessLevel
shallbefullyprotectedwithAutomaticSprinklerSystem.Insuch
occupancies,whereapplicationofwaterasextinguishingmediumisnot
appropriateduetothewaterreactivematerialpresence,asuitableother
extinguishingsystemandmethodshallbeproposed.
3.3.3. AllHighHazardIndustrialoccupancieswheregasolineandotherflammable
liquidsarehandled,used,orstoredundersuchconditionsthatinvolve
possiblereleaseofflammablevapors;wheregraindust,woodflouror
plasticdust,aluminumormagnesiumdust,orotherexplosivedustsare
produced;wherehazardouschemicalsorexplosivesaremanufactured,
stored,orhandled;wherematerialsareprocessedorhandledunder
conditionsthatmightproduceflammableflyings;andwhereothersituations
ofsimilarhazardexistinmanufacturing,processing,extracting,coatingand
treatingactivitiesareheldandtheindustriesidentifiedinTable9.3,aFire
riskanalysisreportofthefacility,preparedbyCivilDefenceapprovedFire
ConsultantshallbefurnishedforCivilDefenceauthoritysjurisdiction.
3.3.4. AlsoSeeCHAPTER13A.FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT
WAREHOUSEANDFACTORIESforspecificrequirementsforgroupof
warehousesand/orfactoriesarrangedformultipleusagesbymultiple
owners.
3.3.5. SeeCHAPTER13B.FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTSFORSUBSTATIONS
3.3.6. SelectionofFireProtectionSystemforIndustrialOccupanciesshallbeasper
Table9.3.
Page |
268
3.4.
Storageoccupancies
3.4.1. AllStorageoccupancieswithpremisesmorethan3600m2plotareashallbe
providedwithYardFireHydrantSystems.
3.4.2. AllStorageoccupancieshavingmorethan3floorsaboveFireAccessLevel
shallbefullyprotectedwithAutomaticSprinklerSystem.Insuch
occupancies,whereapplicationofwaterasextinguishingmediumisnot
appropriateduetothewaterreactivematerialpresence,asuitableother
extinguishingsystemandmethodshallbeproposed.
3.4.3. AllStorageoccupancieswhereExplosivesandFlammablesolids,liquidsand
gasesarestored,aFireriskanalysisreportpreparedbyCivilDefence
approvedFireConsultant,completewithmaterialdatasheetand
specifications,methodofstoragedetailsshallbefurnishedforCivilDefence
authoritysjurisdiction.
3.4.4. AlsoSeeCHAPTER13A.FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT
WAREHOUSEANDFACTORIESforspecificrequirementsforgroupof
warehousesand/orfactoriesarrangedformultipleusagesbymultiple
owners.
3.4.5. SelectionofFireProtectionSystemforStorageOccupanciesshallbeasper
Table9.4.
Page |
269
Table9.1:BuildingClassificationandApplicationofFireProtectionSystems
LOCATION
LARGESTFLOOR
/SINGLE
LARGEST
COMPARTMENT
AREA
900M2
LARGESTFLOOR
/SINGLE
LARGEST
COMPARTMENT
AREA
>900M2
ANIMAL HOUSING
DRS
WRS
ASSEMBLY
WRS
AS
BUSINESS
DRS
DAYCARE AND
RESIDENTIAL BOARD
/CARE
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
LOWDEPTH
UNDERGROUND
BUILDINGWITH
2BASEMENTS
ANDBASEMENT
AREA900M2
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
AS
HIGHDEPTH
UNDERGROUND
BUILDINGWITH
>2BASEMENTS
ORBASEMENT
AREA>900M2
LOWRISE
BUILDING
WITH
HEIGHT
15M
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
MIDRISE
BUILDING
WITHHEIGHT
>15MTO
23M
WRS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
DRS
HIGHRISE
BUILDING
WITH
HEIGHT
>23M
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
SPRINKLER
SYSTEMIS
REQUIREDIF
FOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
(SeeChapter1,
Table1.7for
reference)
Total Area
2
> 3600 m
Occupant Load
> 300
Total Area
2
> 900 m
DETENTION AND
CORRECTIONAL
WRS
AS
EDUCATIONAL
DRS
AS
HEALTHCARE AND
AMBULATORY
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
LABOR
ACCOMMODATION
MERCANTILE
DRS
WRS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
Total Area
2
> 1115 M
MULTIPLE AND MIXED

OCCUPANCIES
DRS
WRS
DRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
HOTEL
RESIDENTIAL
Page |
270
WRS
AS
Total Area
2
> 1860 m
No of Basement
>1
Total Area
2
> 1860 m
LOCATION
LARGESTFLOOR
/SINGLE
LARGEST
COMPARTMENT
AREA
900M2
LARGESTFLOOR
/SINGLE
LARGEST
COMPARTMENT
AREA
>900M2
LOWDEPTH
UNDERGROUND
BUILDINGWITH
2BASEMENTS
ANDBASEMENT
AREA900M2
HIGHDEPTH
UNDERGROUND
BUILDINGWITH
>2BASEMENTS
ORBASEMENT
AREA>900M2
LOWRISE
BUILDING
WITH
HEIGHT
15M
MIDRISE
BUILDING
WITHHEIGHT
>15MTO
23M
HIGHRISE
BUILDING
WITH
HEIGHT
>23M
SPRINKLER
SYSTEMIS
REQUIREDIF
FOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
(SeeChapter1,
Table1.7for
reference)
APARTMENT
STAFF
ACCOMMODATION
AND
LODGING/ROOMING
HOUSE
DRS
WRS
DRS
AS
VILLAS - PRIVATE
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO PROVIDE DOMESTIC

SPRINKLER SYSTEM
VILLAS
COMMERCIAL GROUP
YFH
YFH
YFH
AS
WRS
AS
AS
WRS
AS
YFH
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
AS
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO PROVIDE
DOMESTIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
WRS
YFH
YFH
AS
YFH
Page |
271
Area > 1115 M
Table9.2:AuxiliaryRoomsandSelectionofFireProtectionSystems
Table9.2:AuxiliaryRoomsandSelectionofFireProtectionSystems
LOCATION
ACCEPTABLEANDAPPLICABLEFIRESUPPRESSIONSYSTEMS
Anesthetizing Rooms
Battery Rooms
Battery Charger
Rooms
Closets having
heaters, dryers,
furnaces
Computer Rooms
Control Rooms
Diesel Generators
Diesel Storage Tanks
Electrical Rooms
Equipment/ AHU
Rooms
Garbage Rooms
Generator Rooms
Gymnasium
HV/LV Rooms
School Laboratories
Laboratories with
Flammable Liquids
Laundries
Lift Machine Rooms
LPG Tanks
Main Telephone
Rooms
Medical Gas Storage
Pump Rooms
Server Rooms
Soiled Linen Rooms
Store Rooms
Swimming Pools
Transformer Rooms
AS
CAS
PAS
CAS
AS
WMS
CAS
CAS
CAS
PAS
FSS
WMS
WMS
WSS
WSS
FSS
WMS
WSS
FSS
WMS
FSS
WMS
PAS
AS
AS
AS
CAS
AS
AS
PAS
WSS
CAS
AS
AS
CAS
PAS
AS
AS
FHS
EXT
Page |
272
Table9.3:LocationandSelectionofFireProtectionSystemsforIndustrialOccupancies
LOCATION
Fuel Handling-GasIndoor
Fuel Handling-GasOutdoor
Air
Compressor/Rooms
Bakeries
Battery rooms
Beverage, tobacco,
essential oil industry.
Boiler and
Combustion
Cable Spread/ Cable
tunnel
Canneries
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
ANY BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/S
SUPPRESSION SYSTEMIS
REQUIREDIFFOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
(SeeChapter1,Table1.7
forreference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15M
HEIGHT
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
DRS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
DRS
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
Compartment > 1115 m
2
Total Floor area > 2230 m
WRS
AS
WRS
CAS
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
2
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
2
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
CAS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
Chemical, plastic,
petroleum industry.
Cooling Towers
Counter Flow
Cooling Towers
Cross Flow
Dairy products
manufacturing
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
2
WRS
AS
Diesel Generators
Electric Equipment
FSS
WMS
WRS
CAS
Page |
273
FSS
WMS
WRS
AS
LOCATION
Electrical Rooms
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
ANY BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/S
WMS
WRS
AS
REQUIREDIFFOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
forreference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15M
HEIGHT
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
YFH
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
2
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
Fuel Handling-Oil
Furnaces
Garages
WRS
AS
CAS
WRS
Electronic Plants
Equipment/ AHU
Rooms
Factories of all kinds
without use of
Flammable Liquids,
Gases and Metals
Factories of all kinds
with use of Flammable
Liquids, Gases and
Metals
Food industry.
Footwear, wearing
apparel, leather,
rubber industry
Fuel Handling-Coal
Generator Rooms
Glass Manufacturing
HV/LV Rooms
Incineries/ Waste
WRS
AS
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
FSS
WMS
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
Page |
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
274
LOCATION
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
AS
Treatment
Laundries
LPG Tanks
Metal, metal products

industry-Non water
reactive
Steam Generators
Switchgear and Relay
Rooms
Wood, furniture,
paper, printing
industry
Workshops
Metal, metal products
industry- (Alkali
Metals) Water reactive
Dry Cleaning Plants
WRS
AS
WSS
WMS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
Transformer Rooms
Vehicle assembly,
manufacture.
Textile industry.
Turbines
ANY BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/S
WRS
AS
CAS
WSS
WMS
WRS
AS
CAS
WSS
WMS
CO2
DCS
WRS
AS
REQUIREDIFFOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
forreference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15M
HEIGHT
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
2
Water Suppression is NOT
applicable
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
Page |
275
LOCATION
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
ANY BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/S
REQUIREDIFFOLLOWING
CONDITIONEXISTS
forreference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15M
HEIGHT

Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
Saw Mills
Pumping Stations
Hangers (Servicing &
Maintenance
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
FSS
WMS
CAS
Telephone Exchanges
Arms and Ammunition

Factories
Plastic Processing
Spray Painting
Processes
Radiant material
handling
Oxidizing Material
Handling
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
2
Area of Largest
2
2
FSS
FSS
FSS
FSS
Rubber Processing
Paint and Varnish

Factories
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Area of Largest
2
Compartment> 1115 m
2
Page |
276
Table9.4:LocationandSelectionofFireProtectionSystemsforStorageOccupancies
LOCATION
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
ANY
BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/
S
SUPPRESSION
SYSTEMIS
REQUIREDIF
FOLLOWING
CONDITION
EXISTS
(SeeChapter1,
Table1.7for
reference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15MHEIGHT
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
WRS
AS
Low Hazard Storage
High Hazard Storage

Warehouses
Barns
Bulk Oil Storage
DRS
Hangers (Storage Only)
Freight Terminals
Grain elevators
Parking Structures -enclosed
Parking Structures -Open

Stables
Truck Terminals
Marine Terminals
WRS
Bulk Storage of Flammable

Liquids
Bulk Storage of Flammable Gases
Bulk Storage of Explosive
Material
Cold Storage
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
Page |
277
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
AS
WRS
WRS
WRS
LOCATION
TOTAL
FLOORAREA
900M2
TOTAL
FLOOR
AREA
>900M2
ANY
BUILDING
WITH
BASEMENT/
S
SUPPRESSION
SYSTEMIS
REQUIREDIF
FOLLOWING
CONDITION
EXISTS
(SeeChapter1,
Table1.7for
reference)
BUILDINGS
WITH
>3FLOORSOR
>15MHEIGHT
PROTECTION
REQUIRED
WITHOUTANY
CRITERIA
AS
Group of Warehouses with multi
tenants
SYSTEMS
SHALLBE
BASEDON
RISKANALYSIS
REPORT
AS
REFER TO CHAPTER 13. FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENT FOR MULTI TENANT WAREHOUSE REQUIREMENT
Page |
278
4. DESIGNREQUIREMENTS
4.1.
DryRiserSystems
4.1.1. Dryrisersystemshallbeprovidedinoccupanciesandcriteriaasmentioned
inTable9.1,Table9.3andTable9.4
4.2.1. ClassIIIfirehosestationswhicharecombinationofclassI&ClassIIhose
connections,shallbelocatedpreferablyinsidethestairenclosureattypical
floorsandbesidetheexitwaysatgroundfloor.(AlsoSeeChapter2.,section
15.6)
4.2.2. TheFireHoseStationshouldbeclearlyvisiblebesidetheexitwayor
stairway.Additionalfirehosestationsalongtheexitaccesscorridor,
horizontalexitorinthecarparkfloorsshallbeinstalledsuchthatall
portionsofeachfloorarewithin30mfromthefirehosestationwhile
measuredalongthenaturalpathoftravelfromthehosestation.
4.2.3. Thelandingvalveshallbeinstalledataheightofnotlessthan900mmand
notmorethan1200mmfromthefinishedfloorlevelwhilethefirehosereel
orFirehoserackshallbeinstalledataheightofnotlessthan1200mmand
notmorethan1500mmfromthefinishedfloorlevel.
4.3.1. MaximumresidualpressureatanypointwithintheClassIIsystemshallnot
exceed12bar.Theminimumflowandresidualpressurerequiredatthe
hydraulicallyremotestand/ortopmost25mmfirehosereeloutletshallbe
notlessthan6.5GPMat6bar.
4.3.2. MaximumresidualpressureatanypointwithintheClassIIsystemshallnot
hydraulicallyremotestand/ortopmost40mmfirehoserackoutletshallbe
notlessthan100GPMat6bar.
4.3.3. MaximumresidualpressureatanypointwithintheClassIsystemshallnot
hydraulicallyremotestand/ortopmostfirehoseoutletshallbenotless
than250GPMat6.9bar.Iftheresidualpressureexceeds7baratthefire
hoseconnection,anapprovedpressurereducingvalveshallbeintroduced
torestrictthepressureto7bar.
4.4.1. TheFirewaterdemandforthefirefightingsystemforoccupancieshaving
floorarealessthan900mshallbecalculatedbasedontheflowratesoffire
hoseoutletsinstalledinthesystem.
Page |
279
4.4.2. Theminimumflowrateathydraulicallymostremote25mmdiahosereel
shallbe6.5GPMattheresidualpressureof6barandforthehydraulically
remotest40mmdiahoserackvalveshallbe100GPMattheresidual
pressureof6bar.Hydrauliccalculationsshallbeperformedtodetermine
thefirewaterdemand,pressureandpipesizesrequiredforhosereel
systeminstalled.
4.5. PipeSizes
4.5.1. Theminimumpipesizeforservingasinglefirehosereelshallnotbeless
than25mmdiaandthepipelineservingtwoormorehosereelsshallnotbe
lessthan50mmdia.
4.5.2. Theminimumpipesizeofeachdryrisershallbenotlessthan100mmdia
whilethebranchesforaLandingvalveshallbenotlessthan65mmdia.
4.5.3. Incaseofhorizontaldryriserpipelines,theminimumpipesizesforservinga
single65mmdiahosevalveshallbenotlessthan65mmdiaandthepipe
lineservetwoormorehosevalveshallbenotlessthan100mmdiameter.
4.6. FirePumpset
4.6.1. FirePumpshallbelocatedatthelowestlevelofthebuilding,pumpingwater
upwards.Firepumpsatlevelshigherthanthelowestlevelofthebuilding
withwatersupplyfeedingdownwardsisnotallowed.
4.6.2. FirepumpsetforbuildingsrequiredtohaveDryRiserSystemshallconsists
ofoneMainElectricPumpandonestandbyDieseldrivenpumphaving
minimumflowof100GPMwithpressurerequirementsaccordingtothe
hydrauliccalculations.
4.7. FireWatertanks
4.7.1. Firewatershallbestoredinapermanentwatertankhavingtwo
compartmentsorintwointerconnectedtankswithtotaleffectivefirewater
reservetocaterthepumpingdemandofnotlessthan60minutesoffire
pumpsetcapacity.
4.7.2. Thefirewatertanksshallbeprovidedwithafillingconnectiondirectlyfrom
DEWAlinewithafloatoperatedvalveforautomaticrefilling.Thetanksshall
beprovidedwithdrainarrangement,overflowconnection,levelindicators,
lowlevelswitch,andothernecessaryaccessories.
4.7.3. Firewatertanksshallbelocatedandconstructedsuchthatthefirepumpset
getsfloodedwatersupplyincaseoffirepumpsarehorizontalcentrifugal
type.
4.7.4. Wherethesituationdoesnotpermitstoprovidefloodedwatersupply,
negativesuctionarrangementispermittedforfirehosereelpumpsetby
Page |
280
providinganautomaticprimingarrangementcompleteprimingtank&
accessoriesasrequired.
4.8.
CivilDefenceBreechingInlets
4.8.1. Dryriserstandpipesystemshallbeterminatedtoa2waybreechinginlet
connectionhaving100mmdiaflangedoutletwith2nosof65mmdia
instantaneousmalecouplinginlets,locatedatFireAccesslevelforCivil
Defence.Civildefencebreechinginletsshallbelocatedinaneasily
accessible,visiblelocation,especiallyatfrontsideofthebuildingsatground
levelwithin18mtrsfromthecivildefencevehicleapproachroad.(See
Chapter2fordetails)
Figure9.1:
Example1:TypicalArrangementofDryRiserwithFireHoseReelSystem
Page |
281
Figure9.2:
Example2:TypicalschematicofFirePump,DryriserwithFireHoseReelSystem
withPrimingTank
Page |
282
Figure9.3:
Example3:TypicalschematicofSprinklerprovisionalongwithDryriserandFireHose
ReelSystem
4.9.1. WetRiserSystemsshallbeprovidedwithClassIIIsystem.ClassIIIsystem
firehosestationshallconsistsofa25mmfirehosereelor40mmfirehose
rack&65mmdialandingvalvewithhoses&nozzles.Hosestationsshallbe
locatedpreferablyinsidestairenclosureattypicalfloorsandbesideeach
exitwayatthegroundfloor.(AlsoseeChapter2.Section15.6)
4.9.2. Additionalfirehosestationalongtheexitaccesscorridororhorizontalexit
orinthecarparkfloorsshallbeinstalledsuchthatallportionsofeachfloor
arewithin30mfromthefirehosestationwhilemeasuredalongthenatural
pathtravelfromthehosestation.
4.9.3. Thelandingvalveshallbeinstalledataheightofnotlessthan900mmand
notmorethan1200mmfromthefinishedfloorlevelwhilethefirehosereel
shallbeinstalledataheightofnotlessthan1200mmandnotmorethan
1500mmfromthefinishedfloorlevel.
4.9.4. Additionallyaroofmanifoldconsistingof3nosof65mmdialandingvalve
outletsshallbeprovidedatthetopmostpoint(atrooflevel)ofhydraulically
remoteststandpiperiserfortestingpurposes.
Page |
283
4.10.1. Wheretwoormorewetrisersareinstalledinasystem,allwetrisers
shallbeinterconnectedatthebottomoftherisers.
4.10.2. Maximumpressureatanypointwithinthefirehosereelsystem
shallnotexceed12bar.Theminimumflow&residualpressure
requiredatthehydraulicallyremotestand/ortopmostfirehose
reelshallbenotlessthan6.5GPMat4.5barandIftheresidual
pressureexceeds7baratthefirehosereelconnection,anapproved
pressurereducingvalve(PRV)shallbeintroducedtorestrictthe
pressureto7bar.
4.10.3. Theminimumflow&residualpressurerequiredatthehydraulically
remotestand/ortopmost65mmdiaLandingvalveshallbenotless
than250GPMat6.9bar.Maximumresidualpressureatany65mm
diaLandingvalveoutletshallnotexceed12bar.Iftheresidual
pressureexceeds7baratthelandingvalveoutlet,theLandingvalve
shallbeofbuiltinpressureregulatingtypetorestrictthepressure
to7bar.
4.10.4. IfstaticpressureatanyLandingvalveexceeds12bar,anapproved
pressurereducingvalve(PRV)stationshallbeintroducedtorestrict
thestatic&residualpressurewithin12bar.
4.10.5. Pressurereducingvalvestationshallconsistofbypassarrangement
havingallequipments&accessoriessameasinthemainconnection
asshowninFigure9.4below.Theratedworkingpressureofall
devicesincludingpressurereducingvalveinstalledonupstreamside
ofPRVshallbehigherthantheinletpressureofPRVstation.
Figure9.4:TypicalArrangementofPressureReducingValve(PRV)StationsinFire
FightingSystem.
Page |
284
Figure9.5:Typicalschematicofsprinklerprovisionandwetrisersystemwithtapping
forLandingValve(LV)atstairenclosureandlocatingHosereelsattypicalfloorareas.
4.11. ZoningofWetrisersystem:
4.11.1. Multiplewetriserszoningsystemshallbeestablishedinhighrise
buildingswherepressurereducingvalvestationisutilizedwithsinglefire
pumpsetinsteadofmultiplepumpingstation,torestrictpressurelimit
within12baratanyLandingvalveoutlet.RefertheFigure9.6which
showstypicalarrangementofmultiplewetriserzoneswithsinglefire
pumpset.
Page |
285
4.11.2.
4.11.3.
However,thepressureatanypointofwetrisersystemshallnotexceed
24baratanypointoftimewithFirePumpsettocutoffat140%ofrated
operationalpressure.
Ifpressureexceedsthislimit,multiplefirepumpingstationscomplete
withdedicatedfirewatertanksforeachpumpingstationshallbe
provided.RefertoFigure9.7.
Figure9.6:
TypicalArrangementofTwoZoneWetRiserSystemforHighRiseBuildings.
Page |
286
Figure9.7:
TypicalArrangementofMultipleZonesWetRiserSystemforHighRiseBuildings.
Page |
287
4.12.1. TheFirewaterdemandshallbecalculatedbasedontheflowratesof
landingvalvesandfirehosereelsorracksinstalledinthewetrisersystem.
Theminimumflowrateatthehydraulicallyremotest65mmdialanding
valveinawetrisershallbenotlessthan250GPMattheresidualpressure
of7bar.
4.12.2. Theminimumflowrateathydraulicallyremotest25mmdiahosereelina
firefightingsystemshallbe6.5GPMattheresidualpressureof4.5bar
andforthehydraulicallyremotest40mmdiahosevalveinafirefighting
systemshallbe100GPMattheresidualpressureof4.5bar.
4.12.3. TheminimumflowrateofclassI&classIIIhydraulicallyremotestvertical
wetrisersystemshallbenotlessthan500GPMwhilethehorizontalwet
risersystemwherethereare3ormorelandingvalves,theminimumflow
rateshallbenotlessthan750GPM.
4.12.4. Theminimumflowrateforeachadditionalstandpipeshallbe250GPM
withtotaldemandneednotexceedmorethan1250GPMor1000GPMif
thebuildingisfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem.
4.13.1. Ifthefirewatersupplyiscombinedforbothsprinklerandwetriserstand
pipesystem,thefirewaterdemandshallbeestablishedasfollows.
4.13.2. Inthebuildingsfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem,thefire
waterdemandasestablishedinsection4.12forthewetrisersystemis
permittedtoservesprinklersystemwithoutaddingadditionalwater
demandtoit.
4.13.3. Inthebuildingspartiallyornotprotectedbysprinklersystem,thefire
waterdemandasestablishedinsection4.12forthewetrisersystemshall
beincreasedbyaddingthehydraulicallycalculatedsprinklerfirewater
demandtoit.
4.13.4. IftheHydraulicalyCalculatedsprinklersystemwaterdemandincludingthe
hosestreamallowanceexceedsthewetriserwaterdemandasestablished
insection4.12,thelargerofthetwodemandvaluesshallbeproposed.
Page |
288
4.14.1. Hydrauliccalculationsshallbeperformedtodeterminethefirewater
demand,pressureandpipesizesrequiredforastandpipesystem.
4.14.2. ThehydrauliccalculationshallbeperformedusingtheCivilDefencelisted
andapprovedsoftwarebasedonfollowingcriteria:
i.
ii.
TwonumbersofLandingvalvesontopmostpointofthehydraulically
mostunfavorablewetriserproviding250GPMflowat7barper
outletandOneLandingvalveoutletonthetopmostpointofadjacent
wetrisers250GPMflowat7barperoutlet.
Ifhorizontalwetrisersystemprovidessupplyfor3ormorelanding
valveoutletsinafloor,thehydrauliccalculationshallbebasedon3
numbersoflandingvalveatremotestpointofthehydraulicallymost
unfavourablewetriserpipeproviding250GPMflowat7barper
outletandonefiredepartmentvalveoutletatthetopmostpointof
eachadjacentwetriserpipesproviding250GPMflowat7barper
outlet
4.14.3. Thetotalfirewaterdemandneednotexceed1250GPMinanycase,to
determinethecommonsupplypipewhichisfeedingallthewetriser
pipes.
4.15. PipeSizes
4.15.1. Theminimumpipesizesshallbedeterminedaccordingtothehydraulic
calculations.However,theminimumpipesizeofeachwetrisershallbe
notlessthan150mmdiawhilethebranchesforeachLandingvalveshall
benotlessthan65mmdia.
4.15.2. Incaseofhorizontalwetriserpipe,theminimumpipesizesforservinga
single65mmdiaLandingvalveshallbenotlessthan65mmdiaandthe
pipelinewhichservetwoLandingvalveshallbenotlessthan100mm
diameterandmorethantwoshallbeservedbynotlessthan150mm
diameter.
4.15.3. Watersupplyconnectionforfirehosereelscanbetappedeitherdirectly
fromthe150mmdiamainwetriserorfromthe65mmdiabranchlinefor
landingvalve.
4.15.4. Feedermainpipesandriserpipesforwetrisersystemshallbe
independentfromthesprinklersystempiping.Commonfeedermainand
riserpipingshallnotbepermittedforwetriserandsprinklersystem.
4.16. FirePumpSets
4.16.1. FirePumpshallbelocatedatthelowestlevelofthebuilding,pumping
waterupwards.Firepumpsatlevelshigherthanthelowestlevelofthe
buildingwithwatersupplyfeedingdownwardsisnotallowed.
Page |
289
4.16.2. Inatypicalwetrisersystem,thefirepumpsetshallconsistsofoneMain
ElectricdrivenPump,onestandbyDieseldrivenpumpandoneElectric
Jockeypumphavingminimumflowandpressureaccordingtothe
hydrauliccalculationtosupplyfirewaterdemandofthesystem.
4.16.3. WhereverpressurelimitationsandHydrauliccalculationsdemandfor
multiplepumpsets,eachpumpsetshallbeseparate,consistingofabove
mentionedgroupofpumpswithseparateWatertanks.
4.17.1. Firewatershallbestoredinawatertankhavingtwocompartmentsorin
twotankswithtotaleffectivefirewaterreservetocaterthepumping
demandofnotlessthan60minutesoffirepumpsetcapacity.Firewater
tankcapacityshallbeincreasedbasedontypeofHazardandOccupancies
basedonNFPA13.
4.17.2. Thefirewatertanksshallbeprovidedwithafillingconnectiondirectly
fromDEWAlinewithafloatoperatedvalveforautomaticrefilling.
4.17.3. Thefirewatertanksshallbeprovidedwithdrainarrangement,overflow
connection,accessmanhole,ladders,levelindicators,lowlevelswitchand
othernecessaryaccessoriesasrequiredbytheCivilDefence.
4.17.4. Firewatertanksshallbeconstructed/locatedsuchthatthefirepump
setsgetsfloodedwatersupplyincaseoffirepumpsarehorizontal
centrifugaltype.
4.17.5. Wherethesituationdoesnotpermitstoprovidefloodedwatersupply
arrangement,thetanksbelowthepumpsmaybeacceptablebyproviding
verticalturbinetypefirepumpsasshowninFigure9.8.
Page |
290
Figure9.8:TypicalArrangementofFirePumpingsystemwithVerticalTurbinePumps
forHighRiseBuildings.
4.18.1. Thereshallbeadrainriserwithnotlessthan100mmdiainstalled
besidethewetriserpipe.
4.18.2. Drainrisersshallbefittedwith65mmdiainstantaneousmale
couplingwithbuiltinspringloadednonreturnvalvewithblankcap
besideeachlandingvalveoutlettofacilitatethelandingvalvetest
duringroutinetesting.
4.18.3. Thedrainrisershallbeterminatedbacktofirewatertankortoopen
drain.
4.18.4. Additionallyaroofmanifoldconsistingof3nosof65mmdialanding
valveoutletsshallbeprovidedatthetopmostpoint(atrooflevel)of
hydraulicallyremoteststandpiperiserfortestingpurposes.
4.18.5. Eachwetrisershallbeprovidedwithdrainarrangementshavingnot
lessthan50mmdiaondownstreamsideofriserisolationvalveand
Page |
291
whereevertheriserpipechangesitsdirectionwhichleaveswater
trappedinthatsections.
4.19.1.
Buildingsprovidedwithwetrisersystemshallbeterminatedto4way
breechinginletconnectionhaving150mmdiaflangedoutletwith4
nosof65mmdiainstantaneousmalecouplinginlets,locatedat
groundlevelinaneasilyaccessible,visiblelocationswitHin18mfrom
thecivildefencevehicleaccessroad.Allhighrisebuildingsandlarge
complexbuildingsshallbeprovidedwithminimumoftwobreeching
inletsperwetriseratremotelocations.
4.19.2.
Wherewetriserissubdividedintomultiplezones,eachwetriserzone
shallbeprovidedwithoneormorebreechinginletconnections.
4.19.3.
Inhighrisebuildings,thehighlevelzonecannotbesuppliedwater
fromthecivildefencevehicleduetorequirementsofhighpressure.
Breechingconnectionforhighzonewetrisersystemshallbereplaced
byconnectingroofmountedwaterstoragetanksthroughan
additionalpumpingunitsasshownonFigure9.7.A4waybreeching
shallbeprovidedconnectedtoeachfirewatertanks/compartments
torefillthefirewatertanksfromthecivildefencevehicleincaseofan
emergencyrequirements.
4.19.4.
A2waybreechinginletcanbeprovideddependingonthehighest
hydraulicdemandforlowrisebuilding.
4.20.1. Allthefirefightingsystemincludinghosereel,dry&wetriserpipingin
anybuilding,shallbeinstalledwithinaprotectedenclosurehavingfire
resistanceratingofnotlessthan2hours.
4.20.2. Ifthebuildingisfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem,the
protectionoffirefightingriserpipeshallbewith1hourfireresistant
enclsoure.
4.21.
Allsteelpipes&fittingsusedforfirefightingserviceshallbepainted
inRed.Wherethesituationdoesnotpermitduetotheinterior
architecturefinish,thepipemaybepaintedinothercoloursby
markingthefirefightingpipewithREDcolouredbandatevery3
meterswithdirectionalarrowmarksindicatingwaterflowdirection.
Page |
292
5. SprinklerSystem
5.1.
General
5.1.1. ThissectiondepictsthedesignrequirementsofAutomaticSprinklersystems
inalltypesofoccupancies.Thepurposeofsprinklersystemistodetect,
controlandextinguishthefirebydischargingwaterautomaticallytoprovide
protectionfortheoccupantslifeandproperty.
5.1.2. Automaticsprinklerheadsareindividuallyheatactivatedandfixedintoa
pipingnetworkwithwaterunderpressure.Whentheheatofafireraises
thesprinklertemperaturetoitsoperatingpoint,(avarietyoftemperature
ratings,from57to260degrees)aliquidfilledglassbulbwillshatterora
solderlinkwillmelttoopenthatsinglesprinkler,allowingwaterto
discharge.Thewaterisdirectedontoadiffuserordeflectorwhichis
designedtonotonlybreakthewaterintodropletsofaspecificsize,butalso
todirectthespraytocoveraspecificfloorandwallarea.
5.1.3. Thesprinklersystemalsoconsistsofrequiredcontrolvalves,installation
AlarmCheckValve(ACV),FloorZoneControlValves(ZCV),CivilDefence
breechingconnectionsetc.
5.1.4. AlarmCheckValves(ACV)andFloorZoneControlValves(ZCV)shallbe
locatedinsidestairenclosureatahigherlevelthanrequiredHeadroomfor
thestairs.
5.2.
TypesofSprinklerSystems
5.2.1. Therearethreetypesofsprinklersystemsgenerallyusedandapprovedby
theCivilDefence.
i. WetSprinklerSystem
ii. DryPipeSprinklerSystem
iii. PreactionSprinklerSystem
5.3.1. TheWetPipeSystemisthesimplestandmostcommontypeoffiresprinkler
installation.Thissystememploysautomaticandclosedtypesprinklers
headswhichareconnectedtoawaterfilledpipingsystem.Thesprinklers
containeitheraheatresponsiveglassbulborfusibleelementthatprohibits
waterfromdischargingfromthesprinklersorifice.Thewateriscontained
untilsuchtimeastheheatfromthefireactivatestheelement,causingits
release,allowingthewatertodischarge.
Page |
293
[CHAPTTER9.FIREPRROTECTIONSYYSTEMS]
Figure
e9.9:ATypiicalArrangem
mentofWettSprinklerSSystem
5.4.
D
DryPipeSpri
inklerSystem
m
5.4
4.1. ADryPipeSprinklerSystemisasystemwhicchemploysaautomatican
nd
closedttypesprinkleerheadswhicchareconneectedtoapip
pingsystem
containiingcompresssedairornittrogen,ratheerthanwateer.Thistypeo
of
systemiisusedwherretheareab
beingprotecttedwillbeun
nabletomaiintaina
constantyearround
dtemperaturreofatleastt40degreesFahrenheit((4C),
likecold
dorfreezerrrooms.
5.4
4.2. Waterw
wouldfreezeinthepipingg,renderingthesysteminoperable,even
causingseveredamaageshouldthesystemco
omponentsccrackorbreaak.Dry
PipeSysstemsarefreequentlyinsttalledinareaassubjecttofreezing
temperaatures,suchascoldstoraageareas,co
oolersandfreezers,special
purposeelaboratoriesandprocesssingunits.
5.4
4.3. Incaseo
ofcoldorfreeezerroomswheretheteemperatureislessthan4
4C,
ensuretthattheairinsidethepip
pingisfreefrrommoisturre(byusingd
dryairor
nitrogen
n).Volumeandcompresssorcalculatio
onsshallbettakeninto
considerationwhendesigningth
hesystem.
Page |
294
Figure
e9.10:ATyp
picalArrange
ementofDryySprinklerSSystem
5.5.
P
PreActionSp
prinklersysttem
5.5
5.1. APreacctionSystem
misasystemwhichemplo
oysautomatticandclosed
dtype
sprinklerheadsconn
nectedtoap
pipingsystem
mthatcontainsair(eithe
er
pressuriizedornonp
pressurized),,withasupp
plementalsystemofdete
ection
servingtthesameareeaasthesprrinklers.
5.5
5.2. Thesesyystemsaretyypicallyused
dinapplicationswhereth
heaccidentaal
discharggeofwaterw
wouldbecattastrophictotheusageo
occupancy(fo
or
examplee;computerservers,liftmachineroo
oms,telecom
mmunications
equipmeent,andhigh
hvoltageele
ectricalcomp
ponents).
Figure9.1
11:ATypicallArrangeme
entofPreAcctionSprinklerSystem
Page |
295
5.6.
TypesofSprinklerHeads
5.6.1. Therearetwotypesofsprinklerheadsbasedonthesensingelement.
i.
QuartzoidBulbtype:Asprinklerthathassensingelementconsistofglass
bulbfilledwithquartzoidliquidforsensingthesurroundingtemperature.
ii.
FusibleLinktype:Asprinklerthathassensingelementconsistofsoldertype
fusiblelinkforsensingthesurroundingtemperature.
5.7. TypesofSprinklerHeadsbasedonDischargepattern
5.7.1. Thereareseveraltypesofsprinklerheadsbasedonthedischargepattern.
i.
UprightSprinklerhead:Asprinklerdesignedtobeinstalledinsuchaway
thatthewatersprayisdirectedupwardsagainstthedeflector.
ii.
PendentSprinklerhead:Asprinklerdesignedtobeinstalledinsuchaway
thatthewaterstreamisdirecteddownwardagainstthedeflector.In
pendenttherearetwotypesbasedonitsmountingapplication.
iii.
Recessedpendentsprinkler:Asprinklerinwhichallorpartofthebody,
otherthantheshankthread,ismountedwithinarecessedhousing.
iv.
Concealedpendentsprinkler:Arecessedsprinklerwithcoverplates.
v.
ConventionalSprinklerhead:Asprinklerthatisdesignedtoinstallboth
pendentoruprightposition.
vi.
SidewallSprinklerhead:Asprinklerhavingspecialdeflectorsthatare
designedtodischargemostofthewaterawayfromthenearbywallina
patternresemblingonequarterofasphere,withasmallportionofthe
dischargedirectedatthewallbehindthesprinkler.
5.8.1. Therearetwotypesofsprinklerheadsbasedonthecoverage.
i.
StandardCoverage:Atypeofspraysprinklerwithmaximumcoverage
areasasspecifiedinTable9.5.
ii.
ExtendedCoverage:Atypeofspraysprinklerwithmaximumcoverage
areasthanastandardcoverage.
5.9. TypesofSprinklerHeadsbasedonSensingElement
5.9.1. Therearetwotypesofsprinklerheadsbasedontheresponse.
Page |
296
i.
StandardResponsetype:Atypeofspraysprinklerthatmeetsthefast
responsecriteriathathaveathermalelementwithanRTIof80(meters
seconds)1/2ormore.
ii.
Fast(Quick)Responsetype:Atypeofspraysprinklerthatmeetsthefast
responsecriteriathathaveathermalelementwithanRTIof50(meters
seconds)1/2orless.
5.10.1. Operatingtemperatureofthesprinklersproposedshallbebasedonthe
maximumroomtemperatureexpectedattheceilinglevelatanytime.
Automaticsprinklersshallhavetheirframearms,deflector,coating
material,orliquidbulbcoloredinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
Table9.5below.
Table9.5:SprinklerTemperatureratingsandcolorcoding
Maximum Ceiling
Temperature (in C)
Up to 38C
Above 38C up to
66 C
Above 66 C up to
107 C
Required Operating
Temperature of
Sprinkler (in C)
57C, 68C (Q.B.
type) or 60 C,
74C (Solder type)
79C, 93C (Q.B.
type) or 100C
(Solder type)
141 C (Q.B.
Type)or 187
C(Solder type)
Glass Bulb
Color
Color Code of
Solder Type
Sprinkler
Ordinary
Orange or
Red
Uncolored or
Black
Intermediate
Yellow or
Green
White
High
Blue
Blue
Temperature
Classifications
5.11.1. Thermalsensitivityisameasureoftherapiditywithwhichthethermal
elementoperatesasinstalledinaspecificsprinkler.Theresponsetime
index(RTI)isameasureofthesensitivityofthesprinkler'sthermal
elementasinstalledinaspecificsprinkler.Therearetwotypesof
sprinklersgenerallyused,StandardResponseandQuickorFast
Response.
5.11.2. Inlighthazardoccupancies,allthesprinklersusedshallbeofQuickor
Fastresponsetypesprinklers.Ingeneralview,thequickorfastresponse
sprinklersconsistsof3mmthickQuartzoidglassbulb.
5.11.3. InOrdinaryhazard&storagehazard,eitherquickresponseorstandard
responsesprinklersarepermittedtouse.Ingeneralview,thestandard
responsesprinklersconsistsof5mmthickquartzoidglassbulb.
Page |
297
5.12.1. Standardsprinklersshallhavethethreadsizeofnotlessthan
(12.7mm)NPThavingnominalorificesizeof(12.7mm)withKfactor
5.6(Metricfactor80).
5.12.2. Extendedcoveragesprinklersshallhavetheirthreadsize,orificesizeand
Kfactordependingupontheirapprovallistingandmayvaryuponthe
manufacturers.
5.12.3. SprinklershavingaKfactorexceedingK5.6(80)andhavingin.(15
mm)NPTshallnotbepermittedtoinstallinnewsprinklersystems.
5.12.4. Wheredesigndensityrequiredisgreaterthan8.1LPM/Sq.Mtrsbut
lesserthan13.9LPM/Sq.mtrs,thesprinklershavingKfactor8.0(Metric
factorK116)shallbeused.
5.12.5. Ifthedesigndensityrequiredisgreaterthan13.9LPM/Sq.mtrs,the
sprinklershavingKfactor11.2(MetricfactorK161)orhighershallbe
usedaspertheapprovallisting.
5.13.1. Themaximumareaofanysinglesprinklerzoneinafloorshallbenot
morethanthefloorareaspecifiedintheTable9.6givenbelow.The
watersupplytothesprinklerssuppliedbyanyonesprinklersystemriser
orcombinedsystemrisershallbenotmorethanthespecifiedmaximum
floorarea.
5.13.2. WherethefloorareaexceedsthelimitasspecifiedintheTable9.6,an
additionalwatersupplyrisersshallbeproposedforeverymaximum
sprinklerzoneineachfloorcompletewithsprinklerAlarmcheckValve
(ACV)assemblyandriserisolationvalve.
5.13.3. Inaddition,afloorzonecontrolvalve(ZCV)assemblyshallbeproposed
ateveryfloorwherethetappingistakenfromthesprinklerriser.
5.13.4. AlarmCheckValves(ACV)andFloorZoneControlValves(ZCV)shallbe
locatedinsidestairenclosureatahigherlevelthanrequiredHeadroom
forthestairs.
5.14.1. Theminimumoperatingpressureofanysprinklerfordeterminingthe
watersupplyrequirementsshallbenotlessthan0.5bar(7PSI)inthe
lighthazardoccupancyand1.0bar(14.5PSI)intheordinaryhazard
occupancies.
Page |
298
5.14.2. Themaximumoperatingpressureinasprinklersystemshallnotbe
morethan12bar.
5.14.3. Wherehigheroperatingpressureisusedforthesprinklersystem,allthe
sprinklers,pipesandfittingsshallberatedforthehigheroperating
pressure,howevertheoperatingpressureshallnotbemorethan16bar
inanycase.
5.15.1. Theminimumrequireddesigndensityofwaterdischargeoverthe
protectedsurfaceareashallbedeterminedbasedontheoccupancyand
hazardclassificationandshallbedeterminedbytheanyoneofthe
followingmethods:
i.
Density/AMAO(AssumedMaximumAreaofOperation)method;
ii.
Roomdesignmethod.
5.16.1. Indensity/AMAO(AssumedMaximumAreaofOperation)method,
sprinklerfirewaterdemandshallbecalculatedbyhydrauliccalculation
methodbasedoncertainamountofwaterwithinaspecifiedperiod
overthecertainarea(AMAO)ofprotectedspaceandshallbenotless
thanasspecifiedintheTable9.7below.
5.17.1. Inroomdesign,sprinklerfirewaterdemandshallbecalculatedby
hydrauliccalculationmethodbasedoneitherasinglelargestroomthat
requireshigherwaterdemandormultiplenumberofroomsthathas
communicationopeningsbetweenthemthoserequireshigherwater
demand.Thedesigndensityshallbeprovidedbasedonthehazard
occupancyofeachroom.Inthiscasethehighestwaterdemandshallbe
thefirewaterdemandrequiredforsprinklersystem.
5.17.2. WhereroomdesignmethodisusedandthedesignAMAOisacorridor
protectedbyasinglerowofsprinklerswithprotectedopenings,the
maximumnumberofsprinklersthatneedtobecalculatedshallbenot
lessthanfiveincaseofstandardsprinklersorallsprinklerswithin23
linearmeterslengthofcorridorincaseofextendedcoveragesprinklers.
5.17.3. WhereroomdesignmethodisusedandthedesignAMAOisaservice
chutesuppliedbyaseparatesprinklerriser,themaximumnumberof
sprinklersthatneedstobecalculatedshallbenotlessthansevenwith
minimumflowof60LPM.
Page |
299
5.18.1. Thesprinklerwaterdemandshallbecalculatedbasedonthehydraulic
calculationsaccordingtotheoccupancyhazardclassification,densityof
waterdischargeanddesignAMAO(AssumedMaximumAreaof
Operation)ofsprinklersasstatedintheTable9.7.
5.18.2. Handlinehosestreamwaterdemandshallbeaddedtothesprinkler
waterdemandaccordingtothetypefirefightinghosesystemproposed
basedontheoccupancyclassificationasspecifiedinthetableTable9.7.
5.18.3. However,Ifthefirewatersupplyiscombinedforbothsprinklerand
standpipewetrisersystem,thefirewaterdemandshallbeestablished
asfollows:
5.18.3.1. Inthebuildingsfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinkler
system,thefirewaterdemandestablishedforthewetriser
systemispermittedtoservesprinklersystemwithout
addingadditionalwaterdemandinit.
5.18.3.2. Inthebuildingspartiallyornotprotectedbysprinkler
system,thefirewaterdemandestablishedforthewetriser
systemshallbeincreasedbyaddingthehydraulically
calculatedsprinklerfirewaterdemandinit.
5.18.3.3. Ifthewetrisersystemdemandcalculatedexceedsthe
sprinklersystemdemandincludingthehosestream
allowance,thelargerofthetwodemandvalueshallbe
proposeddependingonthehazard.
5.19.1. ComputerizedHydrauliccalculationsshallbeperformedtodetermine
thefirewaterdemand,pressureandpipesizesrequiredforasprinkler
systeminstalledinalltypesofoccupancies.
5.19.2. ThehydrauliccalculationshallbeperformedusingtheCivilDefence
listedandapprovedsoftware.Followingcriteriashallbeusedfor
Hydrauliccalculations.
5.19.3. Sprinklersystemthatisprotectinganoccupancyhazardthatrequires
greatestwaterdemandsituatedanywherewithintheoccupancyforthe
designAMAO&densityofdischargeaccordingtotheoccupancy
classification.
5.19.4. Sprinklersystemthatisprotectinganoccupancyhazardthatislocated
hydraulicallyfarthestpointfromthesourceoffirewatersupplysystem
withintheoccupancyforthedesignAMAO&densityofdischarge
accordingtotheoccupancyclassification.
Page |
300
5.19.5. Sprinklersystemthatisprotectinganoccupancyhazardthatislocated
hydraulicallytopmostpointfromthesourceoffirewatersupplysystem
withintheoccupancyforthedesignAMAO&densityofdischarge
accordingtotheoccupancyclassification.
5.19.6. Thefirewatersourceshallbeselectedbasedontheabovecriteria,
whicheveristhegreaterrequirement.
5.20. PipeSizes
5.20.1. Theminimumpipesizesshallbedeterminedaccordingtothehydraulic
calculations.However,theminimumpipesizesshallbenotlessthanthe
diametersspecifiedintheTable9.5below.
Table9.6:Numberofsprinklerheadsallowedperpipesize
NominalSteelPipe
inmm
InLightHazard
Occupancy
In Ordinary&Storage
HazardOccupancy
25 mm
32 mm
40 mm
50 mm
65 mm
3
3
4
5
5
7
10
10
15
30 or as per
20 or as per
30 or as per hydraulic
hydraulic
hydraulic
calculations.
calculations.
calculations.
60 or as per
40 or as per
hydraulic
hydraulic
calculations.
calculations.
calculations.
100 or as per
100 or as per
hydraulic
hydraulic
calculations.
calculations.
calculations.
230 or as per zone
275 or as per zone
area limitation of
area limitation of
calculations.
4831 m2,, which ever 3716 m2, which ever
is greater subject to
is greater subject to
hydraulic
hydraulic calculation
calculation.
Maximum area limitation for High and Extra Hazard
Sprinkler Zone is 3716 m2
80 mm
100 mm
150 mm
150 mm
5.21.
InLight,ordinary&Storage
Hazard(AboveFalseCeiling
andBelowraisedFloor)
2
Howeverthenumberofsprinklersfedbythepipeshaving65mmdiameter
andaboveinasprinklerzonemaybepermittedtoincreasesubjecttothe
submissionofacceptablecomputerizedlistedhydrauliccalculations
accordingtotheareaprotectionlimitationsasspecified.
Page |
301
6. Firepumplocationandarrangement
6.1.
Theproposedfirepumpsetforanywaterbasedsuppressionsystemincluding
firehydrantsshallconsistseachofthefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
MainElectricPump
StandbyDieseldrivenPump
ElectricJockeyPump
6.2.
FirePumpsshallbelocatedatthegroundfloororFireAccesslevelatthelowest
levelofthebuilding,pumpingwaterupwards.Firepumpsatlevelshigherthan
thelowestlevelofthebuildingwithwatersupplyfeedingdownwardsisnot
allowed.
Pumpsshallhaveminimumflowandpressureaccordingtothehydraulic
calculationtosupplyfirewatertosprinklerssystem,landingvalvesandhydrants.
6.3.
6.4.
Acommonfirepumpsetisacceptabletofeedbothsprinklerandwetriser
system.Insuchcase,thefirepumpsetcapacityshallbenotlessthanthehighest
firedemandcalculated.
6.5.
Firepumpsandfirewatertanksshallhaveprotectedanddedicatedaccessfrom
thefireengineaccesslevel.
6.6.
Transferfirepumpsandtransferfirewatertanksaretobelocatedonmechanical
floorsandshallnotbelocatedontherooftop.
Anybuildinghigherthan90minhabitableheightfromthelowestlevelofthe
building,shallrequireatransferpumpsetandatransferwatertanklocatedon
themechanicalfloor.
6.7.
6.8.
FirePumpforHydrants
6.8.1. Hydrauliccalculationshallbeprovidedtosizeupthefirepumprequiredfor
thefirehydrantnetwork.Separatepumpsmayberequiredtoaddress
pressurefluctuationwithinthehydrantnetwork.
6.8.2. Eachfirepumpflowrateshallbeaminimumof1000GPMforhydrant
demandatminimumpumppressureof10.3bar.
7. InspectorsTest&Drains
7.1.
InspectorsTest
7.1.1. Anapprovedalarmtestvalveshallbeprovidedineachsectionalorfloor
zonecontrolvalveassemblyondownstreamsideofwaterflowswitch.The
testvalveshallbenotlessthan25mmdiameterinsizehavinganorifice
diametertogiveaflowequaltoorlessthanonesprinklerofatypehaving
thesmallestorificeinstalledontheparticularsystemtotesteachwaterflow
alarmdeviceforeachsystem.
Page |
302
7.1.2. Theinspectorstestvalveshallbelocatedataneasilyaccessible&visible
locationwithanidentificationsignboardinavisiblelocationinbothArabic
&Englishlanguages.
7.1.3. Wheretestvalveislocatedinaclosedroomorshaftaccessdoororpanel
shallbeprovidedwithanidentificationsignboardinvisiblelocationinboth
Arabic&Englishlanguages.
7.2.
Drains
7.2.1. Thecompletesprinklersystempipingshallbedesignedandinstalledinsuch
awaythattheentirewatercanbedrained.
7.2.2. Amaindrainvalveshallbeinstalledoneachsprinklersystemmainriseron
downstreamsideofanAlarmCheckvalve.Thesystemmaindrainvalvecan
beapartofanalarmcheckvalve.
7.2.3. Thesizeofmaindrainvalve(alarmcheckvalve)shallnotbelessthan50mm
dia.Auxiliarydrainsshallbeprovidedwhereachangeinpipingdirection
preventsdrainageofsystempipingthroughthemaindrainvalve.
7.2.4. Inaddition,wheresectionalzoneorfloorcontrolvalveisprovided,itshall
beprovidedwithadrainconnectionhavingaminimumsizenotlessthan25
mmdiametertodrainthatportionofthesystemcontrolledbythesectional
valve.Alistedandapprovedcombinedtest&drainvalveispermittedtouse
insectionalorfloorzonecontrolvalveassembly.
7.2.5. Adrainrisershallbeinstalledbesidethesprinklersystemriserpipe.
7.2.6. Themainsprinklerriserdrainshoulddischargetoanopendrainoutsidethe
buildingatapointfreefromthepossibilityofcausingwaterdamage.Where
itisnotpossibletodischargeoutsidethebuildingwall,thedrainshouldbe
pipedtoasump,whichinturnshoulddischargebygravityorbepumpedto
awastewaterdrainorsewer.Themainsprinklerriserdrainconnection
shouldbeofasizesufficienttocarryoffwaterfromthefullyopendrain
valvewhileitisdischargingundernormalwatersystempressures.Where
thisisnotpossible,asupplementarydrainofequalsizeshouldbeprovided
fortestpurposeswithfreedischarge,locatedatorabovegrade.
7.2.7. Thedrainrisermaybepermittedtoterminatebacktofirewatertankifthe
tanksdonotservesfordomesticuse.Insuchcase,thedraindischargeshall
conformtoanyhealthorwaterdepartmentregulations.SeeFigure9.12for
illustrations.
Page |
303
AcceptablePressureGaugeLocation.
UnacceptablePressureGaugeLocation.
Figure9.12:DrainandpressuregaugeconnectionforSystemRiser
8. ClassificationofFireHazardsforSprinklerDesign
8.1.
Occupanciesshallbeclassifiedasfourclassesbasedonitsuseandcontentof
materialsstoredorhandledtodeterminethesprinklerdesign,installation,water
discharge,firepumpandstoragerequirements.
8.2.
LightHazard
8.2.1. Theareasandoccupancieswhichareusedfornonindustrialusesand
containslowquantityandlesscombustiblematerialswhichareexpectedto
releaselessheatreleaseratesduringfireconditionshallbeclassifiedaslight
hazardoccupancies.
8.3. OrdinaryHazard
8.3.1. Theareasandoccupanciesusedforprocessingandhandlingofmainly
ordinarycombustiblematerialsunlikelytodevelopintenselyburningfiresin
theinitialstagesshallbeclassifiedasordinaryhazardoccupancies.Ordinary
Occupanciesshallbefurthersubclassifiedintotwogroups:
8.3.1.1.
OrdinaryHazard,Group1
Theareasandoccupancieswhichareusedforcommercial&
industrialusesandcontainsmediumquantityandmoderate
Page |
304
combustiblematerialsandthestoragesupto2.4meterswhichare
expectedtoreleasemoderateheatreleaseratesduringfire
conditionshallbeclassifiedasOrdinaryHazardgroup1.
8.3.1.2.
OrdinaryHazard,Group2
Theareasandoccupancieswhichareusedforcommercial&
industrialusesandcontainmediumquantityandmoderatetohigh
combustiblematerialsandthestoragesupto3.6mtrswhichare
expectedtoreleasemoderateheatreleaseratesandthestorages
upto2.4mtrswhicharehighheatreleaseratesduringfire
conditionshallbeclassifiedasOrdinaryHazardgroup2.
8.4.
ExtraHighHazard
8.4.1. Theareasandoccupanciesusedforprocessingandhandlingabnormalfire
loads,likelytoproduceexceptionallyintensefireswithhighratesofheat
releaseandwithhighstorageheights.Extrahighhazardoccupanciesshall
befurtherclassifiedintotwogroups:
8.4.1.1.
ExtraHighHazard,Group1
Theareasandoccupancieswhichareusedforindustrialusesand
containshighquantityandveryhighcombustiblematerialswhich
willsupportfastdevelopmentoffireandareexpectedtorelease
veryhighheatreleaseratesduringfireconditionandhavinglessor
nocombustibleorflammableliquids&gasesshallbeclassifiedas
Extrahighhazardgroup1.
8.4.1.2.
ExtraHighHazard,Group2
Theareasandoccupancieswhichareusedforindustrialusesand
containmoderatetohighquantityofflammable&combustible
liquidsandgaseswhichwillsupportrapidgrowthoffireand
expectedtoreleaseveryhighheatreleaseratesduringfire
conditionshallbeclassifiedasExtraHighhazardgroup2.
8.5.1. Theareasandoccupanciesusedformiscellaneousstoragepurposeshaving
storageheightgreaterthan3.6mtrsshallbeclassifiedintostoragehazard
occupancies.Storagehazardoccupanciesshallbefurthersubclassifiedinto
eightclassesasdescribedbelow:
8.5.1.1.
CommodityClass1
ClassIcommodityaretheNoncombustiblematerialsthatare
storeddirectlyonwoodenpallets,singlelayercorrugatedcartons
withorwithoutpallets&shrinkwrappedorpaperwrappedasunit
loadwithorwithoutpallets.
8.5.1.2.
CommodityClass2
Page |
305
ClassIIcommodityaretheNoncombustiblematerialsthatare
storedinslattedwoodencrates,solidwoodboxes,multiplelayered
corrugatedcartons,orothersimilarcombustiblepackagingmaterial,
withorwithoutpallets.
8.5.1.3.
CommodityClass3
ClassIIIcommodityarethematerialsmanufacturedfromwood,
paper,naturalfibersorGroupCplasticswithorwithoutcartons,
boxesorcratesandwithorwithoutpallets.Thematerialsthat
contain5%byvolumeorbyweightofgroupCplasticsproductsmay
alsobeconsideredasclass3commodities.
8.5.1.4.
CommodityClass4
ClassIVcommodityarethematerialsmanufacturedfromgroupB
plasticsorfromfreeflowinggroupAplasticsorcontainwithinitself
oritspacking515%byweightorbyvolumeofgroupAplastics.
8.5.1.5.
GroupAPlastics
ExamplesofGroupAplasticmaterialsareABS(acrylonitrile
butadienestyrenecopolymer),Acetal(polyformaldehyde),Acrylic
(polymethylmethacrylate),Butylrubber,EPDM(ethylenepropylene
rubber),FRP(fiberglassreinforcedpolyester),Naturalrubber(if
expanded),Nitrilerubber(acrylonitrilebutadienerubber),PET
(thermoplasticpolyester),Polybutadiene,Polycarbonate,Polyester
elastomer,Polyethylene,Polypropylene,Polystyrene,Polyurethane,
PVC(polyvinylchloridehighlyplasticized,withplasticizercontent
greaterthan20percent)(rarelyfound),SAN(styreneacrylonitrile)
andSBR(styrenebutadienerubber).
8.5.1.6.
GroupBPlastics
ExamplesofGroupBplasticmaterialsareCellulosics(cellulose
acetate,celluloseacetatebutyrate,ethylcellulose),Chloroprene
rubber,Fluoroplastics(ECTFEethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene
copolymer;ETFEethylenetetrafluoroethylenecopolymer;FEP
fluorinatedethylenepropylenecopolymer),Naturalrubber(not
expanded),Nylon(nylon6,nylon6/6)andSiliconerubber.
8.5.1.7.
GroupCPlastics
ExamplesofGroupCplasticmaterialsareFluoroplastics(PCTFE
polychlorotrifluoroethylene;PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene),
Melamine(melamineformaldehyde),Phenolic,PVC(polyvinyl
chlorideflexiblePVCswithplasticizercontentupto20
percent),PVDC(polyvinylidenechloride),PVDF(polyvinylidene
fluoride),PVF(polyvinylfluoride)andUrea(ureaformaldehyde).
Page |
306
8.5.1.8.
RolledpaperStore
8.5.1.8.1. Rolledpaperstoragefacilitycanbefurthersubdividedinto
fourclassesbasedonitsweighttodeterminethesprinkler
systemdesigncriteria.
i.
HeavyweightClass:Heavyweightclassshallincludepaperboard
andpaperstockhavingabasisweightper92.9mof9.1kg.
ii.
MediumweightClass:Mediumweightclassshallincludeallthe
broadrangeofpapershavingabasisweightper92.9m2of4.5kg
to9.1kg.
iii.
Lightweightclass:Lightweightclassshallincludeallpapers
havingabasisweightper92.9mof4.5kg.
8.5.1.8.2.
Tissueshallincludethebroadrangeofpapersof
characteristicgauzytexture,which,insomecases,arefairly
transparentsuchascrepewaddingandthesanitaryclass
includingfacialtissue,papernapkins,bathroomtissue,and
towelling.
9. SprinklerSystemDesignRequirements
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
ThissectionshallbetheguidelinefordesignofSprinklerSystemforall
occupanciesotherthanstorageoccupancies.
Thesprinklersystemshallincludededicatedorcombinedfirewaterpump&
watertanks,watersupplyriser,alarmcheckvalve,breechinginlet,floorzone
controlvalves,feedermainpiping,crossmainpiping,branchpipingand
sprinklers.
Anautomaticairreleasevalveshallbeinstalledattopmostpointofeachriser
withanisolationballvalve.
Asupervisedcontrolvalveshallbeinstalledatbottomofeachsprinklerriseron
upstreamsideofanAlarmcheckvalveforisolationofthecorrespondingriserfor
repair&maintenancepurposes.
Anapprovedpressuregaugeshallbeinstalledonbottom&topofeachsprinkler
riserandAlarmcheckvalvewithacontrolvalve(gaugecock)havingdrain
arrangement.
Pressurereliefvalvesshallbeinstalledonagriddedwetsprinklersystemto
relievethepressurewhenexceeds12.1bar.
Eachlevelorfirecompartmentzoneshallbeprovidedwithazonecontrolvalve
assemblyconsistsofasupervisedisolationvalve,awaterflowswitch,apressure
gaugewithisolationvalve,inspectorstestvalveandsectionaldrainvalve.
Page |
307
9.8.
Maximumprotectioncoverage&spacingofextendedcoveragePendent/
Upright/sidewallsprinklersshallbenotlessthanthatprescribedbytheapproval
listing.
9.9. Forsystemswithmultiplehazardclassifications,thehosestreamallowanceand
watersupplyshallbetherequirementsforthehighesthazardclassification
withinthesystem.
9.10. HoseDemand.
9.10.1. Anallowanceforinsideandoutsidehoseshallnotberequiredwheretanks
supplysprinklersonly.
9.10.2. Wherepumpstakingsuctionfromaprivatefireservicemainsupplyto
sprinklersonly,thepumpneednotbesizedtoaccommodateinsideand
outsidehose.Suchhoseallowanceshallbeconsideredinevaluatingthe
availablewatersupplies.
9.10.3. Waterallowanceforoutsidehoseshallbeaddedtothesprinkler
requirementattheconnectiontothecitymainorayardhydrant,whichever
isclosertothesystemriser.
9.11. Whereinsidehosestationsareplannedorarerequired,thefollowingshallapply:
i.
Atotalwaterallowanceof50gpm(189LPM)forasinglehosestation
installationshallbeaddedtothesprinklerrequirements.
ii.
Atotalwaterallowanceof100gpm(378LPM)foramultiplehosestation
installationshallbeaddedtothesprinklerrequirements.
iii.
Thewaterallowanceshallbeaddedin50gpm(189L/min)increments
beginningatthemostremotehosestation,witheachincrementaddedat
thepressurerequiredbythesprinklersystemdesignatthatpoint.
9.12. Wherethecombinedsprinklersystemdemandandhosestreamallowance
exceedstherequirementsofStandpipeandHoseSystemswaterdemand,the
higherdemandshallbeused.
9.13. Forpartiallysprinkleredbuildings,thesprinklerwaterdemandshallbeaddedto
thewaterrequirementsofStandpipeandHoseSystems.
10.
SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforalloccupancies
otherthanStorageOccupancies
10.1. DesigncriteriashallbeasperTable9.7,whichdepictsHazardIdentification,
Sprinklerspacing,Designdensity,SprinklerAreaofoperation,HoseStream
allowanceanddurationofdischargerequirements.
Page |
308
Table9.7:SprinklerDesignCriteriaforalloccupanciesOtherThanStorageOccupancies
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Churches
LightHazard
21
Clubs
LightHazard
21
Educational
LightHazard
21
Hospitals
LightHazard
21
Institutional
LightHazard
21
Librarieslessthan900m
LightHazard
21
Museums
LightHazard
21
Mosques
LightHazard
21
NursingHomes
LightHazard
21
Offices
LightHazard
21
Dataprocessing
LightHazard
21
Residential
LightHazard
21
Restaurantseatingareas
LightHazard
21
Theaters
LightHazard
21
Auditoriums
LightHazard
21
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
18.2
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
4.1
140
60
4831
4.1
140
100
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
Page |
309
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
UnusedAttics
MeetingRooms
LightHazard
LightHazard
21
21
ConferenceRooms
LightHazard
21
Corridors
LightHazard
21
Lobbies
LightHazard
21
Passageways
LightHazard
21
PatientRooms
LightHazard
21
LightHazard
21
Ordinary
(Group1)
Pantry,Restaurants,Food
Ordinary
courtsservice,Seatingareas, (Group1)
AirportTerminalBuildings,
Ordinary
FuelingRampDrainage,and
(Group1)
LoadingWalkways
AirportTerminal,Baggage,
Ordinary
package,andmailhandling
(Group2)
areas
Multipurposehalls
LightHazard
12
AutomobileParking
Gymnasium,Healthclub,
LightHazard
12
12
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
18.2
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
9.3
9.3
9.3
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
4.1
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
4.1
140
140
100
100
60
60
4831
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
12
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
Max3
Min1.8
8.1
140
250
60
4831
21
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
18.2
Max4.27
Min1.8
Max4.27
Min1.8
4.1
140
100
60
4831
4.1
140
100
60
4831
21
18.2
Page |
310
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
BMS,Firecontrolrooms
Maintenanceworkshops
Store,Housekeeping
material
Store,Nonhazardous
ordinarychemical
Bakeries
Beveragemanufacturing
Canneries
Dairyproducts
manufacturing
Dairyproductsprocessing
Electronicplants
Glassmanufacturing
Glassproducts
manufacturing
Laundries
Restaurantserviceareas
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
Ordinary
(Group1)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
6.1
140
250
60
4831
311
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
6.1
Page |
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
CerealMills
Restaurants,Foodcourts
kitchens
Carparkingareas
Retailareas,
Showrooms
Stationarystores
Archives
MechanicalplantRooms
Liftmachinerooms,
Emergencygeneratorset
rooms
Servicesrooms,
Miscellaneousstores
Garbagecollectionrooms
Abovefalseceilingconcealed
&belowfalsefloorspaces
ChemicalPlants(Ordinary)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
Page |
312
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Confectionaryproducts
Distilleries
DryCleaners
FeedMills
HorseStables
LeatherGoods
Manufacturing
Librariesmorethan900m2
area
MachineShops
MetalWorks
Mercantile
Paper&PulpMills
PaperProcessPlants
PiersandWharves
PostOffices
Printing&PublishingHouses
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
9.3
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
8.1
140
140
250
250
60
60
4831
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
8.1
140
140
250
250
60
60
4831
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
Page |
313
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Garages(Repair)
ResinApplicationareas
Stages
TextileManufacturing
TireManufacturing
TobaccoProducts
Manufacturing
WoodMachining
WoodProductAssembly
AircraftHangers
CombustibleHydraulicfluid
useareas
DieCasting
MetalExtruding
PlywoodManufacturing
ParticleBoard
Manufacturing
Printing(Inkswithflash
pointsbelow38C
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Ordinary
(Group2)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max4.6
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
9.3
8.1
140
8.1
140
8.1
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
Max3
Min1.8
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
60
4831
250
60
4831
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
8.1
140
250
60
4831
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
Page |
314
250
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Rubberreclaiming
RubberCompounding
RubberDrying
RubberMilling
RubberVulcanizing
SawMills
TextilePicking
TextileOpening
TextileBlending
TextileCarding
Upholstering
AsphaltSaturating
FlammableLiquidsSpraying
FlowCoating
ManufacturedHomes
building
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group1)
Extra
(Group2)
Extra
Group2
Extra(Group2)
Extra(Group2)
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
Max3.7
Min1.8
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
12.2
232
500
90
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
Page |
315
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Modularbuildingassemblies
Extra(Group2)
OpenOilQuenching
Extra(Group2)
PlasticProcessing
Extra(Group2)
SolventCleaning
Extra(Group2)
VarnishandPaintDipping
Extra(Group2)
FlammableandCombustible
Liquids
SolventExtraction
Extra(Group2)
NitrateFilm
PyroxylinPlastic.
LaboratoriesUsing
Chemicals.
AcetyleneCylinderCharging
Plants.
CompressedGasesand
CryogenicFluidsinPortable
andStationaryContainers,
Cylinders,andTanks
UtilityLPGasPlants.
InformationTechnology
Equipment.
9.3
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Max3.7
Min1.8
9.3
Max3.7
Min1.8
9.3
Max3.7
Min1.8
9.3
Max3.7
Min1.8
9.3
Max3.7
Min1.8
NFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode.
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
16.3
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
16.3
232
500
120
3716
500
120
Ordinary
Hazard
(Group2)
ExtraHazard
(Group2)
10.2l/min/mifusingNFPA15,StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection
6.5l/min/mifusingNFPA16,StandardfortheInstallationofFoamWater
SprinklerandFoamWaterSpraySystems
6
2.4max
16.3
NFPA40,StandardfortheStorageandHandlingofCellulose
NitrateFilm,onesprinklershallbeprovidedforeachshelf.
3
76
500
20(per
sprinkler)
ClassAandBOrdinaryHazardGroup2
8.1
140
250
60
ClassCandDOrdinaryHazardGroup1
6.1
Extra(Group1) NFPA51A,StandardforAcetyleneCylinderChargingPlants, 12.2
232
500
60
3716
openorclosedheadsprinklersystem.
Ordinary
12
Max4.6
9.3
Max3
8.1
278
250
60
4831
(Group2)
Min1.8
Min1.8
RefertoNFPA59,UtilityLPGasPlantCode
10.2
1000
120
NFPA75,StandardfortheProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment,theyshallbevalvedseparatelyfromothersprinklersystems
Page |
316
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
Incinerators,andWasteand
LinenHandlingSystemsand
Equipment.in.(13mm)
orificeandordinary
temperatureratedsprinklers
OvensandFurnaces.
IndustrialFurnacesUsinga
SpecialProcessAtmosphere
ClassAHyperbaric
Chambers.
AnimalHousingFacilities.
WaterCoolingTowers.,fan
decksofcounterflowtowers
WaterCoolingTowers.,fan
decksofcrossflowtowers
WaterCoolingTowers.,fill
areasofcrossflowtowers
WaterCoolingTowers.,
ExtendedFanDecks
MarineTerminals,Piers,and
Wharves
Cleanrooms.
Ductsystems
AircraftEngineTestFacilities,
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
RefertoNFPA82StandardonIncineratorsandWasteandLinenHandlingSystemsandEquipment
RefertoNFPA86CStandardforIndustrialFurnacesUsingaSpecialProcessingAtmosphere
RefertoNFPA86CStandardforIndustrialFurnacesUsingaSpecialProcessingAtmosphere
RefertoNFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems
81.5
Needquick
RefertoNFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationof
response
SprinklerSystems
type
NFPA214,StandardonWaterCoolingTowers.
20.4
500
60
13.45
500
60
20.4
500
60
500
60
14.26
6.11LPM/m
onthe
undersideof
thefandeck
extension.
NFPA307,StandardfortheConstructionandFireProtectionofMarineTerminals,Piers,andWharves
6.1
(3.7vertical)
NFPA423,StandardforConstructionandProtectionofAircraftEngineTest
8.15
279
1.9
20.4
250
30
Page |
317
LOCATION
HAZARD
CATEGORY
STANDARD
SPRINKLERS
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE(m)
testcell
CableTunnels.
CableSpreadingRoom.
TurbineGenerator,under
OperatingFloor
TurbineGeneratorBearings
EmergencyDieselGenerators
andCombustionTurbines.
FirePumpRoom
OilFiredBoilers.
Closetshavingheaters,
dryers,furnaces
SIDEWALL
SPRINKLERS
SPACING
(m)
MAXIMUM
COVERAGE
(m)
SPACING
(m)
Facilities
NFPA850,RecommendedPracticeforFireProtectionforElectricGenerating
PlantsandHighVoltageDirectCurrentConverterStations
Needfoam
NFPA850,RecommendedPracticeforFireProtectionfor
watersprinkler ElectricGeneratingPlantsandHighVoltageDirectCurrent
system
ConverterStations
RefertoNFPA13 ,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems
DESIGN
DENSITY
[L/min]/
m
AREAOF
OPERATION
(m)
HOSE
STREAM
ALLOWANCE
(GPM)
12.2
232
12.2
232
12.2
464
500
120
12.2
464
500
120
10.2
10.2
10.2
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
Note: All special hazards for example, diesel engines, boilers, turbines, ovens, cooling towers, aircraft hangers, chemical processes,
laboratories, solvent extraction, flammable materials, marine terminals, cable tunnels and others, shall comply with the
appropriate NFPA standard and Civil Defense requirements. Material Safety Data Sheet (where applicable) with risk assessment
report shall be provided to verify the type of hazard and to design the required fire protection system.
Page |
318
SPRINKLER
ZONE
LIMITATION
(m)
11.
SpecialDesignConsiderationforAtria
11.1. Atriums.
11.1.1. GlasswallsandinoperablewindowsshallbepermittedifAutomatic
sprinklersarespacedalongbothsidesoftheglasswallandtheinoperable
windowatintervalsnottoexceed72in.(1830mm).
11.1.2. Theautomaticsprinklersspecifiedabovearelocatedatadistancefromthe
glasswallnottoexceed305mmandarrangedsothattheentiresurfaceof
theglassiswetuponoperationofthesprinklers.
11.1.3. Theglasswallisoftempered,wired,orlaminatedglassheldinplacebya
gasketsystemthatallowstheglassframingsystemtodeflectwithout
breaking(loading)theglassbeforethesprinklersoperate.
11.1.4. Theautomaticsprinklersarenotrequiredontheatriumsideoftheglasswall
andtheinoperablewindowwherethereisnowalkwayorotherfloorarea
ontheatriumsideabovethemainfloorlevel.
11.1.5. Listedquickresponseorlistedresidentialsprinklersshallbeused
throughoutalldwellingunits.
11.1.6. ThedraftstopandcloselyspacedsprinklerrequirementsofNFPA13shall
notberequiredforconvenienceopeningscomplyingwithNFPA101,8.6.8.2,
wheretheconvenienceopeningiswithinthedwellingunit.
12.
SprinklerSystemDesignRequirementsforStorage
Occupancies
12.1. General
12.1.1. Sprinklerprotectioncriteriaarebasedontheassumptionthatroofventsand
draftcurtainsarenotbeingused.
12.1.2. Thesprinklersystemcriteriaspecifiedareintendedtoapplytobuildingswith
ceilingslopesnotexceeding2in12(16.7%)unlessmodifiedbyaspecific
sections.
12.1.3. Themaximumbuildingheightshallbemeasuredtotheundersideoftheroof
deckorceiling.
12.1.4. Earlysuppressionfastresponse(ESFR)sprinklersshallbeusedonlyin
buildingsequalto,orlessthan,theheightofthebuildingforwhichthey
havebeenlisted.
12.1.5. Thesprinklersystemdesignshallbebasedonthestorageheightand
clearancetoceilingthatroutinelyorperiodicallyexistinthebuildingand
createthegreatestwaterdemand.Wherestorageisplacedabovedoors,the
storageheightshallbecalculatedfromthebaseofstorageabovethedoor.
Page |
319
12.1.6. Forceilingheightsthatexceed9.14m,andwherethedistancebetweenthe
ceilingheightandtopofstorageexceeds6.1m,protectionshallbeprovided
forthestorageheightthatwouldresultina6.1mdistancebetweenthe
ceilingheightandtopofstorage.
12.1.7. Fordrypipesystemsandpreactionsystems,theareaofsprinkleroperation
shallbeincreasedby30percentwithoutrevisingthedensity.
12.1.8. Densitiesandareasshallbeselectedsothatthefinalareaofoperationafter
the30percentincreaseisnotgreaterthan557.4m
12.2.1. Testinghasshownthatwhengreaterthan3.05mclearancebetween
storagetopandsprinklersisinevitable,largerorificesprinklers(K11.2and
larger)willproducebetterresultsthansmallerorificesprinklersdueto
largerdropletspenetratingthefireplumeand/ormorewaterdischarging,
therebycreatingmorecoolingofatmosphereandbuildingandmorewater
penetrationtotheburningsurfaces.Therefore,usinglargerorificesprinklers
isnormallybetternotonlyasdensityrequirementsgohigherbutalsoas
clearancesexceed13.05m.
12.3. Table9.8suggestspreferredKfactorsofcertaindesigndensitiesforStorage
applications.
Table9.8:PreferredKfactorsforStorageapplications
StorageApplication
DesignDensities
PreferredKfactors
GeneralStorage
RackStorage
RubberTireStorage,RollPaper
Storage,BaledCottonStorage
Lessthan0.20gpm(8.2LPM)
K5.6(80) or Larger
0.20gpm(8.2LPM) 0.34gpm(13.9LPM) K8(115)orLarger
Morethan0.34gpm(13.9LPM)
K11.2(161)orLarger
12.4. Theuseofquickresponsespraysprinklersforstorageapplicationsshallbe
permittedwhenlistedforsuchuse.
12.5. Largedrop,controlmodespecificapplicationandESFRsprinklersarepermitted
toprotectordinaryhazard,storageofClassIthroughClassIVcommodities,
plasticcommodities,miscellaneousstorage,andotherstorages.
13.
DesigncriteriaforStorageOccupancies
13.1. DesigncriteriaforStorageoccupanciesshallbeasperfollowingtableswhich
depictCommodityClassification,StorageType,StorageHeight,requiredDesign
density,SprinklerAreaofoperation,HoseStreamallowanceanddurationof
dischargerequirements.
13.2. IdleWoodenPallets
Page |
320
13.2.1. Woodpalletscanbestoredoutsideoroutsideinadetachedstructure.
Wherewoodenidlepalletsarestoredindoors,sucharrangementinan
occupancyshallbeprotectedwithautomaticsprinklersystem.
13.2.2. ControlMode(design/area)designcriteriaforidlewoodenpalletsstored
indoorsshallbeasperTable9.9.
13.2.3. LargeDropdesignrequirementforidlewoodenpalletsstoredindoorsand
onfloorshallbeasperTable9.10.
Page |
321
Table9.9:ControlMode(design/area)designrequirementforidlewoodenpalletsstoredindoors
TABLE9.9:.CONTROLMODE(DESIGN/AREA)DESIGNREQUIREMENTFORIDLEWOODENPALLETSSTOREDINDOORS
INDOOR
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
ONFLOOR
ONFLOOROR
RACKWITHOUT
SOLIDSHELVES
KFACTOR
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
REQUIRED
DESIGN
DENSITY
Gpm(LPM)
AREAOFSPRINKLEROPERATION
2
2
FT (m )
HIGHTEMP
SPRINKLER
2000(186)
ORDINARYTEMP
SPRINKLER
3000(279)
TOTAL
COMBINED
INSIDEAND
OUTSIDEHOSE
Gpm(LPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
8(115)orLarger
<1.8m
6.1m
0.20(8.2)
500(1900)
90
11.2(160)orlarger
<2.4m
9.1m
0.45(18.3)
2500(232)
4000(372)
500(1900)
90
16.8(242)
<6.1
2.4m3.7m
9.1m
9.1m
0.60(24.5)
0.60(24.5)
3500(325)
2000(186)
6000(557)
500(1900)
500(1900)
90
90
3.7m6.1m
9.1m
0.60(24.5)
4500(418)
500(1900)
90
11.2(161)orlarger
Table9.10:LargeDropdesignrequirementforidlewoodenpalletsstoredindoorsandonfloor
TABLE9.10:LARGEDROPSPRINKLERDESIGNREQUIREMENTFORIDLEWOODENPALLETSSTOREDINDOORSANDONFLOOR
TYPE OF
SYSTEM
K-FACTOR /
ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
NUMBER OF DESIGN SPRINKLERS

BY MINIMUM PRESSURE
25 psi
50 psi
75 psi
TOTAL COMBINED INSIDE

AND OUTSIDE HOSE
Gpm ( LPM)
DURATION
MINUTES
WET
11.2 (160)
Upright
< 6.1 m
9.1 m
15
15
15
500 (1900)
90
DRY
11.2 (160)
Upright
< 6.1 m
9.1 m
25
25
25
500 (1900)
120
Page |
322
13.2.4. SpecificApplication(Kfactor16.8)designrequirementforidlewooden
palletsstoredindoorsandonfloorshallbeasperTable9.11.
13.2.5. SpecificApplication(Kfactor19.6)designrequirementforidlewooden
palletsstoredindoorsandonfloorshallbeasperTable9.12.
13.2.6. ESFRdesignrequirementforidlewoodenpalletsstoredindoorsandonfloor
shallbeasperTable9.13.
13.3. IdlePlasticPallets
13.3.1. Plasticidlepalletscanbestoredoutsideorinadetachedstructure.Where
Plasticidlepalletsarestoredindoors,sucharrangementinanoccupancy
shallbeprotectedwithautomaticsprinklersystem.
13.3.2. Indoorstorageofplasticpalletsshallbepermittedtobeprotectedwith
automaticsprinklersysteminaccordancewiththefollowingarrangement:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Maximumstorageheightof3.05m
Maximumceilingheightof9.1m
Sprinklerdensity0.6gpm/ft2(24.4mm/min)over2000ft2(186m2)
MinimumsprinklerKfactorof16.8
13.3.3. Wherestoredincutoffrooms,thefollowingshallapply:
i.
Thecutoffroomsshallhaveatleastoneexteriorwall.
ii.
Theplasticpalletstorageshallbeseparatedfromtheremainderofthe
buildingby3hourratedfirewalls.
iii.
Thestorageshallbeprotectedbysprinklersdesignedtodeliver0.6
gpm/ft2(24.5LPM)fortheentireroomorbyhighexpansionfoamand
sprinklersdesignedtodeliver0.30gpm/ft2(12.2LPM)fortheentire
room.
13.3.4. ESFRdesignrequirementforPlasticidlepalletsstoredindoorsshallbeasper
Table9.14.
13.4. ClassI,II,IIIandIVCommodities,StoredPalletized,solidpiledoronshelves
13.4.1. Upto3.7mstorageheight
13.4.1.1. Designrequirementsforpalletized,solidpiled,inshelforinracks
Storageofcommodities,ClassIthroughClassIV,withstorageheight
oflessthan3.7mshallbeasperTable9.16.
13.4.2. 3.7mto6.1mstorageheight
of3.7mto6.1shallbeasperTable9.17.
Page |
323
of6.1mto6.7mshallbeasperTable9.18.
of6.7mto7.6mshallbeasperTable9.19.
13.4.4.2. ThedensitiesselectedfromTable9.17,Table9.18andTable9.19
shallbemodifiedinaccordancewithstorageheightsasperFigure
9.19Bwithoutrevisingthedesignarea.
Page |
324
Table9.11:SpecificApplication(Kfactor16.8)designrequirementforidlewoodenpallets
storedindoorsandonfloor
TABLE9.11:SPECIFICAPPLICATION(KFACTOR16.8)SPRINKLERDESIGNREQUIREMENTFORIDLEWOODENPALLETSSTORED
INDOORSANDONFLOOR
TYPE OF SYSTEM
K-FACTOR/
ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
NUMBER OF
DESIGN
SPRINKLERS
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE
(PSI)
TOTAL COMBINED
INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE HOSE
Gpm ( LPM)
WATER TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
WET
16.8 (240)
Upright
6.1 m
9.1 m
15
15 psi
500 (1900)
90
DRY
16.8 (240)
Upright
6.1 m
9.1 m
15
15 psi
500 (1900)
120
Table9.12:SpecificApplication(Kfactor19.6)designrequirementforidlewoodenpallets
storedindoorsandonfloor
TABLE12:SPECIFICAPPLICATION(KFACTOR16.8)SPRINKLERDESIGNREQUIREMENTFORIDLEWOODENPALLETSSTOREDINDOORS
ANDONFLOOR
TYPE OF SYSTEM
K-FACTOR/
ORIENTATION
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
NUMBER OF
DESIGN
SPRINKLERS
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE
(PSI)
TOTAL COMBINED
INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE HOSE
Gpm ( LPM)
WATER TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
WET
16.8 (280)
Pendent
6.1 m
9.1 m
15
16psi
500 (1900)
90
WET
16.8 (280)
Pendent
6.1 m
10.6 m
15
25psi
500 (1900)
90
WET
19.6 (280)
Pendent
6.1 m
12.1 m
15
30psi
500 (1900)
90
Page |
325
Table9.13:ESFRdesignrequirementforidlewoodenpalletsstoredindoors
TABLE9.13:ESFRSPRINKLERREQUIREMENTSFORIDLEWOODENPALLETSSTOREDINDOORS
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
MAXIMUM STORAGE
HEIGHT (m)
COMMODITY
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT (m)
9.1
9.8
ONFLOOR
OR
RACKSWITHOUT
SOLIDSHELVES
IDLE
WOODEN
PALLETS
7.6
10.7
7.6
9.1
12.2
10.7
12.2
-
ONFLOOR
IDLE
WOODEN
PALLETS
6.1
13.7
9.1
10.7
NOMINAL K-FACTORS FOR THE

TYPE OF SPRINKLER
ORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE
(PSI)
14 (201)
50
16.8 (242)
22.4 (322)
25.2 (363)
14 (201)
16.8 (242)
22.4 (322)
25.4 (360)
14 (201)
16.8 (242)
22.4 (322)
25.2 (363)
22.4 (322)
25.2 (363)
14 (201)
16.8 (240)
14 (201)
16.8 (240)
35
25
15
60
42
35
30
75
52
40
25
25
40
50
35
75
35
Page |
326
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
250 GPM
(946) LPM
60
250 GPM
(946) LPM
60
Table9.14:ESFRdesignrequirementforidlePlasticpalletsstoredindoors
TABLE9.14:ESFRSPRINKLERREQUIREMENTSFORIDLEPLASTICPALLETSSTOREDINDOORS
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
COMMODITY
MAXIMUM STORAGE HEIGHT

(m)
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT (m)
9.1
9.8
ONFLOOR
OR
RACKSWITHOUT
SOLIDSHELVES
IDLEPLASTIC
PALLETS
7.6
-
7.6
-
12.2
10.7
-
NOMINAL K-FACTORS FOR THE

TYPE OF SPRINKLER
ORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
14 (201)
16.8 (242)
14 (201)
16.8 (242)
14 (201)
16.8 (242)
-
Page |
327
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE (PSI)
50
35
60
42
75
52
-
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
250 GPM
(946) LPM
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
60
Table9.16:ClassI,II,IIIandIVCommoditiesStoredPalletized,solidpiledoronshelves
withstorageheightofUpto3.7m
TABLE13:CLASSICLASSIVCOMMODITIESSTOREDUPTO3.7MHEIGHT
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
PALLETIZED,
BINBOX,SHELF,
INRACK,
PALLETIZED,
BINBOX,SHELF
INRACK
COMMODITY
CLASS
I
MAXIMUM
STORAGE HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
III
IV
< 3.7 m
<3m
3 m 3.7 m
< 3.7 m
<3m
IV
3 m 3.7 m
IV
3 m 3.7 m
II
REQUIRED
DESIGN DENSITY
Gpm (LPM)
AREA OF
SPRINKLER
OPERATION
2
2
FT (m )
IN RACK
SPRINKLER
TOTAL COMBINED
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
HOSE, Gpm ( LPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
0.15 (6.1)
0.15 (6.1)
0.20 (8.1)
0.20 (8.1)
0.20 (8.1)
0.20 (8.1)
1500 (140)
1500 (140)
1500 (140)
1500 (140)
1500 (140)
1500 (140)
No need
No need
No need
No need
No need
No need
250 (946)
250 (946)
250 (946)
250 (946)
250 (946)
250 (946)
90
90
90
90
90
90
0.30 (12.2)
2500 (232)
No need
500 (1892)
120
Page |
328
withstorageheight3.7mto6.1mstorageheight
TABLE9.17:CLASSICLASSIVCOMMODITIESSTOREDOVER3.7MUPTO6.1MHEIGHT
AISLEWIDTH
&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERWATERDEMAND,gpm(LPM)
WITHINRACKSPRINKLERS
WITHOUTINRACKSPRINKLERS
SINGLEORDOUBLEROWRACKS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
HIGHTEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&
TEMPERATURECEILING
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
CEILING
CEILING
CEILING
CEILING
RACKSPRINKLER
TEMPERATURERACK
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
0.30
0.35
0.55*
0.55
0.30
0.35
0.55*
0.55
0.35
0.39
0.48
0.55 (22.4)
0.23
0.26
0.32
0.37
-
I
II
III
IV
I
No Need
No Need
1 LEVEL
1 LEVEL
No Need
II
No Need
0.26
0.3
0.38
0.44
III
No Need
0.29
0.33
0.43
0.49
IV
No Need
0.39
0.44
0.58
0.60*
I
II
III
IV
I
No Need
No Need
1 LEVEL
1 LEVEL
No Need
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.39
0.19
0.28
0.28
0.32
0.45 (18.3)
0.22
0.47
0.47
0.29
0.54
0.54
0.33
II
No Need
0.21
0.24
0.33
0.37
III
No Need
0.24
0.28
0.37
0.42
IV
No Need
0.32
0.37
0.49
0.57
Single Point Design Only
Page |
329
Table9.18:ClassI,II,IIIandIVCommoditiesStoredPalletized,solidpiledoronshelveswithstorage
height6.1mto6.7mstorageheight
AISLEWIDTH&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOTENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOTENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
HIGHTEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&
TEMPERATURECEILING
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY CEILING
CEILING
CEILING
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
TEMPERATURERACK
TEMPERATURERACK
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
SPRINKLER
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.30
0.30
0.35
0.47
0.23
0.35
0.35
0.39
0.55
0.26
0.32
0.37
II
NoNeed
0.26
0.29
0.385
0.44
III
NoNeed
0.29
0.33
0.43
0.49
IV
NoNeed
0.39
0.44
0.58
0.60*
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.39
0.19
0.275
0.275
0.32
0.45
0.22
0.29
0.33
II
NoNeed
0.21
0.24
0.325
0.37
III
NoNeed
0.24
0.28
0.37
0.42
IV
NoNeed
0.32
0.37
0.495
0.57
Page |
330
withstorageheight6.7mto7.6mstorageheight
AISLEWIDTH&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOTENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOTENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
HIGH
ORDINARY
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
CEILINGSPRINKLER
CEILINGSPRINKLER
&ORDINARY
&ORDINARY
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
RACKSPRINKLER
RACKSPRINKLER
0.305
0.35
0.305
0.35
0.35
0.39
0.475
0.55
0.23
0.26
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
II
NoNeed
0.255
III
NoNeed
IV
1LEVEL
I
II
III
IV
I
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
HIGH
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
CEILING
CEILING
CEILING
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
0.32
0.355
0.29
0.38
0.44
0.275
0.325
0.43
0.49
0.39
0.44
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.39
0.19
0.275
0.275
0.32
0.45
0.22
0.29
0.28
II
NoNeed
0.21
0.24
0.325
0.37
III
NoNeed
0.24
0.275
0.37
0.42
IV
1LEVEL
0.32
0.37
Page |
331
Figure 9.19 B. Ceiling Sprinkler Density modification according to Height of

Storage
13.5. LargedropandNominalKfactorDesignforpalletizedorsolidpiled
commodities
13.5.1. ThePreactionordrytypesprinklersystemisonlyallowedforpalletizedor
solidpiledclassI,IIandIIIcommoditieswithstorageheightof7.6morless
anddesignnumberofsprinklersforsuchsystemsshallbe25withdesign
pressureof25psi.
13.5.2. DesignRequirementsforlargedropandnominalkfactorwetsprinkler
designcriteriashallbeasperTable9.20.
13.6. ESFRSprinklerSystemforpalletizedorsolidpiledcommodities
13.6.1. ESFRSystems
13.6.1.1. ESFR(EarlySuppressionFastResponse)protectionasdefinedshall
notapplytothefollowing:
i.
Rackstorageinvolvingsolidshelves
ii.
Rackstorageinvolvingcombustible,opentopcartonsor
containers
13.6.2. ESFRsprinklersystemsshallbedesignedsuchthattheminimumoperating
pressureisnotlessthanthatindicatedinTablefortypeofstorage,
commodity,storageheight,andbuildingheightinvolved.
13.6.3. Thedesignareashallconsistofthemosthydraulicallydemandingareaof12
sprinklers,consistingoffoursprinklersoneachofthreebranchlines.
Page |
332
13.6.4. WhereESFRsprinklersareinstalledaboveandbelowobstructions,the
dischargeforuptotwosprinklersforoneofthelevelsshallbeincludedwith
thoseoftheotherlevelinthehydrauliccalculations.
13.6.5. DesignrequirementsforESFRsprinklerdesigncriteriaforpalletizedorsolid
piledclassI,II,III&IVcommoditiesshallbeasperTable9.21.
13.7. ClassI,II,III&IVCommoditiesStoredinSingle,DoubleorMultipleRacks
13.7.1. Upto7.6mstorageheight
13.7.1.1. LargedropandKfactorSprinklersystemforracksupto7.6m:
13.7.1.1.1. Designrequirementsforlargedropandnominalkfactorwet
sprinklerdesigncriteriaforclassI,II,III&IVcommodities
storedinsingle,DoubleorMultipleRacksupto7.6mheight
13.7.1.2. ESFRSprinklersystemforracksupto7.6mheight:
13.7.1.2.1. ESFRdesignrequirementsforlargedropandnominalk
factorwetsprinklerdesigncriteriaforclassI,II,III&IV
commoditiesstoredinsingle,DoubleorMultipleRacksupto
7.6mheightshallbeasperTable9.23.
13.7.2. Over7.6mstorageheight
13.7.2.1. LargedropandKfactorSprinklersystemforracksover7.6m
height:
13.7.2.1.1. ThelargedropdesignandspecificcontrolKfactordesign
criteriaarenotapplicabletoClassIIIandIVcommodities
storedinexcessof7.6m.
13.7.2.1.2. ThelargedropdesignandspecificcontrolKfactordesign
criteriaforclassI&IIcommoditiesstoredinexcessof7.6m
13.7.2.2. ESFRSprinklersystemforracksover7.6mheight:
13.7.2.2.1. RequirementsforESFRsprinklerdesigncriteriaforClassI,II,
III&IVcommoditiesstoredinsingle,DoubleorMultiple
Racksover7.6mheightshallbeasperTable9.25.
13.8. InRackSprinklerLocationforRackStoragesofClassIThroughClassIV
CommoditiesStoredUpto7.6minHeight.
13.8.1. Insingleordoublerowrackswithoutsolidshelves,Storedfrom3.7mupto
7.6m,inracksprinklersshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithTable9.30.
Page |
333
InRackSprinklerSpacingForClassI,II,III,andIVCommodities
Storedupto7.6m
AISLEWIDTH
1.2
2.4
COMMODITYCLASS
I&II
3.7m
3.7m
III
2.4m
3.7m
IV
2.4m
2.4m
6.7m,inracksprinklersshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithTable9.31
7.6m,inracksprinklersshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithTable9.32
13.8.4. Inmultiplerowracksnodeeperthan4.9mwithaisles2.4orwider,with
storageheightupto7.6m,inracksprinklersshallbeinstalledinaccordance
withTable9.33
13.8.5. Inmultiplerowracksdeeperthan4.9morwithaisleslessthan2.4mwide,
withstorageheightover7.6minracksprinklersshallbeinstalledin
accordancewithTable9.33.
13.8.6. Inracksprinklersatonelevelonlyforstorageuptoandincluding7.6mhigh
shallbelocatedatthefirsttierlevelatoraboveonehalfofthestorage
height.
13.8.7. Inracksprinklersattwolevelsonlyforstorageuptoandincluding7.6m
highshallbelocatedatthefirsttierlevelatoraboveonethirdandtwo
thirdsofthestorageheight.
Page |
334
Table9.20:LargedropandNominalKfactorDesignforpalletizedorsolidpiled
commodities,plasticandrubberStoredupto7.6m
TABLE9.20:LARGEDROPANDNOMINALKFACTORWETSPRINKLERSYSTEMDESIGNREQUIREMENTSFOR
ALLCOMMODITIES,PLASTICANDRUBBER,STOREDUPTO7.6M
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
COMMODITYCLASS
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
LARGEDROPTYPE
NOMINALKFACTOR11.2(161)
NUMBEROF
SPRINKLERS
PALLETIZED
I
II
III
IorII
IIIorIV
IV
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
6.1
10.7
10.7
10.7
9.1
9.1
9.1
15
15
15
15
25psi
25psi
25psi
50psi
15
15
6.1
9.1
25
25psi
7.6
9.1
15
5.5
7.9
15
50psi
PLASTICSANDRUBBER
CARTONEDOREXPOSED
UNEXPANDED
6.1
9.1
15
50psi
7.6
9.1
15
I
I
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
6.1
7.6
6.1
7.6
6.1
7.6
6.1
7.6
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
15
15
15
15
25
25
25
50
15
15
15
15
PLASTICSANDRUBBER
CARTONEDOREXPOSED
UNEXPANDED
PLASTICANDRUBBER
CARTONEDOREXPOSED
EXPANDED
SOLIDPILED
DESIGN
PRESSURE
KFACTOR16.8(242)
NUMBEROFSPRINKLERSBY
MINIMUMDESIGN
PRESSURE
10psi
22psi
(0.7bar)
(1.5bar)
Page |
335
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
WATERTANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
120
120
120
120
120
120
500(1900)
120
500(1900)
120
500(1900)
120
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
500(1900)
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
Table9.21:ESFRSprinklerSystemforpalletizedorsolidpiledI,II,IIIandIVcommodities
TABLE9.21:ESFRREQUIREMENTSFORPALLETIZEDORSOLIDPILEDCLASSI,II,IIIANDIVCOMMODITIESSTORAGE
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
PALLETIZEDOR
SOLIDPILED
COMMODITY
MAXIMUM
STORAGEHEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILINGHEIGHT
6.1
7.6
7.6
9.1
7.6
9.8
NOMINALKFACTORSFORTHETYPE
OFSPRINKLERORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
CLASSI,II,III,IV
9.1
10.7
10.7
12.2
10.7
13.7
12.2
13.7
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
Page |
336
MINIMUMOPERATING
PRESSURE(PSI)
50
35
20
15
50
35
20
15
60
42
75
52
75
52
40
25
40
40
40
40
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
250GPM
(946LPM)
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
60
Table9.22:CommoditiesI,II,III&IVStoredinSingle,DoubleorMultiple
RacksUpto7.6mstorageheight
TABLE9.22:LARGEDROPANDNOMINALKFACTORWETSPRINKLERSYSTEMDESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORCLASSI,II,III&IVCOMMODITIESSTOREDIN
SINGLE,DOUBLEORMULTIPLERACKSUPTO7.6M
TYPEOF
SYSTEM
COMMODITY
CLASS
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
LARGEDROPTYPE
NOMINALKFACTOR11.2(160)
/ORIENTATION
NUMBEROF
SPRINKLERS
DESIGN
PRESSURE
KFACTOR16.8(240)NUMBEROF
SPRINKLERSBYMINIMUMDESIGNPRESSURE
/ORIENTATION
10PSI
(0.7
BAR)
15 /
upright
15 /
upright
6.1
9.1
15 / upright
25 psi
7.6
9.1
20 / upright
25 psi
6.1
9.1
15 / upright
25 psi
7.6
9.1
15+ 1 level of inrack/upright
25 psi
I, II
III
PREACTION
OR DRY
35PSI
(2.4
BARS)
15 /
upright
15 /
upright
7.6
10.6
25 psi
6.1
7.6
15/upright
50 psi
6.1
9.1
50 psi
75 psi
7.6
9.1
20/ upright
15 / upright
50psi
7.6
10.6
50 psi
-
75 psi
6.1
9.1
25 / upright
25 psi
7.6
9.1
30 / upright
25 psi
6.1
9.1
25 / Upright
25 psi
I,II
III
22PSI
(1.5BARS)
15+ 1
level
of inrack /
upright
WET
IV
15PSI
(1
BAR)
25 /
upright
30 /
upright
25 /
upright
15 /
upright
15 /
upright
15 /
upright
KFACTOR19.6(280)NUMBER
OFSPRINKLERSBYMINIMUM
DESIGNPRESSURE/
ORIENTATION
30PSI
25PSI
16PSI
(1.7
(2.1
(1.1
BARS)
BARS)
BARS)
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
DURATION
MINUTES
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
15 /
pendent
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
500 (1900)
120
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
500 (1900)
120
120
20+ 1
level of inrack/
upright
15+ 1
level of
in-rack/
Upright
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
Page |
337
Table9.23:ESFRSprinklersystemforCommoditiesI,II,III&IVStoredinSingle,DoubleorMultipleRacks
Upto7.6mstorageheight
TABLE9.23:ESFRFORCLASSI,II,IIIANDIVCOMMODITIESSTOREDINSINGLE,DOUBLEORMULTIPLEROWRACKSUPTO7.6MHEIGHT
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
COMMODITY
MAXIMUMSTORAGEHEIGHT
(m)
MAXIMUMCEILING
HEIGHT
(m)
7.6
SINGLEROW,
DOUBLEROW,AND
MULTIPLEROW
RACK
(NOOPENTOP
CONTAINERS)
CLASSI,II,III,ORIV,
ENCAPSULATEDOR
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
9.1
9.8*
6.1
7.6
10.7
12.2
13.7
NOMINALKFACTORSFORTHETYPE
OFSPRINKLERORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
* Not applicable to storage height of 6.1 m
Page |
338
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE(PSI)
50
35
25
15
50
35
25
15
60
42
75
52
35
20
75
52
40
25
90
63
40
40
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
250GPM
(946)LPM
WATER
TANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
60
Table9.24:LARGEDROPANDNOMINALKFACTORWETSPRINKLERSYSTEMDESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORCLASSI,II,III&IV
COMMODITIESSTOREDINSINGLE,DOUBLEORMULTIPLERACKSOVER7.6M
TABLE9.24:LARGEDROPANDNOMINALKFACTORWETSPRINKLERSYSTEMDESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORCLASSI,II,III&IVCOMMODITIESSTOREDIN
SINGLE,DOUBLEORMULTIPLERACKSOVER7.6M
TYPEOF
SYSTEM
COMMODITY
CLASS
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT
LARGEDROPTYPE
NOMINALKFACTOR11.2
(160)/ORIENTATION
NUMBEROF
SPRINKLERS
20 + 1 level
of in rack /
upright
DESIGN
PRESSURE
20 + 1 level
of in rack /
upright
KFACTOR19.6(280)NUMBEROF
SPRINKLERSBYMINIMUMDESIGN
PRESSURE/ORIENTATION
HOSEALLOWANCE
25PSI(I.7BARS)
15 / pendent
9.1
10.6
10.6
12.1
9.1
10.6
I, II
25 PSI
KFACTOR16.8(240)NUMBER
OFSPRINKLERSBYMINIMUM
DESIGNPRESSURE/
ORIENTATION
15PSI(IBAR) 22PSI(1.5BARS)
30PSI(2.1BARS)
15 / pendent
DURATION
MINUTES
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
WET
III, IV
10.6
PRE ACTION
OR DRY
12.1
9.1
10.6
10.6
12.1
I, II
30 + 1 level
of in rack /
upright
36
/upright
25
PSI
55
psi
30 + 1 level
of in rack /
upright
15 / pendent
15 / pendent
36 /upright
Page |
500 (1900)
120
500 (1900)
120
339
Table9.25:ESFRSprinklersystemforCommoditiesI,II,III&IVStoredinSingle,DoubleorMultipleRacks
over7.6mheight
TABLE9.25:ESFRREQUIREMENTFORCLASSI,II,IIIANDIVCOMMODITIESSTOREDIN
SINGLE,DOUBLEORMULTIPLEROWRACKSOVER7.6MHEIGHT
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
COMMODITY
MAXIMUMSTORAGEHEIGHT (m)
MAXIMUM
CEILING
HEIGHT(m)
10.7
SINGLEROW,
DOUBLEROW,AND
MULTIPLEROWRACK
(NOOPENTOP
CONTAINERS)
CLASSI,II,III,ORIV,
ENCAPSULATEDOR
NOTENCAPSULATED
9.1
12.2
10.7
12.2
13.7
NOMINALKFACTORSFORTHE
TYPEOFSPRINKLERORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
Page |
340
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE
75
52
35
20
75
52
40
20
90
63
40
40
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
250GPM
(946)LPM
WATERTANK
DURATION
(MINUTES)
60
13.9. GroupAPlastic
13.9.1.
13.9.1.1. Requirementsforpalletized,inshelforinracksStorageofGroupA
Plasticwithstorageheightoflessthan3.7mshallbeasperTable
9.26.
13.10. GroupBplasticsandfreeflowingGroupAplasticsshallbeprotectedthesameas
ClassIVcommodities.
13.11. GroupCplasticsshallbeprotectedthesameasClassIIIcommodities.
13.12. DesignrequirementsforESFRsprinklersystemforpalletizedorsolidpiledplastic
andrubbershallbeasperTable9.27.
13.13. Tires
13.13.1.
13.13.1.1. Requirementsforsolidpiled,inshelforinracksStorageof
Tireswithstorageheightoflessthan3.7mshallbeasper
Table9.28.
13.14. RolledPaper
13.14.1.
13.14.1.1. RequirementsforStorageofRolledPaperwithstorage
heightoflessthan3.7mshallbeasperTable9.29.
13.15. Single,DoubleorMultiplerowRackStorageofClassI,II,IIIandIVCommodities
13.15.1.
3.7mto7.6mstorageheight
13.15.1.1.
13.15.1.2.
13.15.2.
13.15.2.1.
13.15.3.
Requirementsforsingleordoublerowrackswithstorage
heightof3.7mto7.6mshallbeasperTable9.30.
RequirementsforMultiplerowrackswithstorageheightof
upto7.6mshallbeasperTable9.33.
Page |
341
13.15.3.1.
13.15.3.2.
Forstorageheightover3.7muptoandincluding7.6m
protectedwithceilingsprinklersonlyandforstorageheight
over3.7muptoandincluding6.1mprotectedwithceiling
sprinklersandminimumrequiredinracksprinklers,densities
obtainedfromTable9.30,Table9.31,Table9.32andTable
9.33shallbeadjustedinaccordancewithfigure9.33B.
Figure 9.33 B. Ceiling sprinkler densities modification in accordance with

storage heights
Page |
342
Table9.26:GroupAPlasticStoredPalletized,BinBox,ShelforinRackswithstorageheightofupto3.7m
TABLE9.26:GROUPAPLASTICSTOREDUPTO3.7M
COMMODITYCLASS
GROUPAPLASTICCARTONED
UNEXPANDEDAND
EXPANDED
GROUPA
PLASTIC
EXPOSED
UNEXPANDED
AND
EXPANDED
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
PALLETIZED
BINBOX,SHELF,
INRACK
PALLETIZEDBINBOX,
SHELF
INRACK
PALLETIZEDBINBOX,
SHELF,INRACK
PALLETIZEDBINBOX,
SHELF
INRACK
UNEXPANDED
EXPANDED
PALLETIZEDBINBOX,
SHELF,INRACK
INRACK
MAXIMUM
STORAGEHEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILINGHEIGHT
REQUIRED
DESIGNDENSITY
Gpm(LPM)
AREAOF
SPRINKLER
OPERATION
2
2
FT (m )
INRACK
SPRINKLER
TOTALCOMBINED
INSIDEAND
OUTSIDEHOSE
Gpm(LPM)
DURATION
MINUTES
<1.5m
1.5m3m
1.5m3m
3m 3.7m
3m 3.7m
3m 3.7m
4.6m
6.1m
5.2m
8.2 m
8.2 m
0.20(8.1)
0.30(12.2)
0.40(16.3)
0.40(16.3)
0.20(8.1)
0.40(16.3)
1500(140)
2500(232)
2500(232)
2500(232)
1500(140)
2500(232)
Noneed
Noneed
Noneed
Noneed
1LEVEL
Noneed
250(946)
500(1893)
500(1893)
500(1893)
250(946)
500(1893)
90
120
120
120
90
120
3m 3.7m
<1.5m
1.5m3m
1.5m2.4m
3m3.7m
3m 3.7m
3m 3.7m
1.5 m 3m
8.2 m
4.6m
8.5m
5.2m
5.2 m
8.2 m
6.1 m
0.20(8.1)
0.20(8.1)
0.40(16.3)
0.40(16.3)
0.40(16.3)
0.40(16.3)
0.20(8.1)
0.40(16.3)
1500(140)
1500(140)
2500(232)
2500(232)
2500(232)
2500(232)
1500(140)
2500(232)
1LEVEL
Noneed
Noneed
Noneed
Noneed
Noneed
1LEVEL
Noneed
250(946)
250(946)
500(1893)
500(1893)
500(1893)
500(1893)
250(946)
500(1893)
90
90
120
120
120
120
90
120
1.5 m 3m
6.1 m
0.20(8.1)
1500(140)
1LEVEL
250(946)
90
Page |
343
Table9.27:ESFRsprinklersystemforpalletizedorsolidpiledplasticandrubber
TABEL9.27:ESFRREQUIREMENTFORPALLETIZEDORSOLIDPILEDPLASTICANDRUBBERSTORAGE
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
COMMODITY
MAXIMUMSTORAGEHEIGHT(m)
MAXIMUMCEILING
HEIGHT(m)
7.6
9.1
PALLETIZEDOR
SOLIDPILED
PLASTICCARTONED
UNEXPANDED
6.1
10.7
7.6
9.1
12.2
10.7
12.2
13.7
7.6
PLASTICEXPOSED
UNEXPANDED
7.6
PALLETIZEDOR
SOLIDPILED
9.1
6.1
10.7
12.2
PLASTICCARTONED
EXPANDED
6.1
7.6
7.6
PLASTICEXPOSED&
EXPANDED
10.7
9.1
7.5
9.1
9.8
12.2
NOMINALKFACTORSFORTHETYPEOF
SPRINKLERORIENTATION
UPRIGHT
PENDENT
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
22.4(322)
25.2(363)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
14(201)
16.8(242)
25.2(363)*
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
14(201)
14(201)
16.8(242)
16.8(242)
14(201)*
14(201)*
16.8(242)*
16.8(242)*
25.2(363)
* Not applicable to storage height of 6.1 m
Page |
344
MINIMUM
OPERATING
PRESSURE
50
35
25
15
50
35
25
15
75
52
35
20
75
52
40
25
25
40
50
35
50
35
75
52
75
52
50
35
50
35
75
52
HOSE
ALLOWANCE
250GPM
(946)LPM
DURATION
MINUTES
60
250GPM
(946)LPM
60
Table9.28:TiresStoredsolidpiled,onshelforinrackswithstorageheightupto3.7m
TABLE9.28:TIRESSTOREDUPTO3.7M
COMMODITY
CLASS
TIRES
STORAGEARRANGEMENT
MAXIMUM
STORAGEHEIGHT
ONFLOOR,ONSIDE
ONFLOOR,ONTREADOR
ONSIDE
SINGLEDOUBLEOR
MULTIPLEROWON
RACKSONTREADORON
SIDE
SINGLEROWRACK,
PORTABLE,ONTREADOR
ONSIDE
SINGLEROWRACK,FIXED,
ONTREADORONSIDE
1.5m 3.7m
<1.5m
MAXIMUM
CEILINGHEIGHT
8.2m
<1.5m
REQUIREDDESIGN
DENSITY
Gpm(LPM)
AREAOF
SPRINKLER
OPERATION
2
2
FT (m )
INRACK
SPRINKLER
TOTALCOMBINEDINSIDE
ANDOUTSIDEHOSE,Gpm(
LPM)
DURATION
MINUTES
0.30(12.2)
0.20(8.1)
2500(232)
1500(140)
Noneed
Noneed
500(1893)
250(946)
120
90
0.20(8.1)
1500(140)
Noneed
250(946)
90
1.5m3.7m
8.2m
0.30(12.2)
2500(232)
Noneed
500(1893)
120
1.5m 3.7m
1.5m 3.7m
8.2m
8.2m
0.30(12.2)
0.20(8.1)
2500(232)
1500(140)
Noneed
1LEVEL
500(1893)
250(946)
120
90
Table9.29:RolledPaperwithstorageheightupto3.7mheight
TABLE9.29:ROLLEDPAPERSTOREDUPTO3.7M
COMMODITYCLASS
ROLLEDPAPER
HEAVYANDMEDIUM
WEIGHT
ROLLEDPAPER,TISSUE
ANDLIGHTWEIGHT
STORAGE
ARRANGEMENT
MAXIMUMSTORAGE
HEIGHT
MAXIMUM
CEILINGHEIGHT
REQUIRED
DESIGNDENSITY
Gpm(LPM)
AREAOFSPRINKLER
OPERATION
2
2
FT (m )
INRACK
SPRINKLER
TOTALCOMBINED
INSIDEAND
OUTSIDEHOSE
Gpm(LPM)
DURATION
MINUTES
ONEND
<3m
8m
0.20(8.1)
1500(140)
NoNeed
250(946)
90
ONEND
<3m
8m
0.30(12.2)
2500(232)
Noneed
250(946)
120
Page |
345
Table9.30:SingleorDoubleRowRacksStorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)uptoandincluding20ft(6.1
m)withoutsolidshelves.
SingleorDoubleRowRacksStorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)uptoandincluding25ft(7.6m)
AISLEWIDTH
&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERWATERDEMAND,Gpm(LPM)
HIGHTEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&
TEMPERATURECEILING
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
CEILING
CEILING
RACKSPRINKLER
TEMPERATURERACK
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
0.30 (12.2)
0.35 (14.3)
0.55 (22.4)
0.55 (22.4)
0.30 (12.2)
0.35 (14.3)
0.55 (22.4)
0.55 (22.4)
0.35(14.3)
0.39(15.9)
0.47(19.1)
0.55(22.4)
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
0.32(13.0)
0.37(15.0)
I
II
III
IV
I
NoNeed
NoNeed
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
II
NoNeed
0.26 (10.6)
0.30 (12.2)
0.38 (15.5)
0.44 (17.9)
III
NoNeed
0.29(11.8)
0.33(13.4)
0.43(17.5)
0.49(20.0)
IV
NoNeed
0.39(15.9)
0.44(17.9)
0.58(23.6)
0.60(24.5)
I
II
III
IV
I
NoNeed
NoNeed
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.24 (9.8)
0.24 (9.8)
0.28(11.4)
0.39(15.9)
0.19(7.7)
0.27 (11.0)
0.27 (11.0)
0.32(13.0)
0.45(18.3)
0.22(9.0)
0.47 (19.1)
0.47 (19.1)
0.29(11.8)
0.54 (22.0)
0.54 (22.0)
0.33(13.4)
II
NoNeed
0.21 (8.6)
0.24 (9.8)
0.32 (13.0)
0.37 (15.0)
III
NoNeed
0.24 (9.8)
0.27 (11.0)
0.37 (15.0)
0.42 (17.1)
IV
NoNeed
0.32(13.0)
0.37(15.0)
0.49(20.0)
0.57(23.2)
Page |
346
SingleorDoubleRowRacksStorageHeightOver20ft(6.1m)uptoandincluding22ft(6.7m)withoutsolidshelves.
AISLEWIDTH
&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
HIGHTEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&
TEMPERATURECEILING
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
CEILING
CEILING
RACKSPRINKLER
TEMPERATURERACK
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
0.30 (12.2)
0.35 (14.3)
0.30(12.2)
0.35(14.3)
0.35(14.3)
0.39(15.9)
0.47(19.1)
0.55(22.4)
0.23 (9.3)
0.26 (10.6)
0.32 (13.0)
0.37 (15.0)
II
NoNeed
0.26 (10.6)
0.30 (12.2)
0.38 (15.5)
0.44 (17.9)
III
NoNeed
0.29(11.8)
0.33(13.4)
0.43(17.5)
0.49(20.0)
IV
NoNeed
0.39 (15.9)
0.44 (17.9)
0.58 (23.6)
0.60 (24.5)
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.24 (9.8)
0.24 (9.8)
0.28 (11.4)
0.39 (15.9)
0.19 (7.7)
0.27 (11.0)
0.27 (11.0)
0.32 (13.0)
0.45 (18.3)
0.22 (9.0)
0.29 (11.8)
0.33 (13.4)
II
NoNeed
0.21 (8.6)
0.24 (9.8)
0.32 (13.0)
0.37 (15.0)
III
NoNeed
0.24(9.8)
0.27(11.0)
0.37(15.0)
0.42(17.1)
IV
NoNeed
0.32(13.0)
0.37(15.0)
0.49(20.0)
0.57(23.2)
Page |
347
SingleorDoubleRowRacksStorageHeightOver22ft(6.7m)uptoandincluding25ft(7.6m)withoutsolidshelves.
AISLEWIDTH
&
ENCAPSULATION
1.2M
ENCAPSULATED
1.2M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
ENCAPSULATED
2.4M
NOT
ENCAPSULATED
COMMODITY
CLASS
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
HIGHTEMPERATURE
ORDINARY
HIGH
ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&
TEMPERATURECEILING
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
CEILING
CEILING
RACKSPRINKLER
TEMPERATURERACK
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
0.30 (12.2)
0.35 (14.3)
0.30(12.2)
0.35(14.3)
0.35(14.3)
0.39(15.9)
0.47(19.1)
0.55(22.4)
0.23 (9.3)
0.26 (10.6)
0.32 (13.0)
0.37 (15.0)
II
NoNeed
0.26 (10.6)
0.30 (12.2)
0.38 (15.5)
0.44 (17.9)
III
NoNeed
0.29(11.8)
0.33(13.4)
0.43(17.5)
0.49(20.0)
IV
NoNeed
0.39 (15.9)
0.44 (17.9)
I
II
III
IV
I
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
1LEVEL
NoNeed
0.24 (9.8)
0.24 (9.8)
0.28 (11.4)
0.39 (15.9)
0.19 (7.7)
0.27 (11.0)
0.27 (11.0)
0.32 (13.0)
0.45 (18.3)
0.22 (9.0)
0.29 (11.8)
0.33 (13.4)
II
NoNeed
0.21 (8.6)
0.24 (9.8)
0.32 (13.0)
0.37 (15.0)
III
NoNeed
0.24(9.8)
0.27(11.0)
0.37(15.0)
0.42(17.1)
IV
NoNeed
0.32(13.0)
0.37(15.0)
Page |
348
Table9.33:MultipleRowRacksRackDepthUptoandIncluding16ft(4.9m),Aisles8ft(2.4m)or
wider,StorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)Upto25ft(7.6m)
Multiple RowRacksRackDepthUptoandIncluding16ft(4.9m),Aisles8ft(2.4m)orwider,StorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)
Upto25ft(7.6m)
HEIGHT
COMMODITY
CLASS
ENCAPSULATION
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
No
CEILINGSPRINKLERWATERDEMAND,Gpm (LPM)
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
HIGHTEMPERATURECEILING
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
CEILINGSPRINKLER&ORDINARY
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
TEMPERATURERACKSPRINKLER TEMPERATURERACKSPRINKLER
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
0.37(15.1)
0.41(16.7)
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.46(18.8)
0.51(20.8)
No
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
0.42(17.1)
0.47(19.1)
Yes
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
0.52(21.4)
0.59(23.9)
I
Yes
Over12ft(3.7
m)uptoand
including15ft
(4.6m)
NoNeed
II
No
NoNeed
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.47(19.1)
0.52(21.4)
Yes
1Level
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
N/A
N/A
No
NoNeed
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
Yes
1Level
0.48(19.5)
0.56(22.6)
N/A
N/A
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
0.37(15.1)
0.41(16.7)
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.46(18.8)
0.51(20.8)
No
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
0.42(17.1)
0.47(19.1)
Yes
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
0.52(21.4)
0.59(23.9)
0.47(19.1)
0.52(21.4)
N/A
N/A
III
IV
No
I
Yes
NoNeed
Over15ft(4.6
m)uptoand
including20ft
(6.1m)
II
No
NoNeed
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
Yes
1Level
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
0.48(19.5)
0.56(22.6)
III
No
IV
1Level
Yes
Page |
349
contd. Table 9.33:
COMMODITY
CLASS
HEIGHT
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
ENCAPSULATION
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
No
NoNeed
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
Yes
1Level
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
No
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
Yes
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
0.48(19.5)
0.56(22.6)
0.37(15.1)
0.41(16.7)
N/A
N/A
I
No
II
Over20ft(6.1
m)uptoand
including25ft
(7.6m)
Yes
1Level
III
No
IV
2Levels
Yes
Page |
350
Table9.34:MultipleRowRacksRackDepthOver16ft(4.9m)orAislesNarrowerThan8ft(2.4m),
StorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)UptoandIncluding25ft(7.6m)
Multiple RowRacksRackDepthOver16ft(4.9m)orAislesNarrowerThan8ft(2.4m),StorageHeightOver12ft(3.7m)Upto
andIncluding25ft(7.6m)
HEIGHT
COMMODITY
CLASS
ENCAPSULATION
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
No
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
0.37(15.1)
0.41(16.7)
Yes
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.46(18.8)
0.51(20.8)
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
0.42(17.1)
0.47(19.1)
Yes
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
0.52(21.4)
0.59(23.9)
No
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.47(19.1)
0.52(21.4)
Over12ft(3.7
m)uptoand
including15ft
(4.6m)
No
NoNeed
II
III
Yes
1Level
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
N/A
N/A
No
NoNeed
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
Yes
1Level
0.58(23.6)
0.66(26.9)
N/A
N/A
No
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
Yes
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
No
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
N/A
N/A
Yes
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
No
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
Yes
0.58(23.6)
0.66(26.9)
IV
Over15ft(4.6
m)uptoand
including20ft
(6.1m)
II
Yes
No
1Level
III
IV
Page |
351
contd. Table 9.34:
COMMODITY
CLASS
HEIGHT
ENCAPSULATION
INRACK
SPRINKLERS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
MULTIPLEROWRACKS
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
ORDINARYTEMPERATURE
SPRINKLER&ORDINARY
SPRINKLERS
CEILINGSPRINKLERS
No
0.23(9.3)
0.26(10.6)
Yes
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
0.26(10.6)
0.30(12.2)
Yes
0.33(13.2)
0.38(15.2)
No
0.29(11.7)
0.33(13.2)
Yes
0.36(14.6)
0.41(16.7)
0.39(15.7)
0.44(17.9)
0.58(23.6)
0.66(26.9)
I
No
II
Over20ft(6.1
m)uptoand
including25ft
(7.6m)
1Level
N/A
III
No
IV
2Levels
Yes
Page |
352
N/A
14.
RefrigeratedSpaces(ColdRoomApplication)
14.1. General
14.1.1. Wheresprinklerpipepassesthroughawallorfloorintotherefrigerated
space,asectionofpipearrangedforremovalshallbeprovidedimmediately
insidethespace.Theremovablelengthofpiperequiredshallbeaminimum
of762mm.
14.2.1. Alowairpressurealarmtoaconstantlyattendedlocationshallbeinstalled.
14.2.2. Systemsequippedwithlocallowpressurealarmsandanautomaticair
maintenancedeviceshallnotberequiredtoalarmtoaconstantlyattended
location.
14.3.1. Airornitrogensupplyforsystemsshallbeoneofthefollowing:
i.
Airfromtheroomoflowesttemperaturetoreducethemoisture
content
ii.
Aircompressor/dryerpackagelistedfortheapplicationutilizing
ambientair
iii.
Compressednitrogengasfromcylindersusedinlieuofcompressed
air
14.4. ControlValve
14.4.1. Anindicatingtypecontrolvalveforoperationaltestingofthesystemshall
beprovidedoneachsprinklerriseroutsideoftherefrigeratedspace.
14.5. CheckValve
14.5.1. Acheckvalvewitha2.4mmdiameterholeintheclappershallbeinstalled
inthesystemriserbelowthetestvalve.
14.5.2. Checkvalvesshallnotberequiredwheredrypipeorpreactionvalvesare
usedanddesignedtocompletelydrainallwaterabovetheseatandthat
arelistedforinstallationwithoutprimingwaterremainingandwhere
primingwaterisnotusedinthesystemriser.
14.6.1. Thesupplypipingshallbeequippedwithtwoeasilyremovablesupplylines
atleast1.9mlongandatleast25.4mmindiameterasshowninFigure
9.14.
Page |
353
Figure9.14:RefrigeratorAreaSprinklerSystemUsedtoMinimizetheChancesof
DevelopingIcePlugs.
14.7.1. Thesupplypipingshallbeequippedwithasingleeasilyremovablesupply
lineatleast6ft(1.9m)longandatleast1in.(25.4mm)indiameter.
14.7.2. Eachsupplylineshallbeequippedwithcontrolvalveslocatedinthewarm
area.
14.7.3. Onlyoneairsupplylineshallbeopentosupplythesystemairatanyone
time.
Page |
354
15.
PipingRequirements
15.1.1. Thepipesusedforsprinklersysteminstalledwithinoroutsidethebuilding
shallbeFactoryGalvanizedsteel,ERWorSeamlesspipemanufacturedin
accordancewithASTMA53Gr.BorASTMA795Gr.B,Sch40or
manufacturedasperBS1387,ClassC(Heavygrade).Thepipesusedforthe
entiresprinklersystemshallhavetheapprovalofCivilDefence.
15.2.1. Pipefittingsof50mmandsmallerdiameterusedinabovegroundpiping
shallbeoffactorygalvanized,malleableironorductileiron,threadedfittings
confirmingtoB16.3,havingworkingpressurenotlessthan16bar.
15.2.2. Pipefittingsof65mmandlargerdiameterusedinabovegroundpipingshall
beoffactorygalvanized,ductileiron,groovedfittingsorButtwelded
conformingtoASMEB16.9&pipeflangesconfirmingtoASMEB16.5,having
workingpressurenotlessthansystemworkingpressure.
15.3.1. Thepipesusedforfirefightingsystemlaidundergroundshallcomplyany
oneofthefollowingrequirements:
i.
DuctileIronpipemanufacturedconfomingtoAWWAC151&Fittings
conformingtoAWWAC110&JointsconformingtoAWWAC115and
AnticorrosiveprotectionconformingtoAWWAC105;
ii.
FactoryGalvanisedsteel,Seamlesspipemanufacturedinaccordancewith
ASTMA53Gr.BorASTMA795Gr.B,Sch40ormanufacturedasperBS
1387,ClassC(Heavygrade)withepoxycoatandanticorrosivesurface
protection.Thefittingsshallbebuttweldedorsocketweldedandjoints
shallbeflanged.AlltheproposedmaterialsshallhavetheCivilDefence
approval.
iii.
ApprovedHDPEpipesandfittingsmanufacturedconformingtoAWWA
C90607withtemperature&pressureratingnotlessthanthesystem
workingpressurebytakingintoconsiderationofderationfactorfor
temperature,recurringsurge&occasionalsurgepressures.
Page |
355
16.
Isolation/SectionorfloorControlvalves
16.1. Alltheisolationandsectioncontrolvalvesinstalledinthesprinklersystemshall
beofsupervisedO.S.&Ygatevalveorsupervisedbutterflyvalvesinstalledwitha
tamperorsupervisoryswitchconnectedtothebuildingfirealarmsystemfor
monitoringorsecuredinopenpositionbyapadlockorrivetedstrapunlessother
wisespecifiedandapprovedbytheCivilDefence.
16.2. Allisolatingvalvesinstalledinsprinklersystemshallbesoconstructedthatin
ordertoshutthevalvethespindlemustturnclockwise.Thehandwheelsofall
stopvalvesshallbeclearlymarkedtoindicatewhichdirectionthewheelistobe
turnedtoclosethevalve.
16.3. Anindicationshallalsobeprovidedwhichshowswhetherthevalveisopenor
shut.
16.4. Anisolationvalvesshallbeinstalledineachsprinklerriseronupstreamsideofan
alarmcheckvalvesuchthattheisolationofsinglesprinklerriserwillnotinterrupt
thewatersupplytoothersprinklerrisersfromthesamesourceofsupply.
16.5. Thevalveondownstreamsideofflowmeterinthefirepumptestlineshallbe
globetypevalveforeaseofthrottling.
16.6. ThevalvesofsuctionsideoffirepumpsandwatertankoutletsshallbeO.S.&Y
typegatevalveonly.
16.7. Allthevalvesshallberatedforthesystemworkingpressureandwater
temperatureserviceandapprovedbytheCivilDefencedepartment.
16.8. Alltheisolation/sectionorfloorcontrolvalvesshallbeinstalledinaneasily
accessible&visiblelocations.
16.9. Isolationandcontrolvalvesshallbeprovidedwithanidentificationsignboardin
avisiblelocationinbothArabic&Englishlanguages.
16.10. Whereisolation/controlvalvesarelocatedinaclosedroomorshaft,access
doororpanelshallbeprovidedwithanidentificationsignboardinvisible
locationinbothArabic&Englishlanguages.
17.
CheckValves
17.1. Ifcaseofcombinedriserpipeisproposedforbothsprinklerandlandingvalves,
anapprovedcheckvalveshallbeinstalledaftersupervisorycontrolvalveof
sprinklerzonecontrolvalveassembly.
17.2. Allthecheckvalvesshallberatedforthesystemworkingpressureandwater
temperatureservice.SameshallbeapprovedbytheCivilDefence.
17.3. Allthecheckvalvesshallbeinstalledinaneasilyaccessible&visiblelocations.
Page |
356
17.4. Wherethereismorethanonesourceofwatersupply,acheckvalveshallbe
installedineachconnection.
17.5. Wheresprinklersareinstalledontwoadjacentsidesofabuilding,protecting
againsttwoseparateanddistinctexposures,withseparatecontrolvalvesfor
eachside,theendlinesshallbeconnectedwithcheckvalveslocatedsothatone
sprinkleraroundthecornerwilloperate.Theintermediatepipebetweenthetwo
checkvalvesshallbearrangedtodrain.SeeFigure9.15forillustrations.
Figure9.15:TypicalArrangementofCheckValves.
Figure9.16:AlternateArrangementforCheckValves
17.6. Asanalternatesolution,anadditionalsprinklershallbeinstalledoneachsystem
locatedaroundthecornerfromthesysteminvolved.SeeFigure9.16for
illustrations.
17.7. Alistedbackflowpreventiondeviceshallbeconsideredacheckvalve,andan
additionalcheckvalveshallnotberequired.
Page |
357
17.8. Wherecushiontanksareusedwithautomaticfirepumps,nocheckvalveis
requiredinthecushiontankconnection.
17.9. Checkvalvesshallbeinstalledinaverticalorhorizontalpositioninaccordance
withtheirlisting.
17.10. Whereasinglewetpipesprinklersystemisequippedwithafiredepartment
connection,thealarmvalveisconsideredacheckvalve,andanadditionalcheck
valveshallnotberequired.
18.
AlarmCheckValve(ACV)Assembly
18.1. AnAlarmcheckvalveassemblyshallbeinstalledineachsprinklersystemriseras
perthemaximumsprinklerprotectionzonearealimitations,whichshallconsists
ofthefollowingequipmentsandaccessories.
i.
AlarmcheckValvecompletewithtrimkits&retardingdevice;
ii.
WaterMotorAlarmGong;
iii.
ElectricAlarmpressureswitch;
iv.
PressureGuages(Upstream&Downstream)
18.2. AlarmCheckValves
18.2.1. Alarmvalveshallbeinstalledineachsprinklersystemsupplyriserscomplete
withrequiredtrimsinallsprinklersysteminstallationsintheofficebuildings.
18.2.2. TheAlarmvalvetrimsshallconsistofbasictrimwithallrequiredpipes,
fitting&valves,watermotoralarmgong,retardchamber,electricalarm
pressureswitch,upstream&downstreampressuregaugesetc.
18.2.3. Thealarmpressureswitchshallbeinterconnectedwithbuildingfirealarm
systemtoactivatethefirealarm.
18.2.4. A20mmdiabypasslineshallbeprovidedconnectingupstreamand
downstreamsideofthealarmchecktoallowthewaterpressuresurgewith
outliftingthevalveclapperoffitsseat,whichwillpreventthefalsealarm.
18.2.5. Alarmcheckvalvesshallberatedforthesystemworkingpressureandwater
18.2.6. Allthecheckvalvesshallbeinstalledinaneasilyaccessible&visible
locations.
18.2.7. Alarmcheckvalvesshallbeinstalledverticallywithadequateclearance
spacearounditfortestingandmaintenancepurposes.
18.2.8. Retardingdeviceshallbeinstalledinthealarmlinetopreventthefalse
alarmduetothewaterpressurefluctuationinsprinklersystem.
18.3. WaterMotorAlarmGong
Page |
358
18.3.1. Thesprinklersystemshallbefittedwithanapprovedwatermotoralarm,
whichshallbelocatedatadistancenotexceeding25mfromthealarm
valve,andataheightnottoexceed6mabovethealarmvalve.
18.3.2. Thepipeworkandfittingsusedshallbegalvanizedandtothesizes
determinedbythemanufacturersdatasheet.
18.3.3. Thepipeworkshallbearrangedtodrainthroughafittinghavinganorifice
notexceeding3mmindiameter.Theorificeplatemayformanintegralpart
ofthefittingbutshallbemanufacturedfromanonferrousmaterialto
preventtheholefrombecomingblockedbycorrosionorforeignmatter.
18.3.4. A15mmtestvalveshallbeinstalledontheinstallationsideofeachalarm
valve.
18.3.5. Approvedidentificationsigns,asshowninFigure9.17shallbeprovidedfor
outsidealarmdevices.Thesignshouldbelocatednearthedeviceina
conspicuouspositionandshouldbewordedasfollows:
SPRINKLER FIRE ALARM WHEN BELL RINGS

CALL FIRE DEPARTMENT OR POLICE.
Figure9.17:AlarmIdentificationSign
18.4. ElectricAlarmPressureSwitch
18.4.1. Electricalarmpressureswitchesshallbeinstalledinthesystemandthey
shallbemountedonaverticalbranchpipeatleast300mmlong.
18.4.2. Thepressureswitchmaybeofthediaphragmbellowsorbourdontube
operatedtype,andshallbesufficientlysensitivetooperatewhenonlyone
sprinklerisdischarging.
Page |
359
18.4.3. Thepressureswitchshallbeprovidedwithvoltfreecontractsto
interconnectwiththebuildingfirealarmsystemformonitoring.
18.4.4. Thepressureswitchshallberatedforthesystemworkingpressureand
watertemperatureserviceandapprovedbytheCivilDefencedepartment.
19.
ControlValves
19.1. Eachsprinklersystemshallbeprovidedwithalistedindicatingvalveinan
accessiblelocation,solocatedastocontrolallautomaticsourcesofwatersupply.
19.2. Atleastonelistedindicatingvalveshallbeinstalledineachsourceofwater
supplybutnotforfiredepartmentconnections.Thereshallbenoshutoffvalvein
thefiredepartmentconnection.SeeFigure9.18.
Figure9.18:ExamplesofAcceptableValveArrangements
Page |
360
20.
Supervision.
20.1. Valvesonconnectionstowatersupplies,sectionalcontrolandisolationvalves,
andothervalvesinsupplypipestosprinklersandotherfixedwaterbasedfire
suppressionsystemsshallbesupervisedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Centralstation,proprietary,orremotestationsignallingservice
Localsignallingservicethatwillcausethesoundingofanaudiblesignalata
constantlyattendedpoint
Valveslockedinthecorrectposition
Valveslocatedwithinfencedenclosuresunderthecontroloftheowner,
sealedintheopenposition,andinspectedweeklyaspartofanapproved
procedure
21.
PressureGauges
21.1. Pressuregaugeswithacontrolvalve(gaugecock)havingdrainarrangementshall
beinstalledonupstreamanddownstreamsideofalarmcheckvalvestoread
supplyandsystempressures.
21.2. Pressuregaugesshallbeinstalledontopofeachsprinklerriserandineachzone
controlvalveassembly.
21.3. Thepressuregaugesshallberatedforthesystemworkingpressureandwater
21.4. Themaximumreadingofthescaleshallbe150%ofthemaximumsystem
pressureandeachscaleshallhavedivisionsnotexceeding0.2bar.
21.5. Allthepressuregaugesshallbefilledwithglycerinliquidtopreventdamageofits
needlesduetothesystemwaterpressuresurge.
22.
PressureReducingValves
22.1. Inportionsofsystemswhereallcomponentsarenotlistedforpressuregreater
than12.1barandthepotentialexistsfornormal(nonfirecondition)water
pressureinexcessof12.1bar,alistedpressurereducingvalveshallbeinstalled
andsetforanoutletpressurenotexceeding2.4baratthemaximuminlet
pressure.
22.2. Pressuregaugesshallbeinstalledontheinletandoutletsidesofeachpressure
reducingvalve.
22.3. Areliefvalveofnotlessthan13mminsizeshallbeprovidedonthedischarge
sideofthepressurereducingvalvesettooperateatapressurenotexceeding
12.1bar.
Page |
361
22.4. Alistedindicatingvalveshallbeprovidedontheinletsideofeachpressure
reducingvalve,unlessthepressurereducingvalvemeetsthelistingrequirements
foruseasanindicatingvalve.
22.5. Meansshallbeprovideddownstreamofallpressurereducingvalvesforflow
testsatsprinklersystemdemand.
23.
SectionorFloorZoneControlValve(ZCV)Assembly
23.1. Sectionalorfloorzonecontrolvalve(ZCV)assemblyshallbeinstalledwherethe
tappingistakenfromthesprinklerriserforeachfloorandwherethefloorarea
exceedsthelimitasspecifiedinTable9.6.SeeFigure9.15forillustrations.Each
zonecontrolvalveassemblyinstalledinsprinklersystemshallcomprise:
i.
Supervised Butterfly valve, fitted with an indicator showing OPEN and

CLOSEpositions,andcompletewithpadlockedsecuringstraps.Thevalve
shallbemountedontheupstreamsideoftheflowswitch.
ii.
Waterflowalarmswitchhavingpaddletypewaterflowdetectorsuitablefor
the size of the pipe in which it is installed shall be fixed after the butterfly
valve,onthemainsupplypipeandbeforeanysprinklerconnectionistaken
off.
iii.
Inspector testanddrain connectionshaving notlessthan25 mm diameter

shallbeinstalledondownstreamsideofflowswitch.
iv.
Dial pressure gauges suitable for the water pressures shall be fitted so
arranged that it can be easily removed for testing and checking without
shuttingdownthewatersupply.Pressureguageshallbeinstalledbetween
butterflyvalveandwaterflowswitch.
v.
Theminmumdistancebetweenwaterflowswitchtothebutterflyvalveand
tothetest&drainvalveshallbenotlessthan600mm.
vi.
The water flow switch shall be mounted on top of the pipe or as

recommendedbytheoriginalequipmentmanufacturesdatasheet.
vii.
All the equipments of ZCV assembly shall be rated for the system working
pressureandwatertemperatureserviceandapprovedbytheCivilDefence
department.
TheZCVassemblyshallbeinstalledinaneasilyaccessible&visiblelocations,
preferablyinsidethestarenclosureabovetherequiredheadroomheight.
ZCVassemblyshallbeprovidedwithanidentificationsignboardinavisible
locationinbothArabic&Englishlanguages.
Where ZCV assembly is located in a closed room or shaft, access door or

panelshallbeprovidedwithanidentificationsignboardinvisiblelocationin
bothArabic&Englishlanguages.
viii.
ix.
x.
Page |
362
xi.
ZCV assembly shall be installed such that it has adequate clearance space
arounditfortestingandmaintenancepurposes.
Figure9.19:FloorZoneControlValve.
24.
SprinklerHeadsInstallation
24.1. General
24.1.1. Sprinklerheadsshallbeinstalledthroughoutthebuildingasperthedesign
requirementsbasedonthetypeofhazardoccupancyclassificationsinall
officebuildings.
24.1.2. Sprinklersshallbeinstalledinsuchawaythatitsmaximumprotectionarea
doesnotexceedingthelimitaccordingtothehazardoccupancy.
24.1.3. Sprinklershallbeinstalledbasedonitsconstructiontypeandperformance
characteristicswithoutobstructingitsdischargepattern.SeeFigure9.20for
thedischargepatternforstandarduprightorpendentsprinkler.
Page |
363
Figure9.20:ObstructionstoSprinklerDischargePatternDevelopmentfor
StandardUprightorPendentSpraySprinklers.
24.2.1. Uprightsprinklerheadsshallbeinstalledinsuchawaythatitsdeflectoris
facinguprightpositiononlywiththeframearmsparalleltothebranchline
tominimizetheobstructionofitsdischargepattern.
24.2.2. Uprightsprinklersshallbeinstalledwherethereisnofalseceiling,suchas
carpark,stores,plantrooms,concealedspacesabovefalseceilingareasetc.
24.2.3. Thedistancebetweenuprightsprinklerdeflectortotheceilingshallbenot
less25mmandshallbenotmorethan300mm.
24.2.4. Wheresituationdoesnotpermitstolocatethesprinklerheadwithin300mm
fromtheceilingandexceeds300mm,shallbefittedwithadeflectorplate
madeofstainlesssteelhavingdiameternotless200mmshallbeinstalled
attachingtothedeflector.
24.2.5. Uprightsprinklerprotectivecapsandstrapsshallberemovedimmediately
afterthecommissioningofthesprinklersystem.
24.2.6. Uprightsprinklersshallbefittedwithaprotectiveguardwherethereis
possibilitiesforaccidentaldamageofsprinklerbulbs.
24.2.7. Theminimumdistancebetweenthesprinklertotheadjacentsprinklershall
benotlessthan1.8mtrs.
24.2.8.
Themaximumdistancebetweenthestandarduprightsprinklertothe
adjacentstandardsprinklershallbenotmorethan4.5mtrs.Wherethe
Page |
364
extendedcoverageuprightsprinklersareused,themaximumdistance
betweensprinklertosprinklershallbenotmorethanitsapprovallisting
aspertheOriginalequipmentmanufacturerstechnicaldatasheet.
24.2.9.
24.2.10.
24.2.11.
24.2.12.
24.2.13.
24.2.14.
24.2.15.
24.2.16.
24.2.17.
24.2.18.
24.2.19.
Theminimumdistancebetweenauprightsprinklertoawallshallbenot
lessthan100mm.
Themaximumdistancebetweenastandarduprightsprinklertoawall
shallbenotmorethan2.25mtrsorofthespacingbetweenthe
sprinkler.
Thereshouldnotbeanycontinuousornoncontinuousobstructionssuch
ascolumns,beams,trusswebsandchords,pipes,ducts,andother
fixturesthatcouldpreventdischargepatternbelowthesprinklerheadfor
lessthanorequalto500mm.
Sprinklersshallbeinstalledunderfixedobstructionsover1.2mwide
suchasducts,cabletrays,decks,opengrateflooringsetc.
Theminimumclearancebetweentopofstoragetothesprinklerhead
shallbenotlessthan500mmandshallbe1000mminspecialsituations
forspecialsprinklerssuchasESFR&ELOsprinklers.
Sprinklersunderglassorplasticskylightsexposedtothedirectraysofthe
sunshallbeoftheintermediatetemperatureclassification.
Wherethereisaverticalchangeinceilingelevationwithintheareaof
coverageofthesprinklercreatingadistanceofmorethan900mm
betweentheupperceilingandthesprinklerdeflector,averticalplane
extendingdownfromtheceilingatthechangeinelevationshallbe
consideredawallforthepurposeofsprinklerspacing.
Wherethedistancebetweentheupperceilingandthesprinklerdeflector
islessthanorequalto900mm,thesprinklersshallbepermittedtobe
spacedasthoughtheceilingwasflat,providedtheobstructionrulesand
ceilingpocketrulesareobserved.
Underobstructedconstruction,thesprinklershallbeinstalledineachbay
ofobstructedconstructionwiththesprinklerdeflectorlocatednotless
than25mmtonotmorethan300mmfromtheceiling.
Sprinklersshallbelocatedsoastominimizeobstructionstodischargeor
additionalsprinklersshallbeprovidedtoensureadequatecoverageof
thehazard.
Sprinklersshallbepermittedtobespacedonoppositesidesof
obstructionsnotexceeding1.2minwidth,providedthedistancefrom
thecenterlineoftheobstructiontothesprinklersdoesnotexceedone
halftheallowabledistancepermittedbetweensprinklers.
Page |
365
24.2.20.
Obstructionslocatedagainstthewallandthatarenotover762mmin
widthshallbepermittedtobeprotected.
24.3. Underobstructedconstruction,thesprinklersshallbepermittedtoinstallasper
theTable9.30toavoidobstructionsofdischargepatternofauprightsprinkler.
SeeFigure9.20forillustration.
Table9.30:PositioningofStandarduprightsprinklerstoavoid
obstructionofdischargepattern
DistancefromSprinklersto
SideofObstruction(A)
Lessthan300mm
300mmto450mm
450mmto600mm
600mmto750mm
750mmto900mm
900mmto1050mm
1050mmto1200mm
1200mmto1350mm
1350mmto1500mm
1500mmto1650mm
1650mmto1800mm
MaximumAllowableDistanceof
DeflectorAboveBottomofObstruction(B)
0mm
65mm
90mm
140mm
190mm
240mm
305mm
355mm
420mm
457mm
508mm
24.4.1. Pendentsprinklerheadsshallbeinstalledinsuchawaythatitsdeflectoris
facingdownwardspendentpositiononlywiththeframearmsparalleltothe
branchlinetominimizetheobstructionofitsdischargepattern.
24.4.2. Pendentsprinklersshallbeinstalledwherethereisnofalseceiling,suchas
carpark,stores,plantrooms,concealedspacesabovefalseceilingareasetc.
24.4.3. Thedistancebetweenpendentsprinklerdeflectortotheceilingshallbenot
less25mmandshallbenotmorethan300mm.
24.4.4. Wheresituationdoesnotpermitstolocatethesprinklerheadwithin300mm
fromtheceilingandexceeds300mm,shallbefittedwithadeflectorplate
madeofstainlesssteelhavingdiameternotless200mmshallbeinstalled
attachingtothesprinkleroritsdeflector.
24.4.5. Pendentsprinklerprotectivecapsandstrapsshallberemovedimmediately
24.4.6. Pendentsprinklersshallbefittedwithaprotectiveguardwherethereis
24.4.7. Theminimumdistancebetweenthesprinklertotheadjacentsprinklershall
benotlessthan1.8m.
Page |
366
24.4.8. Themaximumdistancebetweenthestandardpendentsprinklertothe
betweensprinklertosprinklershallbenotmorethanitsapprovallistingas
pertheOriginalequipmentmanufacturerstechnicaldatasheet.
24.4.9. Theminimumdistancebetweenapendentsprinklertoawallshallbenot
lessthan100mm.
24.4.10. Themaximumdistancebetweenastandardpendentsprinklertoawall
shallbenotmorethan2.25mtrsorofthespacingbetweenthe
sprinkler.
24.4.11. Thereshouldnotbeanycontinuousornoncontinuousobstructionssuch
ascolumns,beams,trusswebsandchords,pipes,ducts,andother
24.4.12. Sprinklersshallbeinstalledunderfixedobstructionsover1.2mwide
suchasducts,cabletrays,decks,opengrateflooringsetc.
24.4.13. Theminimumclearancebetweentopofstoragetothesprinklerhead
shallbenotlessthan500mmandshallbe1000mminspecialsituations
forspecialsprinklerssuchasESFR&ELOsprinklers.
24.4.14. Sprinklersunderglassorplasticskylightsexposedtothedirectraysofthe
24.4.15. Wherethereisaverticalchangeinceilingelevationwithintheareaof
24.4.16. Wherethedistancebetweentheupperceilingandthesprinklerdeflector
24.4.17. Underobstructedconstruction,thesprinklershallbeinstalledineachbay
ofobstructedconstructionwiththesprinklerdeflectorlocatednotless
than25mmtonotmorethan300mmfromtheceiling.
24.4.18. Sprinklersshallbelocatedsoastominimizeobstructionstodischargeor
additionalsprinklersshallbeprovidedtoensureadequatecoverageof
thehazard.
24.4.19. Sprinklersshallbepermittedtobespacedonoppositesidesof
obstructionsnotexceeding1.2minwidth,providedthedistancefrom
Page |
367
thecenterlineoftheobstructiontothesprinklersdoesnotexceedone
halftheallowabledistancepermittedbetweensprinklers.
24.4.20.
Obstructionslocatedagainstthewallandthatarenotover762mmin
theTable9.31toavoidobstructionsofdischargepatternofapendentsprinkler.
SeeFigure9.20forillustrations.
Table9.31:PositioningofStandardpendentsprinklerstoavoid
obstructionofdischargepattern
Lessthan300mm
300mmto450mm
450mmto600mm
600mmto750mm
750mmto900mm
900mmto1050mm
1050mmto1200mm
1200mmto1350mm
1350mmto1500mm
1500mmto1650mm
1650mmto1800mm
0mm
65mm
90mm
140mm
190mm
240mm
305mm
355mm
420mm
457mm
508mm
Figure9.21:PositioningofStandardUpright(alsopendentandreccessed)
SprinklerstoAvoidObstructions
Page |
368
24.6. Recessed/ConcealedPendentSprinklerHeads
24.6.1. RecessedorConcealedtypePendentsprinklerheadsshallbeinstalledin
suchawaythatitsdeflectorisfacingdownwardspendentpositiononly.
24.6.2. RecessedorConcealedtypependentsprinklersshallbeinstalledinthe
falseceilingareas,suchasMainentrancelobbies,publiccorridors,office
units,restaurants,retailshowroomsetc.
24.6.3. Wheretheceiling&interiorarchitecturaldecorativefinishisrequiredwith
goodaestheticlookinsensitiveareas,theconcealedsprinklerswithcover
plateisrecommendedaccordingtotheinteriorarchitectfinish.
24.6.4. Quick/fastresponsetypesprinklersshallbeinstalledinthelighthazard
areas.
24.6.5. Therecessed/concealedpendentsprinklersshallbeinstalledasperthe
installationguidelinesrecommendedbytheoriginalequipment
manufacturer.
24.6.6. Alisted&approvedtypeflexibledroppipesshallbeusedforextendingthe
sprinklerdroppipefromthebranchpipetothesprinkleralongwith
approvedceilingsupportfittingsandhardware.
24.6.7. Pendentsprinklerprotectivecapsandstrapsshallberemovedimmediately
24.6.8. Theminimumdistancebetweenthesprinklertotheadjacentsprinkler
shallbenotlessthan1.8m.
24.6.9. Themaximumdistancebetweenthestandardpendentsprinklertothe
betweensprinklertosprinklershallbenotmorethanitsapprovallistingas
pertheOriginalequipmentmanufacturerstechnicaldatasheet.
24.6.10. Theminimumdistancebetweenapendentsprinklertoawallshallbenot
lessthan100mm.
24.6.11. Themaximumdistancebetweenastandardpendentsprinklertoawall
shallbenotmorethan2.25mtrsorofthespacingbetweenthesprinkler.
ascoluomns,beams,trusswebsandchords,pipes,ducts,andother
24.6.13. Theminimumclearancebetweentopofstoragetothesprinklerheadshall
benotlessthan500mmandshallbe1000mminspecialsituationsfor
specialsprinklerssuchasESFR&ELOsprinklers.
Page |
369
24.6.14. Sprinklersunderglassorplasticskylightsexposedtothedirectraysofthe
24.6.15. Wherethereisaverticalchangeinceilingelevationwithintheareaof
24.6.16. Wherethedistancebetweentheupperceilingandthesprinklerdeflector
24.6.17. Underobstructedconstruction,thesprinklershallbeinstalledineachbay
ofobstructedconstructionwiththesprinklerdeflectorlocatedflushtothe
ceiling.
24.6.18. Sprinklersshallbelocatedsoastominimizeobstructionstodischargeor
additionalsprinklersshallbeprovidedtoensureadequatecoverageofthe
hazard.
24.6.19. Sprinklersshallbepermittedtobespacedonoppositesidesof
obstructionsnotexceeding1.2minwidth,providedthedistancefromthe
centerlineoftheobstructiontothesprinklersdoesnotexceedonehalf
theallowabledistancepermittedbetweensprinklers.
24.6.20. Obstructionslocatedagainstthewallandthatarenotover762mmin
theTable9.32toavoidobstructionsofdischargepatternofarecessedor
concealedsprinkler.RefertoFigure9.21.
Table9.32:PositioningofStandardRecessed/concealedpendentsprinklersto
avoidobstructionofdischargepattern
Lessthan300mm
300mmto450mm
450mmto600mm
600mmto750mm
750mmto900mm
900mmto1050mm
1050mmto1200mm
1200mmto1350mm
1350mmto1500mm
1500mmto1650mm
1650mmto1800mm
0mm
65mm
90mm
140mm
190mm
240mm
305mm
355mm
420mm
457mm
508mm
Page |
370
24.8. SidewallSprinklerHeads
24.8.1. Sidewallsprinklerheadsshallbeinstalledalongawallside,orsideofa
beamorbeneaththeflatsmoothceilingwhereuprightorpendent
sprinklerswithopenpipingmaynotbedesirableduetoaestheticsissues.
24.8.2. Sidewallsprinklersshallbeinstalledsuchthatitsdeflectorsarealigned
paralleltotheceilingorroof.
24.8.3. Sidewallsprinklershallbeshallbeinstalledintheramps,fortheprotection
ofanyofficeorroomwherethereisnofalseceilingandopentpipingisnot
desirableduetoaestheticpoint.
24.8.4. Quick/fastresponsetypesprinklersshallbeinstalledinthelighthazard
areas.
24.8.5. Therecessed/concealedpendentsprinklersshallbeinstalledasperthe
installationguidelinesrecommendedbytheoriginalequipment
manufacturer.
24.8.6. Sidewallsprinklerprotectivecapsandstrapsshallberemovedimmediately
24.8.7. Sidewallsprinklersshallbefittedwithaprotectiveguardwherethereis
24.8.8. Thedistancebetweensidewallsprinklerdeflectortotheceilingshallbe
notless100mmandshallbenotmorethan150mm.Howeverinnon
combustibleceilingareasthedistancebetweensidewallsprinkler
deflectortotheceilingshallbepermittedtobe150mmto300mmand
300mmto450mmifthesprinklersarelistedforsuchuseasperoriginal
equipmentmanufacturerstechnicaldatasheets.
24.8.9. Wheresoffitsusedfortheinstallationofsidewallsprinklersexceed203
mminwidthorprojectionfromthewall,additionalsprinklersshallbe
installedbelowthesoffit.
24.8.10. Theminimumdistancebetweenthesprinklertotheadjacentsprinkler
shallbenotlessthan1.8m.
24.8.11. Inlighthazardoccupancies,themaximumdistancebetweenthestandard
sidewallsprinklertotheadjacentstandardsprinklershallbenotmorethan
4.25m.andtheroomwidthshallbenotmorethan3.6m.Wherethe
extendedcoverageuprightsprinklersareused,themaximumspacing
betweensprinklersalongthewallandroomwidthshallbenotmorethan
itsapprovallistingaspertheOriginalequipmentmanufacturerstechnical
datasheet.
Page |
371
24.8.12. Inordinaryhazardoccupancies,themaximumdistancebetweenthe
standardsidewallsprinklertotheadjacentstandardsprinklershallbenot
morethan3.0m.andtheroomwidthshallbenotmorethan3.0m.Where
theextendedcoverageuprightsprinklersareused,themaximumspacing
betweensprinklersalongthewallandroomwidthshallbenotmorethan
itsapprovallistingaspertheOriginalequipmentmanufacturerstechnical
datasheet.
24.8.13. Theminimumdistancebetweenasidewallsprinklertoawallshallbenot
lessthan100mm.
24.8.14. Themaximumdistancebetweenastandardsidewallsprinklertoawall
shallbenotmorethan2.125m.inlighthazardandshallbenotmorethan
1.5m.inordinaryhazardorofthespacingbetweenthesprinkler.
ascolumns,beams,trusswebsandchords,pipes,ducts,andotherfixtures
thatcouldpreventdischargepatternbelowthesprinklerheadforlessthan
orequalto500mm.
24.8.16. Sprinklersshallbeinstalledunderfixedobstructionsover1.2mwidesuch
asducts,cabletrays,decks,opengrateflooringsetc.
24.8.17. Theminimumclearancebetweentopofstoragetothesidewallsprinkler
headshallbenotlessthan500mm.
24.8.18. Sidewallsprinklersunderglassorplasticskylightsexposedtothedirect
raysofthesunshallbeoftheintermediatetemperatureclassification.
24.8.19. Sidewallsprinklersshallbelocatedsoastominimizeobstructionsto
dischargeoradditionalsprinklersshallbeprovidedtoensureadequate
coverageofthehazard.
24.8.20. Sidewallsprinklersshallbeinstallednocloserthan1.2m.fromlight
fixturesorsimilarobstructions.
24.9. Thedistancebetweenlightfixturesorsimilarobstructionslocatedmorethan1.2
m.fromthesprinklershallbeincompliancewithTable9.33andFigure9.22
Page |
372
Table9.33:PositioningofStandardsidewallSprinklerstoAvoidObstructions
DistancefromSidewall
SprinklertoSideofObstruction(A)
Lessthan1200mm
1200mmto1500mm
1500mmto1650mm
1650mmto1800mm
1800mmto1950mm
1950mmto2100mm
2100mmto2250mm
2250mmto2400mm
2400mmto2550mm
2550mm&above
DeflectorAboveBottomofObstruction
(mm)(B)
NotAllowed
25mm
50mm
75mm
100mm
150mm
175mm
225mm
275mm
350mm
24.10. Obstructionsprojectingfromthesamewallastheoneonwhichthesidewall
sprinklerismountedshallbeinaccordancewithTable9.34andFigure9.23
Table9.34:PositioningofStandardsidewallSprinklerstoAvoidObstructions
AlongtheWall
DistancefromSidewall
Sprinkler
toSideofObstruction(A)
Lessthan150mm
150mmto300mm
300mmto450mm
450mmto600mm
600mmto750mm
750mmto900mm
900mmto1050mm
1050mmto1200mm
1200mmto1350mm
1350mmto1500mm
1500mmto1650mm
1650mmto1800mm
1800mmto1950mm
1950mmto2100mm
2100mmto2250mm
DeflectorAboveBottomofObstruction
(mm)(B)
25mm
50mm
75mm
110mm
145mm
175mm
200mm
235mm
250mm
280mm
320mm
350mm
375mm
406mm
440mm
Page |
373
Figure9.22(right)and9.23(left):PositioningofStandardsidewallSprinklersto
AvoidObstructionsAlongtheWall
25.
Obstructionfromstructuralmembers,pipe,columnsand
fixturesforuprightandpendentsprinklers
25.1. Sprinklersshallbepositionedawayfromobstructionsaminimumdistanceof
threetimesthemaximumdimensionoftheobstruction(e.g.,structural
members,pipe,columns,andfixtures).Themaximumcleardistancerequired
shallbe609mminaccordancewithFigure9.24below.
Figure9.24:MinimumDistancefromstructuralobstructionforpendentandupright
sprinklers
Page |
374
26.
SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforupright
orpendentsprinklers
26.1. Thedistancefromsprinklerstoprivacycurtains,freestandingpartitions,room
dividers,andsimilarobstructionsinlighthazardoccupanciesshallbein
accordancewithTable9.35andFigure9.25.
Figure9.20:Distancefromfloormountedverticalobstructionforpendentandupright
sprinklers
Table9.36:Distancetoavoidobstructionforuprightandpendentsprinklers
HorizontalDistance(A)
150mmorless
Morethan150mmto230mm
Morethan760mm
MinimumVerticalDistanceBelow
Deflector(B)
75mm
100mm
150mm
200mm
240mm
315mm
390mm
455mm
Page |
375
27.
ObstructionsthatPreventSprinklerDischargefromReaching
theHazard
27.1. Continuousornoncontinuousobstructionsthatinterruptthewaterdischargein
ahorizontalplanemorethan457mmbelowthesprinklerdeflectorinamanner
tolimitthedistributionfromreachingtheprotectedhazard.
27.2. Sprinklersshallbeinstalledunderfixedobstructionsover1.2mwidesuchas
ducts,decks,opengrateflooring,cuttingtables,andoverheaddoors.
27.3. Sprinklersshallnotberequiredbelowobstructionsthatarenotfixedinplace,
suchasconferencetables.
27.4. Sprinklersinstalledunderopengratingsshallbeoftheintermediatelevel/rack
storagetypeorotherwiseshieldedfromthedischargeofoverheadsprinklers.
27.5. Theclearancebetweenthedeflectorandthetopofstorageshallbe457mmor
greater.
28.
ObstructionstoSprinklerDischargePatternDevelopmentfor
sidewallsprinklers
28.1. Sprinklersshallbepositionedawayfromobstructionsaminimumdistanceof
threetimesthemaximumdimensionoftheobstruction(e.g.,trusswebsand
chords,pipe,columns,andfixtures).Themaximumcleardistancerequiredshall
be609mmandshallbepositionedinaccordancewithFigure9.26belowwhere
obstructionsarepresent.
Figure9.26:MinimumDistancefromObstruction(StandardSidewallSpraySprinkler)
Page |
376
29.
SuspendedorFloorMountedVerticalObstructionsforsidewall
sprinklers
29.1. Thedistancefromsidewallsprinklerstoprivacycurtains,freestandingpartitions,
roomdividers,andsimilarobstructionsinlighthazardoccupanciesshallbein
accordancewithTable9.37andFigure9.27.
Table9.37:Distancestoavoidfloormountedverticalobstructionforsidewall
sprinklers
HorizontalDistance(A)
150mmorless
Morethan760mm
MinimumVerticalDistanceBelow
Deflector(B)
75mm
100mm
150mm
200mm
240mm
315mm
390mm
455mm
Figure9.27:SuspendedorFloorMountedObstructions(StandardSidewallSpray
Sprinklers).
30.
DistanceBelowCeilings.
30.1. Underunobstructedconstruction,thedistancebetweenthesprinklerdeflector
andtheceilingshallbeaminimumof25.4mmandamaximumof305mm
throughouttheareaofcoverageofthesprinkler.
Page |
377
30.2. Wherethereisaverticalchangeinceilingelevationwithintheareaofcoverage
ofthesprinklercreatingadistanceofmorethan0.91mbetweentheupper
ceilingandthesprinklerdeflector,averticalplaneextendingdownfromthe
ceilingatthechangeinelevationshallbeconsideredawallforthepurposeof
sprinklerspacing.Wherethedistancebetweentheupperceilingandthe
sprinklerdeflectorislessthanorequalto0.91m,thesprinklersshallbepermitted
tobespacedasthoughtheceilingwasflatprovidedtheobstructionrulesand
ceilingpocketrulesareobserved.SeeFigure9.28forillustrations.
Figure9.28:VerticalChangesinCeilingElevations.
30.3. Theminimumdistancebetweentheheatsourcetothesprinklersshallbenotless
thanTable9.38below.
Page |
378
Table9.38:Minimumspacingbetweensprinklertotheheatsource
HeatSource
ElectricalLightFittings:
0250watts
ElectricalLightFittings:
>250500watts
Hotwaterheateror
furnace
Frontsideofwall
mountedHVACdiffuser
Sideofceilingorwall
mountedHVACdiffuser
Uninsulatedheatductsor
hotwaterpipes
Minimumdistance
betweenedgeofsourceto
ordinarytemperature
rangesprinklers
300mm
Minimumdistance
betweenedgeofsourceto
ordinarytemperature
rangesprinklers
200mm
450mm
300mm
300mm
150mm
1000mm
500mm
750mm
450mm
500mm
300mm
30.4. Sprinklersshallbeprovidedinconcealedspaces(forexample,suspendedceiling,
raisedfloorandbehindwallpanels)wheretherearecombustiblesandservices
likemechanicalducts,fans,electricalcablesandcomponents.
30.5. Thedepthoftheconcealedspace(suspendedceilingandraisedfloor)shallnot
belessthan400mmtoaccommodateinstallationofsprinklerpipes.
30.6. Sprinklersinconcealedspacescanbeexemptediftheconcealedspaceisfire
compartmentedinaccordancewithclause35ofchapter1andthatthe
concealedspacesofegresscorridorsandpassagewaysarefirecompartmented
fromtheconcealedspacesofotherpartsofthefloor.
31.
Location&ProtectionofSprinklerRiserPipe
31.1. Theprotectionofsprinklerriserpipeisnotmandatoryrequirementinabuilding
whichisfullyprotectedbyanautomaticsprinklersystem,
31.2. Allsteelpipes&fittingsusedforfirefightingserviceshallbepaintedinRed.
Wherethesituationdoesnotpermitduetotheinteriorarchitecturefinish,the
pipemaybepaintedinothercoloursbymarkingthesprinklerpipewithRED
colouredbandatevery3meterswithdirectionalarrowmarks.
31.3. Feedermainpipesandriserpipesforsprinklersystemshallbeindependentfrom
thewetrisersystempiping.Commonfeedermainandriserpipingshallnotbe
permittedforwetriserandsprinklersystem.
Page |
379
32.
32.1. Sparesprinklersnotlessthansixnumbersinquantityineachtype&temperature
rangeinstalledwithinthebuildingshallbekeptmaintainedinstockwithinthe
premises.
32.2. Sparesprinklersshallbekeptinaapprovedsteelcabinetwherethetemperature
willnotexceedbeyond38Catanytime.Sparesprinklercabinetshallbeplaced
withinthefirepumproomorinthefirecontrolroomasapprovedbytheCivil
Defence.
32.3. Atleastaspecialsprinklerwrench(spanner)foreachtypeofsprinklershallbe
keptinstockalongwiththesparesprinklersinsidethecabinet.
32.4. Inhighriseandbiggercomplexofficebuildings,theminimumstockofspare
sprinklersrequiredtobestoredshallincludealltypesandratingsinstalledand
shallbeaccordingtotheTable39below.
Table9.39:MinimumStockofSpareSprinklers
TotalNumberofSprinklersinstalledinthe
facility
Wherethefacilityhaslessthan300Nos
Wherethefacilityhas300to1000Nos
Wherethefacilityhasmorethan1000Nos
Minimumrequirednumberof
sprinklersinstock
Notlessthan6Nos
Notlessthan12Nos
Notlessthan24Nos
32.5. Aspecialsprinklerwrenchshallbeprovidedandkeptinthecabinettobeusedin
theremovalandinstallationofsprinklers.Onesprinklerwrenchshallbeprovided
foreachtypeofsprinklerinstalled.
32.6. Alistofthesprinklersinstalledinthepropertyshallbepostedinthesprinkler
cabinet.
32.7. Thelistshallincludethefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
33.
Sprinkler Identification Number (SIN) if equipped; or the manufacturer,

model,orifice,deflectortype,thermalsensitivity,andpressurerating
Generaldescription
Quantityofeachtypetobecontainedinthecabinet
Issueorrevisiondateofthelist
33.1. Civildefencebreechinginletsshallbelocatedatgroundlevelinaneasily
accessible,visiblelocation,especiallyatfrontandbacksideofthebuildings
within18mfromthecivildefencevehicleaccessroad.
Page |
380
33.2. Eachbreechinginletshallbeinstalledwithinthecabinetswithpartiallywired
glassdoorfrontidentifiedwithsignsasSPRINKLERINLETorCOMBINEDWET/
SPRKINLETS.
33.3. Ifmorethanoneinletislocatedatonelocationtoserveformultipletowersor
buildingorarea,thesameshallbeclearlyidentifiedbyprovidingaclear&legible
signboardandmimicdiagram.
33.4. CivilDefenceinletshallbeinstalledataheightofnotlessthan500mmandnot
morethan120mmfromthefinishedgroundorfloorlevel.
34.
34.1. Sprinklersystempipeinstallationsshallbeadequatelysupportedasperthegood
engineeringpracticeinaccordancewithinternationallyacceptedstandards.
34.2. Allthesupportsprovidedforsprinklersystempipingshallallowfreemovement
forexpansionorcontractionofpipeworkandshallbelocatedbyensuringthat
thebranchlinesorfittingsarenotaffectedbythesupportsduringexpansionor
contractionofthepipeinstallation.
34.3. Sprinklersystemmainrisersshallbesupportedbyriserclampsorbyhangers
locatedonthehorizontalconnectionswithin600mmofthecenterlineofthe
riser.RiserclampssupportingrisersbymeansofsetscrewsandRiserclamps
anchoredtowallsusinghangerrodsinthehorizontalpositionshallnotbe
permittedtoverticallysupportrisers.
34.4. Verticalriserssupportedatthebottomofriseratlowestlevel,ateachlevel,
above&belowtheoffsetsandtopoftherisers.Themaximumdistancebetween
eachrisersupportshallnotexceed3m.
34.5. Anchorsupportshallbeprovidedatthebase(bottom)ofeachverticalriserpipes
towithstandthetotalweightofpipewithwaterandtopreventthemovementby
anupwardthrustinthesprinklersystem.
34.6. Horizontalrunsofsprinklerpipesshallbesupportedinsuchthateachsupport
shallbedesignedtowithstandtheload5timestheweightofwaterfilledpipe,
plus115kg.
34.7. Theminimumdistancebetweenhangarsupports,sizeofhangarrods,fasteners,
bolts,clampsetcshallbedesigned&selectedandinstalledtowithstandtheload
5timestheweightofwaterfilledpipe,plus115kgload.
34.8. Howeverthehangarsspacingandhangarrodsizewhichsupportshorizontal
pipesshallbenotlessthanthedistancespecifiedinTable9.40below:
Page |
381
Table9.40:Minimumspacingofhangarsupports&hangarRodsize
PipeSize
2550mmdia
65100mmdia
150&200mmdia
35.
HangarSpacing
2mtrs
2.5mtrs
3mtrs
HangarRodSize
10mm
12.5mm
16mm
PipeExpansionJoints
35.1. Sprinklerpipesshallbesupportedinsuchawaythatitallowsfreemovementdue
toexpansionandcontractionandthesupportsshallbeinstallednearthejoints,
elbows,teebranchesasmuchaspossible.
35.2. Whererequiredspecialexpansionjoints&expansionloopsshallbeprovidedto
allowfreemovementofpipeinstallationdueexpansionandcontractionofthe
buildingstructureandorthepiping.
36.
36.1. Surgearrestorsofcivildefenceapprovedtypeshallbeinstalledinthesprinkler
systemtopreventwaterhammering.
37.
37.1. Identificationsignsshallbeprovidedforallsprinkleralarmcheckvalve
assemblies,floorzonecontrolvalveassemblies,pressurereducingvalvestations,
inspectortest&drainvalves,breechinginlets,sparesprinklercabinets,fire
pumps,watertanks,firepumproomsetcmadeofnoncorrosivematerialand
securedtotheequipmentsorbuildingwallbycorrosionresistantchain&
fasteners.
37.2. Hydraulicdesigninformationsignsshallbepostedforallsprinklersystemnear
thealarmcheckvalveassembly&inthefirepumproom.
38.
38.1. SprinklersystemshallbeinstalledbytheCivilDefenceapproved,qualifiedand
experiencedtechniciansandengineersonly.
38.2. Theentiresystemshallbeinstalledasperthegoodengineeringpracticein
accordancewiththeinternationallyacceptablestandardsapprovedbytheCivil
Defence.
Page |
382
39.
39.1. Inspection
39.1.1. Allthecomponentsandequipmentsofsprinklersystemshallbe
thoroughlyinspectedpriortoitsinstallationthattheyarefreefromdirt
andnotmechanicallydamagedduringitstransportation.
39.1.2. Sprinklersysteminstallationsshallberegularlyinspectedduringthe
constructionstagetoensurethattheinstallationsaredoneinaccordance
withtheCivilDefenceapproveddrawingsandgoodengineeringpracticein
accordancewiththeinternationallyacceptablestandardsapprovedbythe
CivilDefence.
39.1.3. Inadditionallthecomponentsofsprinklersystemshallbevisually
inspectedatregularintervalsnotlessthanquarterlyafterthe
commissioningtodeterminethatcomponentsarefreeofcorrosion,
foreignmaterial,physicaldamage,tampering,orotherconditionsthat
adverselyaffectsystemoperation.
39.2.1. Flushing
39.2.1.1. Thecompletesprinklersystempipingshallbeflushedwithwaterto
removetheforeignmaterialsorotherdebriswastestrappedwithin
thepipelineduringinstallation.
39.2.1.2. Bothundergroundandabovegroundportionsofsprinklersystem
pipingshallbesubjectedforflushing.Theflushingoperationshallbe
continuouslydonetilltheclearwatercomesoutfromthepipeline.
39.2.1.3. Thewatershallbepumpedinsuchthatthevelocitywithinpiping
shallbenotlessthan3meterspersecondsufficienttolift&flush
outanydebris.Theminimumflowrequiredforflushingshallbenot
lessthanhydraulicallycalculatedwaterdemandforthesystemto
producethevelocityofnotlessthan3meterspersecond.
39.2.1.4. Theflushingshallbedonepriortothehydrostatictestofpipingand
installationofanysprinklerheads.Theflushingoutletshallbefreely
letoutthroughtheremotestlandingvalvestandpipe.
39.2.1.5. Allthesprinklercrossmainsshallbeterminatedwithpipesizeofnot
lessthan40mmdiameterandfittedwithagate/ballvalvehaving
diameternotlessthan40mmdiawithahoseadapterfitting.
39.2.1.6. Incaseofgriddedpipingarrangements,allbranchlinesshallbe
providedwithflushingarrangementsaspertherequirementsofCivil
Defence.
39.2.2. HydrostaticTest
Page |
383
39.2.2.1. Afterflushingofsprinklersystempiping,allsectionsofpiping
installationshallbesubjectedhydrostatictestfornotlessthan1.5
timesofthesystemworkingpressureor16barwhicheverishigher
value.
39.2.2.2. Thehydrostatictestpressureshallbemeasuredatlowestelevation
oftheriserpipesofthesystemandtheriserpipebeingtested.
39.2.2.3. Inaddition,thepressuregaugesshallbeinstalledattopmostpoint
oftheriserpipesandremotestpointofthehorizontalpipesection
beingtestedandthepressurereadingsofallgaugesshallbe
recordedateveryregularintervalof4hoursandtheresultsshallbe
satisfactoryandacceptable.
39.2.2.4. Thehydrostatictestpressureshallbekeptinobservationforthe
periodofnotlessthan24hoursandshallbewitnessedandcertified
theconsultingengineerinchargeofproject.
39.2.2.5. Ifhydrostatictestofanysectionofpipingisdonewithoutfixingof
sprinklerheads&othervalves,retestshallbeconductedafterthe
installationofallsprinklersystemequipmentsandthetestresults
shallbesatisfactoryandmustberecordedandapprovedbythe
engineerincharge.TestresultsshallbesubmittedtotheCivil
DefenceAuthoritiesas&whenrequestedfortheproof.
39.2.3. PressureSettings
39.2.3.1. PressuresettingsofpressurereducingvalvesinstalledinthePRV
stationsshallbeverifiedpriortoitsinstallationthattheyarefactory
settoitsrequiredoutletpressureandpressurereliefvalveinstalled
ondownstreamsideofPRVissetnotmorethan12.1barasperthe
requirements.
39.2.3.2. Allpressurereducingvalvesinthesprinklersystemshallbeverified
priortoitsinstallationthattheyfactorysettotherequiredpressure
accordingtothehydrauliccalculationsandaresealed.
39.2.3.3. Iffactorypressuresettingsealisfoundtampered,thesameshallbe
replacedbynewoneorsentforfactorysetforvalidation.
39.2.4. FlowTest
39.2.4.1. Uponthesatisfactorycompletionoftheentireinstallation,flushing
andhydrostatictestingofsprinklersystem,performanceflowtestof
sprinklersystemshallbeconductedbyanyoneormoreofthe
followingmethodsasrequiredbytheCivilDefenceAuthorities:
i.
ii.
Byshatteringthesprinklerbulbsinaconvenientfloor/area;
Byoperatinghosevalvesinstalledonfiretestheaderatground
level;
Page |
384
iii.
Byoperatingtestlineinstalledinthefirepumproomwiththe
helpofflowmeter&pressuregauge.
39.2.4.2. Flowtestresultsshallbesatisfactory&resultsshallberecordedand
approvedbyacivildefencecertifiedfireprotectionengineer.
39.2.4.3. Aportableflowmetershallbeusedtotesttheflow&pressureofa
sprinklerheadathydraulicallytopmost&remotestlocations.
39.2.4.4. Inaddition,Flowtestsshallbeperformedduringtheinspectionof
CivilDefenceAuthoritiesasrequiredandtestresultsshallbe
satisfactoryandrecorded.
39.2.5. PhysicalTest
39.2.5.1. Allvalvesincludingisolation/controlvalves,test&drainvalvesshall
bemanuallyopenedorclosedbyturningthehandwheelcrankor
wrenchforitsfullrangeandreturningittoitsnormalposition.
39.2.5.2. Supervisoryalarmofisolation/controlvalvesshallbetestedby
closing&openingofthevalvesandwaterflowmonitoringalarms
shallbetestedopeningtest&drainvalves.Theinterfacesignalsat
firealarmcontrolpanelshallbeverifiedandrecorded.
40.
Maintenance
40.1. Theentiresprinklersystemshallbemaintainedthroughouttheyearingood
workingconditionbythecompetentfireprotectionsystemmaintenance
contractorswhoareenlistedinthelatestCivilDefencecomprehensive
maintenanceprogram.
40.2. Atagshouldbeattachedtoallmajorequipmentssuchasfirepumps,breeching
inlets,alarmvalveassemblies,floor/zonecontrolvalveassemblies,pressure
reducingvalves,isolation&checkvalvesetc.forrecordingtheinformation
indicatingthedateofvisualinspectionandthedateofmaintenancecarriedout
andnextduedatefortheinspectionandmaintenance.
41. WaterSpraySystem
41.1. Introduction
41.1.1.
ThetermWaterSprayreferstowaterthatisdischargedfromspecially
designednozzlesordevicestoproduceapredeterminedpattern,particle
size,velocityanddensity.Theprimarydistinctionbetweenawaterspray
andasprinklersystemisthatofspecificcoverageversusgeneralarea
Page |
385
41.1.2.
41.1.3.
coverage.Waterspraysystemshavetypicallybeenprovidedtoprotecta
specificpieceofequipmentwithsurfacecoverage.
Thepatternofthewaterspraydischargedfromspraynozzlesontoa
surfacemaybeellipticalorCircular,andthecrosssectionofthe
projecteddischargeisconical.Thewatersprayisforcefullydirectedonto
theobjectorsurfacebeingprotected.Thepatternofspraynozzle
dischargemustcarrywatersprayoverthedistancebetweenthenozzle
andthetarget,compensateforwindanddraftconditions,andeffectively
hitthesurfacetobeprotected.Therequireddischargedensityin
gpm/ft2(L/min/m2)andcompletecoverageoftheareatobeprotected
arealsoessentialelements.
Thischaptercoverstheuseandapplicationsofwaterspraysystemsfor
firesuppression,Controlandextinguishmentanddescribethe
componentsofspraysystemsandthespecializedUsesofthesystems.
Becauseofthesimilaritiesbetweensprinklersystemsandwaterspray
systems,theirwatersupplyrequirements,someoftheequipmentused
inthesystems,andthehydraulicCalculationsfordeterminingwater
suppliesarebriefed.
41.1.4.
Awaterspraysystemisaspecialfixedpipesystemconnectedtoa
reliablesupplyoffireprotectionwaterandequippedwithwaterspray
nozzlesforspecificwaterdischargeanddistributionoverthesurfaceor
areatobeprotected.Thepipingsystemisconnectedtoawatersupply
throughadelugevalvethatcanbeactuatedbothautomaticallyand
manuallytoinitiatetheflowofwater.Automaticsystemactuationvalves
forspraysystemscanbeactuatedelectricallybytheoperationof
automaticdetectionequipment,suchasheatdetectors,relaycircuits,
andgasdetectors,ormechanicallybyhydraulicorpneumaticsystems,
dependingontheoperatingmodeoftheindividualvalves.
41.2. CharacteristicsofWaterSpraySystem
41.2.1.
41.2.2.
41.2.3.
41.2.4.
Generally,waterspraycanbeusedeffectivelytoextinguishaFire,
controlafire,protectexposures,and/orpreventafire.
Watersprayextinguishesafirebycoolingit,smotheringitwiththesteam
produced,emulsifyingordilutingsomeflammableLiquids,orbya
combinationofthesefactors.
Withitsconsequentlimitationoffirespread,controlledburningmaybe
appliediftheburningcombustiblescannotbeextinguishedbywater
sprayorifextinguishmentisnotdesirable.
Exposuresareprotectedbyapplyingwaterspraydirectlytotheexposed
structuresorequipmenttoremoveorreducetheheattransferredto
themfromtheexposingfire.Waterspraycurtainsmountedatadistance
fromtheexposedsurfacearelesseffectivethandirectapplication.
Page |
386
Itissometimespossibletousewaterspraytodissolve,dilute,disperse,
orcoolflammableorcombustiblematerialsbeforetheyareignitedbyan
exposingignitionsource.
41.2.5.
41.3. ApplicationsofWaterSpraySystem
Thenatureoftheequipmenttobeprotected,thephysicalandchemical
propertiesofthematerialinvolved,andtheenvironmentofthehazard
shouldbeconsideredwhendeterminingthedesignandeffectivenessof
thewaterspraysystem.
41.3.1.
i.
Ordinarycombustiblematerials,suchaspaper,wood,andtextiles,
particularlytoextinguishfiresinsuchmaterialsratherthancontrol
them.
ii.
Electricalequipmentinstallations,suchastransformers,oilswitches,
androtatingelectricalmachinery.
Flammablegasesandliquids,particularlytocontrolfiresinthese
materialsandtoextinguishtypesoffiresinvolvingcombustible
liquids.
Flammableliquidandgastanks,processingequipment,and
structures,asprotectionagainstexposurefires.
OpencabletraysandrunscontainingelectricalcablesorTubing.
iii.
iv.
v.
41.4. GeneralDesignRequirementsandProcedures
41.4.1.
41.4.2.
Whendesigningadelugesystemforaparticularinstallation,
considerationmustbegiventothefollowing:
i.
Typeofhazard
ii.
Systemsoverallpurpose
iii.
Jobspecifications
iv.
AreatobeprotectedbyoneSpray/delugesystem
v.
Watersupply
vi.
Drainage
vii.
Floatablecombustibleliquids
viii.
Equipmentshutdown
ix.
Corrosiveatmospheres
x.
Draftcurtains
xi.
Thenecessityofexplosionproofelectricalequipment
xii.
Appropriateequipment
Thewaterdensityrequiredtoextinguishthefireortoabsorbthe
expectedheatfromexposureorcombustionisanimportantfactor.
Whenthishasbeendetermined,anozzlemaybeselectedthatwill
providethatdensityatavelocityadequatetoovercomeaircurrentsand
Page |
387
41.4.3.
41.4.4.
41.4.5.
41.4.6.
41.4.7.
41.4.8.
tocarrythespraytotheequipmenttobeprotected.Eachnozzlemust
havetheproperangleofdischargetocovertheareatobeprotectedby
thenozzle.
Determiningtheproperdensityneededforextinguishmentrequires
considerableengineeringjudgmentand,inthecaseofflammableor
combustibleliquids,dependsonsuchcharacteristicsofthefuelasvapor
pressure,flashpoint,viscosity,watersolubility,andspecificgravity.The
densityvariesbetween0.2gpmand0.5gpm/ft2(8.1to20.4L/min/m2)
ofprotectedsurface.
Forexposureprotectionofvessels,adensityof0.25gpm/ft2(10.2
L/min/m2)shouldprovidesufficientcoolingtolimitanexposurefires
heatinputthroughthevesselwalls.Thewaterdensityrequiredfor
exposureprotectionofstructuralsupportsandmiscellaneousequipment,
suchascabletraysandruns,piperacks,transformers,andbelt
conveyors,variesfrom0.1to0.3gpm/ft2(4.1to12.2L/min/m2)of
exposedsurfacearea.Designdensitiesshouldbetakencareforvarious
distributions.
Whenwatersprayisusedtoprotectoilfilledelectricalequipment,such
astransformersandlargeswitchgear,specialcaremustbetakento
providesafeelectricalclearances.Specialfixedwaterspraynozzleshave
beendevelopedtoprovideadequatespraydensityandrangeto
accommodatewind,alongwithasimplifiedpipingarrangementthatis
spacedsafelyfromenergizedelectricalparts.
Thepracticallocationofthepipingandnozzleswithrespecttothe
surfacetowhichthesprayistobeappliedortothezoneinwhichthe
sprayistobeeffectiveisdeterminedlargelybythephysicalarrangement
andprotectionneedsoftheinstallationrequiringprotection.Oncethe
criteriaareestablished,thesizeofthenozzlestobeused,theangleof
thenozzledischargecone,andthewaterpressureneededcanbe
determined.
Theaboveparametersshallalsobecoordinatedwiththemanufacturers
recommendationsfortheSelectionanduseofSprayNozzles,location,
spacingtogivethedesiredareacoveragewithhydrauliccalculationsto
establishtheappropriatepipesizeandwatersupplyrequirements.
Pipesizemustbecalculatedhydraulicallyforeachsystemsothatthe
wateratthespraynozzlewillhaveanadequatepressuretoprovidethe
necessaryflowandspraypattern.
41.4.9.
WaterDemand
41.4.10.
Thewatersupplymustbeadequatetosupplytheoperatingwaterspray
system(s)withtherequiredgpm(L/min)ateffectivepressure.Water
spraysystemsadjacenttothehazardinitiallyprotectedmayrequire
additionalwater.
Page |
388
41.4.11.
41.4.12.
41.4.13.
41.4.14.
Thewatersupplyshouldbeabletosupplyhosestreamssimultaneously.
Thetotalrequiredwatersupplypressureandflowratesshouldbe
consideredwhenthesystemisdesigned.
Thedurationofthedischargerequiredvariesaccordingtothenatureof
thehazard,thepurposeforwhichthesystemisdesigned,andother
factorsthatcanbeevaluatedonlyforeachinstallation.
Waterflowdemandisspecifiedintermsofthedensityofauniformly
distributedspraymeasuredingpm/ft2(L/min/m2)ofareaprotected.The
dischargerateperunitofareadependsonwhetherthespraysystemis
installedtoextinguishafire,tocontrolafire,ortoprotectanexposure,
andonthecharacteristicsofthematerialsinvolved.
Followingisanexample,withprocedureofWaterSpraySystemforLPG
gasTank,whichisgenerallyahorizontalTank.
WaterSpraySystemforHorizontalTank
41.4.15.
i.
ii.
Calculate the total area of the Tank

a. CalculatethesurfaceareaoftheShell,A1=
b. Calculatetheareaoftheflatends,A2=D2/4
c. Calculatetheareaofspherical(ConcaveorConvex)ends,A3=
(D2/4+h2)
d. CalculatetheareaofHemisphericalends,A4=D2/2
e. TotalAreaofTank,A=A1+A2+A3+A4
DesignDensityWaterApplicationRateshallbed=10.2Lpm/M2
Page |
389
iii.
iv.
WaterApplicationRateRequired(TheoreticalLpm)=AXd
EstablishminimumPressure(Bar)requiredatremotestNozzle.(Asper
manufacturersrecommendationssuitabletodesigndensityandareaof
application).
v.
EstablishminimumDischarge(lpm)througheachNozzleattheabovestated
pressure(Bar).
SelectnumberofNozzlestobeprovidedasperthecoveragerequirement.
Findwaterrequiredfromeachnozzle,=Q/Noofnozzles
vi.
vii.
viii.
SelectappropriateNozzlecapacityi.eKfactor
ix.
AdjustdesignaspercalculatedFlowandPressurerequiredatthetapoff
point.
x.
ProvidenumberofQBDDetectorsaspertheCoveragerequirements.

41.4.16. Seeschematicbelowforpipingandnozzlearrangementfor2LPGtanks.
Page |
390
Figure: Water Spray System arrangement for 2 LPG tanks
41.5. PipingandInstallation
41.5.1.
RefertosectionsonPiping,Installation,TestingandCommissioningof
SprinklerChaptersalongwithManufacturersManuals.
42. WaterMistSystems
42.1. Introduction
42.1.1.
42.1.2.
TheHalonalternativesearch(SeeCHAPTER2.COMMITMENTTOBEST
PRACTICE,sectiononEnvironmentalManagementandSustainability)
includedthepossibilityofusingwaterinapplicationswherewaterwas
notpreviouslyconsideredpractical.Thus,atechnologythatcould
minimizedropletsizeandapplicationrate,enhanceevaporation,and
helpreduceoxygenlevelstoextinguishhiddenfiresemergedintheform
ofWaterMistSystems.
Thetermwatermistimpliesaveryfinewaterspraythatremains
suspendedinairforanextendedperiodoftime.Thetermreflectsoneof
thequalitiesofaspray(i.e.,thedropsizesaresmall)relativetorain,or
tosprinklersprays,forexample.Thisonecharacteristicofdropsizeisnot
theonlycharacteristicofaspraythatmustbecontrolledinorderto
generateaneffectivefiresuppressionmedium.Therearethreeother
characteristicsthatinfluenceitseffectivenessasanextinguishingagent:
i.
ii.
Thedensityofthespray(massofsuspendedwaterperunitvolume
ofspace)
Thevelocitywithwhichitisdeliveredtotheseatofthefire
Page |
391
iii. Thequalityofthewateritself(whichmaycontaindissolved
additivestoenhancesuppressioneffectiveness).
42.1.3.
Thusthefollowingfourcharacteristicsofawatermistsystemdetermine
theeffectivefiresuppression.
i.
Dropsizedistribution
ii. Fluxdensity
iii. Spraymomentum
iv. Additives
42.2. Definitions
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
1.1.4.
1.1.5.
HighPressureSystem.
Awatermistsystemwherethedistributionsystempipingisexposedto
pressuresof34.5bar(500psi)orgreater.
MediumPressureSystem.
Awatermistsystemwherethedistributionsystempipingisexposedto
pressuresgreaterthan12.1bar(175psi)butlessthan34.5bar(500psi).
LowPressureSystem.
Awatermistsystemwherethedistributionpipingisexposedto
pressuresof12.1bar(175psi)orless
AutomaticNozzles.
Automaticnozzlesoperateindependentlyofothernozzlesbymeansofa
detection/activationdevicebuiltintoeachnozzle.Thesprinklerlike,low
pressureimpingementnozzles,usedinshipboardcrewsquartersand
corridorsystems,fallintothiscategory.Aheatactivatedlinkorbulbis
builtintothenozzlethat,whenexposedtoheat,releasesandallows
dischargefromthatsinglenozzle,inexactlythesamemannerasa
sprinkler.
NonautomaticNozzles.
Nonautomaticnozzlesareopennozzlesusedindelugetypesystems.
Watermistsystemsintendedfortotalcompartmentfloodingare
designedtodischargemistfromallnozzlesinthecompartment.A
separatedetectionsystemisrequiredtodetectthefireandreleasethese
systemswithnonautomaticnozzles.
42.3. Applications
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
OfficeBuildings
ResidentialBuildings
HotelBuildings
Machineryspaces.
Turbineenclosures.
MarineAccommodation,PublicspacesandServiceareas.
HeritageBuildingsandGalleries.
ElectricalEquipmentRooms
Page |
392
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
ComputerRoomsandWetBenches.
Tunnels.
AirCraftpassengerCompartments.
Train&TramCompartments.
42.4. Limitations
Pluggingofsmallorificesinnozzlesandsmalldiameterpassagesin
valves.
ii. Startupproblemswithpositivedisplacement(PD)pumps
(overcurrenttrip)
iii. Accidentwhilehandlingcompressedgascylinders.
iv. Lossofpressureincompressedgascylindersduetoslowleak.
v. Failureofstoredwatersupplyduetodeteriorationinquality(algae
growth)andtankcorrosion.
i.
42.5. DesignCriteria
42.5.1.
42.5.2.
42.5.3.
WaterMistSystemsproposedtoanyapplicationfrommanufacturers
shouldbebasedonFireTestsconductedatapprovedtesting
laboratories,acceptedandapprovedbyInternationalandLocallisting
authorities.
WatermistsystemsacceptancebyCivilDefenceisalsobasedon
judgmentandconfirmationthattheapplicationissimilartothe
conditionsofthetestprotocol,theparticularsystemwastested.
However,asounddesignwithtechnicaljustificationsalsoispartofthe
desireddesigncriteria.
TheMistGeneratingmethodsthatarepracticalandacceptableforfire
suppressionsystemsarethosethatbreakupwaterintodropssmaller
than1000microns.
42.5.4.
Ingeneral,watermistnozzledesignsinvolveoneofthreebasic
principles:
42.5.5.
i.
Impingementofajetofwateronadeflector(impingement)
ii. Expulsionofahighvelocityjetfromanorifice(pressurejet)
iii. Useofcompressedairornitrogentoshearwaterintofinespray
(twinfluidorairatomizingnozzles).
MinimumWaterSupplydurationshallbefor30minutes.Thepre
engineeredwaterMistsystemsshallbeacceptableiftestedand
approvedwith10minuteswatersupplyduration.
Page |
393
43. FOAMEXTINGUISHINGSYSTEMS
43.1. Introduction
43.1.1.
43.1.2.
Foamisproducedbymixingafoamconcentratewithwateratthe
appropriateconcentration,andthenaeratingandagitatingthesolution
toformthebubblestructure.Somefoamsarethickandviscousandform
tough,heatresistantblanketsoverburningliquidsurfacesandvertical
areas.Otherfoamsarethinnerandspreadmorerapidly.Somefoamsare
capableofproducingavaporsealingfilmofsurfaceactivewatersolution
onaliquidsurface.Some,suchasmediumorhighexpansionfoam,are
meanttobeusedaslargevolumesofwetgascellsforinundating
surfacesandfillingcavities.
Foamsaredefinedbytheirexpansionratio,whichistheratiooffinal
foamvolumetooriginalfoamsolutionvolumebeforeaddingair.They
arearbitrarilysubdividedintothreeranges:
vi. Lowexpansionfoamexpansionupto20:1
vii. Mediumexpansionfoamexpansion20to200:1
viii. Highexpansionfoamexpansion200to1000:1.
43.1.3.
43.1.4.
Firefightingfoamsareusedinfixedandportablefireextinguishing
systems.
Foamisgeneratedbyproportioningfoamconcentratewithwater.
Variousfixedandportableproportioningdevicesareused.Discharge
devicesincludenozzles,foammonitors,andsprinklers.
43.2. DifferenttypesofFoamsandtheirApplications
43.2.1.
Anumberoftypesoffoamingagentsareavailable,knownasfoam
concentrates,someofwhicharedesignedforspecificapplications.Some
aresuitableforextinguishingalltypesofflammableliquids,including
watersolubleandfoamdestructiveliquids.Belowaredescriptionsofthe
commontypesoffoamagents.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
43.2.2.
AqueousFilmFormingFoamAgents(AFFF).
Fluoroprotein(FP)FoamingAgents.
Fluoroprotein(FP)FoamingAgents.
Protein(P)FoamingAgents.
LowTemperatureFoamingAgents.
AlcoholTypeFoamingAgents(AR).
MediumandHighExpansionFoamingAgents.
OtherSyntheticHydrocarbonSurfactantFoamingAgents.
Lowexpansionfoamisusedprincipallytoextinguishburningflammable
orcombustibleliquidspillortankfiresbyapplicationtodevelopa
cooling,coherentblanket.
Page |
394
43.2.3.
43.2.4.
43.2.5.
43.2.6.
43.2.7.
Afoamblanketcoveringatanksliquidsurfacecanpreventvapor
transmissionforsometime,dependingonthestabilityanddepthofthe
foam.Fuelspillsarequicklyrenderedsafebyfoamblanketing.The
blanketmayberemovedafterasuitableperiodoftime;typicallyithas
nodetrimentaleffectontheproductwithwhichitcomesintocontact.
Foamscanbeusedtodiminishorhaltthegenerationofflammable
vaporsfromnonburningliquidsorsolidsandmaybeusedtofillcavities
orenclosureswheretoxicorflammablegasesmaycollect.
Foamisofgreatimportancewhereaircraftsarefueledandoperated.
Sudden,largefuelspillsresultingfromaircraftaccidentsormalfunction
requirerapidfoamapplication.Hangarfireprotectionisbest
accomplishedbyproperlydesignedfoamsystems.
Increasingly,warehousesandbuildingsstoringlargequantitiesof
combustibleandflammableliquidsareprotectedbyfoamwater
sprinklersystems.Theprotectionrequiredisafunctionofthetypeand
quantityofliquidstored,buildingheight,andstorageconfiguration.
Foamsofthemediumorhighexpansiontype(20to1000times)maybe
usedtofillenclosuressuchasbasementroomareasorholdsofships
wherefiresaredifficultorimpossibletoreach.Herefoamsacttohalt
convectionandaccesstoairforcombustion.Theirwatercontentalso
coolsanddiminishesoxygenbysteamdisplacement.Foamsofthistype
(withexpansionratiosof400to500)maybeusedtocontrolliquefied
naturalgas(LNG)spillfiresandhelpdispersetheresultingvaporcloud.
43.3. FoamProportioning
43.3.1.
43.3.2.
43.3.3.
Theprocessofproducingandapplyingfirefightingairfoamstohazards
requiresthreeseparateoperations,eachofwhichconsumesenergy.
Theyare(1)theproportioningprocess,(2)thefoamgenerationphase,
and(3)thedistributionmethod.
Itisveryimportantthatfoamconcentratebeproportionedaccurately
intothewaterstream.Proportioningequipment,foamconcentrate,and
dischargeequipmentmustbematchedtoproducethepropersolution
concentrationatsystemdesignoperatingpressures.
Ifproportioningislow,thefoamwillberelativelyweakandunstable;if
toohigh,thefoammaybestiffandconcentratewillbewasted,thus
reducingeffectivesystemoperatingtime.Sothatapredetermined
volumeofliquidfoamconcentratemaybemixedwithawaterstreamto
formafoamsolutionoffixedconcentration,thefollowingtwogeneral
methodsareused:
i.
ii.
Methodsthatusethepressureenergyofthewaterstreamby
venturiactionandorificestoinductconcentrate.
Methodsthatuseexternalpumpsorpressureheadstoinject
concentrateintothewaterstreamatafixedratiotoflow.
Page |
395
43.3.4.
Followingfiguresshowsometypicalfoamsystemarrangements.
Figure 9.41 Typical Wet Pipe Bladder Tank arrangement for Foam System using
water pressure
Figure 9.42 Typical Low Foam arrangements for Multi discharge areas
Page |
396
Figure 9.42 Schematic showing an example of Foam System with Fire detection
43.4. CharacteristicsandLimitations
43.4.1.
43.4.2.
43.4.3.
43.4.4.
43.4.5.
43.4.6.
Applicationoffoamthroughsolidstreamsthatplungeintotheflammable
liquidcouldresultasthesourceofignitionoftheensuingfire.The
ignitionscouldbebecauseofstaticdischargesresultingfromsplashing
andturbulence.Therefore,anyapplicationoffoamtoanunignited
flammableliquidshouldbeasgentleaspossible.Correctapplication
methodsincludeaspraypatternorbankingthefoamstreamoffa
backboardsothatthefoamflowsgentlyontotheliquidsurface.
Foambreaksdownandvaporizesitswatercontentunderattackbyheat
andflame.Itthereforemustbeappliedtoaburningliquidsurfacein
sufficientvolumeandratetocompensateforthisloss,withanadditional
amountappliedtoguaranteearesidualfoamlayerovertheextinguished
liquid.
Foamisunstableandmaybebrokendowneasilybyaphysicalor
mechanicalforce,suchasawaterhosestream.
Certainchemicalvaporsorfluidsmayalsodestroyfoamquickly.When
certainotherextinguishingagentsareusedinconjunctionwithfoam,
severebreakdownofthefoammayoccur.
Turbulentairorviolentlyuprisingcombustiongasesfromfiresmaydivert
foamfromtheburningarea.
Foamsolutionsareconductiveandthereforenotrecommendedforuse
onelectricalfires.Iffoamisused,asprayislessconductivethana
straightstream.However,becausefoamiscohesiveandcontains
materialsthatallowwatertoconductelectricity,foamsprayismore
conductivethanwaterspray.
Page |
397
43.4.7.
43.4.8.
Mediumandhighexpansionfoamsystemsshallnotbeusedonfiresin
thefollowinghazards:
i.
Chemicals,suchascellulosenitrate,thatreleasesufficientoxygenor
otheroxidizingagentstosustaincombustion
ii. Energizedunenclosedelectricalequipment
iii. Waterreactivemetalssuchassodium,potassium,andNaK(sodium
potassiumalloys)
iv. Hazardouswaterreactivematerials,suchastriethylaluminumand
phosphoruspentoxide
v. Liquefiedflammablegas
Theabilityoffoamtorapidlyextinguishflammableliquidfireshas
contributedtolifesafetyandpropertyconservation.However,withthe
increasingglobalenvironmentalawareness,firefightingfoamsarebeing
scrutinizedfortheirpotentialenvironmentalimpact.Theprimary
concernsaretoxicity,biodegradability,persistence,treatabilityin
wastewatertreatmentplants,andnutrientloading.(SeeCHAPTER2.
COMMITMENTTOBESTPRACTICE,SectiononEnvironmental
ManagementandSustainability)
43.5. DesignCriteria
43.5.1.
43.5.2.
43.5.3.
43.5.4.
43.5.5.
43.5.6.
43.5.7.
43.5.8.
ManufacturersEngineeringdesignrequirementsandrecommended
applicationmethodsmustbefollowedforsuccessfuluseoffoams.
Watersolubleandcertainflammableandcombustibleliquidsandpolar
solventsthataredestructivetononalcoholresistantfoamsshallrequire
theuseofalcoholresistantfoams.
AutomaticFiredetectionshallbeusedforfixedsystemsexceptfor
certainoutdoorsituationswheremanuallytriggeredsystemscanbe
acceptablebasedonhazardevaluation.
Minimumof3%foamwatersolutionshallbedischarged.
Maximumareapersprinklerheadshallbeof100sq.ft.(9.5m2)and
maximum12foot(3.7m)spacingshallbemaintainedbetween
sprinklers.
Minimumof60minutewatersupplyshallbeensured.
Minimumdesignareaforclosedsprinklersystemsshallbe5000sq.ft.
(476sq.m).Opensprinklersystemsmustdischargeovertheentire
hazardarea.
Maximumsprinklertemperatureratingof250to300degF(121to149
degC)atarooforceiling,and135to170degF(57to77degC)for
intermediatesprinklers.
Page |
398
43.5.9.
Thefollowingdesigncriteriashallbefollowedforfoamprotectiontobe
fullyeffectivefortheflammableandhazardousliquidhazards.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
43.5.10.
43.5.11.
43.5.12.
Theliquidmustbebelowitsboilingpointattheambient
conditionsoftemperatureandpressure.
Caremustbetakeninapplicationoffoamtoliquidswith
abulktemperaturehigherthan212F(100C).Atthese
fueltemperaturesandabove,foamformsanemulsion
ofsteam,air,andfuel.Thismayproduceafourfold
increaseinvolumewhenappliedtoatankfire,with
dangerousfrothingorslipoveroftheburningliquid.
Theliquidmustnotbeundulydestructivetothefoam
used,orthefoammustnotbehighlysolubleinthe
liquidtobeprotected.
Theliquidmustnotbewaterreactive.
Thefiremustbeahorizontalsurfacefire.Three
dimensional(fallingfuel)orpressurefirescannotbe
extinguishedbyfoamunlessthehazardhasarelatively
highflashpointandcanbecooledtoextinguishmentby
thewaterinthefoam.
TheTable9.41depictsthebasicdesignrequirementsforcertainhazards
toprotectwithHandhose,MonitorsorFixedoutlets.
TheTable9.42GuidelinesthebasicdesignguidelinesforFoamWater
SprinklerorFoamWaterSpraySystemsforcertainhazards.
ThehazardsspecificallynotcoveredinthesetablesshallrefertoTable
9.8DesignCriteriaforSprinklersfortheHazardClassificationsand
DesignDensityrequirements.
43.6. PipingandInstallation
43.6.1.
RefertosectionsonPiping,Installation,TestingandCommissioningof
SprinklerChaptersalongwithManufacturersManuals.
Page |
399
Table9.DESIGNCRITERIAFORFIXEDFOAMOUTLETS,SURFACEANDSUBSURFACEAPPLICATION
HAZARD
OUTDOORSTORAGE
FUELSWITHFLASHPOINT100OF140OF(37OC37OC)
FUELSWITHFLASHPOINTSBELOW100OF(37OC)OR
LIQUIDSHEATEDABOVETHEIRFLASHPOINT
CRUDEPETROLEUM
INDOORHYDROCARBONSTORAGETANK(>37.2M2
LIQUIDSURFACEAREA)
FUELSWITHFLASHPOINT100OF140OF(37OC37OC)
FUELSWITHFLASHPOINTSBELOW100OF(37OC)OR
LIQUIDSHEATEDABOVETHEIRFLASHPOINT
CRUDEPETROLEUM
AIRCRAFTHANGER
LOADING&UNLOADINGSPILLAGE
DIKEDAREA
FOAM
CONCENTRATE
REQUIRED
WATERDEMAND
/DESIGNDENSITY
DESIGNAREA
(See42.4.7for
details)
DISCHARGE
DURATION
(MINUTES)
FOAMADDITION
FORHYDRAULIC
IMBALANCE
10%
10%
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.10gpm/ft2
0.10gpm/ft2
AFFF,FFFP
0.10gpm/ft2
10%
10%
55
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.16gpm/ft2
0.16gpm/ft2
30
55
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.16gpm/ft2
0.20gpm/ft2
0.10gpm/ft2
0.16gpm/ft2
15%
10%
10%
55
10
15
20
Page |
400
30
55
Table9.42DESIGNCRITERIAFORFOAMWATERSPRINKLER&FOAMWATERSPRAYSYSTEMS
HAZARD
RACKSTORAGEINMETALCONTAINERS
<5GALLONS
LIQUIDSCLASSIB,IC,II,IIIA
RACKSTORAGEINMETALCONTAINERS
>5TO<60GALLONS
LIQUIDSCLASSIIIB
PALLETIZEDSTORAGEINMETALCONTAINERS
<5GALLONS
SPRAYAPPLICATIONUSINGFLAMMABLEAND
COMBUSTIBLEMATERIALS
POWDERCOATINGAPPLICATIONS
DIESELGENERATOR
FOAM
CONCENTRATE
REQUIRED
WATERDEMAND
/DESIGNDENSITY
DESIGNAREA
(See42.4.7for
details)
DISCHARGE
DURATION
(MINUTES)
FOAMADDITION
FORHYDRAULIC
IMBALANCE
AFFF,FFFP
0.30gpm/ft2
2000ft2
10%
15
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.30gpm/ft2
0.30gpm/ft2
3000ft2
2000ft2
10%
10%
15
15
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.30gpm/ft2
0.40gpm/ft2
3000ft2
5000ft2
10%
10%
15
15
AFFF,FFFP
AFFF,FFFP
0.20gpm/ft2
0.30gpm/ft2
5000ft2
5000ft2
10%
10
Page |
401
44. GasSuppressionSystems
44.1. Introduction
44.1.1.
Thisguidelinedescribestherequirementsforfirepreventionandgas
extinguishingsystems.Generallyitispossibletoprotectvaluablegoods
indatacenters,controlrooms,serverrooms,electricalrooms,BMS
rooms,TelephoneRooms,archivesandstorageswithfirepreventionor
firesuppressionsystems.Theactualdesignofthesegassuppression
systemsshallbebasedonCivilDefenceapprovedManufacturers
recommendations,guidelinesandcalculationsthroughapproved
software.
44.2. Definitions
44.2.1.
CleanAgent.
44.2.1.1. Electricallynonconducting,volatile,orgaseousfireextinguishing
agentthatdoesnotleavearesidueuponevaporation.
44.2.2.
DesignFactor
44.2.2.1. Afractionoftheagentminimumdesignquantity(MDQ)added
theretodeemedappropriateduetoaspecificfeatureofthe
protectionapplicationordesignofthesuppressionsystem.
44.2.3.
FinalDesignQuantity
44.2.3.1. Thequantityofagentdeterminedfromtheagentminimumdesign
quantityasadjustedtoaccountfordesignfactorsandpressure
adjustment.
44.2.4.
LocalApplicationSystem.
44.2.4.1. Asystemconsistingofasupplyofextinguishingagentarrangedto
dischargedirectlyontheburningmaterialorequipment.
44.2.5.
PreEngineeredSystem.
44.2.5.1. Asystemhavingpredeterminedflowrates,nozzlepressures,and
quantitiesofagent.Thesesystemshavethespecificpipesize,
maximumandminimumpipelengths,flexiblehosespecifications,
numberoffittings,andnumberandtypesofnozzlesprescribedbya
testinglaboratory.Thehazardsprotectedbythesesystemsare
specificallylimitedastotypeandsizebyatestinglaboratorybased
uponactualfiretests.Limitationsonhazardsthatcanbeprotected
bythesesystemsarecontainedinthemanufacturersinstallation
manual,whichisreferencedaspartofthelisting.
Page |
402
44.2.6.
TotalFloodingSystem.
44.2.6.1. Asystemconsistingofanagentsupplyanddistributionnetwork
withdischargenozzlesdesignedtoachieveatotalflooding
conditioninahazardvolume.
44.3. GasExtinguishingSystems
44.3.1.
44.3.2.
44.3.3.
44.3.4.
44.3.5.
44.3.6.
44.3.7.
Forafiretostartandcontinuetoburn,flammablematerials,oxygen
andaheatsourceareallrequired.Ifoneofthesecomponentsis
removedthefirewillgoout.Mostextinguishingmethodsworkby
eitherremovingtheheatsourceortheoxygen.
Thegoalofeveryfirefightingsystemistominimizedamageto
peopleandgoods.Ontheonehanditisimportanttoactivatethe
specificfireextinguishingprocedureasquicklyaspossible.Onthe
otherhand,theextinguishingtechnologyitselfshouldcausethe
leastpossibleadditionaldamage.
Waterisanexcellentextinguishingagentwithitscapacitytoabsorb
heatandstopfiresfromburning.However,usingwaterinthisway
candamagebuildingsandgoods.Inareaswheremaintaining
accessibilityisakeyorwherevaluableitemsarestored,wateris
thereforenotalwaystheidealsolution.
Gasextinguishingagentsprovidetheoptimalsolutionforprotecting
importantareasuseofsuchagentsdoesnotresultinanyadditional
damage.
However,thereareenvironmentalconsiderationsforcertainGas
extinguishingagents.SeeCHAPTER5.COMMITMENTTOBEST
PRACTICES,Section2.EnvironmentalManagement&Sustainability
forupcomingissuesregardingtheacceptabilityofcertainClean
Agentsintheindustry.
Gasextinguishingtechnologyisbasedmainlyontheprincipleof
removingoxygen.Byintroducingagaseousextinguishingagentinto
theroom'satmospheretheoxygencontentisreducedtothepoint
wherethecombustionprocessishalted.Thegasextinguishing
processuseseitherinertorchemicalgases.
Advantagesofgasextinguishingtechnology
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Protectionoffacilityandfittingswithoutwaterdamage
Extinguishinggasesarenonconducting
Nodangertopersonnelusingelectricalplantormachinery
Nodangerofshortcircuitseitherduringorafterthe
extinguishingprocess
Page |
403
44.3
3.8.
IdeallApplication
ns
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
ElectricalRooms
LVRoom
ms
Electron
nicEquipmentRooms
Telecom
mmunication
nRooms
ServerR
Rooms
BMSRo
ooms
ITDataCenter
Museum
ms
Galleriees
MobileSwitchingCe
enter
Storagees
Archives
Machinery
Cabinetts
4
44.3.9.
TThefollowin
ngpicturesho
owstheprin
ncipleofgasextinguishing
s
systems.Ver
ryimportanttisthepropeercalculation
nofthepresssure
relieftoprottectthewalls,doorsand
dwindowsdu
uetothe
o
overpressure
eduringtheextinguishin
ngprocess.
hingsystemw
withoverpreessurerelieff
Figure9.29:TypicalGaasExtinguish
44.4. AgentSto
A
rageBankk
4
44.4.1.
4
44.4.2.
CleanAgenttBankandaccessoriessh
hallbelocateedandarran
ngedso
tthatinspectiion,testing,recharging,aandothermaintenanceaactivities
a
arefacilitate
edandinterrruptionofprotectionish
heldtoaminimum.
S
Storagecont
tainersshallbelocatedaascloseaspo
ossibletoorwithin
t
thehazardo
orhazardstheyprotect.
Page |
404
44.4.3.
44.4.4.
44.4.5.
44.4.6.
44.4.7.
44.4.8.
44.4.9.
Agentstoragecontainersshallnotbelocatedwheretheycanbe
renderedinoperableorunreliableduetomechanicaldamageor
exposuretochemicalsorharshweatherconditionsorbyanyother
foreseeablecause.Wherecontainerexposuretosuchconditionsis
unavoidable,thensuitableenclosuresandprotectivemeasuresshall
beemployed.
Storagecontainersshallbesecurelyinstalledandsecuredaccording
tothemanufacturerslistedinstallationmanualandinamannerthat
providesforconvenientindividualservicingorcontentweighing.
Thecylindersshallbeinstalledsothateachindividualcylindercanbe
easilymountedandshallbefittedwithanonreturnvalve(Check
valve)tothemanifoldifthereismorethanonecylindertoprevent
agentlossandtoensurepersonnelsafetyifthesystemisoperated
whenanycontainersareremovedformaintenance.
Thequantityofavailableextinguishingagent(ifapplicable,the
reservequantityaswell)shallbemonitored.Anylossinweightor
pressureofmorethan10%oftheextinguishingagentinanycylinder
shallbeindicatedautomatically.Thecheckingunitshallbeeasily
manageablewithnogasleakingfromthebottlesduringfunctional
testing.
Inacleanagentbankofmultiplecylinders,onlyonecylinderssize
andonefillingpressureshallbeused.
Thefillingtoleranceperbottleshallbe+0/2.5%ofthenominal
fillingpressure.
Cylindersshallbesupplementarymarkedwiththenameofthe
companyresponsiblefortheinstallation,typeofgas,quantityofgas,
fillingdensityanddegreeofpressurizationandspecificationsforthe
gasusedaspressurecushion.
44.5. Cylindervalves
44.5.1.
44.5.2.
Cylindervalveswillbeofapressureseated,highflowratedesign
incorporatingastainlesssteelpistonwithseal,pressurereleasingfor
valveoperation,safetydiscassembly,pressureactuationoutletport
andpressuregauge.
Cylindervalveswillbeprovidedwithantirecoilplugfittedtothe
valvedischargeoutlettopreventaccidentalrocketingorspinningof
thecylinderintheeventofdischargewhilethecylinderisnot
securelymounted
Page |
405
44.6. Nozzles
44.6.1.
44.6.2.
44.6.3.
44.6.4.
44.6.5.
44.6.6.
Nozzlesshallbearrangedcentrallyandstrategicallysothata
homogenousmixtureoftherequiredgasconcentrationwillbe
achieved.
Themaximumprotectedareapernozzleshallnotexceed30m2.
Nozzlesshallbesitedsoasnottodisperseanycombustible
materialswhengasisdischarged.Nozzlesshallbearrangedsothat
theeffectsofdischargedonotdamagethecomponentsbeing
protected.
Nozzlesshallbelocatedintheupperareaofafloodingzone.
Ifthefloodingzoneishigherthan5m,specialcareshallbetakento
getanevendistributionofgasbyinstallingnozzlesatintermediate
levels.
Suitableprotectivearrangementsshallbemadeinenvironments
wherenozzlescouldbefouled.Inroomswithelectricaland
electronicrisksthenozzlesshallbemadeofcorrosionresistant
materials.
44.7. Areavalves
44.7.1.
44.7.2.
Areavalvesshallbelocatedoutsidethefloodingzone.No
flammablesshallbestoredintheimmediatevicinityofanarea
valve.
Areavalvesshallbearrangedsothattheywillnotopenwhen
subjectedto:
i.
ii.
iii.
Operatingenvironmentalvibrations
Vibrationsarisingfromthevalveatthestoragecylinder
opening
Fromotherselectorvalvesopenings
44.7.3.
44.7.4.
Automaticactuationofanareavalveshallbepoweredbystatic
weightand/orpneumaticand/orelectricalmeans.Theunitshallbe
designedinsuchawaythatcheckingforproperfunctioningonsite
canbeachievedwithoutdischarginggas.
Ifitispossibletoreleasetheextinguishingagent,eventhoughthe
mechanismusedtoautomaticallyopentheareavalvehasfailed,the
emergencyreleasemechanismshallnotcircumventnationalcodes
forpersonnelsafetynortheequipmentrequiredtopreventdamage
fromexcesspressurebeingexertedbythegasdischargedintothe
floodingzone.
Page |
406
44.7.5.
Areavalvesshallopenautomaticallyandsimultaneouslywiththe
openingofacylindervalve.Pressurereliefdevicesshalldischarge
gasintotheatmosphereawayfromwindows,ventilation,openings,
etc;innocaseshallthisconstituteahazardtopersonnel.Safety
valvesshallbeassembledvertically.
44.8. Pipeandfittings
44.8.1.
44.8.2.
44.8.3.
44.8.4.
44.8.5.
44.8.6.
44.8.7.
44.8.8.
Pipesandpipeconnectionsshallbemadeofmetal(seamless
welding)andbeabletowithstandthepressuresasspecifiedand
calculatedandanylowtemperatureencountered.
ThetestpressurefortheInertGasSystemspipebetweenthe
cylindersandtheareavalveshouldhave1.5timesoftheservice
pressure.(i.e.200300barcylindertestpressureandpipepressure
resistanceshouldbe300450barrespectively).Thetestpressurefor
thepipebetweentheareavalveandtheprotectedareashouldhave
1.5timesoftheservicepressure(i.e.60barpressure90bartest
pressureandpipepressureresistance).
Fittingsshallbecalculatedfortheoccurringservicepressure.Fittings
shallbesuitablefordeepertemperatures(approx.50C).In
sectionsofpipethataresubjectedtostaticheadpressure(closed
pipework)theservicepressuremustnotbeexceeded,ifneedbea
safetyvalveshallbefitted.
Thepipeworkbetweencylinderandareavalveshallbemarkedby
themanufacturer,sothatidentificationaccordingtothetest
certificatesispossibleafterinstallation.Manifoldsanddistribution
pipesmaybemarkedasakitbyanauthorizedperson.An
unambiguousassignmenttothetestcertificateshallbepossible.
FittingsshallbemarkedbyaredspotandtheletterD.Flexiblepipes
andhosesetc.shallonlybeusedwherefixedpipesareunsuitable.
Flexiblepipesandhosesshallbeasshortaspossibleandapproved.
Theinsideandoutsideofpipesshallbeeffectivelyprotectedagainst
corrosionifthisisnecessitatedbyenvironmentalconditions.To
protectsensitivemachinery,e.g.computers,fromcorrosiveparticles
inthepipework,galvanizedsteelshouldbeusedasaminimum.
Specialalloysteelsand/orsuitablesurfaceprotectioncoatingsshall
beusediftheuseofpipesandconnectionsmadeofsteeldoesnot
providesufficientcorrosionprotection.
Thepipeworkshallbearrangedsothatitcannotbedamagedbyits
ownweight,temperaturefluctuations,vibration,releaseofgasor
otherinstallationinherentinfluences.
Allpipeworkshallbeaccessible.Thegasinstallationpipeworkshall
beearthed.Ifnecessary,potentialequalizationconductors(i.e.
regardingnonconductivepipejoints)betweenallpipesshallbe
Page |
407
providedortheinstallationshallbeearthedatdifferentpoints
(auxiliaryequipotentbonding).
44.8.9.
DryairorNitrogenwillbeblowninsidethepipingtoremoveany
debrispriortoinstallationofnozzles.
44.8.10.
Fasteningofpipewillbesecuredespeciallynearnozzlestoprevent
pipemovementduetothehighpressureduringdischarge
44.9. RoomIntegrityandAirtightnessRequirements
44.9.1.
Airtightrooms
44.9.1.1.
Airtightroomsarethemainrequirementfortheusageoffire
preventionandgasextinguishingsystems.
44.9.2.
GeneralRoomtightness
44.9.2.1.
Forfirepreventionandgasextinguishingsystemstheprotected
areashavetobesealedtobecomedefinedairtightness.
44.9.3.
RoomtightnessDescriptionn50value
44.9.3.1.
Then50valueistheairchangeperhour(ACH)meaningthenumber
oftimeseachhouranamountofairequaltothevolumeofthearea
tobeprotected,leaksoutatanoverpressureof50Pa
44.9.4.
Measurementofn50value
44.9.4.1.
44.9.4.2.
44.9.4.3.
44.9.4.4.
TheBlowerdoormeasurementisascientificapproachtoidentifying
andcontrollingAirFiltration.Itisprimarilyusedtocheckforany
possibleleakagesinagivenareabyapplyingtwotypesofpressure:
overpressureandunderpressure.
CalculationisbasedontheAirChangeperHour(ACH),meaningthe
numberoftimeeachhour,anamountofairequaltothevolumeof
theareatobeprotected,leaksoutatapressureof50Pa.
Theventilatoroftheblowerdoormeasuringdevicecreatesa
standardover/underpressureof1060paintheprotectedarea.
Theairescapesovertheleakagesurfacesofthewalls,doorsand
windowstotheoutsideduringoverpressuremeasurementorenters
fromthereduringunderpressuremeasurement.
Thedevicemeasurestherequiredflowvolumesothatthepressure
differenceof50Pa(asanexample)neededformeasuringcanbe
maintainedinthearea.Afterinputofalltherelevantvaluesthe
programcalculatesthen50value,whichregulatesitselfandrelates
tothecreatedpressurevalueof50Pa.
Page |
408
44.9.4.5.
Thefollowingpictureshowshowtheresultofablowerdoor
measurementlookslike.
Figure9.30:.ExampleforBlowerdoormeasurementreport
44.9.5.
Walls
44.9.5.1. Thewallsaswellasraisedfloorandceilingoftheprotectedareas
shouldatleastcomplywiththefireresistanceclassF30orconsistof
nonflammableandnonmeltingmaterials.Thewallsshouldalsobe
plasteredandifthisisnotsufficientenoughpaintedwitha
reasonabletightcoating.
44.9.6.
DoorsandWindows
44.9.6.1.
44.9.7.
Thedoorsandwindowsusedfortheprotectedareasshouldalso
complywithfireregulationandalsobeairtighttopreventleakage.
Thedoorsandwindowsneedtohaveamechanismforclosing
automaticallyincaseofanemergencysituation.Forfireprevention
systemsthedoorsandwindowshavetobeclosedalltimesexcept
foraccess.
SealedPenetrations
44.9.7.1.
Sealingofpenetrationsforpipesandcablesisalsoaveryimportant
issueotherwiseitwillhaveamajorinfluenceduetotheholding
timeofthegasconcentrationwithintheprotectedarea.Pleasebe
awarethatnormalfirestoppingmaterialwillnotsealtheopeningin
Page |
409
anairtightmatter.Onthemarketareprofessionalairtight
breakthroughsavailable.Anothersolutionistosealwithfire
stoppingmaterialasfirstandaddacrylicsealantfollowedbylatex
paint.
44.9.8.
PressureRelief
44.9.8.1.
Forallgasextinguishingsystemspressurereliefhavetobe
calculatedandimplementedtopreventtheroomsfrom
overpressuredamages.Firepreventionsystemsdonotrequire
pressurerelief.
44.9.9.
DesignCriteriaforApplications
44.9.9.1.
Allgasextinguishingdesignshavetobemadeinlinewithoneofthe
followinginternationalapprovalbodies.Especiallyallcalculationand
designprogramshavetobeapprovedby:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
AFNOR(AssociationFranaisedeNormalization),France
FM(FactoryMutual),US
LPCB(LossPreventionCertificationBoard),UK
NTC(NationalTestCenter),China
SSL(ScientificServicesLaboratory),Australia
UL(UnderwritersLaboratoryInc),US
ULC(UnderwritersLaboratoryCanada),Canada
VdS(VerbandderSachversicherere.V.),Germany
44.9.10.
Roomtightness
44.9.10.1. Theairtightnessoftheprotectedareashastobedesigned
accordingtothefollowingtable:
Volumeinm3
N50Valuein1/h
1
5.0
100
1.5
1,000
1.0
10,000
0.1
50,000
0.05
500,000
0.01
44.9.10.2. Toallintermediatevolumeslinearinterpolationshouldbeapplied.
44.9.11.
Specialrequirementsforclosedcabinets
44.9.11.1. Forclosedcabinets(enclosedandairtightvaults,ITcabinets,etc.)
insidetheprotectedareaaseparatefiredetectionandfire
protectionhavetobeimplemented(i.e.insidefiredetectionand
extinguishing,insidefiredetectionandautomaticdooropeningin
caseoffireprevention).
44.9.11.2. Thefollowingpictureshowspossiblesolutionsforenclosedcabinets
byusinginternalfiredetectionwithintegratedextinguishingagent.
Page |
410
F
Figure9.31:F
FireDetectio
onandextinguishingincclosedcabinets(airtightt).
44.10.
InertG
Gases
4
44.10.1.
4
44.10.2.
4
44.10.3.
4
44.10.4.
44.10.5.
4
4
44.10.6.
Byintroducinganinertggas,theoxyggencontentintheroomiis
reducedun
ntilthepointtwheretheo
oxygenconceentrationliesbelow
t
thelevelatw
whichcombu
ustionispossible.Inertggasesdonot
g
generateany
ychemicalre
eactionsand
dalsoleaven
noresidue.
A
Aninertgas
isanygasth
hatdoesnotreactwitheelements.Likkethe
noblegasesaninertgasisnotnecessarilyelementalandisoften
c
compoundg
gases.Liketh
henoblegaseesthetendeencyfornon
reactivityisd
duetothevaalence,theo
outermostellectronshell,,being
c
completein
alltheinertgases.Thisisatendencyy,notarule, as
ounds.
noblegasesandother"inert"gasesccanreacttoformcompo
usedforfireprotectionaareNitrogen,,Argon,Carb
bon
Inertgasesu
Dioxideandmixturesofthesethreegases.
C
Carbondioxi
ideisnotapplicabletou
usuallyoccup
piedfacilitiessdueto
t
thetoxicpro
operty.Butittcanbeused
dinindustriaalapplication
ns.
MaximumdiischargetimeforallInertGasesshallnotexceed60
s
seconds.
T
Thefollowin
ngdiagramsh
howstheprinciplestructtureofanine
ertgas
e
extinguishing
gsystem.
Page |
411
Figure9
9.29:BlockD
Diagramforinertgasexttinguishingssystems
4
44.10.7.
Nitrogen,Arrgon,Inergen
n,ArgoniteandCarbonD
Dioxideareallinert
e
extinguishing
gagents.Table9.41belo
owbriefsoutthecomparison
betweentheeinertgases.
Page |
412
Table9.41INERTGASCOMPARISONS
TRADENAMES
POSITIVES
NITROGEN
IG100,NN100
NonToxic
Environmentally
friendly
ElectricallyNon
conductive
Normalventingafter
flooding
Formsharmless
compoundwhen
mixedwithair
ARGON
Argon
NonToxic
Environmentally
friendly
ElectricallyNon
conductive
Normalventingafter
flooding
Formsharmless
compoundwhenmixed
withair
INERGEN
IG541
Containsonlynatural
gases
NonToxic
Environmentallyfriendly
ElectricallyNon
conductive
Normalventingafter
flooding
Formsharmless
compoundwhenmixed
withair
ARGONITE
IG55
Containsonlynatural
gases
NonToxic
Environmentally
friendly
ElectricallyNon
conductive
Normalventingafter
flooding
Formsharmless
compoundwhenmixed
withair
NEGATIVES
Duetolighter
densitythanair,not
suitablefor
unenclosedobjects
Duetoheavierdensity
thanair,counteracts
thehyperventilation
effect
Notsuitablefor
unenclosedobjects
Duetoheavierdensity
thanair,counteracts
thehyperventilation
effect
Notsuitablefor
unenclosedobjects
Duetoheavierdensity
thanair,counteracts
thehyperventilation
effect
Notsuitablefor
unenclosedobjects
Page |
413
CARBONDIOXIDE
CarbonDioxide
C02isanaturalelement
makingup0.03%ofthe
air
Mosteffective
extinguishingproperties
ofallinertgases
Hasbeenusedasan
extinguishingagentfor
approximately80years
Idealtoextinguishopen
orunenclosedsections
ElectricallyNon
conductive
Lifeendangering
Pressurereliefvia
adjacentareasonly
permittedincertain
circumstances
Duetoitsdensity,(C02
is1.5timesheavierthan
air)lowerlyingareas
couldbecome
contaminatedthrough
NITROGEN
EXTINGUISHING Doesnotcause
CHARACTERS
misting
Negligible
temperature
reduction
Extinguishing
Concentrationof40
41%
NominalDischarge
timeis60seconds
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
Density1.165kg/m3
Doesnotmixin
reservoirs
Lowfrictionloss
ARGON
INERGEN
ARGONITE
Doesnotcausemisting
Negligibletemperature
reduction
Extinguishing
Concentrationof35
45%
NominalDischargetime
is60seconds
DoesnotCausemisting
Negligibletemperature
reduction
Removalfromflooded
areathroughnormal
ventilation
Extinguishing
Concentrationof3335%
is60seconds
Density1.662kg/m3
Doesnotmixin
reservoirs
Lowfrictionloss
Density1.418kg/m3
Doesnotmixin
reservoirs
Lowfrictionloss
Page |
414
CARBONDIOXIDE
leakage
Distancebetween
reservoir/gasbottles
andareatobefloodedis
limited.
Notapplicableforoffice
buildings
DoesnotCausemisting Causesmisting
Negligibletemperature Considerable
temperaturereduction
reduction
duringflooding
Removalfromflooded
Dangertoneighboring
areathroughnormal
areasthroughleakage
ventilation
Releaseofroom
Extinguishing
pressureduring
Concentrationof31
extinguishingbyfeeding
37%
directlyintotheopen
only.
is60seconds
Removalfromareaafter
floodingmustbe
controlled.Usually
carriedoutbythefire
services.
Density1.412kg/m3
Doesnotmixinthe
reservoirs
Doesnotmixin
Lowfrictionloss
reservoirs
Storedinliquidform,
Lowfrictionloss
NITROGEN
StoredinGasform
at200300bar
pressure
ARGON
StoredinGasformat
200300barpressure
INERGEN
StoredinGasformat
200300barpressure
ARGONITE
StoredinGasformat
200300barpressure
APPLICATION
ElectricalRooms
EquipmentRooms
Museums
Galleries
ITDataCenter
Telecommunication
rooms(i.e.Mobile
SwitchingCenter)
Storages
Archives
Partialfloodinginfloor
voidsinITDataCenters
&Communication
Rooms
Museums
Galleries
ITDataCenter
Telecommunication
rooms(i.e.Mobile
SwitchingCenter)
Storages
Archives
Partialfloodinginfloor
voidsinITDataCenters
&Communication
Rooms
Page |
415
CARBONDIOXIDE
usuallyrequiresless
spaceforthereservoir/
bottles
Storageincylindersin
liquidformat60bar
pressure
ElectricalSwitchgear
Rooms
Openapparatussuchas
cabinetsandmachinery
Inparticular,unmanned
areas.
44.10.8
CarbonDioxideindetail:
Location:
TheCO2storageareashallbelocatedoutsidetheareaputatriskin
thecaseofafire,butitshouldbelocatedascloseaspossibletothe
protectedzone.
TheCO2storageareashallbeaseparateenclosurewhichiseasily
accessibleevenintheeventofafire,andprotectedagainstaccess
byunauthorizedpersons.Noothercombustiblematerialandno
storedgoodsshallbeavailableinthisarea.
TheCO2storageareashallbeseparatedfromadjacentrooms
and/orareassuchthatthecomponentsoftheCO2systeminstalled
inthisareaareprotectedfrommechanical,chemicaland
atmosphericexposure.
Equipment:
TheCO2storageareashallhavesufficientelectricalillumination.
TheroomtemperatureintheCO2storageareaforhighpressure
systemsshallnotfallbelow0orexceed35C.Anyheating,if
necessary,shallbefixed.ThecomponentsoftheCO2systemin
theCO2storageareashallbeprotectedagainstheatingabove
ambienttemperaturecausedbysunlightorothersources.
Ifinthecaseofhighpressuresystemsroomtemperaturesbelow
0CintheCO2storageareacannotberuledout,thedistribution
pipeworkshallbecalculatedanddimensionedasforlow
pressuresystems.
TheCO2storageareashallalloweasyaccessformaintenance
andinspectionofcomponentsoftheCO2systemonthespot.
IntheCO2storageareathefollowingshallbepermanently
affixedinahighlyvisiblepositionresp.beavailable:
o nameoftheinstallerand,ifavailable,thecompany
responsibleformaintenanceofthesystem,theyearof
installationoftheCO2system;
o operationinstructionswithpipeworkandcontrollayoutof
theCO2system;ifapplicable,numberofweightsrequiredfor
actuatingthecontainers;
o layoutofthezoneprotectedbytheCO2system
CO2supplycontainersandselectorvalves:
Anylegalandofficialrequirementsforpressurecontainersshall
befulfilled.
Page |
416
ValvesandequipmentforCO2supplycontainerstobeassembled
inaCO2systemshallbeapprovedbyacompetentauthority.
Anyvalvesandslidevalves,eventhoseaccordingtoDIN3352,
shallbeapproved.
InhighpressuresystemsallCO2supplycontainersshallcontain
thesamequantityofCO2.Thehighestallowablefilllevelofthese
CO2supplycontainersis0,75kgperliterofcontainervolume.
Thecontainervolumepercontainershallnotexceed67,5l.
TheCO2supplyquantityshallbepermanentlymonitoredbyan
automaticdeviceapprovedbytheauthority.
Thisleakagemonitoringshallrespondatthelatestwhenonly
90%oftherequiredCO2quantityareleft.IftheCO2supply
quantityisstoredinseveralsupplycontainers,allcontainersshall
bemonitored.
InhighpressuresystemseachCO2supplycontainershallbe
connectedtothemainsupplypipeviaacheckvalve,suchthatit
maybedecommissionedandreplacedatalltimeswithout
interferingwiththeothercontainers.
Theautomaticopeningofthecontainervalvesshallbecarried
outbyadeviceapprovedbytheauthority.Thefunctional
reliabilityofthisdeviceshallbeeasytoinspectonthespot
withoutcausinganydischargeofCO2.
Ifanemergencytriggeringdeviceisprovided,thisshallbe
approvedbytheauthority.
Inlowpressuresystemstheresponsepressureoftherequired
safetyvalveshallnotexceed23bar.
TheCO2shallbekeptatatemperaturebetween252K(21C)
and254K(19C)byanautomaticcoolingaggregate,
correspondingtoanabsolutepressurebetween19barand21
bar.IfthepressureintheCO2supplycontainerexceeds22bar,a
faultwarningshallbereleased.TheheatinsulationoftheCO2
supplycontainershallbeatleastsuchthatduringafailureofthe
coolingaggregate,assuminganambienttemperatureof303K
(30C),notmorethan0,05%oftherequiredCO2supplyquantity
perhouraredischargedviathesafetyvalve.
Containerswithoutdiptube(e.g.alarmcontainers)shallbe
permanentlymarkedascontainerswithoutimmersiontube.
Forthispurpose,aflangemaybeinsertedwhenscrewinginthe
containervalve.
Pipes:
AllpipesofCO2lowpressuresystemsandthenozzlepipework
ofCO2highpressuresystemsrequireacertificateaccordingto
Page |
417
EN10204.Thiscertificateshallstatethatthepipesaredesigned
accordingtotherequiredoperatingpressure.
ManifoldsrequireafactorytestcertificateaccordingtoEN10
204statingthattheyweredesignedfortherequiredoperating
pressure.Additionally,allmaterialsandcomponentsusedshall
bespecifiedinthecertificate.
Aftertheinstallationthepipesbetweencontainerandselector
valveshallbesubjectedtoa60minutewaterpressuretest.
Whereflangeconnectionsareused,thiswaterpressuretestmay
bereplacedbyawaterpressuretestoftheindividual
componentsorofpipe.Inthesecasesagasleakagetest(pabs=3
bar)shallbecarriedoutafterinstallation.
Ifexistingmanifoldsoflowpressuresystemsareextended,no
waterpressuretestwillberequired,providedthat:
o theextensionissubjectedtoawaterpressuretestwith40
bar;
o theconnectingweldingseam(oldandnewpart)isdone
o aleakagetestwithCO2iscarriedoutfortheentiremanifold,
usingtheexistingcontainerpressureofthelowpressure
system.
Weldingworksatthepipeworkshallbecarriedoutonlyby
weldersholdingacertificateofqualificationaccordingtolocal
standards.
Fittingsshallbedesignedaccordingtotheanticipatedoperating
pressureandforuseatlowtemperatures(approx.50C).
AllpipesectionsofCO2highpressuresystemsbetween
containerandselectorvalveshallbearthemanufacturersmark,
sothattheycanbeidentifiedaccordingtothefactorytest
certificatesevenafterinstallation.Manifolds,beingaphysical
unit,maybemarkedbyanexpert.Aclearassignmentofthe
physicalunittothefactorytestcertificatesubmittedshallbe
possible.
Theweldershallmarkeachweldingseamwithanindividual
mark,sothattheseammaybeclearlyidentifiedasdonebythis
particularwelder.
Ifrequiredbytheapplication,theouterandinnersurfacesshall
besufficientlyprotectedagainstcorrosion.
HosesusedfortheinstallationofCO2extinguishingsystemsshall
beapprovedbytheauthority.Hosesshallnotbelongerthan
necessaryandusedonlywherefixedpipesareunsuitable
Page |
418
Nozzles:
o Nozzlesshallbeapprovedbytheauthorityfortheinstallation
intoCO2systems.
o Nozzleopeningssmallerthan7mmindiametersarenot
permitted.
o Eachnozzleshallbemarkedclearlyandpermanently,e.g.with
theequivalentnozzlediameter.
o Unlessspecifiedotherwiseforparticularapplications,the
nozzlesofCO2systems,withoutextendeddischargeandin
considerationoftheCO2storagepressureandtherespective
pipework,shallbedimensionedsuchthattherequiredCO2
designquantitycanbedischargedintothefloodingzonewithin
thedischargetime.
Evidenceshallbegivenviaaprocedureapprovedbytheauthority,
thattheserequirementsarefulfilled.Thenozzledimensioningof
systemswithextendeddischargeshallbeagreedwiththeauthority.
KBfactorforsolidmaterialsandfacilities
Material
Paper
Plastic
Polystyrene
Polyurethane
Cellulose
KB
factor
2.00
2.25
1.00
1.00
2.25
within4min
CO2
vol%
O2vol%
57.00
9.10
61.00
8.20
61.00
8.20
within1min
CO2
vol%
O2vol%
34.00
13.80
34.00
13.80
34.00
13.80
34.00
13.80
34.00
13.80
Electricalswitchand
distributionrooms
Dataprocessingsystems
1.20
2.25
40.00
61.00
12.60
8.20
34.00
34.00
13.80
13.80
Controlroomofhighrack
storage
Paintshopanddryingsystem
1.50
1.50
47.00
47.00
11.20
11.20
34.00
34.00
13.80
13.80
Generatorsinl.Cooling
systems
2.00
57.00
9.10
34.00
13.80
Cablerooms,cablefloorsand
cableducts
Oilfilledtransformers
Textilemachines
1.50
2.00
2.00
47.00
57.00
57.00
11.20
9.10
9.10
34.00
34.00
34.00
13.80
13.80
13.80
Page |
419
Page |
420
44.11ChemicalGases
44.11.8
44.11.9
44.11.10
Theextinguishingabilityofchemicalgasesisbasedonbothphysical
andchemicalprocesses.Inadditiontothesuppressionofoxygenas
intheuseofinertgaseschemicalgasesabsorbheatandchemically
disrupttheburningprocess.
Severalchemicalextinguishingagentsareavailableonthemarket.
ThemostimportantandcommonagentsareHFC227(FM200)and
C6F12O(NOVEC1230).Table9.42briefsoutthecomparison
betweenChemicalGases.
MaximumdischargetimeforallChemicalGasesshallnotexceed10
seconds.
Page |
421
Table9.42CHEMICALGASCOMPARISONS
Table9.42CHEMICAL GASCOMPARISONS
TRADENAMES
POSITIVES
NEGATIVES
EXTINGUISHING
CHARACTERS
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
HFC227
FM200,FE227,MH227,
Solkaflam227
Lowconcentrationofgasrequired
DoesnotcauseOzonedepletion
Globalwarmingpotentialisveryhigh
witharound3142yearsofagent
lifetime
Athightemperature,agentwill
decomposetohydrogenfluoridewhich
leavespungentodoralongwithother
decompositionproductssuchasCarbon
monoxideandcarbondioxide
EffectiveFiresuppressionat
concentrationsbetween6.25%and9%
Maximumdischargedurationis10
seconds
ConsistsofCarbon,Fluorineand
Hydrogen
SuperpressurizedwithNitrogento2482
HFC125
NAFS125,ECARO25,FE25TM
Generateshazardousreactionduring
fireandintenseheat
Contactwillcausefrostbite
Afterflooding,atmosphereshouldbe
testedbeforereentry
EffectiveFiresuppressionat
concentrationsbetween8%and10%
Extinguishesfirebyabsorbingheatat
molecularlevelfasterthanheatis
generated,sofirecannotsustain
itself
Maximumdischargedurationis10
seconds
SuperpressurizedwithNitrogento
2482Kpa
Colorless,OdorlessandElectrically
Page |
422
C6F12O
Novec1230
NoFloodingdamagetofacilityand
equipment
Hightemperaturefiresmayproducesplit
productsofNovec
Liquidatroomtemperature,gasifies
immediatelyafterdischarge
Maximumdischargedurationis10seconds
Lowtoxicity
Boilingpointof49oC
Storedinliquidform,Superpressurizedwith
Table9.42CHEMICAL GASCOMPARISONS
APPLICATION
HFC227
Kpa
Colorless,OdorlessandElectricallyNon
conductive
Operatingtemperatureis12.2oCto
65.6oC
Storedinliquidformat2442bar
ElectricalRooms
TelecommunicationRooms
Datacenters
ServerRooms
BMSrooms
Highvalueareas
Cleanrooms
Archivesandrecordstorage
HFC125
Nonconductive
Operatingtemperatureis12.2oCto
65.6oC
Storedinliquidformat24bar
TransportationandInfrastructure
MarineApplications
Storages
Museums
Laboratories
Petrochemicalindustries
Page |
423
C6F12O
Nitrogento25bar
Pumpapplications
DataCenters
EDProoms
Ttelecommunicationequipment,
Warehousesandarchives
Controlandinstrumentationrooms
Museums
Hospitals
Cleanrooms
44.12
FirePrreventionSystems
44
4.12.8
44
4.12.9
44
4.12.10
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Undernormalcircumstancesafirecaanstartatan
nytime.According
ofthegoodssrequiringp
t
tothevalue
protection,m
measuressho
ouldbe
inplacetom
minimizedam
mageforsuch
hascenario..Measuressstretch
f
fromsimple
handhelde
extinguishersstoautomatticearlyfire
d
detectionan
ndextinguish
hingsystems.Allthesem
methodshave
eone
t
thingincom
mmon:theycanonlyreacctonceafirehasalreadystarted.
Firepreventionoffersassystemthatcanactivelypreventafirrefrom
s
startingand
canthereforeofferonehundredpercentfirepro
otection.
T
Theadvanta
gesofafirepreventionssystemare:
Certaintyof
f avoidingoutbreakandsspreadoffiree
otectiontosecurebusine
ess
Permanentaandpreventativefirepro
Processesan
ndvaluableggoods
Avoidanceo
offurtherdamagefromssmoke,spreaadoffireorffrom
extinguishin
ngagents
Problemfreeeadaptabilittytochangeesinfirerisk
Widerangin
ngdesignfre
eedom
Costsavingssattheconsttructionstaggeoffiredettectionmeassures
Personnelreetainaccesstoprotected
dareas
12.11 Firep
preventiontthroughextrractionofoxxygen
44.1
44.12.11.1 Inorderforafiretostarrt,heat,com
mbustiblesub
bstanceando
oxygen
fromtheatm
mospherearreneeded.Ifftheoxygenisreduced,tthe
flammabilityylevelsalsodecline.Belo
owacertainlevelofoxyggen
concentratio
on,firescannolongerbu
urn.Thisisth
heprincipleoffire
preventiontthroughextrractionofoxyygen.
Natural atmosphe
ere
Fire prevention atmo

osphere forr a
design con
ncentration
n of 15 Vol. % of
oxygen
Figure9..24:ComparisonNaturallandfirepre
eventionatm
mosphere
Page |
424
44.12.11.2 Oxygenredu
uctionfacilitatesacontro
olledreductiionofoxygenlevels
inenclosedareas.Byinttroducingnittrogentheoxxygencontentis
reducedbydilationandheldatapreeciselevel.In
nsuchan
atmospheree,outbreako
offirecanbeeeliminated.
44.1
12.12 Accessibilityofp
protectedare
ea
44.12.12.1 Roomsproteectedbyfire
epreventionsystemsrem
mainaccessib
bleto
personnel,ssothatthere
eisnoreducttioninfunctiionalityofth
hespace.
12.13 Productionofnittrogenonsitte
44.1
44.12.13.1 Thenitrogen
nrequiredto
oreducetheeoxygenconcentrationcanbe
generatedin
nacosteffectivemanneeronsiteusinganairpro
ocessing
system.
12.14 Advaantagesofussingnitrogen
ntoreduceo
oxygenconttent
44.1
i..
Inco
ombinationw
withairitformsthemossttolerantm
mixture
tob
breathe
ii..
Isprresentat78%
%ofnormalatmosphericcair
iii..
Issimpletogene
erateonsitee
iv..
Isno
ontoxic
v..
Disttributesquicklyandeven
nly
44.12.14.1 Firepreventtionsystemsareabletoprotectsinglleandmultizone
applicationss.Theprotecctedareaisd
definedonbaaseoftheair
conditionsyystemandth
heroomareaasthatareco
onnectedbythisair
conditioningg.
44.12.14.2 Thefollowin
ngpicturessh
howthesysttemdiagram
mforsinglezo
oneand
multizonessystems:
Figure
e9.25:SingleZoneOxyggenReductio
onSystemDiagram
Page |
425
Figure
e9.26:MultiZoneOxyge
enReductionSystemDiagram
44.1
12.15 IdeallApplication
ns
44.12.15.1 Accesscontrolled,enclo
osedairtightenvironmentslike:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
datacenters
ITandd
Serverrrooms
Telecom
mmunication
nrooms(i.e.BaseTransm
mitterStation
n
cylinderrs,basetransmitterstationcontrolleerrooms,mo
obile
switchin
ngcenters)
Electricalrooms(i.e
e.Lowvoltaggerooms,UP
PSrooms,Battery
rooms,etc)
Archives
Hazardwarehousess
Coldandcoolwareh
houses
Smalllo
oadingcarrie
erwarehousees
Automaaticcarparkss
StorageeroomsofM
Museumsand
dGalleries
44.1
12.16 Firep
preventionw
withfastoxyygenreduction
44.12.16.1 Firepreventtionsystemswithfastoxxygenreductionmaybeu
used
underthefo
ollowingconditions:
i.
ii.
iii.
TheOxyygendesignconcentratio
onishigheraastheignitio
onpoint
ofthem
materialinsid
detheprotecctedarea.
Theriskkoffirewillb
besolvedbyusingafastoxygenredu
uction
system
Thefasttoxygenreductionsystemwilltakeccare,thatincaseofa
startinggignitionthe
eoxygenleveelwillreduceedtothedessigned
Page |
426
iv.
v.
vi.
concenttrationaccorrdingtothematerialsinssidetheprottected
area.
TheFireepreventionsystemisab
bletoholdth
hislevelforaan
endlesssperiodoftim
me.
Shutdo
ownoftheairconditionssystemandtthepowerisnot
necessaary.
Thebussinessprocessscanrunwithoutanyin
nterruption
neSystemD
Diagramwith
hfastoxygen
nreduction
Figure9.27:SingleZon
44.1
12.17 Specialrequirem
mentsforfire
epreventionsystems
emshouldhaveadedicaatedandseparateAir
44.12.17.1 Thefireprevventionsyste
HandlingUn
nit(AHU)systemperprottectedarea;nofreshairentryis
allowed.
44.12.17.2 TheobjectivvesofhavingganAHUsystemcomplyiingwiththenorms
ofthefirepreventionsyystemwill:
i.
ii.
iii.
EliminattefreshAire
entrytotheprotectedarreas,
EliminatteNitrogenleakagefrom
mtheprotecttedareastothe
outside
Reducethecostofp
powerconsu
umption
44.12.17.3 IncasetheA
AHUislocate
edoutsideth
heprotected
darea,yoush
hould
makesurethatalloutsid
deductingareairtightto
opreventfre
eshair
entryorNitrrogenleakagge.
dlingsystemsofthebuild
dingshouldbedesignedinthe
44.12.17.4 TheAirhand
waythatnopressurediffferenceswillaccruesbeetweenprote
ected
areasandneeighborareaas.Pressured
differencesfforceamuch
hhigher
Page |
427
airexchangeratesothatthefirepreventionsystemwillnotwork
efficiently.Anothereffectwillbeanuncontrolledintroductionof
nitrogenintounprotectedareas.
44.13
Health&SafetyAspectsofGasExtinguishingSystemsand
44.13.8
SafetyforGasExtinguishingSystems
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
Forthewarningofpersons,hazardareasshallbeprovidedwithaudible
andvisualalarmsystemsinordertoalertpeoplepresentintheflooding
zone.
Thesignaloftheaudiblealarmdevicesshallbedistinctlydifferentfrom
theoperationalnoisesandbeatleastby5dB(A)abovetheenvironment
soundlevel.
Visualalarmdevicesshallbeavailableinadditiontotheaudibleones.
Visualalarmdevicesshallprovideaconspicuoussignalbywayofflashing.
Asfarasextinguishingsystemswithgaseousextinguishingagentare
concerned,theextinguishingalarmshallbeswitchedoffonlyafterithas
beenensuredthatnounauthorizedpeoplecanenterthehazardareas
anymore.
Theenergysupplyforthealarmmustinanycasebesufficientfora
durationof30minutes.
Extinguishingsystemsthatcancauseharmtopersonsduetoflooding
shallbeprovidedwithdelaydevices.Delaydevicesshallensurethat
floodingwillbeperformedonlyafterthealarmdeviceshavebeen
activatedandthesetprewarningtimehaselapsed.
Fortotalfloodingsystems,aprewarningtimeshallbeeffectiveforeach
automaticormanualreleaseoftheextinguishingsystem.
Thereshallbeaprovisiontodisablethereleaseofextinguishingsystem.
Theblockingshallbeperformedmechanicallysuchthatanextinguishing
agentdischargeissafelyprevented.
Pipingmustbeelectricallygrounded.
Roomsthatareprotectedwithextinguishingsystemsshallbearranged
suchthatextinguishingagentscannotunintentionallyescapeinsuch
quantitiesthatpeopleinadjacentroomsorareaswillbeaffected.
Escaperoutesshallbeavailableforallextinguishingandhazardareas.
Rooms,whosesingleescapeandrescuerouterunsthroughthe
extinguishingarea,havetobetreatedasextinguishingareaasfaras
alarmanddelayareconcerned.
Doorsshallbeofselfclosingconstruction,swingopenintheescape
directionandbeeasilyopenablefrominsideatanytimeandwithoutany
othertools.
If,foroperationalreasons,selfclosingdoorshavetobekeptopen,these
shallbefittedwithholdopensystemsthataredesignedsuchthat
automaticclosingonactivationoftheextinguishingsystem.
Theownershalldevelopanoperatingprocedurebasedontheoperating
instructionsprovidedbythemanufacturerandinstaller,whichcovers,in
particular,allnecessarysafetyinformation.
Page |
428
xvi. Theownershallinstructallpersonswhohaveaccesstothehazardareas
beforetheytakeuptheiractivitiesandatleastannuallyregardingany
possiblehazardsoftheextinguishingagentandanynecessaryprotection
measuresonthebasisoftheoperatingprocedures.
xvii. Theinstructionshallbedocumented.
xviii. Theownershallhaverectifiedanyfaultsoftheextinguishingsystem
whichimpairpersonnelprotectionwithoutdelay.Ifthisisnotpossible,
heshallshutdownthesystem.Duringthistimefireprotectionshallbe
ensuredbyothermeans.
xix. Floodedroomsmayonlybereenteredwhenainstructiontodosohas
beenissuedbythepersonauthorizedbytheownerorbytheCivil
Defenceafterthoroughinvestigation.Ifrequired,concentration
measurementsoftheextinguishinggasesandoftheoxygen
concentrationneedtobeperformed.
xx. Floodedroomsshallbeventilatedpriortoreentry.Indoingso,itshallbe
ensuredthatpeopleinadjacentroomsandinthevicinitywillnotbe
jeopardized.
xxi. Theventingofthefloodedroomsshallonlybeperformedbypeoplewho
havebeeninstructedaccordingly.
xxii. Incasetheroomshavetobeenteredforventing,thisispermissibleonly
whenusingabreathingapparatusthatisindependentfromthe
surroundingatmosphere.
44.13.9
SafetyforFirePreventionSystems
44.13.9.1 FirePreventionsystemsfunctionwithanoxygenreduced
atmospheretopreventafirefrombreakingout.Thedesign
concentrationisdependingonthematerialsstoredinsidethe
protectedarea.Forstandardapplicationthedesignconcentration
willbebetween17Vol.%and13.0Vol.%oxygen.Thehumanbody
workswellwithanoxygenconcentrationbetween12Vol.%and
20.95Vol.%ofOxygen.Employersshouldprovidepreliminary
medicalexaminationstoallemployeeshavingaccesstorooms
providedwithFirePreventionSystemwithreducedoxygenlevels.
Themedicalexaminationshouldconsistofthefollowing
questionnaireatminimum:
i.
Isthereafamilyhistoryofbenignblooddisease,inheritedblooddisease,
anemiaorsicklecellanemia?
ii. Didyou,whileinthemountainsorflying,evergetpains(excluding
headaches)suchasstomachpains,chestorjointpains?
iii. Didyou,whileinthemountainsorflying,getheadaches,nausea,have
breathingdifficulties,tirednesssuchthatyoufeltill?
iv. Doyouhaveanyknownheartdisease?
v. Doyouhaveanyknowndiseaseofthelungsorbreathingtracts?
vi. Doyouhaveanemiaofanykind?
vii. Doyouhavesicklecellanemia?
viii. Haveyouhadastroke,atransientischemicattackordoyouknowifyou
haveanarrowingofthecarotidartery?
ix. Haveyoubeentreatedforirregularheartbeat?
Page |
429
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
Haveyoufeltdizzinessinthelast3monthswhichinterferedwithyour
dailyactivities?
Haveyoufaintedinthepastyear?
Doyouhavetopauseinyourprivateorprofessionalactivitiesbecauseof
shortnessofbreathonexertion?
Whileclimbingstairsdoyouhavetostoptocatchyourbreath?
Hasyourphysicalfitnessdeterioratednoticeablyinthepast3months?
Underphysicalormentalstress,haveyouexperiencedpainsorpressure
inyourchest?
Haveyouinthepastmonthhadpainsinyourchestevenwhileatrest?
Haveyouinthelast3monthswokenupbecauseyoucouldntbreathe
properly?
44.13.9.2
Ifallquestionswillbeansweredwithno,thepersoncouldaccess
oxygenreducedareassafely.Inallothercasesthepersonshouldbe
checkedbyadoctor.Theworkingtimeinsideaoxygenreduced
atmosphereshouldbelimitedto4hours.After4hoursthepeople
shouldhaveabreakof30minuteswithfreshairbeforereentering
thisarea.
45
DryChemicalSuppressionSystems
45.10
45.10.8
45.10.9
Introduction
Drychemicalisapowdermixturethatisusedasafireextinguishing
agent.Itisintendedforapplicationbymeansofportableextinguishers,
handhoselinesystems,orfixedsystems.
Theprincipalbasechemicalsusedintheproductionofcurrentlyavailable
drychemicalextinguishingagentsaresodiumbicarbonate,potassium
bicarbonate,potassiumchloride,ureapotassiumbicarbonate,and
monoammoniumphosphate.Variousadditivesaremixedwiththesebase
materialstoimprovetheirstorage,flow,andwaterrepellency
characteristics.Themostcommonlyusedadditivesaremetallicstearates,
tricalciumphosphate,orsilicones,whichcoattheparticlesofdry
chemicaltomakethemfreeflowingandresistanttothecakingeffectsof
moistureandvibration.
45.10.10 Multipurposedrychemicalcanbeusedonfiresinflammableliquids,fires
involvingenergizedelectricalequipment,andfiresinordinary
combustiblematerials.
45.11
Application
i.
ii.
iii.
Flammableliquids
ExistingKitchenhoodsandductswhichareprovided
withpreengineereddrychemicalsystem.(DryChemical
fornewKitchenhoodsisnotallowed.Seenextsection
onWETCHEMICALSYSTEM)
Deepfryers
Page |
430
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Oilfilledtransformers
Oilfilledcircuitbreakers
TextileMachinery
CottonMills
45.11.8
Regulardrychemicalhascertainlimitedapplicationsinextinguishmentof
flashsurfacefireswithordinarycombustibles,butthechemicalrequires
watertoputoutdeepseatedsmolderingfires.
45.12
Limitations
i.
RegulardrychemicalprovidedforuseonsurfacetypeClassAfires,it
shouldbesupplementedbywatersprayforextinguishingsmoldering
embersorincasethefiregetsbeneaththesurface.
ii.
Multipurposedrychemicalbecomesstickywhenheated,where
removaloftheresiduefromfinemachinepartsmaybedifficult.
iii.
Drychemicalshouldnotbeusedininstallationswhererelaysand
delicateelectricalcontactsarelocated(e.g.,intelephoneexchanges
andcomputerequipmentrooms),astheinsulatingpropertiesofdry
chemicalmightrendersuchequipmentinoperative.
iv.
Totalfloodingsystemsareapplicableonlywhenthehazardistotally
enclosedorwhenallopeningssurroundingahazardcanbeclosed
automatically.
45.13
Designcriteria
DryChemicalSystemscanbeTotalflooding,Localapplicationtype,Hand
hosetypeorcombinations.AnyDryChemicalSystemshallbeEngineered
orPreengineered.Allthesystem,cylinders,containers,DryChemical,
expellantgas,piping,valvesandnozzlesshallbeasperManufacturers
instructionswithapprovalandlistingforparticularapplications.
45.13.9 Drychemicalsystemsapplication,systemsize,flowrate,quantity,
selectionofnozzles,pipingarrangementetcshallbeasper
Manufacturersrecommendation.
45.13.10 SeeCHAPTER8.FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEMforAutomaticfire
detectionforsystemactuation.
45.13.11 Atleastonemanualactuatorshallbeprovidedforthesystem.
45.13.12 Chemicalagentsarestoredinpressurecontainers,usuallyofwelded
steelconstruction,eitherunderatmosphericpressureuntilthesystemis
actuatedorunderthepressureoftheinternallystoredexpellantgas.
45.13.13 Containersinwhichdrychemicalisstoredseparatelyunderatmospheric
pressureareequippedwithanexpellantgasinlet,amoisturesealedfill
opening,andadrychemicaloutlet.Thegasinletleadstoaninternalgas
45.13.8
Page |
431
tubearrangementconstructedsothat,whenitflowsintothetank,it
agitatesandpermeatesthepowder,makingitfluidlike.Thedrychemical
outletisprovidedwitharupturediscorvalvetopermitbuildupofproper
operatingpressureinthetankbeforethedrychemicalcanstarttoflow.
45.13.14 Theexpellantgasassemblyconsistsofapressurestoragevesseltogether
withnecessaryvalves,pressureregulators,andpipingtodeliverthe
expellantgastothedrychemicalstoragetankatthecorrectpressureand
rateofflow.
45.13.15 Theexpellantgasisusuallydrynitrogen.However,dryairorothergases
maybeused.
45.13.16 Chemicalexpellantgasassembliesshallbelocatedasnearaspracticable
tothehazardtobeprotected.Anareainwhichtemperaturesstay
between40to+120F(40to+49C)isdesirabletomaintainthequality
ofthedrychemical.
45.13.17 ShutdownofVentilation,fans,openings,doorsandwindows,shutdown
offuel,gas,electricalpowertotheprotectedequipmentetcshallbe
achievedatthetimeofsystemdischargeforthesuccessfulextinguishing
offire.
45.13.18 Atotalfloodingtypeofsystemshallbeusedonlywherethereisa
permanentenclosuresurroundingthehazardthatadequatelyenables
therequiredconcentrationtobebuiltup.
45.13.19 Thetotalareaofunclosableopeningsshallnotexceed15percentofthe
totalareaofthesides,top,andbottomoftheenclosure.Where
unclosableopeningsexceed15percentofthetotalenclosuresurface
area,alocalapplicationsystemshallbeusedtoprotecttheentirehazard
45.13.20 InExistingkitchenhoodandcommonexhaustductprotection,each
protectedcookingappliance(s),individualhood(s),andbranchexhaust
duct(s)directlyconnectedtothehoodorcommonexhaustductshallbe
protectedbyasinglesystemorbysystemsdesignedforsimultaneous
operation.Atleastonefusiblelinkorheatdetectorshallbeinstalled
withineachexhaustductopeninginaccordancewiththemanufacturers
listing.Afusiblelinkorheatdetectorshallbeprovidedaboveeach
protectedcookingapplianceandinaccordancewiththesystem
manufacturerslisting.
46
WetChemicalSuppressionSystems
46.10
46.10.8
Introduction
WetChemicalAgentconsistsoforganicorinorganicsaltsmixedwith
watertoformanalkalinesolutionthatiscapableofbeingdischarged
throughpipingortubingwhenunderexpellantgaspressure.Itcanbe
Page |
432
46.10.9
usedasafireextinguishingagent.Itisintendedforapplicationbymeans
ofportableextinguishers,handhoselinesystems,orfixedsystems.
Wetchemicalextinguishingagentsaretypicallyaproprietarymixture
consistingofpotassiumcarbonate,potassiumacetate,potassiumcitrate,
oracombination,mixedinwaterandotheradditivessuchas
phenolphthalein,phosphoricacid,and/ordyes.Astheyarealreadyliquid
incharacter,wetchemicalagentsdonotrequireadditivestoenhance
flow.
46.10.10 Whenwetchemicalsextinguishingagentsaresprayedonagreasefire,
theyinteractimmediatelywiththegreaseandsaponify,forminga
blanketoffoamoverthesurfaceonwhichtheyaresprayed.
46.11
Application
i.
46.12
Kitchenhoods
Limitations
46.12.8.1.1.1.1 Wetchemicalextinguishingagentsarenotacceptablefor
useinareaswherefiresinvolveenergizedelectricalequipment.
46.13
Designcriteria
46.13.8 WetChemicalSystemscanbeTotalflooding,Localapplicationtype,Hand
hosetypeorcombinations.AnyWetChemicalSystemshallbe
EngineeredorPreengineered.Allthesystem,cylinders,containers,Wet
Chemical,expellantgas,piping,valvesandnozzlesshallbeasper
Manufacturersinstructionswithapprovalandlistingforparticular
applications.
46.13.9 Wetchemicalsystemsapplication,systemsize,flowrate,quantity,
selectionofnozzles,pipingarrangementetcshallbeasper
Manufacturersrecommendation.
46.13.10 SeeCHAPTER8.FIREDETECTIONANDALARMSYSTEMforAutomaticfire
detectionforsystemactuation.
46.13.11 Atleastonemanualactuatorshallbeprovidedforthesystem.
46.13.12 Wetchemicalextinguishingagentsaretypicallystoredinplastic
containersupto5gal(19L)incapacity.Attentionshouldbegiventothe
freezepointoftheparticularagent.Theagentstoragelifeis
approximately12years.Systemtankscontainingwetchemicalrangein
sizebetween1.5gal(5.7L)and3gal(11.4L),dependingonthe
manufacturersdesign.
Page |
433
46.13.13 Toexpeltheagent,mostsystemsusepressurizedcartridgesofnitrogen
orcarbondioxide.Toensureproperoperation,thetemperatureranges
forwetchemicalsystemsarebetween32F(0C)and130F(54C).
46.13.14 Shutdownoffuel,gas,electricalpowertotheprotectedequipmentetc
shallbeachievedatthetimeofsystemdischarge.
46.13.15 Pipingandfittingsmustbeofnoncombustiblematerialsandcompatible
withthecharacteristicsofwetchemical.Distributionpipingshouldbe
eitherSchedule40blackiron,chromeplatedorstainlesssteel.
46.13.16 Nozzlesshouldbeprovidedwithblowoffcaptopreventtheclogging
duetogrease,dustetc.
46.13.17 Inkitchenhoodandcommonexhaustductprotection,eachprotected
cookingappliance(s),individualhood(s),andbranchexhaustduct(s)
directlyconnectedtothehoodorcommonexhaustductshallbe
protectedbyasinglesystemorbysystemsdesignedforsimultaneous
operation.Atleastonefusiblelinkorheatdetectorshallbeinstalled
withineachexhaustductopeninginaccordancewiththemanufacturers
listing.Afusiblelinkorheatdetectorshallbeprovidedaboveeach
protectedcookingapplianceandinaccordancewiththesystem
manufacturerslisting.
46.13.18 Atypicalkitchenhoodprotectionwithwetchemicalsystemisshown
below.
Page |
434
46.14
InspectionandMaintenance
46.14.8 Ownersofchemicalextinguishingsystemsshouldconductmonthly
inspectionstodeterminewhetherthesystemisinproperoperating
condition.Thisinspectionisnotintendedtobeadetailed,butisrathera
visualcheckofthesystemtoensurethefollowingitems:
i.
Cloggingofnozzles,fusiblelinksbecauseofgrease,paintordustis
cleaned
ii.
Theextinguishingsystemisinitsproperlocation.
iii.
Themanualactuatorsareunobstructed.
iv.
Thetamperindicatorsandsealsareintact.
v.
Themaintenancetagorcertificateisinplace.
vi.
Thereisnoobviousphysicaldamageorconditionexiststhatmight
preventoperation.
vii.
Thereisnodamageto,orobstructionof,fusiblelinksoractuating
devices.
viii.
Thepressuregauge(s),ifprovided,isinoperablerange.
ix.
Thenozzleblowoffcapsareintactandundamaged.
x.
Thehood,duct,andprotectedcookingapplianceshavenotbeen
replaced,modified,orrelocated.
47
FurtherReferences
ReferencecanbemadefromthefollowingNFPAstandardsfordetailedsystem
designrequirementswhicharenotcoveredornotprovidedinthischapter.
NFPA11:
StandardforLow,Medium,andHighExpansionFoam
NFPA12:
StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems
NFPA13:
StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems
NFPA13D:
StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystemsinOneandTwo
FamilyDwellingsandManufacturedHomes
NFPA13R:
StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystemsinResidential
OccupanciesuptoandIncludingFourStoriesinHeight
NFPA14:
StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipesandHoseSystems
NFPA15:
StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection
NFPA16:
StandardfortheInstallationofFoamWaterSprinklerandFoam
WaterSpraySystems
NFPA17:
StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems
NFPA17A:
StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems
NFPA20:
StandardfortheInstallationofStationaryPumpsforFireProtection
NFPA22:
StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection
NFPA2001:
StandardonCleanAgentFireExtinguishingSystems
NFPA2010:
StandardforFixedAerosolFireExtinguishingSystems
NFPA750:
StandardonWaterMistFireProtectionSystems.
Page |
435
CONTENTS
CHAPTER10.MECHANICALVENTILATIONANDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMS
1. Definitions
2.1 GeneralRequirementsforEquipment
3.1 AirHandlingUnitRoomsUsedasPlenumSpace
3.2 AirHandlingUnitRoomsThatHaveAirDuctsThatOpenDirectlyintoaShaft.
6. Fans
7. AirDucts
8. VentilationDucts
9. Plenum
10. FireDampers
11. SmokeDampers
12. SmokeDetectionforAutomaticControl
13. PlenumMaterial
14. CorridorAirSystems
15. Exits
16. Smokefreeenclosureandfirefightinglobbies
17. Enginedrivenfirepumpandgeneratorroomandemergencycommandcentre
18. RoomsinvolvinguseofFlammableandExplosiveSubstances
19. Acceptancetesting
20. BuildingSmokeVentilationSystem
20.1 SmokeVentilationOfCommercialCookingOperations
21. IndustrialBuilding&StorageSmokeVentilation
21.1 SprinkleredBuildings
21.2 NonsprinkleredBuildings
22. AssemblyOccupancyBuildingSmokeVentilation
23. SmokeControlSystem
23.1 ExitStairEnclosures
23.2 Flowvelocity
23.3 Leakageandrelief

23.4 PressureDistribution
24. Elevators.
25. VentilationRequirementsforInternalCorridors
26. MallsandAtriums
27. FireEngineeringAnalysis
28. Undergroundbuildings
28.2 BasementSmokeControlSystem
28.4 SmokeVents
28.7 SmokePurgingSystem
29. EngineeredSmokeControlSystem
30. SmokeControlSystemforAuditorium
(UsedorIntendedforCinema,ConcertHall,PerformanceTheatre)
31. EnclosedCarParking
32. OpenCarpark
33. DuctlessJetFansSysteminCarParks
33.1 Objectives
33.2 Scope
[CONTENTS]
PAGENO.
438
438
439
439
440
440
440
440
440
441
441
444
446
447
448
449
450
450
450
451
452
455
456
456
456
459
459
459
460
460
460
460
461
461
475
476
485
486
487
487
488
488
489
503
503
505
506
506
506
Page |
436
[CONTENTS]
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
33.3 DesignConsiderations
33.4 Zoningofcarpark
33.5 Jetfanssystem
CFDfiremodellinginputparametersforjetfansystem
FurtherReferences
506
506
507
509
509
510
510
510
511
511
512
513
513
515
Page |
437
[CHAPTER10.MECHANICALVENTILATIONANDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMS]
CHAPTER10
MECHANICALVENTILATIONANDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMS
1. Definitions
1.1
AirConnector.
Aconduitfortransferringairbetweenanairductorplenumandanair
terminalunitoranairinletorairoutlet.
1.2
AirDuct.
Aconduitorpassagewayforconveyingairtoorfromheating,cooling,air
conditioning,orventilatingequipment,butnotincludingtheplenum.
AirHandlingUnitRoomPlenum.
Anindividualroomcontaininganairhandlingunit(s)usedtogatherairfrom
varioussourcesandcombinetheairwithintheroomforreturningtotheair
handlingunit.
Atrium.
Alargevolumespacecreatedbyaflooropeningorseriesofflooropenings
connectingtwoormorestoriesthatiscoveredatthetopoftheseriesof
openingsandisusedforpurposesotherthananenclosedstairway;an
elevatorhoistway;anescalatoropening;orasautilityshaftusedfor
plumbing,electrical,airconditioning,orcommunicationsfacilities.
FireDamper.
Adevice,installedinanairdistributionsystem,designedtoclose
automaticallyupondetectionofheat,tointerruptmigratoryairflow,andto
restrictthepassageofflame,smokeandheat.
FireWall.
Awallseparatingbuildingsorsubdividingabuildingtopreventthespreadof
fireandhavingafireresistanceratingandstructuralstability.
LegitimateStage.
Astagewithaheightgreaterthan15mmeasuredfromthelowestpointon
thestagefloortothehighestpointoftherooforfloordeckabove.
Mall.
Aroofedorcoveredcommonpedestrianareawithinamallbuildingthat
servesasaccessfortwoormoretenantsanddoesnotexceedthreelevels
thatareopentoeachother.
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Page |
438
1.9
1.10
1.11
Plenum.
Acompartmentorchambertowhichoneormoreairductsareconnected
andthatformspartoftheairdistributionsystem.
RegularStage.
Astagewithaheightof15morlessmeasuredfromthelowestpointonthe
stagefloortothehighestpointoftherooforfloordeckabove.
Smoke.
Theairbornesolidandliquidparticulatesandgasesevolvedwhenamaterial
undergoespyrolysisorcombustion,togetherwiththequantityofairthatis
entrainedorotherwisemixedintothemass.
1.12
1.13
SmokeControl.
Asystemthatutilizesfanstoproducepressuredifferencessoastomanage
smokemovement.
SmokeDamper.
Adevicewithinanairdistributionsystemtocontrolthemovementof
smoke,i.e.tostayclosetopreventthespreadofflame,smoke&heatinto
othercompartmentsortoopentoextractsmokeoutsidefromthefirezone.
2.1
GeneralRequirementsforEquipment
2.1.1 Equipmentshallbearrangedtoprovideminimum600mmhorizontal
accesswithminimum2030mmheadroomforinspection,maintenance,
andrepair.
2.1.2
2.1.3
Equipmentshallbeguardedforpersonnelprotectionandagainstthe
intakeofforeignmatterintothesystem.
Eachairdistributionsystemshallbeprovidedwithatleastonemanually
operablemeansforstoppingtheoperationofthesupply,return,and
exhaustfan(s)inanemergency.
2.2
Themeansofmanualoperationshallbelocatedintheemergencycommand
centreoradedicatedprotectedroom.
Page |
439
3.1
AirHandlingUnitRoomsUsedasPlenumSpace
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
Airhandlingunitrooms,usedasplenumspace,shallnotbeusedfor
storageoroccupancyotherthanduringequipmentservicing.
Materialsusedintheconstructionofanairhandlingunitroomplenum
shallbenoncombustibleorshallbelimitedcombustiblehaving
maximumflamespreadindexof25andamaximumsmokedeveloped
indexof50whentestedinaccordancewithASTME84andshallbe
suitableforcontinuousexposuretothetemperatureandhumidity
conditionsoftheenvironmentalairintheplenum.
Electricalwiresandcablesandopticalfibercablesshallbelistedas
havingamaximumpeakopticaldensityof0.50orless,anaverage
opticaldensityof0.15orless,andamaximumflamespreaddistanceof
1.5morless,orshallbeinstalledinmetalraceways,metalsheathed
cable,ortotallyenclosednonventilatedbusway.
3.2
AirHandlingUnitRoomsThatHaveAirDuctsThatOpenDirectlyintoa
Shaft.
3.2.1
3.2.2
AirhandlingUnitrooms,includingtheprotectionofopenings,shallbe
separatedfromshaftsbyconstructionhavingafireresistanceratingnot
lessthanthatrequiredfortheshaft.
FireresistantseparationshallnotberequiredforairhandlingUnit
roomsthatareenclosedbyconstructionhavingafireresistancerating
notlessthanthatrequiredfortheshaft.
4.1
Outsideairintakesshallbeprotectedbyscreensofcorrosionresistant
materialnotlargerthan12.7mmmesh.
Outsideairintakesshallbelocatedsothattheseshallnotintroducefireor
smokeintothebuilding.
4.2
5.1
ElectrostaticaircleanersshallbelistedinaccordancewithANSI/UL867.
AirfiltersshallberatedeitherasClass1orClass2inaccordancewith
ANSI/UL900.
5.2
Page |
440
6. Fans
6.1
6.2
Exposedfaninletsshallbeprotectedwithmetalscreenstopreventthe
entryofpaper,trash,andforeignmaterials.
SmokeExhaustfansshallbecapableofoperatingeffectivelyat400Cfor2
hours.
7. AirDucts
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
Airductsshallbeconstructedofiron,steel,aluminum,copper,concrete,
masonry.SeeFigure10.1forillustrations.
Class0orClass1rigidorflexibleairductstestedinaccordancewithANSI/UL
181listingshallbepermittedtobeusedforductswhenairtemperaturein
theductsdoesnotexceed250Corwhenusedasverticalductsservingnot
morethantwoadjacentstoriesinheight.
Pipeandductinsulationandcoverings,ductlinings,vaporretarderfacings,
adhesives,fasteners,tapes,andsupplementarymaterialsaddedtoairducts,
plenums,panels,andductsilencersusedinductsystems,shallhave,inthe
forminwhichtheyareused,amaximumflamespreadindexof25without
evidenceofcontinuedprogressivecombustionandamaximumsmoke
developedindexof50whentestedinaccordancewithASTME84.
Pipeandductinsulationandcoverings,ductliningsandtheiradhesives,and
tapesshallusethespecimenpreparationandmountingproceduresofASTM
E2231.SeeFigure10.1,10.2,10.3and10.4forillustrations.
Airconnectorsshallnotpassthroughanywall,partition,orenclosureofa
verticalshaftthatisrequiredtohaveafireresistanceratingof1houror
more.Airconnectorsshallnotpassthroughfloors.
Aserviceopeningshallbeprovidedinairductsadjacenttoeachfire
damper,smokedamper,andanysmokedetectorsthatneedaccessfor
installation,cleaning,maintenance,inspection,andtesting.
Serviceopeningsshallbeidentifiedwithlettershavingaminimumheightof
1.27cmtoindicatethelocationofthefireprotectiondevice(s)within.
Whereproprietaryfireratedmaterialsareusedtoconstructthefirerated
duct,thefireratingofthefireratedductshallhavethesameperiodoffire
resistanceasthewallorflooritpenetrates.SeeFigure10.1forillustrations.
Openingsfortheintakesofoutdoorairtoallairhandlingsystems,
mechanicalventilationsystems,pressurizationsystemsofexitstaircasesand
internalcorridors,andsmokecontrolsystemsshallbenolessthan5mfrom
anyexhaustdischargeopenings.
Page |
441
Figure10.1:DuctConstructionandDuctPenetrationthroughwalls
Figure10.2:Metalpipeswithcombustibleinsulation
Page |
442
[CH
HAPTER10.M
MECHANICALVENTILATION
NANDSMOKEECONTROLSY
YSTEMS]
Figure10.3:Metalpipeswithn
noncombusstibleinsulattion
noncombusstibleinsulattion
Figure10.4:Metalpipeswithn
Page |
443
8. VentilationDucts
8.1
8.2
8.3
Ventilationductsshouldnotpassthroughsmokestoporfirefightinglobby.
Whereunavoidable,thepartoftheventilationductwithinthelobbyshallbe
enclosedinconstructionwithfireresistanceratingatleastequaltothatof
theelementsofstructure.SeeFigure10.5,10.6and10.7forillustrations.
Suchconstructionshallbeinmasonry.Ifotherformoffireresisting
constructionisused,firedampershallbefittedwheretheductpenetrates
thelobbyenclosure.Noairconditioningorventilationductsshallpenetrate
separatingwalls.
FireDampersat
wallpenetrations
FireRated
Ducts
ReturnAir
Supply Air
Figure10.5:VentilationDuctthroughprotectedlobby
Page |
444
Figure10.6:VentilationDuctinfireratedenclosurethroughprotectedlobby
Figure10.7:VentilationDuctwithinmasonryslabthroughprotectedlobby
Page |
445
9. Plenum
9.1
Aconcealedspacebetweentheceilingandflooraboveit,ceilingandroof,
orraisedfloorandstructuralfloorofabuildingmaybeusedasaplenum
providedthattheconcealedspacecontainsonly:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Mineralinsulatedmetalsheathedcable,
Aluminumsheathedcable,
Coppersheathedcable,
Rigidmetalconduit,
Enclosedmetaltrunking,
Flexiblemetalconduit,
Liquidtightflexiblemetalconduitinlengthsnotmorethan2m,or
metalcladcables;
Communicationcablesforcomputers,television,telephoneandinter
communicationsystem;
Fireprotectioninstallations;
Pipesofnoncombustiblematerialconveyingnonflammableliquids
9.2
Thesupportsfortheceilingmembraneshallbeofnoncombustiblematerial.
SeeFigure10.8and10.9forillustrations.
Figure10.8:ReturnAirPlenuminceilingspace
Page |
446
Figure10.9:ReturnAirPlenumunderraisedfloor.
10.
FireDampers
10.1
Ductpenetrationsoffirewallsshouldbeavoided.Approvedfiredampers
shallbeprovidedwhereairductspenetrateorterminateatopeningsin
wallsorpartitionsrequiredtohaveafireresistanceratingof1houror
more.
10.2 Whereairductsextendthroughonlyonefloorandserveonlytwoadjacent
stories,theairductsshallbeenclosed,orfiredampersshallbeinstalledat
eachpointwherethefloorispenetrated.SeeFigure10.10forillustrations.
Figure10.10:Firedampersprovidedinductspenetrationthroughfirecompartments.
Page |
447
10.3
Afiredampershallnotberequiredforthefollowing:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ClothesDryerExhaustDucts
HazardousFumeExhaustDuct
StairwellPressurizationDucts
SmokeExtractionDucts
LaundryandTrashChutes
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Firedampersusedfortheprotectionofopeningsinwalls,partitions,or
floorswithfireresistanceratingsoflessthan3hoursshallhavea1hour
fireprotectionratinginaccordancewithANSI/UL555StandardforSafety
FireDampersorEN13662.
Firedampersusedfortheprotectionofopeningsinwalls,partitions,or
floorshavingafireresistanceratingof3hoursormoreshallhavea3hour
fireprotectionratinginaccordancewithANSI/UL555StandardforSafety
FireDampersorEN13662.
Firedampersusedinanysensitivebuildingsashealthcarefacilities,hotels
(occupancywithsleepingrisk),educationbuildings,andanybuildingswhere
habitableheightexceeds23mshallbecontrolledbyanautomaticalarm
initiateddevice,andshallensurenosmokeleakageandnoheattransfer.
Firedampersandceilingdampersshallbeinstalledandmaintainedin
accordancewithNFPA80,StandardforFireDoorsandOtherOpening
ProtectivesorEN121014.
Note:Acombinationfireandsmokedamperisafiredamperandcannotbeusedasa
smokedamper.
11.
SmokeDampers
11.1
11.2
Smokedampersshallbeinstalledatoradjacenttothepointwhereairducts
passthroughrequiredsmokebarriers,butinnocaseshallasmokedamper
beinstalledmorethan0.6mfromthebarrier,orafterthefirstairductinlet
oroutlet,whicheverisclosertothesmokebarrier.
Smokedampersshallnotberequiredonairsystemsotherthanwhere
necessaryfortheproperfunctionofthatsystemwherethesystemis
designedspecificallytoaccomplishthefollowing:
i.
Functionasanengineeredsmokecontrolsystem,includingthe
provisionofcontinuousairmovementwiththeairhandling
system
ii.
Providepressuredifferentialsduringafireemergency
11.3
Iftheairhandlingequipmentisservingmorethanonefloorthensmoke
dampersshallbeinstalledinsystemswithacapacitygreaterthan7080L/s
Page |
448
11.4
11.5
11.6
(15,000ft3/min)toisolatetheairhandlingequipment,includingfilters,
fromtheremainderofthesystemonboththebuildingsupplyandreturn
sides,inordertorestrictthecirculationofsmoke.
Smokedampersusedfortheprotectionofopeningsinsmokebarriersorin
engineeredsmokecontrolsystemsshallbeclassifiedinaccordancewith
ANSI/UL555S,StandardforSafetySmokeDampersandwithaminimum
ClassIIleakagerating,andelevatedtemperatureratingshallnotbelessthan
250CorEN136610.
SmokedampersshallbeinstalledandmaintainedinaccordancewithNFPA
105,StandardfortheInstallationofSmokeDoorAssembliesandOther
OpeningProtectivesorEN121014.
Smokedampersshallbecontrolledbyanautomaticalarminitiateddevice.
12.
SmokeDetectionforAutomaticControl
12.1
12.2
12.3
Smokedetectorsprovidedasrequiredbythisclauseshallautomaticallystop
theirrespectivefan(s)ondetectingthepresenceofsmoke.
Wherethereturnairfanisfunctioningaspartofanengineeredsmoke
controlsystemandadifferentmodeisrequired,thesmokedetectorsshall
notberequiredtoautomaticallystoptheirrespectivefans.
Smokedetectorslistedforuseinairdistributionsystemsshallbelocatedas
follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Downstreamoftheairfiltersandaheadofanybranchconnections
inairsupplysystemshavingacapacitygreaterthan944L/s(2000
ft3/min)
Ateachstorypriortotheconnectiontoacommonreturnandprior
toanyrecirculationorfreshairinletconnectioninairreturnsystems
havingacapacitygreaterthan7080L/s(15,000ft3/min)andserving
morethanonestory
Returnsystemsmokedetectorsshallnotberequiredwherethe
entirespaceservedbytheairdistributionsystemisprotectedbya
systemofareasmokedetectors
Smokedetectorsshallnotberequiredforfanunitswhosesole
functionistoremoveairfromtheinsideofthebuildingtothe
outsideofthebuilding.
Smokedetectorsshallbeinstalled,tested,andmaintainedin
accordancewithNFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode
Page |
449
vi.
Smokedetectorsusedsolelyforclosingdampersorforheating,
ventilating,andairconditioningsystemshutdownshallnotbe
requiredtoactivatethebuildingevacuationalarm.
13.
PlenumMaterial
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
Plenumsshallnotbeusedforoccupancyorstorage.Thetemperatureofair
deliveredtotheseplenumsshallnotexceed121C.
Materialsusedintheconstructionofaceilingplenumshallbe
noncombustibleorshallbelimitedcombustiblehavingaflamespreadindex
ofnotmorethan25amaximumsmokedevelopedindexof50.
Electricalwiresandcablesandopticalfibercablesshallbelistedashavinga
maximumpeakopticaldensityof0.50orless,anaverageopticaldensityof
0.15orless,andamaximumflamespreaddistanceof1.5m(5ft)orless,or
shallbeinstalledinmetalraceways,metalsheathedcable,ortotally
enclosednonventilatedbusway.
Wallorceilingfinishinplenumsshallbenoncombustibleorshallexhibita
flamespreadindexof25orlessandasmokedevelopedindexof50orless,
whentestedinaccordancewithASTME84.
14.
CorridorAirSystems
14.1
14.2
14.3
Egresscorridorsinhealthcare,detentionandcorrectional,andresidential
occupanciesshallnotbeusedasaportionofasupply,return,orexhaustair
systemservingadjoiningareas.
Anairtransferopening(s)shallnotbepermittedinwallsorindoors
separatingegresscorridorsfromadjoiningareas.
Useofegresscorridorsshallbepermittedaspartofanengineeredsmoke
controlsystem.
15.
Exits
15.1
15.2
Exitpassageways,stairs,ramps,andotherexitsshallnotbeusedasapartof
asupply,return,orexhaustairsystemservingotherareasofthebuilding.
Mechanicalventilationsystemforeachexitstaircaseandinternalexit
passageway,ifprovided,shallbeanindependentsystemofsupplymode
onlyexclusivetotheparticularstaircase,anditshallcomplywiththe
followingrequirements:
i.
Supplyairforthesystemshallbedrawndirectlyfromthe
external,withintakepointnotlessthan5mfromanyexhaust
dischargeopenings.
Page |
450
ii.
Forexitstaircaseservingmorethan4stories,supplyairshallbe
conveyedviaaverticalductextendingthroughoutthestaircase
heightanddischargingfromoutletsdistributedatalternate
floor.
iii.
Wherethesupplyairductservingtheexitstaircasehasto
penetratethestaircaseenclosure,theportionoftheduct
whereittraversesoutsidethestaircaseshallbeenclosedin
masonryconstructionordrywallofatleastthesamefire
resistanceastheelementsofstructureanditshallnotbefitted
withfiredampers.
iv.
Theventilationsystemshallbeofsupplymodeonlyofnotless
than4airchangesperhour.
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
Themechanicalventilationsystemshallbeautomaticallyactivatedbythe
buildingfirealarmsystem.Inaddition,aremotemanualstartstopswitch
shallbemadeavailabletofiremenattheemergencycommandcentre,orat
thefireindicatingboardwherethereisnoemergencycommandcentre.
Visualindicationoftheoperationstatusofthemechanicalventilation
systemshallbeprovided.
Airconditioningandfancoilunitsarenotallowedtobeinexitstaircases.
Allfireexitstaircasesthatservethebasementfloorsshallalsobe
pressurizedifthesamestaircaseshaftsservingtheupperfloorsare
pressurized.
Fireexitstaircasesthatonlyservethebasementwhichhavemorethan2
levelsormorethan7mbelowthelevelofdischarge(highdepth
undergroundbuildingsandstructures)shallbepressurized.
Fireexitstaircasesthatonlyservethebasementwhichhavelessthan2or
levelsorlessthan7mbelowthelevelofdischarge(lowdepthunderground
buildingsandstructures)shallbeprovidedwithmechanicalventilation.
16.
Smokefreeenclosureandfirefightinglobbies
16.1
Mechanicalventilationsystemforsmokestoplobbiesandfirefighting
lobbiesshallbeasystemexclusivetotheselobbies,anditshallcomplywith
thefollowingrequirements:
i.
Theventilationsystemshallbeofsupplymodeonlyofnotless
than10airchangesperhour.SeeFigures10.12and10.25cfor
illustrations.
Page |
451
ii.
Supplyairshallbedrawndirectlyfromtheexternalwithintake
pointnotlessthan5mfromanyexhaustdischargeoropenings
fornaturalventilation.
Anypartofthesupplyductrunningoutsidethesmokestopor
firefightinglobbywhichitservesshalleitherbeenclosedor
constructedtogiveafireresistanceratingofatleast1hr.
iii.
iv.
Themechanicalventilationsystemshallbeautomatically
activatedbythebuildingfirealarmsystem.Inaddition,a
remotemanualstartstopswitchshallbemadeavailableto
firemenattheemergencycommandcentre,oratthefire
indicatingboardwherethereisnoemergencycommandcentre.
Visualindicationoftheoperationstatusofthemechanical
ventilationsystemshallbeprovided.SeeFigure10.11for
illustrations.
17.
Enginedrivenfirepumpandgeneratorroomand
emergencycommandcentre
17.1
Independentmechanicalventilation(ifrequired)shallbeprovidedforfire
pumpandgeneratorroomsandshallcomplywiththefollowing:
i.
Supplyairshallbedrawndirectlyfromtheexternalanditsintake
pointshallnotbelessthan5mfromanyexhaustdischarge
openings.Exhaustdischargeshallalsobedirecttotheexternaland
shallnotbelessthan5mfromanyairintakeopenings.
ii.
Wherethecorrespondingductsrunoutsidetheroomtheyshall
eitherbeenclosedinastructureorbeconstructedtogiveatleast
thesamefireratingastheroomwhichtheyserveorthatofthe
roomthroughwhichtheytraverse,whicheverishigher.Therating
shallapplytofireexposurefrombothinternalandexternalofthe
ductorstructure.
iii.
Wheretheductrisersarerequiredtobeenclosedinaprotected
shaftconstructedofmasonryordrywall,theyshallbe
compartmentedfromtherestoftheshaftspacecontainingother
ductsorservicesinstallations.
iv.
Nofiredampershallbefittedineithersupplyorexhaustduct
requiredunderthisclause.
v.
Ductservingareasotherthanroomshousingequipmentstatedin
thisclauseshallnotpassthroughsuchrooms.SeeFigure10.13and
10.14.
Page |
452
Figure10.11:Mechanicalventilationforsmokeproof(smokestop)andfirefightinglobby
Figure10.12:Layoutoffirefightinglobby,fireliftandexitstaircase.
Page |
453
Figure10.13:Mechanicalventilationforfirepumproom,generatorroomandemergency
commandcentre(firecommandcentre)
Figure10.14:Ductingservingotherareasavoidingfirepumproom,generatorroomor
emergencycommandcentre
Page |
454
18.
RoomsinvolvinguseofFlammableandExplosive
Substances
18.1
Mechanicalventilationsystemwhererequiredforroomswhichinvolvethe
useofflammableandexplosivesubstancesshallbeindependentfromthose
servingotherpartsofthebuilding.Itshallcomplywiththefollowing
requirements:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Ventilationsystemshallconsistofexhaustandsupplypartwitharate
of20airchangesperhour.
Theexhaustshallbedirecttotheexternalandshallnotbelessthan5m
fromanyairintakeopenings;
Wheresuchductsrunoutsidetheroomtheyshalleitherbeenclosedin
astructureorbeconstructedtogiveatleastthesamefireratingasthe
roomwhichtheyserveorthatoftheroomthroughwhichtheytraverse,
whicheverishigher.Theratingshallapplytofireexposurefromboth
internalandexternaloftheductorstructure.
Wheretheductrisersarerequiredtobeenclosedinaprotectedshaft
constructedofmasonryordrywallcomplying,theyshallbe
compartmentedfromtherestoftheshaftspacecontainingotherducts
orservicesinstallations;
Nofiredampershallbefittedineithersupplyorexhaustductrequired
underthisClause;and
Ductsservingotherareasshallnotpassthroughroomsinvolvinguseof
flammableandexplosivesubstances.SeeFigure10.15.
Figure10.15:Mechanicalventilationforroomsinvolvingflammableorexplosive
substances.
Page |
455
19.
Acceptancetesting
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
Allfiredampers,smokedampers,andceilingdampersshallbeoperated
priortotheoccupancyofabuildingtodeterminethattheyfunctionin
accordancewiththerequirementsofthisstandard.
Acceptancetestsoffireprotectiondevicesinairconditioningand
ventilatingsystemsshall,asfaraspracticable,beperformedundernormal
operatingconditions.
Thetestsshallbeperformedtodeterminethatthesystemoperatesunder
thestandbypoweroremergencyoperationmodeconditionsaswellas
undernormalconditions.
Toensureenergysavings,smokedampershouldbeoperatedunderan
electricsignalemissionandnotapowercutofftoavoidanyopeningsin
caseoffailure.
20.
BuildingSmokeVentilationSystem
20.1
SmokeVentilationOfCommercialCookingOperations
20.1.1 Cookingequipmentusedinprocessesproducingsmokeorgreaseladen
vaporsshallbeequippedwithanexhaustsystemthatcomplieswithall
theequipmentandperformancerequirementsofthisstandard.
20.1.2 Afireactuateddampershallbeinstalledinthesupplyairplenumat
eachpointwhereasupplyairductinletorasupplyairoutletpenetrates
thecontinuouslyweldedshelloftheexhausthoodassembly.
20.1.3 Thefiredampershallbelistedforsuchuseorbepartofalistedexhaust
hoodwithorwithoutexhaustdamper.
20.1.4 Theactuationdeviceshallhaveamaximumtemperatureratingof
141C.
20.1.5 Listedgreasefilters,listedbaffles,orotherlistedgreaseremovaldevices
forusewithcommercialcookingequipmentshallbeprovided.Listed
greasefiltersshallbetestedinaccordancewithUL1046.Meshfilters
shallnotbeused.
20.1.6 Exhaustductsshallnotpassthroughfirewalls.Allexhaustductsshall
leaddirectlytotheexteriorofthebuilding,soasnottoundulyincrease
anyfirehazard.Exhaustductsystemsshallnotbeinterconnectedwith
anyotherbuildingventilationorexhaustsystem.
20.1.7 Exhaustductsshallbeconstructedofandsupportedbycarbonsteelnot
lessthan1.37mm(No.16MSG)inthicknessorstainlesssteelnotless
than1.09mm(No.18MSG)inthickness.
Page |
456
20.1.8 SmokeExhaustfansshallbecapableofoperatingeffectivelyat400Cfor
2hours.
20.2 Inkitchenswhereverticalfirebarriersarepenetrated,theductsshallbe
enclosedinacontinuousenclosureextendingfromthefirstpenetratedfire
barrierandanysubsequentfirebarriersorconcealedspacestoorthrough
theexterior,tomaintainthefireresistanceratingofthehighestfirebarrier
penetrated.SeeFigure10.16,10.17,10.18and10.19forillustrations.
Figure10.16:Ductingforindividualkitchen
Figure10.17:protectionforductpenetrationfromkitchen
Page |
457
Figure10.18:Separatedverticalshaftforkitchenexhaustduct
Figure10.19:Minimumdistancebetweenheatsourceandcombustibles.
Page |
458
Figure10.20TypicalCookingExhaustSystem
20.3
Thecontinuousenclosureprovisionsshallnotberequiredwhereafield
appliedgreaseductenclosureorafactorybuiltgreaseductenclosureis
protectedwithalistedductthroughpenetrationprotectionsystem
equivalenttothefireresistanceratingoftheassemblybeingpenetrated,
andwherethematerialsareinstalledinaccordancewiththeconditionsof
thelistingandthemanufacturer'sinstructions.
21.
IndustrialBuilding&StorageSmokeVentilation
21.1
SprinkleredBuildings
21.1.1 Automaticroofventsanddraftcurtainsshallnotbeprovidedinthe
sprinkleredbuildings.Manuallyoperatedsmokeventsanddraftcurtains
shouldbeprovidedinthesprinkleredbuildings.
21.2
NonsprinkleredBuildings
21.2.1 Automaticroofventsanddraftcurtainsshallbeprovidedinthe
nonsprinkleredbuildings.Ventsystemsshallbedesignedinaccordance
withthisstandardbycalculatingtheventarearequiredtoachievea
massrateofflowthroughtheventsthatequalthemassrateofsmoke
production.
Page |
459
21.3
Draftcurtainsshallbeconstructedofnoncombustibleorlimited
combustiblematerialsinbuildingsofTypeIorTypeIIconstructionas
definedbyNFPA220,StandardonTypesofBuildingConstruction,andshall
bedesignedandconstructedtoresistthepassageofsmoke.
22.
AssemblyOccupancyBuildingSmokeVentilation
22.1
Regularstagesgreaterthan93mandlegitimatestagesshallbeprovided
withemergencyventilationtoprovideameansofremovingsmokeand
combustiongasesdirectlytotheoutsideintheeventofafire.
Ameansshallbeprovidedtomaintainthesmokelevelatnotlessthan1830
mmabovethehighestlevelofassemblyseatingorabovethetopofthe
prosceniumopeningwhereaprosceniumwallandopeningprotectionare
provided.Thesmokecontrolsystemshallbeactivatedindependentlyby
eachofthefollowing:
22.2
i.
ii.
Activationofthesprinklersysteminthestagearea
Activationofsmokedetectorsoverthestagearea
iii.
Operationofamanualswitchatanapprovedlocation
22.3
22.4
Theemergencyventilationsystemshallbesuppliedbybothnormaland
standbypower.Thefanpowerwiringandductsshallbelocatedand
properlyprotectedtoensureaminimumof20minutesofoperationinthe
eventofactivation.
hours.
23.
SmokeControlSystem
23.1
ExitStairEnclosures
23.1.1 Inanybuildingofwhichthehabitableheightexceeds23m,anyinternal
exitstaircaseswithoutadequateprovisionfornaturalventilationshall
bepressurizedtocomplywiththerequirementsinthisCode.
23.1.2 Whereasmokeproofenclosureisalsopressurized,thepressureatthe
exitstaircaseshallalwaysbehigher.SeeFigure10.21forillustrations.
23.2
Flowvelocity
23.2.1 Wheninoperation,thepressurizationsystemshallmaintainairflowof
sufficientvelocitythroughopendoorstopreventsmokefromentering
intothepressurizedarea.
Page |
460
23.2.2 Theflowvelocityshallbeattainedwhenacombinationoftwodoors
fromanytwosuccessivestoriesandthemaindischargedoorarefully
open.Magnitudeofthevelocityaveragedoverthefullareaofeachdoor
openingshallnotbelessthan1.0m/s.SeeFigure10.22forillustrations.
23.3
Leakageandrelief
23.3.1 Therateofsupplyofpressurizedairtothepressurizedareasshallbe
sufficienttomakeupforthelossthroughleakagesintothe
unpressurisedsurroundings.
23.3.2 Adequatereliefofleakedairoutoftheoccupiedareashallbeprovided
toavoidapressurebuildupinthisarea.Thereliefmaybeintheformof
perimeterleakagesorpurposebuiltextractionsystems.
23.4
PressureDistribution
23.4.1 Thenumberanddistributionofinjectionpointsforsupplyof
pressurizingairtotheexitstaircaseshouldensureanevenpressure
profile.
23.4.2 Thearrangementoftheinjectionpointsandthecontrolofthe
pressurizationsystemshallbedesigntorestorevariationinpressure
differenceassoonaspracticable.
23.4.3 Supplyairforpressurizationsystemshallbedrawndirectlyfromthe
externalanditsintakeshallnotbelessthan5mfromanyexhaust
dischargeopenings.
23.4.4 Thepressurizationsystemshallbeautomaticallyactivatedbythe
buildingfirealarmsystem.Inaddition,aremotemanualstartstop
switchshallbemadeavailabletofiremenatthefirecommandcentre,or
atthefireindicatingboardwherethereisnofirecommandcentre.
Visualindicationoftheoperationstatusofthepressurizationsystem
shallbeprovided.
23.5
23.6
Smokeproofenclosuresusingpressurizationshalluseanapproved
engineeredsystemwithadesignpressuredifferenceacrossthebarrierof
notlessthan12.5Painsprinkleredbuildings,or25Painnonsprinklered
buildings,andshallbecapableofmaintainingthesepressuredifferences
underlikelyconditionsofstackeffectorwind.Thepressuredifference
acrossdoorsshallnotexceedthatwhichallowsthedoortobegintobe
openedbyaforceof133N.SeeFigure10.23forillustrations.
Equipmentandductworkforpressurizationshallbelocatedinaccordance
withoneofthefollowingspecifications:
Page |
461
i.
ii.
Exteriortothebuildinganddirectlyconnectedtotheenclosureby
ductworkenclosedinnoncombustibleconstruction
Withintheenclosurewithintakeandexhaustairventeddirectlytothe
outsideorthroughductworkenclosedbya2hourfireresistiverating
iii.
Withinthebuildingunderthefollowingconditions:
a. Wheretheequipmentandductworkareseparatedfromthe
remainderofthebuilding,includingothermechanical
equipment,bya2hourfireresistiverating
b. Wherethebuilding,includingtheenclosure,isprotected
throughoutbyanapproved,supervisedautomaticsprinkler
system,andtheequipmentandductworkareseparatedfrom
theremainderofthebuilding,includingothermechanical
equipment,bynotlessthana1hourfireresistiverating
23.7
23.8
23.9
Forpressurizedenclosuresystems,theactivationofthesystemsshallbe
initiatedbyasmokedetectorinstalledinanapprovedlocationwithin3050
mmofeachentrancetothesmokeproofenclosure.
Manualactivationanddeactivationcontrolofthestairwellpressurization
systemsshallbeprovidedattheEmergencyCommandCentre.
Asinglepointinjectionsystemshallnotbeusedwherethestairwellheight
ismorethaneightstories.Stairwellsmorethan3storeysabovegradeor
15minheight,whicheverlowershallbeprovidedwithmultipleinjection
systems.SeeFigure10.24forillustrations.
23.10 Staircasepressurizationcanbeeitherbottomfedortopfed.SeeFigures
10.24aand10.24bforillustrations.
23.11 Pressurizationofstaircaseshaft,liftshaft,lobbiesandcorridorsforvarious
occupanciesshallbeasperTable10.1.Examplesofpressurization
configurationforstaircaseshaft,liftshaft,lobbiesandcorridorcanbeseen
inFigure10.25ato10.25i.
Page |
462
Figure10.21:Pressuredifferencebetweenstaircaseshaftandoccupiedarea(P1>P2)
Figure10.22:Airflowvelocityacrossdooropening
Page |
463
[CH
HAPTER10.M
NANDSMOKEECONTROLSY
YSTEMS]
Figure10.2
23:Forcedirrectionfrom
mstaircasesh
haftandoccu
upiedspace(Forcetoop
penthe
door,F1sshallnotexcceed133New
wtons)
Figurre10.24:Mu
ultilevelstaiircasepressu
urizationinleet
Page |
464
Figure10.24a:Typicalfeaturesofbottomfedstaircasepressurization(SeeNotesonnext
pagefordescriptionsoffeatures)
Page |
465
Notes:forFigure10.24a
1=
Analternativeoptionistocontrolthefantoensureoverpressuredoesnotexceed
60Pamax.
2=
Pressurereliefdamperssettooperateat60Pa(max)withinthestairwellenclosure.
3=
Pressurizingaredischargedevenlythroughoutthestairheightforbuildinggreater
than15mor3storeysabovegrade(Midrisebuildings).Asingledischargenormally
atthetopofthestairisacceptableforbuildingslessthan15m.
4=
Firefightingstairs.
5=
Accommodation.
6=
Externalleakage.
7=
Pressurizingairdischargedateverylobbylevel.
8=
Distancebetweenairdischargetobenogreaterthanthreefloorlevels.
9=
Firefightinglobbyaccess.
10= Firezone.
11= Airreleasevents.
12= Fireserviceaccesslevel.
13= Singleairintake.
14= Smokedetector.
15= Motorizedsmokedamper.
16= Fireofficersoverrideswitch.
17= Primaryandbackuppressurizingairunits.
18= Plantroomthatisprotectedbytwohourfireratedcompartmentsandhousing
smokepressurizationfans.
Page |
466
Figure10.24b:Typicalfeaturesoftopfedstaircasepressurization(SeeNotesonnextpage
fordescriptionsoffeatures)
Page |
467
Notes:forFigure10.24b
1=
Pressurereliefdamperssettooperateat60Pa(max)withinthestairwell.
2=
Plantroomthatisprotectedbytwohourfireratedcompartmentsandhousing
smokepressurizationfans.
3=
Smokedetector.
4=
Twinairintakestoalternativefacadesofthebuildingcompletewithsmokedetector
andmotorisedsmokedamper.
5=
Primaryandbackuppressurizingairunits.
6=
Alternativeairintake.
7=
Motorisedsmokedamper.
8=
Airintake.
9=
Analternativeoptionistocontrolthefantoensureoverpressuredoesnotexceed
60Pamax.
10= Firefightingstairs.
11= Firefightingliftwell.
12= Accommodation.
13= Externalleakage.
14= Pressurizingaredischargedevenlythroughoutthestairheightforbuildinggreater
than15mor3storeysabovegrade(Midrisebuildings).Asingledischargenormally
atthetopofthestairisacceptableforbuildingslessthan15m.
15= Firefightinglobby.
16= Pressurizingairdischargedateverylobbylevel.
17= Distancebetweenairdischargetobenogreaterthanthreefloorlevels.
18= Firezone.
19= Airreleasevent.
20= Fireserviceaccesslevel.
21= Fireofficersoverrideswitch.
Page |
468
Note:
1=Staircase
2=Lobby
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
5=Leakagepaththroughdoors
6=Airreleasepaththroughbuilding
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25a:PressurizationtoStaircaseshaftwithlobby
Note:
1=Staircase
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25b:Pressurizationtostaircaseshaftwithoutlobby
Page |
469
Note:
1=Staircase
2=Lobby
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
8=Lift
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25c:Pressurizationtostaircaselobbiesandliftshaft(thesearrangementsare
provisionsforfirefightingstaircase,fightingliftandfirefightinglobby)
Note:
1=Staircase
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
8=Lift
Figure10.25d:Pressurizationtostaircaseshaftandliftshaft
Page |
470
Note:
1=Staircase
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
8=Lift
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25e:Pressurizationtostairsandcorridors
Note:
1=Staircase
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
8=Lift
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25f:Pressurizationtostaircaseshaftandairreleaseincorridors
Page |
471
Note:
1=Staircase
2=Lobby
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
8=Lift
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25g:Pressurizationtostaircaseshaftandliftshaft
Page |
472
Note:
1=Staircase
2=Lobby
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25h:Pressurizationtostaircaseshaftassociatedlobbiesandcorridors
Page |
473
Note:
1=Staircase
2=Lobby
3=Accommodation
4=SupplyAir
7=Corridor
P=Pressurizedspace
Figure10.25i:Pressurizationtostairsandassociatedreleasefromcorridors
Page |
474
24.
Elevators.
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
Elevatormachineroomsthatcontainsolidstateequipmentforelevators,
havingatraveldistanceexceeding15mabovethelevelofexitdischarge,or
exceeding9150mmbelowthelevelofexitdischarge,shallbeprovidedwith
independentventilationorairconditioningsystemstomaintain
temperatureduringfirefightersemergencyoperationsforelevator
operation.Theoperatingtemperatureshallbeestablishedbytheelevator
equipmentmanufacturersspecifications.
Whenstandbypowerisconnectedtotheelevator,theelevatorequipment,
elevatorcommunications,elevatormachineroomcooling,andelevator
controllercoolingshallbesuppliedbybothnormalandstandbypower.
Wiringforpowerandcontrolshallbelocatedandproperlyprotectedto
ensureaminimum1hourofoperationintheeventofafire.
Conveyors,elevators,dumbwaiters,andpneumaticconveyorsserving
variousstoriesofabuildingshallnotopentoanexitenclosure.
Everyfloorservedbytheelevatorshallhaveanelevatorlobby.Barriers
formingtheelevatorlobbyshallhaveaminimum1hourfireresistance
ratingandshallbearrangedasasmokebarrier.
Elevatorlobbydoorassembliesshallhaveaminimum1hourfireprotection
rating.Thetransmittedtemperatureendpointshallnotexceed250Cabove
ambientattheendof30minutesofthefireexposure.Elevatorlobbydoor
leavesshallbeselfclosingorautomaticclosing.
Theelevatorlobbydoorleavesshallcloseinresponsetoasignalfroma
smokedetectorlocateddirectlyoutsidetheelevatorlobbyadjacenttooron
eachdooropening.Elevatorlobbydoorleavesshallbepermittedtoclosein
responsetoasignalfromthebuildingfirealarmsystem.
Whereoneelevatorlobbydoorleafclosesbymeansofasmokedetectoror
asignalfromthebuildingfirealarmsystem,allelevatorlobbydoorleaves
servingthatelevatorevacuationsystemshallclose.
Twowaycommunicationsystemsshallbeprovidedbetweenelevator
lobbiesandacentralcontrolpointandbetweenelevatorcarsandacentral
controlpoint.Communicationswiringshallbeprotectedtoensurea
minimum1hourofoperationintheeventoffire.
Page |
475
25.
VentilationRequirementsforInternalCorridorsandExit
Staircases.
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
Highrisehotelscorridorsshallbeprovidedwithzonesmokecontrolsystem
(pressuresandwichsystem).Thepressurewithinsuchcorridorsshallbe
higherthanthatintheguestroomsandthepressurewithintheinternalexit
staircaseshigherthanthatofthecorridors.
Thesmokezoneexhaustshalldischargetotheoutsideofthebuilding.
Designofthesmokezoneexhaustsystemshallincludeanengineering
analysisofthestackandwindeffects.
Floororzonedependentsmokecontrolsystemsshallbeautomatically
activatedbysprinklerwaterfloworsmokedetectionsystems(whichever
initiatedfirst).Meansformanualoperationofsmokecontrolsystemsshall
beprovidedatanapprovedlocation.
Themodeofventilationbasedontypesofoccupanciesfortheinternal
corridorsandstaircasesshallbeinaccordancewithTable10.1below.See
Figures10.26to10.31forillustrationsandexamples.
Smokeremovalsystemforfirefightingoperationshallbeprovidedwhere
therearenonaturalventilationopeningsorwheretherenooperablepanels
orwindows.
Naturallyventilatedinternalcorridorshallbebyfixedventilationopeningsin
anexternalwallandsuchventilationopeningsbeingnotlessthan15%of
thefloorareaoftheinternalcorridor.
Naturalventilationopeningshallnotbemorethan9mfromanypartofthe
internalcorridor.
Mechanicallyventilatedinternalcorridorshallhaveapurgingrateofatleast
6airchangesperhour.
Smokeextractfansshallbecapableofoperatingeffectivelyat400Cfor2
hours.SeeFigures10.32and10.33forillustrationsonsmokeextract
configuration.
Page |
476
Table10.1:ModeofVentilationforInternalCorridorsandExitStaircases.
OccupancyWithSleeping
Risk
Hotels
ResidentialApartment
StaffAccommodation
LaborAccommodation
HealthCare
AnimalHousing
CommercialGroupVillas
PrivateVillas
OccupancyWithoutSleeping
Risk
BusinessOffices
Assembly
Malls
Educational(Schools)
DayCare
Mercantile
MixedOccupancies
Note:
>23mBuilding
>15mto23mBuildingHeight
Height(HighRise)
(MidRise)
CSCandSP
SPandCMV
CSCandSP
SMVandCMV
CSCandSP
SMVandCMV
CSCandSP
SMVandCMV
CSCandSP
SPandCMV
CSCandSP
SMVandCMV
CSCandSP
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CSCandSP
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CSCandSP
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
>23mBuildingHeight >15mto23mBuildingHeight
(HighRise)
(MidRise)
CSCandSP
CMVandSMV
CSCandSP
CSCandSP
CSCandSP
CSCandSP
CSCandSP
CMVandSMV
CSCandSP
CMVandSMV
CSCandSP
CMVandSMV
Basedonthemoststringentrequirement
15mBuildingHeight(Low
Rise)
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
15mBuildingHeight(Low
Rise)
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
CMVorCNVandSMVorSNV
2basementor7mdeep
(LowDepth)
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SNVorSMVandCNVorCMV
2basementor7mdeep
(LowDepth)
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
SMVandCMV
>2000mperbasementareaor>2
Basementor>7mdeep(HighDepth)
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SMVandCMV
>2Basement
or>7mdeep(HighDepth)
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
SPandCSC
CSC =
CorridorSmokeControl(SmokeExtractionorPressurization)basedonengineersdesignandfiresafetyconcept.
CMV =
CorridorMechanicalVentilation
CNV =
CorridorNaturalVentilation
SP
=
StaircasePressurization
SMV =
StaircaseMechanicalVentilation
SNV =
StaircaseNaturalVentilation
Smokeremovalsystemforfirefightingoperationshallbeprovidedwheretherearenonaturalventilationopeningsorwheretherenooperable
panelsorwindows.
Page |
477
GR=GuestRoom
FD=FireDoor
W=Window
Figure10.26:Pressurizationofhotelinternalcorridorwithmechanicallyventilatedlobby
andpressurizedstaircaseshaft(canbeappliedtohighrisebuildings)
InternalStaircasewith
MechanicalVentilation
InternalCorridorwithMechanicalVentilation
GR=GuestRoom
FD=FireDoor
W=Window
Figure10.27:Hotelcorridorandstaircasewithmechanicalventilation(canbeappliedto
lowrisebuildings)
Page |
478
Figure10.28:LowDepthhotelbuildingwhichrequiresmechanicallyventilatedstaircase
andcorridors
Figure10.29:LowDepthrequirementsforStaircaseAandHighDepthrequirementsfor
StaircaseB
Page |
479
Figure10.30:Pressurizationofbothfirefightingandexitstaircases(HighDepth
requirementsapplies)
Figure10.31:HighDepthbuildingoranybasementareamorethan2000mrequires
pressurizedstaircaseandcorridorsmokecontrolsystem.
Page |
480
Pressurizedor
Mechanically
Ventilated
staircase
C
B A
Figure10.32:TypicalSmokeextractionforinternalcorridorofhighrisebuildingswith
Pressurizedstaircase.
Notes:forFigure10.32
1=
Fansupplyair.
2=
Poweredsmokeandheatexhaustventilator(extractfan).
3=
Supplyairduct.
4=
Smokereservoir.
5=
Fireresistingsmokecontroldampermountedonthesurfaceoftheduct.
6=
Airinlet.
7=
Fireresistingsmokeextractionduct.
8=
Firecompartment.
9=
Firedamper.
10= Submergedsmokecontroldampermountedonthesurfaceoftheduct.
11= Submergedsmokeextractionduct.
A=
300mm
B=
1m
C=
1.83m
D=
15m
Page |
481
SmokeExtract
SmokeExtract
15m
15m
10m
SupplyAir
SupplyAir
Figure10.33:locationofmechanicalairsupplyinlets/smokeextractionoutlets
SmokeExtract
15m
5m
SupplyAir
Figure10.33a:locationofdoornotlocatedbetweenairsupplyinletsandsmokeextraction
outlets
Page |
482
25.10 Mechanicalsmokeextractioninenclosedhorizontalcirculationsmustbe
carriedoutinaccordancewiththefollowingrules:
25.10.1 Airsupplyinletsandsmokeextractionoutletsaredistributed
alternately,instaggeredrowsornot,byconsideringthelocalizationof
risks;
25.10.2 Smokeextractionoutletsmusthavetheirlowerpartatleast1.830m
abovethefloorandbelocatedentirelywithinthehigherthirdpartof
thecirculation;SeeFigure10.32forillustrations.
25.10.3 Airsupplyinletsmusthavetheirlowerpartatleast300mmabovethe
floorandtheirhighestpartatmost1mabovethefloor;theyare
preferablylocatedincloseproximitytofirestopdoorsandaccessdoors
tostaircases.Iftheairsupplyinletiscarriedoutthroughopeningflaps,
theirfreesurfacemustbeinthelowerhalfofthepremise;SeeFigure
10.32forillustrations.
25.10.4 Thehorizontaldistancebetweensupplyandextraction,measuredalong
theaxisofcirculation,shouldnotexceed15mincaseofarectilinear
courseand10minthecontrarycase.Whenasmokeextractionoutletis
servedbytwoairsupplyinlets,thedistancesbetweeninlets/outlets
mustbeequivalent.SeeFigure10.33forillustrations.
25.10.5 Anydoorofapremiseaccessibletothepublic,notlocatedbetweenan
airsupplyinletandasmokeextractionoutlet,mustbeatmost5m
distanttooneofthem.SeeFigure10.33aforillustrations.
25.10.6 Anysectionofacirculationinbetweenasmokeextractionoutletandan
airsupplyinletmustbesweptbyanextractionairflowatleastequalto
0.5m/sperpassageunit(roundwholeUPtothenearestvalue)inthe
circulation;howeverthetotalextractionairflowinacirculation(ora
partitionedportionofacirculation)islimitedto8m/s;
25.10.7 Duringthesmokeextractionsystemoperation,thepressuregapin
betweenthestaircaseandthecirculationclearedfromsmokemustbe
lowerthan50Pa,alldoorsofthestaircasebeingclosed;
25.10.8 Atthesamelevel,severalcirculationsorsectionscannotbeconnected
bythesameductwork,unlesstheymakeuponlyonesmokeextraction
zone.
25.11 Smokeextractionbymechanicalextractioniscarriedoutbymechanical
smokeexhaustoutletsandnaturalormechanicalairsupplyinletslaidoutso
astoensureacorrectsweepingoftheconcernedvolume.Thissweepingcan
becompletedbysettingarelativeoverpressureinareastobeprotected
fromsmoke.
Page |
483
25.12 Ifaroomisventilatedcontinuously(airrenewal,heatingorairconditioning),
theventilationsystemcanbeusedforsmokeextractionprovidedthatit
adherestotheprovisionsofthischapterandthatitdoesnotinterferewith
thenaturalsmokemovement.Thepresenceoffiltersorsoundattenuators
isallowedonthesupplyductwork.
25.13 Smokeextractionoutletsarecarriedoutthroughairoutletsconnectedtoan
exhaustfan.
25.14 Mechanicalairsupplyinletsarecarriedoutthroughairinletsconnectedtoa
supplyfan.
25.15 Naturalairsupplyinletsarecarriedouteitherthrough:
a. openingflapsinfacade;
b. doorsofthepremisestobeclearedfromsmokeandopeningto
theoutsideorvolumesthatcanbeventilatedwithfreshair;
c. nonenclosedstaircases;
d. airinlets.
25.16 Mechanicalsmokeextractionductandmechanicalairsupplyductmusthave
anefficientairtightness.Therefore,theirtotalairleakagemustbelower
than20%oftherequiredflowconsideredatthemostunderprivilegedlevel.
Collectivesmokeextractionductmustbeatalowpressurelevel.
25.17 Airvelocitythroughairsupplyinletsmustalwaysbelowerthan5m/s.
Naturalairsupplyinletsmustbedesignedfortheoverallextractedairflow.
Mechanicalairsupplyinletsmusthaveairflowaround0.6timesthe
extractedairflow.
25.18 Thesevariousairinlets/outletsareequippedwithcloseddampersintheir
waitingposition.
25.19 Supplyandexhaustfansmustbedesignedaccordingtotheconnected
ductworkfeaturesandtheratedairflowincreasedbyacceptableleakage
(around20%).Theairflowmeasurementdefinedinthepresenttechnical
instructioniscarriedoutatambienttemperature.Thefansmustbe
operatedbyarelaybox.
25.20 Exhaustfansandtheirductconnectionmustensuretheirfunctionduring
twohourwithsmokeat400C
25.21 Theopenorclosedstateoffansdisconnectingswitchmustbereportedto
thesecuritystationorafrequentlysupervisedstation.Thisrequirementis
ensuredbytherelaybox.
25.22 Exhaustfansmustbeinstalledeitheroutsidethebuildingorinatechnical
premiseseparatedfromadjacentvolumesby1hourdegreefireresistant
walls.Theaccessdoorshallbe1/2hourdegreefireresistantandequipped
withadoorlock.Theventilationinsidethepremiseshallbecompatiblewith
theoperationofvariousequipmentsinstalledinthispremise.
Page |
484
25.23 Thecontroldevicesmustensurefansstartup,withinamaximumdelayof30
secondsinordertoallowtheoperationofallactivatedsecuritydevices
(dampersanddoors)ensuringsmokeextractionandpartitioningofthe
smokeextractionzone.
25.24 Eachsmokeexhaustfanmustbeabletobeshutdownfromthemanual
controllocationforsecuritysetting.
26.
MallsandAtriums
26.1
26.2
AtriumspacesandMallswithaflooropeningconnectingmorethantwo
levelsshallbeprovidedwithasmokecontrolsystem.SeeFigure10.34fora
typicalatrium.
Foratriums,anengineeringanalysisshallbeperformedthatdemonstrates
thatthebuildingisdesignedtokeepthesmokelayerinterfaceabovethe
highestunprotectedopeningtoadjoiningspaces,or1830mmabovethe
highestfloorlevelofexitaccessopentotheatrium,foraperiodequalto1.5
timesthecalculatedegresstimeor20minutes,whicheverisgreater.
Figure10.34TypicalAtrium
Page |
485
27.
FireEngineeringAnalysis
27.1
FireEngineeringanalysisshouldincludethefollowingelements:
i.
Firedynamics
ii.
Firesizeandlocation
iii.
Materialslikelytobeburning
iv.
Fireplumegeometry
v.
Fireplumeofsmokelayerimpactonmeansofegress
vi.
Tenabilityconditionsduringtheperiodofoccupantegress
vii.
Responseandperformanceofbuildingsystems,includingpassivebarriers,
automaticdetectionandextinguishing,andsmokecontrol
viii.
Responsetimerequiredforbuildingoccupantstoreachbuildingexits,including
anytimerequiredtoexitthroughtheatrium
27.2 Foratriums,whereanengineeredsmokecontrolsystemisinstalledtomeet
theaboverequirements,thesystemisindependentlyactivatedbyeachof
thefollowing:
i.
ii.
Requiredautomaticsprinklersystemandsmokedetectors(whichever
activatedfirst)
Manualcontrolsthatarereadilyaccessibletothefiredepartment
27.3
Forlargespaceswheresmokestratificationcanoccur,oneofthefollowing
detectionmeansshallbeused:
i.
ii.
iii.
Beamtypesmokedetector(s)aimedatanupwardangletointersectthe
smokelayerregardlessofthelevelofstratification
Horizontallymountedbeamtypesmokedetector(s)locatedattheceiling
withadditionalbeamtypesmokedetector(s)locatedatotherlevelsinthe
volumetocoveranyidentifiedunconditioned(deadair)spaces
Horizontallymountedbeamtypesmokedetector(s)locatedbelowthe
lowestexpectedlevelofstratification
27.4
27.5
Ameansofmanuallystartingandstoppingthesmokemanagementsystem
shallbeprovidedattheemergencycommandcentre.
hours.
Page |
486
Makeupairshallbeprovidedbyfans,openingstotheoutsideleakagepaths,
orthecombinationthereof.
27.7 Thesupplypointsforthemakeupairshallbelocatedbeneaththesmoke
layerinterface.
27.8 Mechanicalmakeupairshallbelessthanthemassflowrateofthe
mechanicalsmokeexhaust.
27.9 Itisrecommendedthatmakeupairbedesignedat85percentto95percent
oftheexhaustmassflowrate,notincludingtheleakagethroughthesesmall
paths.
27.10 Themakeupairshallnotcausedooropeningforcetoexceedallowable
limits.
27.11 Themakeupairvelocityshallnotexceed1.02m/swherethemakeupair
couldcomeintocontactwiththeplumeunlessahighermakeupairvelocity
issupportedbyengineeringanalysis.
27.12 Designfireloadover9.3m2floorspaceshallberestrictedtothefollowing
andshallbeusedinsmokeengineeringanalysis:
27.6
a. Forofficebuildingatrium,fireloadshallbe2100kW
b. Formercantileoccupancies,fireloadshallbe5275kW
c. MallsandAtriumsmokeengineeringanalysisshallbedonebyuseof
computermodels.
28.
Undergroundbuildings
28.1
Theundergroundportionsofanundergroundstructureshallbeprovided
withapprovedmechanicalventilationsystemwheretheunderground
structurehasthefollowingfeatures:
i.
ii.
iii.
Occupantloadofmorethan100personsintheundergroundportionsofthe
structure
Floorlevelusedforhumanoccupancylocatedmorethan9140mmbelowthe
lowestlevelofexitdischarge,ormorethanonelevellocatedbelowthelowest
levelofexitdischarge
Combustiblecontents,combustibleinteriorfinish,orcombustibleconstruction
28.2
BasementSmokeControlSystem
28.2.1 Wherethetotalaggregatefloorareaofallbasementstoriesdoesnot
exceed2000m,automaticsmokeventsshallbeprovided.
Page |
487
28.2.2 Wherethetotalaggregatefloorareaofallbasementstoriesexceeds
2000m,engineeredsmokecontrolsystemshallbeprovidedforall
partsofbasementwiththefollowingexceptions:
i.
ii.
Wherethebasementoraportionofthebasementisusedascarpark,provided
itiscompartmentedfromrestofthebasement;
Plant/equipmentroomwithfloorareanotexceeding250mmand
compartmentedfromrestofthebasement,andprovidedwithtwodoorsfor
betterreachinfirefightingoperation.
28.2.3 Plant/equipmentroomwithfloorareaexceeding250mbutnot
exceeding2000m,smokeventsorsmokepurgingsystemofatleast9
airchangesperhourshallbeprovided.
28.3
Serviceareassuchaslaundries,office,storeroomandworkshops(restricted
tostaffonly)whicharecompartmentedwithsmokeventingorsmoke
purgingsystemofatleast9airchangeperhourmaybeacceptedforthose
areasinlieuoftheengineeredsmokecontrolsystem.Automaticfire
alarm/extinguishingsystemshallbeprovidedwhererequired.
28.4
SmokeVents
28.4.1 Smokeventsshallbeadequatelydistributedalongperimeterof
basementandtheiroutletsshallbeeasilyaccessibleduringfirefighting
andrescueoperations.Installationshallcomplywiththefollowing
requirements:
28.4.2 Thenumberandtheirsizesshallbesuchthattheaggregateeffective
ventopeningsshallnotbelessthan2.5%ofthebasementfloorarea
served.
28.4.3 Theventoutletsifcoveredundernormalconditionsshallbeoperablein
caseoffire.
28.4.4 Thepositionofallventsoutletsandtheareastheyserveshallbe
suitablyindicatedadjacenttosuchoutlets.
28.5
28.6
28.7
Whereductsarerequiredtoconnecttheventtooutlets,theductsshall
eitherbeenclosedinstructureorbeconstructedtogiveatleast1hourfire
resistance.
Separateductsandventoutletsshallbeprovidedforeachbasementstorey.
SmokePurgingSystem
28.7.1 Forbasementhavingplant/equipmentroomandserviceareassuchas
laundries,office,storeroomandworkshops,thefollowingrequirements
shallbeconformedwiththefollowing:
Page |
488
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Thepurgerateshallbeatleast9airchangesperhour.
Thesmokepurgingsystemshallbeactivatedautomaticallybythebuildingfire
alarmsystem.Inaddition,aremotemanualstartstopswitchshallbelocatedat
theemergencycommandcentre,orintheabsenceofanemergencycommand
centreinthebuilding,atthemainfirealarmpanelonthefirststorey.
Visualindicationoftheoperationalstatusofthesmokepurgingsystemshallalso
beprovidedwiththisremotecontrol.
Horizontalductsshallbefabricatedfromheavygaugesteel(1.2mmthick).
Theexhaustfanshallbecapableofoperatingeffectivelyat400Cfor2hours
andsuppliedfromasecondarysourceofsupply.
Replacementairshallbeprovidedandifitissuppliedbyaseparatemechanical
system,suchasystemshallbeconnectedtoasecondarysourceofpower.
29.
EngineeredSmokeControlSystem
29.1
Theengineeredsmokecontrolsystemintheformofasmokeventilation
systembynaturalormechanicalextractionmaybedesignedinaccordance
with:
i.
ii.
iii.
BR186Designprinciplesforsmokeventilationinenclosed
shoppingcenters;and
BR258Designapproachesforsmokecontrolinatriumbuildings;or
Otheracceptablestandards.
29.2
29.3
29.4
Note:BR186and258arereportspublishedbytheFireResearchStation,
BuildingResearchEstablishment,Borehamwood,HertsWD62BL.
SprinklerSystem
Thebuildingtobeprovidedwithanengineeredsmokecontrolsystemshall
besprinklerprotected.
FireSize
Capacityoftheengineeredsmokecontrolsystemmaybecalculatedbased
ontheincidenceofalikelymaximumfiresizeforasprinklercontrolledfire
asrecommendedinthefollowingTable10.2:
Page |
489
Table10.2:FireSizeforvariousoccupancies
Occupancy
Shops
Offices
HotelGuestRoom
HotelPublicAreas
AssemblyOccupancywithfixed
seating
FireSize
HeatOutput(MW)
5
1
0.5
2.5
2.5
PerimeterofFire(m)
12
14
6
12
12
29.5
CapacityofSmokeVentilationSystem
Thecapacityofanengineeredsmokecontrolsystemshallbecapableof
handlingthelargestdemandforsmokeexhaustfromtheworstcase
scenario.SeeFigure10.35ato10.35cforexamplescenarios.
1.83m
Figure10.35a:ScenarioAFireoriginatlowestAtriumlevel
1.83m
Figure10.35b:ScenarioBFireoriginat2ndstoreyShopspace
Page |
490
1.83m
Figure10.35c:ScenarioBFireoriginat1ststoreyShopspace
ClearLayer
Thedesignsmokelayerbaseshallbeabovetheheadsofpeopleescaping
beneathit.Theminimumheightshallbe1830mm.SeeFigure10.36for
illustrations.
Figure10.36:Clearsmokelayer
Smokereservoir
Smokereservoirstopreventthelateralspreadofsmokeandtocollect
smokeforremovalshallbeofnoncombustibleconstructioncapableof
withstandingsmoketemperatures.SeeFigure10.37forillustrations.
1.83m
29.6
29.7
Page |
491
Figure10.37:Smokereservoir
29.8
Forcaseswheresmokeisremovedfromtheroomoforiginthesmoke
reservoirsizeforasmokeventilationsystemshallnotexceedthefollowing:
(SeeFigure10.38forillustrations)
i.
ii.
2000mfornaturalsmokeventilationsystem.
2600mformechanicalsmokeventilationsystem.
Figure10.38:Smokeremovedfromroomoforigin
Page |
492
29.9
Removalofsmokefromcirculationoratriumspace
Forcaseswheresmokeisremovedfromthecirculationspaceoratrium
spacethesmokereservoirsizeforasmokeventilationsystemshallnot
exceedthefollowing:(SeeFigures10.39,10.40and10.41forillustrations)
i.
ii.
1000mfornaturalsmokeventilationsystem.
1300mformechanicalsmokeventilationsystem.
Minimum1.83m
Figure10.39:Removalofsmokefromcirculationoratriumspace
Page |
493
Figure10.40:Removalofsmokefromcirculationoratriumspace(Plan
view)
Figure10.41:Removalofsmokefromcirculationoratriumspace(Side
view)
Page |
494
29.10 Dischargeofsmokeintocirculationoratriumspaces
Forcaseswheresmokeisremovedfromthecirculationspaceoratrium
space,theroomsdischargingsmokeintothecirculationspace/atriumspaces
shalleither:
i.
ii.
haveafloorareaofnotexceeding1000sqm(fornaturalventilation
system)or1300sqm(formechanicalventilationsystem)or
besubdividedsuchthatsmokeisventedtothecirculationspaceor
atriumonlyfrompartoftheroomwithfloorareanotexceeding1000
sqm(fornaturalventilationsystem)or1300m(formechanical
ventilationsystem)thatareadjacenttothecirculationspaceoratrium.
However,theremainderoftheroomneedstobeprovidedwithan
independentsmokeventilationsystem(s).SeeFigure10.42for
illustrations.
Figure10.42:Dischargeofsmokeintocirculationoratriumspaces
29.11 Themaximumlengthofthesmokereservoirshallnotexceed60mor
otherwiseprovedbyCFDanalysis.
Page |
495
29.12 StagnantRegions
Adequatearrangement(s)shallbemadeineachsmokereservoirforthe
removalofsmokeinawaythatwillpreventtheformationofstagnant
regions.SeeFigure10.43and10.44forillustrations.
Figure10.43:Stagnantregionduetoatriumceilingdesign
Figure10.44:Stagnantregionduetoatriumceilingobstruction
Page |
496
29.13 Anyfiguresexceedingtheabovevaluesshallbeverifiedandreviewed
throughfireengineeringanalysis.
29.14 Maximummassflow/smokelayertemperature
Owingtopracticallimitation,asmokeventilationsystemshallhave:
i.
ii.
amaximummassflownotexceeding175kg/s;and
aminimumsmokelayertemperatureof18degCaboveambient.
29.15 Replacementairshallbebynaturalmeansdrawingairdirectlyfromthe
external.
29.16 Thedesignreplacementairdischargevelocityshallnotexceed5.0m/sto
preventtheescapeesbeinghinderedbytheairflow.
29.17 Replacementairintakeshallbesitedatleast5mawayfromanyexhaustair
discharge.
29.18 Replacementairshallbedischargedatalowlevel,atleast1.5mbeneath
thedesignedsmokelayer,topreventsmokeloggingofthelowerclearzone.
SeeFigure10.45forillustrations.
29.19 Wheretheinletcannotbesitedatleast1.5mbelowthesmokelayer,a
smokecurtainorabarriershallbeusedtopreventreplacementair
distortingthesmokelayer.
Figure10.45:Smokecurtainusedinrelationtoreplacementair
29.20 Wherereplacementairistakenthroughinletairventilatorsordoorways,
devicesshallbeincorporatedtoautomaticallyopensuchinletventilators
anddoorstoadmitreplacementairuponactivationofthesmokeventilation
system.
Page |
497
29.21 PerforatedCeiling
Forcaseswherethesmokereservoirisabovethefalseceiling,theceiling
shallbeofperforatedtypewithatleast25%opening.
Figure10.46:Perforatedceiling
29.22 Emergencypowersupply
Thesmokeventilationsystemshallbeprovidedwithsecondarysourceof
powersupply.
29.23 ModeofActivation
Thesmokeventilationsystemshallbeactivatedbysmokedetectorsorbeam
detectorslocatedinthesmokecontrolzone.Useofsmokeorbeam
detectorsforactivationmustbecarefullydesignedsothataccidentalor
prematureactivationofthedetectorsonanonfirezoneduetosmokespills
orspreadfromotherareasmustbeavoided.SeeFigure10.47for
illustrations.
Page |
498
Figure10.47:Activationbysmokeorbeamdetectors
29.24 Manualactivation
29.25 Aremotemanualactivationandcontrolswitchesaswellasvisualindication
oftheoperationstatusofthesmokeventilationsystemshallalsobe
providedatthefirecommandcentreandwherethereisnoemergency
commandcentre,atmainfireindicatorboard.
29.26 Shutdownofallotherairconditioningandventilationsystems.
Allairconditioningandventilationsystemswithintheareasservedshallbe
shutdownautomaticallyuponactivationofthesmokeventilationsystem.
29.27 AutomaticshutdownofAirHandlingUnitshallnotaffecttheventilationof
thefollowingareas:
a. Exitstaircasesandexitpassageways.
b. Smokefreelobbiesandfirefightinglobbies.
c. Liftshafts.
d. Areaofrefuge
e. Basementcarparks.
f. Emergencycommandcentre
g. Flammableandhazardousmaterialstorage.
h. Emergencygeneratorroom
i. Firepumproom
Page |
499
29.28
29.29
29.30
29.31
Standfansormultiplefans
Eitherastandbyfanormultiplefanswithexcesscapacityshallbeprovided
foreachmechanicalsmokeventilationsystemsuchthatintheeventthe
dutyfanorthelargestcapacityfanfails,thedesignedsmokeextractionrate
willstillbemet.Thestandbyfanshallbeautomaticallyactivatedinthe
eventthedutyfanfails.SeeFigure10.48forillustrations.
Figure10.48:Standbyormultiplefans
Protectedcircuits
Fansshallbecapableofoperatingat400Cfor2hours.Thefansand
associatedsmokecontrolequipmentshallbewiredinprotectedcircuits
designedtoensurecontinuedoperationintheeventofthefire.
Theelectricalsupplytothefansshall,ineachcase,beconnectedtoasub
maincircuitexclusivetheretoafterthemainisolatorofthebuilding.The
cablesshallbeofatleast1hourfireresistance.
FireratingofDucts
Smokeventilationducts(bothexhaustandreplacementairducts)shallbeof
atleast1hourfireresistance.Whereaductpassesthroughotherfire
compartmentofhigherrating,theductshallbeconstructedtohavethe
ratingasthatofthecompartment.
29.32 Theratingshallapplytofireexposurefrombothinternalandexternalofthe
ductorstructure.
Page |
500
29.33 FireDamper
Firedampershallnotbefittedinthesmokeventilationsystem.
29.34 Firedamperisnotallowedtobefittedintheductworkoftheatriumsmoke
control.
29.35 Activationofsystem
Thetimetakenforthesmokeventilationsystemwithinasmokezonetobe
fullyoperationalshallnotexceed60secondsfromsystemactivation.
29.36 Failsafesystem
Fornaturalsmokeventilationsystem,thenaturalventilatorsshallbe:
a. intheopenpositionintheeventofpower/systemfailure;and
b. positionedsuchthattheywillnotbeadverselyaffectedbypositive
windpressure.
29.37 Natural/Powerexhaustventilation
Naturalexhaustventilationshallnotbeusedtogetherwithpoweredsmoke
exhaustventilation.
29.38 Smokecurtains
Allsmokecurtainswhererequired,unlesspermanentlyfixedinposition,
shallbebroughtintopositionautomaticallytoprovideadequatesmoke
tightnessandeffectivedepth.
29.39 Obstructiontomeansofegress
Smokecurtainorothersmokebarrieratanyaccessrouteformingpartofor
leadingtoameansofescapeshallnotintheiroperationalpositionobstruct
theescapeofpeoplethroughsuchroute.SeeFigure10.49forillustrations.
Page |
501
Figure10.49:Obstructiontomeansofegress
29.40 SmokeorchannelingScreens
Whereglasswallsorpanelsarebeingusedassmokescreenstoforma
smokereservoiroraschannelingscreens,theyshallbeabletowithstandthe
designhighesttemperature.SeeFigures10.50and10.51forillustrations.
Figure10.50:SmokeorChannelingScreen
Page |
502
Figure10.51:SmokeorChannelingScreen
29.41 Allsmokecontrolequipment(includingsmokecurtains)maybesupplied
andinstalledinaccordancewiththeacceptedstandardse.g.BS7346.
30.
SmokeControlSystemforAuditorium(UsedorIntended
forCinema,ConcertHall,PerformanceTheatre)
30.1
Automaticsmokeventilationsystemshallbeprovidedforauditoriumswhich
includecinema,concerthall,performancetheatresorsuchsimilarpremises.
Anengineeredsmokecontrolsystemwouldbeconsideredasacceptable.
31.
EnclosedCarParking
31.1
Wheremechanicalventilationsystemisrequiredforcarparkingareasin
basementsorenclosedwithtotalfloorareaexceeding2000m,atleasta
smokepurgingsystemwhichisindependentofanysystemsservingother
partsofthebuildingshallbeprovidedtogiveapurgingrateofnotlessthan
9airchangeperhour.
Page |
503
31.2
31.3
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7
Thesmokepurgingsystemshallbeactivatedautomaticallybythebuilding
firealarmsystem.Inaddition,aremotemanualstartstopswitchshallbe
locatedatfirecommandcentreoratmainfirealarmpanelonfirststorey
(wherethereisnoemergencycommandcentreinthebuilding).Visual
indicationoftheoperationstatusofthesmokepurgingsystemshallalsobe
providedwiththisremotecontrol.
Supplyairshallbedrawndirectlyfromtheexternalanditsintakeshallnot
belessthan5mfromanyexhaustdischargeopenings.Outletsforthe
supplyairshallbeadequatelydistributedoverthecarparkarea.
Wherethereisnaturalventilationforsuchbasementcarparkbasedupon
openingsequaltonotlessthan2.5%ofthefloorareaofsuchstorey,such
naturalventilationmaybeconsideredasasatisfactorysubstituteforthe
supplypartofthesmokepurgingsystem.Theopeningsshallbeevenly
distributedoverthecarparkareas.
Exhaustairshallbedischargeddirectlytotheexternalandshallnotbeless
than5mfromanyairintakeopenings.
Exhaustductsshallbefabricatedfromheavygaugesteel(1.2mmthick)for
thebasementcarparksmokepurgingsystem.
Exhaustfansofthebasementcarparksmokepurgingsystemshallbe
capableofoperatingeffectivelyat400Cfor2hours.SeeFigure10.52for
illustrations.
Figure10.52:Smokepurgingforenclosedcarparkstructure
Page |
504
32.
OpenCarpark
32.1
Acarparklocatedbeneaththefirststoreyofabuilding(notopentosky)can
beconsideredanopenoranunenclosedcarparkanddonotrequired
automaticsprinklersystemifallofthefollowingcomplies:
i.
ii.
50%ofthecarparkperimetershallbehavingpermanentnatural
ventilationopening.
Atleastofthecarparkperimeterishavingthe50%naturalventilation
opening.
iii.
Anypartofthecarparkshallbewithin30mofapermanentnatural
ventilationopening.
iv.
Thecarparkareashallnotbemorethan2230m
v.
Suchcarparkscannotbemorethan3levelsofparking.
32.2
Thisdoesnotapplytocarparksunderneathbuildingswithautomatic
sprinklersandcarparkswhicharemorethan23m.Inthiscase,automatic
sprinklersshallbeprovidedforthecarpark.SeeFigure10.53.
<23m
Figure10.53:Naturalventilationforopencarparkstructure
Page |
505
33.
DuctlessJetFansSysteminCarParks
33.1
Objectives
33.1.1 Theobjectivesoftheductlessjetfanssystemareasfollow:
i.
ii.
Toreliefheatandsmokefromthecarparkintheeventoffire.
Toassistfirefightersinlocatingandattackingthefiresafely.
33.2
Scope
33.2.1 Thissetofrequirementsisonlyapplicabletoconventionalcarparks
wherepassengercars/lightweightvehiclesareparkedalongsideeach
otherwithcommondrivewaysandisnotintendedformechanizedcar
parksystemorotherformsofcarparkingsystems.
33.3
DesignConsiderations
33.3.1 Provisionofsprinklersystemincarpark
33.3.2 Thebasementcarparkshallbesprinklerprotected.
33.3.3 Thearrangementofthesprinklerheadsandthejetfansshallbesuch
that,upontheoperationofthejetfans,theeffectonthespraypattern
ofthesprinklersisminimized.
33.4
Zoningofcarpark
33.4.1 Thecarparkspaceshallbedividedintosmokecontrolzoneswitheach
zonenotlargerthan2000m2(excludingplantroomsandcirculation
spaces)forpurposeofsmokecontainmentandfasterlocationoffire.As
thezonesarevirtualsmokezones,ithastobedemonstratedthatsmoke
canbecontainedwithinthezoneboundariesandchanneledtothe
extractfans.Demonstrationistobecarriedoutusinghotsmoketestas
partofthecommissioningtest.
33.4.2 Eachsmokecontrolzoneshallhaveitsownjetfanssystem(freshair
fans,exhaustairfansandjetfans)topurgesmokefromtheaffected
zone.Theductsshallbefabricatedfromheavysteelgaugesteelof
1.2mmthick.Alternatively,sharingofthefreshairandexhaustairfans
ispermittedprovidedthefans,wiringandcontrolpanelareprotected
withatleast1hrfireresistancerating.Theexhaustfansystemshallalso
bedesignedtoruninatleasttwoparts,suchthatthetotalexhaust
capacitydoesnotfallbelow100%oftherequiredrateofextractforthe
zonesaffectedintheeventoffailureofanyonepart.Thisrequirement
isalsoapplicableformechanizedsupplyfansystem,ifitisused.
Page |
506
33.5
Jetfanssystem
33.5.1 Thejetfanssystemshallbeactivatedbythesprinklersystemservingthe
basementcarparklevelandanyotherareaslocatedwithinthesame
levelormanualcallpoint.Theactivationofthejetfanssystemshallat
leastbeconfinedtothesmokecontrolzoneonfireandallitsadjacent
zones.Afiremancutoffandactivation(override)switchshallbe
providedattheFireCommandCentre.
33.5.2 Thejetfanssystemshallbeprovidedwithasecondarysourceofpower
supplythroughautomaticoperationofanemergencygeneratorincase
offailureoftheprimarypowersupplysource.
33.5.3 Thejetfansshallbedistributedataspacingof2/3ofthetested
effectiverangeoftheparticularjetfan.Thetestedeffectiverangeofthe
jetfanshallbetakenasthedistanceuptothepointat0.2m/softheair
velocitydistributionprofile.
33.5.4 Theminimumheadroomfortheinstallationofthejetfanssystemis3m.
33.5.5 Theinteractionofthevariouscomponentsofthejetfanssystemshall
beinthefollowingmanner:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Eachgroupofexhaustfansforeachsmokecontrolzoneshallbe
interlockedwithitscorrespondinggroupsofjetfansforthat
zone.
Ifthegroupofexhaustfansstops/failsinanysmokecontrolzone,
itscorrespondinggroupsofjetfansinthatzoneshallstop.Butif
anyoftheexhaustfanisstillinoperationinaparticularsmoke
controlzone,allthejetfansshallcontinuetooperateinthat
zone.
Theexhaustfanshallcontinuetorunevenifanycorresponding
groupofjetfansfails.
Theothergroupsofjetfansshallcontinuetorunevenifanyone
groupofjetfansfails.
Ifthefirealarmsignalisisolated,theexhaustfansandjetfans
shallcontinuetorunathighspeed.Ifthefiremanstopsthefans
andrestartthem,boththeexhaustfansandjetfansshall
continuetorunathighspeed.Thiscontinuestobesountilthe
fansareresettolowspeedatthefieldcontrolpanel.
33.5.6 Thejetfanssystemshallbeindependentofanysystemsservingother
partsofthebuilding.
Page |
507
33.5.7 Thejetfanssystemdesignshallbesuchthatthebulkairvelocity
inducedbythejetfansissufficienttostoptheadvanceoftheceilingjet
within5mfromthefirelocationinthedirectionoppositetotheinduced
bulkairflow.
33.5.8 Thereshallbeatleastoneviableapproachrouteforthefirefightersto
anypossiblefirelocationuptoadistanceof5mfromthatfire.Assuch,
informationastotheviableapproachrouteshouldbedisplayedatthe
mainfirealarmpanel.Thiscanbeachievedbyarrangingthesprinkler
controlzonetocorrespondwiththatofthesmokecontrolzone.Upon
detectionofthefirewithinaparticularsmokecontrolzone/sprinkler
zone,referencecanbemadetothedisplayshowingtheviableapproach
routeforthatparticularsmokecontrolzone.
33.5.9 TheMVsubpanelineachsmokecontrolzoneistobeconnectedtothe
mainMVpanel,suchthatanyisolationofjetfanssystemataparticular
zoneisautomaticallydisplayedatthemainMVpanel.
33.5.10 ThecarparkmainMVpanelatFCC/GuardHouseandremotelocalpanel
arerequiredtoshowthestatuslightsofthefanspeeds(i.e.lowand
highspeeds)forthesupplyandexhaustfans.Thepanelsarealso
requiredtohavetheindividualgroupofjetfansindicationlights
interlockedwiththemainexhaustfansintherespectivesmokecontrol
zones.
33.5.11 Intheeventoffailureoftheprimarysourceofpowersupplyand
subsequentoperationofthesecondarypowersupply,themodeof
operationofthejetfanssystemduringthefiremodeshallfollowthat
priortothefailureoftheprimarypowersupply.Forexample,ifthe
operationofjetfanssysteminaparticularsmokecontrolzoneis
switchedoffbythefiremanduringfiremodeconditionandtheprimary
sourceofpowerfails,thesubsequentoperationofthesecondarypower
supplywillbesuchthatthejetfanssystemremainsinthepreviousfire
modeconditioni.e.nonoperationalmodeforthatsmokecontrolzone
whiletheothersmokecontrolzonesresumeoperation.
33.5.12 Thejetfanssystemdesignshalltakeintoconsiderationthepresenceof
anydownstandbeamsandotherobstructionthatareofdepthsof
morethan1/10ofthecarparkfloortoceilingheightsoastoaccount
foranyresistancetoairflowandturbulence.
33.5.13 Onactivationofthejetfanssystem,themovementofsmoketowards
theextractpoint(s)shouldnotadverselyaffectthemeansofescapeand
causesmoketobeblownintothelobbyareaorexitstaircases.
33.5.14 Theoperationofthejetfanssystemshouldbesuchthatthereareno
stagnantareaswheresmokecanaccumulateintheeventoffire.
33.5.15 Theoperationofthejetfanssystemshouldnotcausethevolumeofair
movementtobegreaterthanthatvolumeextractedbythemain
exhaustfans.
Page |
508
34.
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.5
34.6
Alljetfansshallbeconnectedtothelocaljetfancontrolpanelingroupsof
notmorethan3jetfans.
Eachgroupwillbeconnectedbyfireratedcabling.
EachgroupofjetfanswillbeprotectedbyaMCB(maincircuitbreaker).
TheincomingpowersupplyforthejetfanpanelshallcomplywithCP5.
Shouldtherebeafaultwith1jetfan,itwilltriptheMCBofthegrouponly;it
willnottripthemainRCBprotectingtheothergroups.Aseachgroupof3jet
fansisprotectedbyaMCB,thisMCBwilltripbeforeaffectingthemainMCB
attheincomingpowersupplyintheeventofanoverload.
Thejetfansshallalsobewiredinazigzagconfigurationandnotwo
consecutivejetfansinastraightlineistobewiredasthesamegroup.Inthe
eventoffailureof1groupofjetfans,thenextcorrespondinggroupwillbe
abletodrivethesmoketowardstheexhaustlocationtobeextracted(please
seeFigures10.54and10.55).Shouldonegroupofjetfans,allothergroups
shallstillcontinuetorun.
Thelocationofthelocalcontrolpanelfortheoperationofthejetfans
withineachzoneshallbeinarelativelysafeareawithinthezoneandbe
spacedasleast5mapartfromthelocalcontrolpanelsofadjacentzones.
Thisistominimizetheriskofafireaffectingallthecontrolpanelsiftheybe
spacedcloselytogether,andthusrenderingtheineffectivenessofthejet
fanssystem.
35.
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
Supplyairtothecarparkcanbeprovidedviamechanizedsupplyairfansor
bypermanentopeningsofatleast2.5%ofthefloorarea.Whethersupplyair
isprovidedviapermanentopeningsorbymechanizedsupplyfans,the
maximuminletairspeedshouldbe2m/stopreventrecirculationofsmoke.
Supplyaircanbeprovidedbynaturalandmechanicalmeansprovidedthe
acceptancecriteriaasstipulatedinSection39canbeachievedthoughfire
modeling.
Theairvelocitywithinescaperoutesandrampsshallnotexceed5m/sto
preventescapeesfrombeinghinderedbytheairflow.
Thereplacementairintakesshallfaceawayfromanysmokeexhaustpoints
andsitedatleast5mapartsoastopreventrecirculationofsmoke.Ifthe
supplyandexhaustlouversarelocatedonthesamebuildingfaade,they
shallalsobeseparatedatleast5mapart.
Thereplacementairintakeshouldalsobelocatedontheopposingendof
thesmokeexhaustpointssothatthereisnoopposingflowbetweenthe
supplyairandthesmokethatisdrawntowardstheexhaustfan.
Page |
509
36.
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
Thecarparkshallbeprovidedwithatleast12airchangesperhourduring
firecondition.Alowerairchangemaybepermittedprovidedthe
acceptancecriteriaasstipulatedinSection39canbeachievedthoughfire
modeling.
Thecapacityoftheexhaustfanandanyassociatedductingshouldbe
calculatedonthebasisthatthepressureinthecarparkclosetotheextract
pointsisequaltotheexternalatmosphericpressure.
Eachsmokecontrolzoneofthecarparkshallhaveitsownexhaustfan
system.Theexhaustfansystemineachzoneshouldbedesignedtoruninat
leasttwoparts,suchthatthetotalexhaustcapacitydoesnotfallbelow50%
oftherequiredrateofextractintheeventoffailureofanyonepartandthat
afaultorfailureoftheexhaustfansysteminonezonewillnotaffectthe
operationoftheexhaustfansystemintheotherzones.Theabove
requirementisalsoapplicableformechanizedsupplyfansystem,ifitis
used.(Note:Ifthereissharingoftheexhaustairfans,seeClause33.4.2.)
Thesmokedischargepointsshouldbelocatedsuchthatthesmoke
extractedfromthesmokeexhaustfansdoesnotaffectanyoccupiedareaor
meansofescapeatthelevelwheresmokeisdischarged.
37.
37.1
Thejetfanssystemsuchasthemechanizedairsupplyfans,smokeexhaust
fans,jetfans,ductworksandwiringshallbecapableofoperatingeffectively
at250Cfor2hours.Thefans,ductsandwiringmaybetestedinaccordance
withBS7346:Part2,BS476:Part24,NFPA70andanyapprovedrecognized
standards.
38.
38.1
Hotsmoketest/CFDfiremodeling
38.1.1 Theeffectivenessofthejetfanssystemdesignshallbedemonstrated
usinghotsmoketest(seeSection43Commissioningtest).Theheat
releaserateofthefuelloadforthehotsmoketestmustbeatleast
1MW.TherelevantPEorFireSafetyEngineershoulddecideonthefire
location(s)thatis(are)deemedmostonerouswithjustification.
38.1.2 Inadditiontothehotsmoketest,CFDfiremodelingwillalsoberequired
inthefollowinginstances:
i.
ii.
Ifairchangeperhourissmallerthan12.
Iftherearegeneralgoodsvehicleorcoacheswheredesignfiresize
exceeds4MW(i.e.carfire).
Page |
510
iii.
iv.
Ifreplacementairisacombinationofnaturalandmechanical
means.
Ifspacingofjetfansismorethan2/3ofthetestedeffectiverange.
38.1.3 TheCFDstudyistobeendorsedbyaFSEtoverifytheconformanceof
thejetfanssystemwiththeacceptancecriteriaasstipulatedinsection
39.TheFSEisalsorequiredtoputupafireengineeringreport.Someof
theacceptedfiremodelingsoftwareincludesFDS,SwiftAVL,Fluentand
Pheonics.
39.
39.1
Notmorethan1000m2ofthecarparkspacecanbesmokeloggedforat
least20mins,regardlessofwhetherthefireislocatedwithinthesmoke
controlzoneoracrossthezoneboundaries(Note:Afterthe20mins
duration,smokeisexpectedtoremainconfinedwithinthe1000m2area).
Withinthissmokeloggedarea,thereshallbeatleast1viablerouteforthe
firefighterswherethefollowingconditionsaresatisfied:
i.
Smoketemperatureshallnotexceed250 Cataheightof1.7mfrom
floorlevel.
ii.
Visibilityshallnotbelessthan5mataheightof1.7mfromfloor
level.
39.2
39.3
Theseconditionsshallcommenceatadistanceof5mfromthefirelocation
inthedirectionoppositetotheinducedbulkairflowinducedbythejetfans.
Allotherareasoutsidethesmokeloggedareashallbekeptsubstantially
freefromsmokei.e.smoketemperaturenotmorethan60Candvisibilityof
atleast25m(pleaseseeFigure10.54and10.55).
Note:Ifhotsmoketestisperformed,assessmentistobemadeonthe
operationofthejetfanssystem,movementofsmoketowardsthe
extractionpointsandsmokespread.Thelatter2aspectscanbegenerally
verifiedusingtheabovevisibilitycriterion.Thetemperaturecriterionneed
notbeverifiedinviewofthenatureofthehotsmoketest.
40.
CFDfiremodelinginputparametersforjetfansystem
40.1
FireSize
40.1.1 Thedesignfiresizeshallbebasedonatleast4MWsteadystatefire(i.e.
carfire).Forgeneralgoodsvehicle,thedesignfiresizeshallbebasedon
atleast10MWsteadystatefire(FSEisexpectedtoprovidejustification
forthebiggerfiresizeotherthanthecarfire).
40.2
Typeoffire
40.2.1 Thetypeoffireshallbeflamingpolyurethane.
Page |
511
40.3
Locationoffire
40.3.1 Generally,thefireshouldbelocatedfurthestawayfromtheexhaust
pointsandinbetweenzones.TherelevantProfessionalEngineerorFire
SafetyEngineershoulddecideonthefirelocation(s)thatis(are)
deemedmostonerouswithjustification.
40.4
Downstandbeamsandotherobstruction
40.4.1 TheCFDmodelshalltakeintoconsiderationthepresenceofanydown
standbeamsandotherobstructionthatareofdepthsofmorethan1/10
ofthecarparkfloortoceilingheightsoastoaccountforanyresistance
toairflowandturbulence.
41.
41.1
41.2
Validationmodelofthevelocityprofileistobecarriedoutforasinglejet
fan.Thedatafromthemodelshallbecomparedagainstphysicaltestdata.
Assuch,thejetfanshallbetestedforvelocityprofilebyanaccredited
testinglaboratoryforcomparisonwiththesimulatedvelocityprofile.The
testreportistobeattachedtotheFireEngineeringReport.
TheequationtobeusedforthedeviationbetweentheCFDprofileand
actualtestprofileisasfollows:
Equation:
Deviation=[(AB)/B]X100%
Where:
A=distance/width/heightfromCFDprofile
B=distance/width/heightfromactualtestprofile
41.3
Thedeviationofthedistance,widthandheightoftheactualprofilefromthe
simulatedprofileatthevariousairvelocitiesshouldbewithin10%.
41.4 Durationoffiresimulation
41.4.1 Thedurationofthefiresimulationshallbeatleast20mins.
41.5
Sprinkleractivation
41.5.1 Themodelshallassumethereisnosprinkleractivationforthedesign
firesizespecifiedinSection40.
41.6
Gridresolution
41.6.1 Thegridsizetobeusedinthefiremodelshallnotbelargerthan0.2mX
0.2mX0.2minthesmokecontrolzonewherefireislocatedandits
adjacentzones.Otherthanthesezones,thegridsizeshallnotbelarger
than0.4mX0.4mX0.4m.Alternatively,therelevantPEorFSE
undertakesagridresolutionstudytoascertaintheappropriategridsize
neededforthefiresizeandsmokeflowsmodeled(e.g.outcomeof
Page |
512
studyshowingthatadditionalresolutiondoesnotmakemuchofa
differencetotheresults).
41.7
Sensitivitystudy
41.7.1 Asensitivitystudyistobecarriedouttoshowtheimpactof1groupof
jetfanfailurenearestthefireontheoveralleffectivenessofthejetfans
system.Thisstudyisapplicabletobothfiremodelingandhotsmoke
test.Notwithstandingthefailureof1groupofjetfans,theacceptance
criteriamuststillbemaintained.
42.
42.1
Anoperationsandmaintenancemanualshallbeattached.Themanualshall
containtherolesandresponsibilitiesofthebuildingowner/operator,the
restrictionsplacedonthebuilding,identificationofthesubsystems,
servicingandmaintenanceplan,faultidentification,etc.Themanualcan
alsobeusedasaguideforfuturerenovationsandchangestothebuilding.
43.
43.1
43.2
TheRegisteredInspectorwhocarriesoutcommissioningtestofthejetfans
systemmaymakereferencetoTable2ofBS7346Part7asaguide.When
hotsmoketestisperformed,theProfessionalEngineer/FireSafetyEngineer
shalluseatestfiresizeof1MW.ReferencemaybemadetoAS4391onhot
smoketestoranyapprovedmaturedstandards.
Note:Thisstandardismorerelevantforanengineeredsmokecontrol
systemratherthanjetfanssystem.Nevertheless,therearesomeaspectsin
thisstandardwheretheFireEngineermayfinduseful,suchashowthetest
canbepreparedandcarriedoutinapropermanner.
Page |
513
[CH
HAPTER10.M
NANDSMOKEECONTROLSY
YSTEMS]
Figure10.54
4:Wiringcon
nfigurationo
ofjetfansysstem
Figurre10.55:Zon
ningofjetfaansystem
Page |
514
44.
FurtherReferences
NFPA90A:StandardfortheInstallationofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems
NFPA90B:StandardfortheInstallationofWarmAirHeatingandAirConditioning
Systems
NFPA92:StandardforSmokeManagementSystems
NFPA92A:StandardforSmokeControlSystemsUtilizingBarriersandPressure
Differences
NFPA92B:StandardforSmokeManagementSystemsinMalls,Atria,andLarge
Spaces
NFPA96:StandardforVentilationControlandFireProtectionofCommercial
CookingOperations
EN13662:FireresistancetestsforserviceinstallationsPart2:Firedampers
EN136610:FireResistancetestsforserviceinstallationsPart10:Smokecontrol
dampers.
EN121013:SmokeandheatcontrolsystemsPart3:specificationforpowered
smokeandheatexhaustventilators
EN121014:SmokeandheatcontrolsystemsPart4:InstalledSHEVsystemsfor
smokeandheatventilation
EN121018:SmokeandHeatcontrolsystemsPart8:Smokecontroldampers
EN15650:VentilationforbuildingsFiredampers
EN135013:FireclassificationofconstructionproductsandbuildingelementsPart
3:Classificationusingdatafromfireresistancetestsonproductsandelementsused
inbuildingserviceinstallations:fireresistingductsandfiredampers
EN135014:Fireclassificationofconstructionproductsandbuildingselements
Part4:Classificationusingdatafromfireresistancetestsoncomponentsofsmoke
controlsystems.
Page |
515
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER11. FIRESAFETYGUIDELINEFORLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGAS(LPG)
CYLINDERINSTALLATIONS
1. Scope
3.1. MainConsiderationsforUseofLPG
3.2. CodesofPractice&Standards
3.3. FireStopping
3.4. Pressure
3.5. FireExtinguisher
3.6. WarningSign/Notice
4.1. LocatingofLPGCylinders
4.2. ProtectiontoLPGCylinderInstallation
4.4. AllowableQuantities
5.1. General
5.3. LPGCylinderinstallationinseparatecompartment
5.4. AllowableQuantity
5.5. Compartment
5.6. Ventilation
5.7. Location
5.8. Safety
6.1. GeneralDescription
6.2. SystemDesignRequirements
6.6. ProtectionandFireFightingRequirement.
ANNEXASTANDARDSANDSPECIFICATIONSFORLPGCYLINDERINSTALLATIONS
ANNEXCINDOORLPGCYLINDERINSTALLATIONINSEPARATECOMPARTMENT
PAGENO.
517
517
517
518
518
518
518
518
519
519
519
519
520
520
521
522
522
522
523
523
523
523
524
524
525
525
525
526
527
527
528
528
529
536
539
541
542
Page |
516
DubaiCivilDefenceFireCode [CHAPTER11.FIRESAFETYGUIDELINEFORLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGASINSTALLATIONS]
CHAPTER11
FIRESAFETYGUIDELINEFORLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGAS
INSTALLATIONS
1. Scope
1.1.
ThisFireSafetyGuidelinescoversoutdoorandindoorLPGcylinderinstallations.
Itisintendedtoprovidecentralizedgassupplyforcommercial,industrialand
residentialpremiseswitheatingoutlets,eatingplaces,canteens,restaurants
andothereaterieswhichuseLPGcylindersforcookingpurposes.Thisguideline
alsocoversinstallationrequirementsforrooftopLPGcontainers.
2.1.
AllLPGcylinderinstallationsshallbelocatedoutdoorsandonthegroundlevels
forallcommercialandindustrialbuildings.LocatingLPGcylindersindooris
normallynotpermitted,unlessotherwiseapprovedDubaiCivilDefenceunder
specialcircumstancesandincompliancewiththerequirementsmentionedin
thisguideline.
2.2.
NFPA54andNFPA58shallbereferredtoforrequirementsnoteffectedor
coveredunderthisFireSafetyGuidelines.
AllLPGcylindersinstallationsincludingtheirmanifold/pipingsystems,shallbe
approvedbyDubaiCivilDefence.LPGplanssubmittingforapprovalshall
includethefollowingitems:
2.3.
i.
WrittenpermissionfrombuildingownerforLPGcylinderstobeusedby
thetenantsandundertakethatthetotalquantityiskeptbelow450kgfor
theentirebuildingatonlyoneDubaiCivilDefenceapprovedlocation.
ii.
ApprovedConsultantsendorsementsofLPGsstorageandmanifold
system
iii.
Locationandsiteplans
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
SchematicdiagramsoftheLPGsupplysystemshowingchangeovervalve,
vaporizer,regulator,emergencyshutoffvalve,remotecutoffdevice,
knockoutpot,pipeentryandallotherrequiredsafetyfeatures
Planandelevationviewsshowingthefollowingdetails:
Location,quantityandcapacity(inkg)ofLPGcylinders
Locationsofancillaryfixturesandfittings,e.g.vaporizer,regulators,
emergencyshutoffvalve,changeovervalves,remotecutoffdevice,
knockoutpot,pipeentries,etc.
Page |Page |
Page |
517
viii.
HousingfortheLPGcylinders,e.g.cabinets,fencing,compartmentwall,
etc.
ix.
allopenings(doors,airintakes,windows,drains,manholes,etc.)and
exitsadjacenttotheLPGinstallation
x.
Locationsofhydrant,accessway,accessroad,carparkingarea,building
andboundarylines,sourceofignition,etc.
xi.
Firesafetyprovisions,e.g.firehosereel,fireextinguisher,sprinkler
protection,gasleakdetector,andotherrelatedfeatures.
xii.
ForLPGcylindersinstallationinvolvingmechanicalventilationsystem
and/orfiresuppressionsystem,separateMechanicalVentilationplan
and/orFireProtectionplanshallbesubmittedtoDubaiCivilDefencefor
approval.
3.1.
MainConsiderationsforUseofLPG
3.1.1.
Thefollowingfactorsshallbetakenintoconsiderationwhen
decidingonthepracticalityandreasonablenesstouseLPG:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Adequacyofventilation
Extentofusageofindividualrooms
Existingfirehazard
Suitablemeansofescape
Firefightingequipmentandprovisions.
3.2.
CodesofPractice&Standards
3.2.1.
Allcylindersandtheirancillaryfittingsshallbedesigned,fabricated
andtestedinaccordancewiththeacceptedcodeorstandardas
statedinAnnexA.
3.3.
FireStopping
3.3.1.
Allpipespenetratingfirewallorfloorslabshallbefirestopped
appropriately.
3.4.
Pressure
3.4.1.
NoliquidLPGorLPGvaporatpressureexceeding20psi
(approximately138kPa)shallbepipedintoanybuilding.
Page |Page |
Page |
518
3.5.
FireExtinguisher
3.5.1.
TheLPGinstallationshallbeprovidedwithatleastoneapproved
portableB:Cratingdrychemicalfireextinguisherhavingaminimum
capacityof9kg.
3.6.
WarningSign/Notice
3.6.1.
3.6.2.
3.6.3.
Awarningsignornoticeofminimumsizeof800mmx600mmshall
bepermanentlyandlegiblydisplayedatthefrontoftheinstallation.
Redletteringsofminimumheightof50mmwhichreads:"LPG/
HIGHLYFLAMMABLE/NOSMOKING/NONAKEDLIGHTS"onwhite
backgroundshallbewrittenontheleftportionofthewarning
sign/notice.
ImmediatelyundertheclassificationofHazmat,threeequalboxes
showing:(1)theemergencyaction(HazchemCode);(2)thelicensed
quantityinlitersand(3)thetelephonenumberandnameofthe
suppliercompanywhomspecializedadvicecanbeobtainedatall
times.(seeAnnexD)
4.1.
LocatingofLPGCylinders
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.
LPGcylindersshallbeplacedonafirm,clean,dryandlevelbase.
Theyshallbesitedatgroundlevelandawellventilatedareawhere
anygasleakagecansafelyandrapidlydisperse.Theyshallnotbe
placedclosetoanypassagewaysorexitsandshallnotcauseany
obstructionordangertotheoccupantsduringgasleakageorfire.
(SeeAnnexAforillustrations).
LPGcylindersshallnotbelocatedwithinlessthan3mofanyfireexit
routeofabuildinghavingonlyoneexit.Ifthe3mdistancecannot
becompliedwith,a2hourfireratedmasonrywallshallbeprovided
betweenthefireexitandtheLPGinstallationsoastoachievethe
equivalent3mhorizontaldistance.Themasonrywallshallbeat
least1.8mhigh.
TheLPGcylindersshallbelocatedatleast1.5mhorizontallyaway
fromanyopenings(windows,doors,airvents,balancedflueoutlets,
etc.)ofthebuildinghavingmorethanoneexit.Ifthe1.5mdistance
cannotbecomplied,a2hourfireratedmasonrywallmustbe
providedbetweentheopeningsandtheinstallationsoasto
maintaina1.5mhorizontaldistance.Themasonrywallshouldbeat
least1.8mhigh.
Aminimumhorizontaldistanceof3mshallbemaintainedfor
quantitiesmorethan270kg(6x45kgcylinders)fromanyopenings
Page |Page |
Page |
519
(windows,doors,airvents,balancedflueoutlets,etc.)ofthe
buildinghavingmorethanoneexit.Ifthe3mdistancecannotbe
complied,a2hourfireratedmasonrywallmustbeprovided
betweentheopeningsandtheinstallationsoastomaintaina3m
horizontaldistance.Themasonrywallshouldbeatleast1.8mhigh.
4.1.5.
4.1.6.
4.1.7.
4.1.8.
4.1.9.
4.1.10.
Aminimumdistanceof3mmustbemaintainedbetweentheedge
ofavehicleparkinglot.
LPGcylindersshallbelocatedatleast5mhorizontallyfromany
mechanicalairintakewhichisbelowanypartofthemanifold
systemand1.5mfromanymechanicalintakewhichisaboveany
partofthemanifoldsystem.
LPGcylindersmaybeinstalledbelowwindowsoropeningsprovided
thatthereisaminimumdistanceof150mmbetweenthetopofany
cylinderorthemanifoldsystemandthebottomofthewindowsor
openings.
LPGcylindersoftotalcapacityupto270kgshallbelocatedatleast
1.5mfromanyuncoveredopeningthatisbelowthelevelofthe
cylinders,suchasdrains,pits,openingstobasements,etc.ForLPG
cylindershavingtotalcapacityabove270kgto450kg,thedistance
fromanyuncoveredopeningshallbeatleast3m.
LPGcylindersshallbelocatedatleast3mawayfromanyboundary
andanyfireengineaccessway.
LPGcylindersshallbelocatedatleast10mawayfromanyfire
hydrant.
4.2.
ProtectiontoLPGCylinderInstallation
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
LPGcylinderslocatedinplacesaccessibletothepublicshallbe
protectedandlockedagainsttamperingandaccidentaldamageby
fencingofheightnotlessthan1.8m,asuitablehousingoracabinet
madeofnoncombustiblematerial.
Thereshallnotbeanycorrosive,toxicoroxidizingmaterialslocated
within6metersfromthecylinderinstallation.
4.3.
SafetyProvisions
4.3.1.
Anapprovedgasleakdetectionsystemshallbeprovidedinthearea
orcompartmentwheretheinternalLPGpipesandfittingsare
installed,withalocalalarmconnectedtoamainfirealarmpanel.
Thesystemshallbelinkedtotheexhaustfansystemandthe
emergencyshutoffvalvewhereapplicable.(seeAnnexA)
Page |Page |
Page |
520
4.3.2.
Forkitchenprovidedwithfixedfiresuppressionsystem,activation
ofthesystemshallautomaticallyshutoffthesupplyofLPGtothe
kitchen.
4.3.3.
RemoteEmergencyshutoffvalveshallbelocatedatleast3maway
fromtheedgeoftheinstallation.Itshallbeclearlymarkedand
placedatasuitableheightforeasyaccessduringemergencies.(see
AnnexB).
Thereshallbenoignitionsourcewithin3mfromthecylinder
installation.
Allfixedelectricalequipmentwithin1.5moftheinstallationshallbe
sparkproofandintrinsicallysafeinaccordancewiththerelevant
clauseinNFPA70.
Vaporizersshallnotbeinstalledinsidethesteelcabinetorwithin
thesamehousingoftheLPGcylinders.Wallmountedvaporizers
shallbelocatedatleast1.8mabovethegroundand600mmaway
fromanyLPGcylinder.
Thedistancebetweentwoseparatemanifoldsystemsshallbeat
least3m.Ifa2hourfireratedwallisconstructed,thedistance
betweenthetwonearestcylindersmaybehalvedto1.5m.Ifany
oneofthemanifoldsystemhavemorethan270kgofLPG,the
distancebetweenthetwomanifoldsystemsshallbe6m.This
distancecanbereducedto3mifa2hourfireratedwallis
constructedbetweenthem.
4.3.4.
4.3.5.
4.3.6.
4.3.7.
4.4.
AllowableQuantities
4.4.1.
LPGcylinderinstallationwithcapacityuptoamaximumof450kgby
weightattachedtoasinglemanifoldsysteminstalledadjacenttoa
buildingisallowedprovidedthatthefollowingrequirementsare
fullycompliedwith(seeAnnexAandB):
i.
ii.
Maximumtwonumbersofsteelcabinetsareallowedforeach
installation,andeachcabinetisallowedtohouseamaximumof5
x45kgLPGcylinders;
Theseparationdistancebetweenthetwocabinetsshallbeatleast
600mm.
iii.
Thebuildingisofnoncombustibleconstructionandthewallhasa
fireratingofatleast2hoursresistance.
iv.
ThemaximumallowablequantityofLPGshallbe450kgper
buildingor10cylinderswhicheverlesser.
Page |Page |
Page |
521
5.1.
General
5.1.1.
LPGcylinderinstallationshallbeproperlylocatedsoasnottocause
anyobstructiontothefireescapeandanydangertothepublic.
Suitableaccesstothecylinderforemergencyservicesshallbe
provided.
5.1.2.
Theedgeoftheinstallationshallbeatleast3mfromanyboundary
oranyfireengineaccessway.
5.2.
SafetyProvisions
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.2.4.
5.2.5.
5.2.6.
5.2.7.
5.2.8.
5.2.9.
Anapprovedgasleakdetectorsystemshallbeprovidedinthat
compartment,kitchenanddiningarea,withalocalalarmconnected
toamainfirealarmpanel.Theleakdetectorshouldlinktothe
exhaustfancontrolpanelandtheemergencyshutoffvalvewhere
applicable.(seeAnnexA)
Thelocationofthegasleakdetectorshouldpreferablybenotmore
than30cmabovethegroundlevelandnotmorethan1.5maway
fromtheedgeoftheinstallationandthepointofconsumption.
RemoteEmergencyshutoffvalveshallnotbeinstalledinsidethe
compartmentandbeatleast1.5mawayfromtheedgeofthe
installation.Itshallbeclearlymarkedandatasuitableheightto
accessduringemergencies.
Fixedfiresuppressionsystem,ifinstalled,shallbelinkedtotheLPG
cylinderinstallationinsuchawaythatactivationofthesystemshall
automaticallyshutoffthesupplyofLPGtothekitchen.
Vaporizers(whereapplicable)shallnotbeinstalledinsidethe
compartmentorwithinthesamehousingoftheLPGcylinders.
ThecompartmentshallonlybeusedforLPGcylinderinstallation.
Nootherusageisallowed.
Thefloorofthecompartmentshallbeasmoothconcretebase
(roughsurfacemightcausesparkingduringloading/unloadingof
cylinders)containingnoopeningordrainwherevapormay
accumulateandshallbelevelorslopedowntowardstheventilated
externalwall.
Aramporsillof250mmhighshallbeprovidedacrossthedoorway
(whereapplicable)intothecompartmentwhereLPGcylindersare
installedtocontainanyheavyLPGvaporwithinthecompartment.
Allelectricalconnectionsandappliancesshallbeinstalledin
accordancewiththerelevantclausesinNFPA70and72.
Page |Page |
Page |
522
5.3.
LPGCylinderinstallationinseparatecompartment
5.3.1.
LPGcylindersareallowedtobeinstalledinaseparatecompartment
onthegroundfloor,providedwiththefollowingrequirementsare
compliedwith:(SeeAnnexAandC)
5.4.
AllowableQuantity
5.4.1.
5.4.2.
5.4.3.
Amaximumof270kgofLPGisallowedtobeinstalledusingasingle
manifoldsysteminsideacompartment.Thequantityofcylinderis
restrictedto6,irregardlessofthecapacityofeachcylinder(e.g.6x
45kgcylindersor6x15kgcylinders).
Theseparationdistancebetweenthetwobanksofcylindersshallbe
atleast600mm
ThemaximumallowablequantityofLPGshallbe270kgperbuilding
or6cylinderswhicheverlesser.
5.5.
Compartment
5.5.1.
5.5.2.
5.5.3.
Thecompartmentshallhaveatleastoneexternalwallandthere
shallbenoaccessfromthecompartmentintothebuilding.
Wallscommontothecompartmentandtheinternalspacesofthe
buildingshallbe2hourfireratedandshallbeofmasonry
construction.
EachcompartmentshallcontainonlyonenumberLPGmanifold
system.
5.6.
Ventilation
5.6.1.
5.6.2.
5.6.3.
5.6.4.
Doorsshallhavehighandlowlevellouversandshallbeopened
outwards.
Naturalventilationisallowedifthedistancebetweentheexternal
wallanditsoppositewallisnotmorethan1.5m.Otherwise,
mechanicalventilationshallbeprovided.
Highandlowventsshallbeprovidedontheexternalwallatjust
belowceilinglevelandabovefloorlevel.Thetotalfreeareaofthe
ventsprovidedshallbeatleast300cm/moffloorarea.
Theventopeningsshallbekeptfreefromobstructionandshallnot
dischargedirectlyontoapublicplace,e.g.apavementorpath.It
shallnotbelessthan5mfromanyairintakeopeningsandshallbe
atleast1.5mhorizontallyawayfromanybuildingopeningwhichis
belowtheventopeninglevel.
Page |Page |
Page |
523
5.6.5.
Wheremechanicalventilationisused,aircirculationshallbeatleast
0.3m3/min.m2offloorarea.Dischargeoutletsshallbeatleast
1.5mhorizontallyawayfromanybuildingopeningwhichislocated
belowthedischargelevel.
5.7.
Location
5.7.1.
5.7.2.
5.7.3.
5.7.4.
5.7.5.
5.7.6.
Theedgeofthecompartmentshallnotbelocatedwithinlessthan
1.5mofanyfireexitroutefromabuildingthathasonlyone
designatedmeansofexit.Ifthe1.5mdistancecannotbecomplied
with,a2hourfireratedmasonrywallshallbeprovidedbetween
thefireexitandtheinstallationsoastoachievethe1.5mhorizontal
distance.
Theedgeofthecompartmentshallbelocatedatleast1.5mfrom
anyhorizontalopenings(windows,doors,airvents,balancedflue
outlets,etc.)ofthebuildinghavingmorethanonedesignated
meansofescape,measuredhorizontallyfromthenearestLPG
cylinder.Ifthe1.5mdistancecannotbecompliedwith,a2hourfire
ratedmasonrywallshallbeprovidedbetweentheopeningsandthe
installationsoastoachievethe1.5mhorizontaldistance.
Theedgeofthecompartmentshallbelocatedatleast3mfrom
ignitionsource.
Aminimumdistanceof3mhorizontaldistancemustbemaintained
betweenthenearestedgeofavehicleparkinglottotherecessed
area.
Compartmentlocatedbelowwindowsoropeningsshallmaintainis
aminimumdistanceof150mmbetweenthetopofthe
compartmentandthebottomofthewindowsoropenings.
Theedgeofthecompartmentshallbelocatedatleast5m
horizontallyfromanymechanicalairintakewhichisbelowanypart
ofthecompartmentand1.5mfromanymechanicalintakewhichis
aboveanypartofthecompartment.
5.8.
Safety
5.8.1.
5.8.2.
Anypipepenetrationonthewallsoftherecessareashallbesuitably
firestoppedtomaintainthe2hourfireresistanceofthewalls.
Anapprovedgasleakdetectorsystemshallbeprovidedinthe
compartmentwheretheLPGpipespassthrough,withalocalalarm
connectedtoamainfirealarmpanel.Thegasleakdetectorshallbe
linkedtotheexhaustfancontrolpanelandtheemergencyshutoff
valvewhereapplicable.(seeAnnexA)
Page |Page |
Page |
524
6.1.
GeneralDescription
6.1.1. ThispartoftheLPGguidelineisintendedforLPGcontainersinstalledonroof
topofbuildings.Itprovidesseparationdistances,allowablequantities,
constructionmaterial,detectionsystem,suppressionsystem,firefighting
requirementsandothersystemconfigurationsinrelationtorooftop
installation.
6.2.
SystemDesignRequirements
6.2.1. LPGcontainersarenotallowedtobeinstalledontheroofofhighrise
buildings.
6.2.2. ThebuildingshallbeofTypeI,443or332,orTypeII,222,constructionas
specifiedinNFPA220,StandardonTypesofBuildingConstruction.Forother
typesofconstruction,thetotalallowablequantityshallbereducedto1000
gal.
6.2.3. TheLPGcontainershallalwaysbefilledbytwooperators,oneatthe
controlsofthevehiclesupplyingLPGandanotheratthecontrollerofthe
container.
6.2.4. Containersshallbeinstalledinexternallocationsonly.
6.2.5. Filllineandconnectionshallbelocatedentirelyoutsidethebuilding.
6.2.6. Containersshallbeinstalledonalevelsurface.
6.2.7. Thecontainershallbesecuredtothebuildingstructure.
6.2.8. Allvalvesandcontrolsshallbeeasilyaccessibleandhavesufficientspacefor
maintenance.
6.2.9. Allliquidandvaporwithdrawalopeningsthatare3.2cmorlargershallbe
equippedwithinternalvalves.
6.2.10. Theinternalvalvesshallberemainclosedexceptduringperiodsof
operations.
6.2.11. Internalvalvesshallbeequippedwithremoteclosureandautomaticshutoff
throughthermalactivation.
6.2.12. Apositivemanualshutoffvalveshallbeinstalledascloseaspracticaltoeach
internalvalve.
6.2.13. Allliquidandvaporinletopeningsshallbeequippedwithabackflowcheck
valvewhereapplicableinstalledwithapositivemanualshutoffvalve
installedascloseaspracticaltothebackflowcheckvalve.
Page |Page |
Page |
525
6.2.14. Insulationofcontainershallbeabletolimitthecontainertonotover427
degreeCelsiusforaminimumperiodof50minutes.
6.2.15. Thesupportofthecontainershallbedesignedtothesameseismiccriteria
asthebuilding.
6.2.16. Theroofwhichthecontainerislocatedshallbeabletosupporttheweightof
thecontainerfilledwithwater.
6.3.1. Containersshallbelocatedinareaswherethereisfreeaircirculation,at
least3mfrombuildingopeningssuchaswindowsanddoors.Itshallbeat
least6.1mfromairintakesforairconditioningandventilationsystems.
Distancebetweencontainerandtheedgeofbuildingcanbereduceto3mif
thedistancebetweencontainersisincreasedto7.6m
6.3.2. Fillconnectionshallbelocatedatleast2.4mabovetheground.
6.3.3. Thetotalallowablequantitytobeinstalledonarooftopshallbe2000gal.
Totalquantitiesabove2000galshallrequireriskanalysisandemergency
planningbasedonNFPA58aswellaspermissionfromDubaiCivilDefence
priortoplanningofsuchinstallations.
6.3.4. Ifmorethanonecontainer(e.g.2numbersof1000gals),thedistance
betweenthecontainer(s)shallbeinaccordancetotheTable11.1below:
Table11.1:Minimumrooftopseparationdistances
Table11.1:Minimumrooftopseparationdistancesfromthetanksurface
AggregateWater
Capacity
gal
Lessthan125
125250
251500
5012000
Morethan2000
Distancetoairintake
forairconditioningand
ventilationsystems
m
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
Notallowed
Distanceto
building
openings,i.e.
doors,shaftsand
windows
m
3
3
3
3
Distancetoedgeof
buildingroof
m
0
3
3
7.6
Between
Containers
m
0
0
1
1
(SeeAnnexEforexamplesofacceptablelocationanddistances)
Page |Page |
Page |
526
6.4.1. Ifthecontainerlocationishigherthan7mformtheground,orthefilling
hosecannotbemonitoredbytheoperatorinitsentirelength,thecontainer
shallbeafillinglineconstructedtowithstandliquidtransferandshallhave
thefollowingappurtenances:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Fillervalvewithbackcheckvalve.
Fillervalvecap.
Twocontrolvalves.
Hydrostaticreliefvalve.
Ventingline.
6.4.2. Theliquidandvaporfillconnectionsshallbeconspicuouslymarkedor
labeled.
6.4.3. NoliquidphaseLPGshallbeallowedtobepipedintothebuilding.
6.4.4. LPGpipeinstallationshallnotbepermittedinthefollowingareas.
i.
Inthegroundunderconcreteflooringwithinthebuilding.
ii.
Underbuildingfoundation.
iii.
Withinliftshaftsandcavitywalls.
iv.
Incompartmentsorductsdedicatedforelectricalswitchgears,
transformersorgenerators.
v.
Inrefrigerationchambers,coldrooms,airhandlingunitrooms
andventilationorairconditioningducts.
vi.
Adjacenttopipesandvesselscontainingflammable,oxidizing,
corrosiveandotherhazardousmaterials.
6.4.5. ProperpipesleevesshallbeinstalledforLPGpipesrunninginenclosed,
unventilatedareasorbasementfloorandatleastoneendexposeddirectly
totheexterioropensafespace.Pipesleevesandgasleakdetectorsshallbe
locatedsuchthatitfacilitatesdetectionofgasleakeffectively.
6.5.1. Gasleakdetectorsshallbeprovidedinareaswherethereisinsufficient
ventilationandwhereaccidentalaccumulationofLPGvaporcouldoccur.
6.5.2. Thegasleakdetectorshallbelinkedtotheexhaustfanandtheemergency
shutoffvalveaswellasthefirealarmwhereapplicable.
6.5.3. Aremoteshutdownstationshallbeprovidedwithin4.6mofpointof
transfer.
6.5.4. Atleastanadditionalremoteshutdownstationshallbeinstallednotless
than7.6mormorethan30.5mfromthetransferpoint.
6.5.5. Kitchensuppressionsystem,ifinstalled,shallbelinkedtotheLPGcylinder
installationinsuchawaythattheactivationofthesystemshall
Page |Page |
Page |
527
automaticallyshutoffthesupplyofLPGtothekitchen.SeeFigure11.1of
AnnexAfortheconnectionbetweenLPGshutoff,gasleakdetection,
kitchenexhaust,andkitchensuppressionsystem.
ProtectionandFireFightingRequirement.
6.6.
6.6.1. Aproductreleasepreventionandincidentpreparednessreviewmaybe
requiredtobesubmittedbytheowner,operatorortheauthorizedpersonif
requestedbyDubaiCivilDefence.Thereviewshallbeanevaluationofthe
totalLiquefiedPetroleumGascontrolsystem,suchasemergencyshutoff
andinternalvalvesequippedforremoteclosureaswellasautomaticshut
offthroughthermalactuation.
6.6.2. Thelocationofthecontainershallhaveatleast2fixedprotectedstairsto
reachit.
6.6.3. Wetstandpipesystemequippedwithlandingvalvesshallbeprovidedinside
theprotectedstaircase.
6.6.4. Fireengineaccesswayandothermeansofaccessforfirefightingaccessshall
beprovided.Emergencycontrolsshallbeconspicuouslymarkedandthe
controlsshallbelocatedsoastobereadilyaccessibleinemergencies.
6.6.5. Watersprayfixedsystemormonitorsshallbeusedandshallbe
automaticallyactivatedbyfirealarm.
6.6.6. Thewatersprayfixedsystemormonitorsshallbeabletobeactivated
manuallyandshallbepositionedsoastowetallsurfacesofthecontainer
exposedtofire.
6.6.7. NFPA58andNFPA54shallbereferredforotherrelevantrequirements
concerningrooftopLPGinstallation.
NFPA54: NationalFuelGasCode
NFPA58: LiquefiedPetroleumGasCode
Page |Page |
Page |
528
ANNEXA
STANDARDSANDSPECIFICATIONSFORLPGCYLINDER
INSTALLATIONS
1. Standards
1.1. ThestandardsforLPGcylindersandancillaryfittingsshallbecompliedwithNFPA
54and58.
2. Specifications
2.1. LPGCylinderFittings
2.1.1. Flexiblehoses
HosesorflexibleconnectorsusedtosupplyLPGtoutilizationequipmentor
appliancesshallbeinstalledinaccordancewiththerelevantclausesofNFPA
54andNFPA58.Thehoseshallbesecurelyconnectedtotheappliance.The
useofrubberslipendswithouthoseclipsshallnotbepermittedfor
domesticcylinders.

2.1.2. Regulators
Regulatorsshallcomplywiththestandardsasspecifiedinthetableabove.
2.1.3. OverPressureProtectionDevice
i.
Anoverpressureprotectiondevice(OPD)isadevicetoprotectthe
downstreaminstallationandshutoffthegasflowiftheoutlet
pressureexceedsthesetlimit.
ii.
Ingeneral,aregulatorwithOPDshallbedesignedtoachievethe
following:
a.
ensuringreliableandcontinuoussupplyofLPG;
b.
protectingdownstreamsystemagainstoverpressure;and
c.
protectingagainstfailureofanyregulatingdevice.
iii.
SettingofOPDshallnotbemorethen30%ofmaximumoperating
pressure.
Page |Page |
Page |
529
2.1.4. Valves
2.1.4.1.
CylinderValves
Cylindervalvesshallcomplywiththestandardsasspecifiedinthe
tableabove.
2.1.4.2.
SafetyValves
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Hydrostaticreliefvalvesdesignedtorelievethehydrostatic
pressurethatmightdevelopinsectionsofliquidpipingbetween
twoisolatingvalvesshallbeinstalledineachsection.Hydrostatic
valvesshallcomplywithUL132,StandardforPressureRelief
ValvesforLPG.
Emergencyshutoffvalve(ESV)shallbeprovidedafterthe
knockoutpot.TheESVshallbelinkedtoareleasemechanismso
thatthevalvecanbeclosedfromasafedistanceofatleast3m
fromtheLPGcylinders.TheESVmayincorporatefusibleelement
whichmeltsatnotmorethan250degreeCelsiuswhenexposed
tofire,allowingtheESVtoclosebyitself.
Anaccessiblegasshutoffvalveshallbeprovidedattheupstream
ofeachgaspressureregulator.Wheretwogaspressure
regulatorsareinstalledinseriesinasinglegasline,amanual
valveshallnotberequiredatthesecondregulator.
Maingasshutoffvalvescontrollingseveralgaspipingsystems
shallbeprominentandreadilyaccessibleforoperationand
properlyinstalledsoastoprotectitfromphysicaldamage.They
shallbemarkedwithametaltagorotherpermanentmeans
attachedbytheinstallingagencysothatthegaspipingsystems
suppliedthroughthemcanbereadilyidentified.
Anexteriorshutoffvalvetopermitturningoffthegassupplyto
eachbuildinginanemergencyshallbeprovidedandplainly
marked.
2.1.5. Piping
i.
ii.
Pipedesignandspecificationsshallbeinaccordancewiththerelevant
clausesinNFPA54andNFPA58.Nopolyethylenematerialisallowed
tobeusedforthepipingsystemexceptfornecessaryindustrial
applications.
Pipematerialshallbetestedandcertifiedaccordingtorecognized
ASTMorBritishStandard.ThepipesuppliershallproduceMill
certificates.
Page |Page |
Page |
530
iii.
ThemanifoldandmainLPGsupplypipelineshallbeweldedtogether
asfaraspracticable.Weldersforthepipingworkmustbequalified
andcertifiedbyarecognizedbody.
iv.
Pipelinespressuretestmustbewitnessedandcertifiedbya
ProfessionalEngineer(Mechanical)or3rdPartyInspector.
v.
TheliquidLPGpipelinesshallbepaintedinBlueandthevaporLPG
pipelinesinYellowwiththemarkingofthewordLPGasat
intervalsofnotmorethan3m.
vi.
Whenconnectingadditionalgasutilizationequipmenttoagaspiping
system,theexistingpipingshallbecheckedtodetermineifithas
adequatecapacity.Ifinadequate,theexistingsystemshallbe
enlargedasrequired,orseparategasequipmentofadequatecapacity
shallbeprovided.
2.1.6. Pigtail
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Pigtailshallincludea6mmflexiblehoseortube,a6mmteecheck
valveorexcessflowvalveanda6mmballvalve.
FlexiblehoseshallbefabricatedofmaterialsresistanttoLPGreaction
bothinliquidandvaporstate.Itshallbedesignedforaminimum
burstingpressureof1,750PSI(121bar)andworkingpressureof350
PSI(24bar).ThehoseshallbemarkedLPGatintervalsofnotmore
than3m.
TheteecheckvalveshallbeUnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.(UL)listed
oritshallcomplywithotherrecognized/approvedstandard.
Theballvalveshallberatedtoatleast600PSI(41bar).
2.1.7. PressureGauge
i.
ii.
iii.
EachbankofLPGcylindermanifoldshallhaveapressuregauge.
Forhighpressuresection,thegaugeshallhavearangeof0to300PSI
(0to20.1bar)
Forlowpressuresection,thegaugeshallhavearangeof0to50PSI(0
to3.45bar)
2.1.8. Vaporizer
i.
Vaporizers,whereapplicable,shallbeconstructedinaccordancewith
theapplicableprovisionofNFPA58,ASMECodeorotherrecognized
pressurevesselcodesandstandardsforadesignpressureof250PSI
(17.24bar)andshallbepermanentlyandlegiblymarkedwith:
a. markingsrequiredbytheCode;
Page |Page |
Page |
531
b. theallowableworkingpressureandtemperatureforwhichitis
designed;and
c. thenameorsymbolofthemanufacturer.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Vaporizersshallbeprovidedwithasuitableautomaticmeansto
preventthepassageofliquidthroughthevaporizertothevapor
dischargepiping.Thisfeatureshallbepermittedtobeintegratedwith
thevaporizerorotherwiseprovidedintheexternalpiping.
Vaporizersshallhaveamanualshutoffvalveandanautomatedvalve
(e.g.thermostatic,magneticorfloat)whichclosesintheeventof
powerfailureoroverload.
Vaporizersshallhaverelevanttemperaturecontrolandthenecessary
safetyfeatures.
Vaporizersshallhaveapressurereliefvalvesetat250PSI(17.24bar)
withthereleasepointdirectedupward.
2.1.9. Knockoutpot
Theknockoutpotshallhaveatleasttwodrainvalves.Thedrainshallendat
groundlevelandpluggedattheend.
2.1.10. GasMeters
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Installationandapplicationofgasmetersshallbeinaccordancewith
therelevantclausesinNFPA54andmustbeabletotakeapressure
of20PSI(1PSI=6.895KPa).
Gasmetersshallbeselectedforthemaximumexpectedpressure
andpermissiblepressuredrop.
Vapormetersofthetinorbrasscasetypeofsolderedconstruction
shallnotbeusedatpressureinexcessof1PSI(7KPa).
Vapormetersofthediecastorironcasetypeshallbepermittedto
beusedatanypressureequaltoorlessthantheworkingpressure
forwhichtheyaredesignedandmarked.
Gasmetersshallbelocatedinventilatedspacesreadilyaccessible
forexamination,reading,replacementornecessarymaintenance.
Gasmetersshallnotbeplacedwheretheywillbesubjectedto
damage,suchasadjacenttoadriveway,underafireescape,in
publicpassages,hallsorwheretheywillbesubjectedtoexcessive
corrosionorvibration.
Page |Page |
Page |
532
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Gasmetersshallbelocatedatleast1mfromsourcesofignition.
Gasmetersshallnotbelocatedwheretheywillbesubjectedto
extremetemperaturesorsuddenextremechangesintemperature.
Metersshallnotbelocatedinareaswheretheyaresubjectedto
temperaturesbeyondthoserecommendedbythemanufacturer.
Gasmetersshallbesupportedorconnectedtorigidpipingsoasnot
toexertastrainonthemeters.
Gasmetersshallbeprotectedagainstoverpressure,backpressure,
andvacuum,wheresuchconditionsareanticipated.
2.1.11. Strainers
Strainersshallbedesignedtominimizethepossibilityofparticulate
materialsclogginglinesanddamagingmetersorregulators.Thestrainer
elementshallbeaccessibleforcleaning.
2.2. ElectricalBondingandGrounding

2.2.1. Electricalcircuitsshallnotutilizegaspipingorcomponentsasconductors.
2.2.2. Allelectricalconnectionsbetweenwiringandelectricallyoperatedcontrol
devicesinapipingsystemshallconformtotherequirementsofNFPA70.
2.2.3. Anyessentialsafetycontrol(inthevaporizer)dependingonelectrical
currentastheoperatingmediumshallbeofatypethatwillshutoff(fail
safe)theflowofgasintheeventofcurrentfailure.
2.3. GasLeakDetection
2.3.1. GasleakdetectionsystemshallbeprovidedforLPGpipesrunninginair
conditionedareas(includingthedining&kitchenarea)orwithinbasement
floor).
2.3.2. 2.3.2 Gasleakdetectorsshallbeconnectedtoalocalizedalertalarm,

emergencyshutoffvalveaswellasthekitchenexhaustsystems.Thegas
supplysafetyshutoffvalvesystemshallalsobeinterlockingwiththekitchen
automaticfiresuppressionsystem(seeFigure11.1below).
Page |Page |
Page |
533
Gas supply shut-Off
OFF
OFF
OFF
Kitchen Fire
Gas Leak
Kitchen
Suppression
Detection
Exhaust
System
System
System
ON
OFF
Figure11.1:Interconnectionofgasleakdetector,kitchenexhaust,kitchensuppression
andgassupplysystems.
3. ProhibitedPlaces
3.1. LPGcylindersandpipeinstallationshallnotbepermittedinthefollowingareas:
i.
ii.
Inthegroundunderconcreteflooringwithinbuilding
Underbuildingfoundations
iii.
Withinliftshaftsandcavitywalls
iv.
Incompartmentsorductsdedicatedforelectricalswitchgears,
transformersorgenerators
v.
Inrefrigerationchambers,coldrooms,airhandlingroomsand
ventilationorairconditioningducts
vi.
Adjacenttopipesandvesselscontainingflammable,oxidizing,corrosive
andotherhazardousmaterials
vii.
Infirefightinglobby,firecommandcenters,smokestoplobbies,fire
pumprooms,firefightingwatertankrooms,sprinklercontrolvalve
rooms,firefightingriserducts,areasofrefuge,protectedcorridors,
protectedstaircases,bedroomsandotheroccupiedareaetc.
3.2. Propermetalpipesleevesshallbeinstalledforthegaspipesrunninginenclosed,
unventilatedareasorbasementfloor,andatlastoneendexposeddirectlytothe
exterioropensafespace(itmaybeusedtofacilitatethegasleakdetection
system).
3.3. Gaspiperunningverticallyshallbeenclosedwithinaprotectedrisershaft&be
fullyfireseparatedfromotherM&Erisers.Ventilationopeningshallbeprovided
forsuchgasriser.
Page |Page |
Page |
534
4. ListofItemstobeincludedinthePlanSubmission
4.1. Endorsementonthisguideline,NFPA58,NFPA54,otherrelevantandapproved
standardsandtheFireCode.
4.2. LocationandsiteplanassociatedwiththeLPGinstallation.
4.3. DetailedplanandelevationviewsassociatedwiththeLPGinstallationshowingthe
following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Locationandnumberofcylindersaswellasquantityinkilograms.
HousingfortheLPGcylinders,e.g.cabinets,fencing.
Locationofancillaryfittings,e.g.vaporizer,1ststageregulator,
emergencyshutoffvalves,changeovervalve,remotecablepull,knock
outpotandpipeentry.
Hydrantlocation,fireengineaccessway,sourceofignition,boundary
line,buildingline,internalroadsandparkingarea.
Locationofexits,staircases,detailsofhorizontalopenings(e.g.doors,
airintakesandwindows)andgroundopenings(e.g.drains,manholes
andentrancetobasement).
Firesafetyprovisionslike,hosereel,fireextinguishers,indicationof
sprinklerprotection,gasleakdetectors,mechanicalventilation,exhaust
systemsandfiresuppressionsystems,whereapplicable.(Fire
ProtectionPlanandMechanicalVentilationPlanshallbesubmitted
accordinglyinadditiontotheBuildingPlansubmission.)
HazardsignasindicatedinANNEXDandotherrelevantinformation
associatedwiththeLPGinstallation.
Page |Page |
Page |
535
[CHAPTER11.FIRESAFETYGUIDELINEFORLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGASINSTALLATIONS]
ANNEXBOUTDOORLPGINSTALLATIONS
(All distances are minimum values)
Vehicle parking
5m (for intakes below manifold system)

1.5m (for intakes above manifold system)
Uncovered openings
3m
3m
Mechanical
air intake
6m (3m with
2hr fire wall)
0.6m
0.6m
0.6m
Fire exit door
2 groups of 4 x 45kg LPG cylinders

attached to a single manifold
vaporizer
2 Groups of 2 x 45kg LPG cylinders

3m
Maximum of 2 manifold systems are allowed per

building (maximum of 450kg per building, 10 x 45kg
cylinders)
1.5m
1 group of 4 x 45kg LPG

cylinders attached to a single
manifold
2 Groups of 3 x 45kg LPG cylinders

Fixed electrical equipment
Emergency
shut-off valve
1.5m
window
Fire exit door
Boundary line
1.5m
3m
0.6m
3m
(if only one exit or more than
270kg, i.e. 6 x 45kg cylinders)
3m
Boundary line
fire exit route
Page |
536
ANNEXBOUTDOORLPGINSTALLATIONS
5m (for intakes below manifold system)

Air Intake
Mechanical
1.5m (for intakes above manifold system)
1.5m
Vaporizer
Max
0.6m
Exit Door
1.8m
45kg 45kg 45kg
1.5m
(3m if having only one exit )
Building External Facade
Window
LPG pipe
0.15m
1.5m
0.6m
45kg
45kg
45kg
45kg
1.5m
(3m if having only one exit)
Page |
537
LPG
quantity
kg
Distance
from
boundary
No.of
banksper
manifold
no.
No.of
cylinders
perbank
/cluster
no.
No.of
cylinders
per
manifold
no.
Distance
between
cabinet/
cluster
Distance
fromdrains,
pit,
manhole,oil
tankbund
wall,
basement
openingetc.
m
Distance
fromfire
exitroute
Horizontal
distancefrom
windows,
doors,vents,
balanceflue
outlets,etc.
Distance
from
mechanical
airintake
Distance
between
manifold
systems
Distance
from
vehicle
parking
lot
Less
than
270kg
3min.
2max.
3max.
6max.
0.6min.
1.5min. 3min.
(oneexit
only)
1.5min.
(morethan
oneexit)
1.5minimum.
5min.
(intakes
below
manifold
system)
1.5min.
(intakes
above
manifold
system)
3min.
(nofire
rated
wall)
1.5min.
(with2hr
firerated
wall)
3.0
minimum.
270kgto
450kg
3min.
2max.
5max.
10max.
0.6min
3min.
1.5minimum.
5min.
(intakes
below
manifold
system)
1.5min.
(intakes
above
manifold
system)
6min.
(nofire
rated
wall)
3min.
(with2hr
firerated
wall)
3.0
minimum.
3min.
(oneexit
only)
1.5min.
(morethan
oneexit)
Page |
538
from
1.5m
air intake
above manifold
system (5m for
below manifold
system)
and
1.5m
from
building
External
wall
not deeper
than
1.5m
High and
Low
level Louvered Door
ANNEXCINDOORLPGCYLINDERINSTALLATIONINSEPARATE
6 X 15kg or 6 x 45kg LPG Cylinders
(Maximum allowed 270kg).
2-hour fire rated

compartment wall
An approved gas leak detector system

shall be provided in that compartment.
Other part of
building
Opposite Wall
Not More Than
1.5m
Opposite
Wall Not
More Than
1.5m
Emergency
shut-off Valve
1.5m
3m
High and low vents shall be provided in the

external wall to at least 300 cm per m of
the floor area
Boundary Line or Fire Engine Accessway
Page |
539
ANNEXCTECHNICALDETAILSFORINDOORLPGINSTALLATIONS
LocationofLPG Quantity
Allowed
Separate
Compartment
kg
270max.
(6x45kgor
6x15kg)
Maximum
6
cylinders
Fireratingof
compartment
hr
2
Distancefrom
Openflame,
ignition
source
m
3m
Sprinkler/Gas
Leakdetector
Gasleakdetector
isrequired
togetherwith
pipesleevesand
atstrategic
locationwhere
accumulationis
possible
Natural
Ventilation
Mechanical
Ventilation
a)300cm
openingper
mof
compartment
floorarea
b)highand
lowventsshall
beprovided
c)
Compartment
notmore
1.5mdeep
fromexternal
wall.
m/min
0.3perm
of
compartmen
tfloorarea
(asperNFPA
58)
Distance
from
exits
m
1.5
Min.Dist.Of
dischargefrom
mech.airintake
m
1.5min.
(intakesabove
manifoldsystem)
5min.
(intakesbelow
manifoldsystem)
Page |
540
600mm
LETTERINGS IN RED
WHITE BACKGROUND
CLASS LABEL
LPG
300mm
HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE
FLAMMABLE
GAS
HAZCHEM CODE
2WE
NO SMOKING
NO NAKED
500mm
(LETTERINGS IN RED)
LICENSED QUANTITY
LPG n/e XXXX LITRES
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
CALL ABC LP GAS SUPPLY
(TELEPHONE NUMBER)
IN CASE OF FIRE CALL 997
100mm
100mm
100mm
300mm
(LETTERINGS IN BLACK)
Page |
541
Example 1
7.6m
Edge of building roof
500 gal
6.1m
Air intakes for air1m
conditioning and
ventilation systems
500 gal
Example 2
7.6m
1m
1000 gal
6.1m
Air intakes for air

conditioning and
ventilation systems
Example 3
7.6m
3m
500 gal
6.1m
Air intakes for air conditioning and

ventilation systems
7.6m
3m
Building openings like
doors and windows
7.6m
1000 gal

3m
doors and windows
3m
500 gal

3m
doors and windows
Page |
542
ANNEXE
Example 4
Air intakes for airconditioning and
ventilation systems
6.1m
7.6m
500 gal
500 gal
7.6m

1m

500 gal
500 gal
3m
doors and windows
Example 5

7.6m
1000 gal
1000 gal
7.6m
7.6m
3m
6.1m

ventilation systems
doors and windows
Example 6
Edge
of building roof
7.6m
500 gal
500 gal
3m
3m
7.6m
7.6m
3m
7.6m
6.1m
500 gal
500 gal

Air intakes for air-conditioning
doors and windows

and ventilation systems
Page |
543

ANNEXE
Edge
of building roof
500 gal
7.6m
1m
500 gal
Example 7
7.6m
7.6m
500 gal
1m
7.6m
500 gal
3m
6.1m

doors and windows

ventilation systems
Example 8
doors and windows
3m
7.6m
7.6m
2000 gal
6.1m
ventilation systems
Page |
544
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER12.FIRE&SAFETYCODESDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDMAINTENANCE
1. Policy
2. General
5.3. ProgramManagerResponsibilities.
5.4. SiteSecurity.
5.5. Smoking.
5.6. WasteDisposal.
6.2. TemporaryOfficesandSheds.
6.3. TemporaryEnclosures.
6.4. Equipment.
6.5. ConstructionMaterials
7.1. HotWork.
7.2. Welding,Cutting,BrazingandotherHotwork&openflameorsmoke
producingoperations
7.3. ThermitWelding.
7.4. PreSiteInspection
7.5. FireWatch
7.6. PostworkInspection
8.1. Storage.
10. OtherCombustibleMaterials.
10.1.
Storage
10.2.
CombustibleDebris
10.3.
OilyRags
11. CompressedGases
11.1.
ProtectionofGasContainers
11.2.
Separation
11.3.
Marking
12. LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPGas)
12.10.
OccupiedBuildings
13. SpecialEquipment
13.1.
MotorizedEquipment
13.2.
13.3.
14. ElectricalDevices
14.5.
TemporaryWiring.
14.6.
Lighting.
15. FireProtection
15.1.
15.2.
Hydrants.
15.3.
Standpipes.
15.4.
PAGENO.
548
548
548
548
549
549
549
549
550
551
551
551
551
552
552
552
553
553
553
553
554
554
554
554
554
555
556
556
556
556
556
556
556
557
557
557
558
558
558
558
559
560
560
560
561
561
561
561
562
Page |
545
[CONTENTS]
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
15.5.
FireExtinguishers
15.6.
AreaSeparationWalls
15.7.
15.8.
WaterSupply.
15.9.
FireAlarmSystem
16.1.
FireAlarmReporting.
18.1.
MeansofEgress.
18.2.
18.3.
Stairs.
18.4.
HoistsandElevators.
AssemblyPoints
VehicleParking.
21.1.
21.2.
21.3.
21.4.
Gas.
21.5.
21.6.
22.1.
22.2.
22.3.
22.4.
22.5.
PersonalProtection.
22.6.
Equipment.
22.7.
22.8.
FuelGasCylinders.
22.9.
FrostBuildup.
22.10.
22.11.
23.1.
General.
23.2.
SpecialPrecautions.
23.3.
Smoking.
23.4.
23.5.
Gas.
23.6.
FireCutoffs.
23.7.
23.8.
23.9.
Standpipes.
23.10.
FireExtinguisher.
24.1.
General.
24.2.
Security.
24.3.
WaterSupply.
24.4.
24.5.
Drills.
24.6.
24.7.
563
563
563
564
565
565
565
565
566
566
566
567
567
567
567
568
568
568
568
569
569
570
570
570
570
570
571
571
571
572
572
572
572
573
573
573
573
574
574
574
574
575
575
575
575
575
575
575
576
576
576
576
578
Page |
546
[CONTENTS]
24.8.
Electrical.
24.9.
24.10.
24.11.
Storage.
24.12.
Equipment.
24.13.
Ventilation.
25. RequirementsforSiteOffices(ManufacturedHomes/Offices)
25.2.
25.3.
25.4.
25.5.
26. FireSafetyandEvacuationPlanforBuildingUnderConstructionorRenovation
578
579
579
580
580
580
580
581
581
581
581
582
583
Page |
547
[CHAPTER12.FIRE&SAFETYCODESDURINGCONSTRUCTION&MAINTENANCE]
CHAPTER12
FIRE&SAFETYCODESDURINGCONSTRUCTIONAND
MAINTENANCE
1. Policy
1.1.
ItisthepolicyofTheCivilDefencetoensurethattheriskoffireduring
construction,alterationanddemolitionoperationsinminimizedinaccordance
withtherequirementsofthisdocument.
2. General
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
Thesestandardsareintendedtoprescribeminimumsafeguardsfornewbuilding
constructionandsignificantbuildingalterationprojectsinordertoprovidea
reasonabledegreeofsafetytolifeandpropertyfromfire.
TheseguidelinesarebasedontheprovisionsforFireSafetyduringbuilding
constructionassetinNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)1,Fire
PreventionCodeandNFPA241,StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,
AlterationandDemolitionOperationswhichprovidebasicmeasuresthatshallbe
followedtominimizeandpreventloss.
Thisdocumentshallnotbeconstruedtobeinlieuofanyotherlaworregulation
relatedtoconstructionsitesafety.
Thegeneralcontractororotherdesigneeofthebuildingownershallbe
responsibleforcompliancewiththesestandards.
Whenthetermshallisusedinthisdocument,itmeansamandatory
requirement.
Alterationactivitiesshallbepermittedtorequiretheuseofboththedemolition
andconstructionactivityrequirements,asapplicable.
Afiresafetyprogramshallbeincludedinallconstruction,alteration,or
demolitioncontracts,andtherightoftheownertoadministerandenforcethis
programshallbeestablished,evenifthebuildingisentirelyunderthejurisdiction
ofthecontractor.
3.1.
AwrittenFireProtectionplanshallbedevelopedforsignificantorcomplex
constructionprojectsatthediscretionoftheCivilDefence.Theplanshallbe
approvedbytheCivilDefencepriortoproceedingpastfoundationworkfornew
buildingsorcommencementofdemolitionworkinalterationprojects.The
writtenplanshallbeconsistentwiththeFiresafetyprecautionsasspecifiedin
thisstandard.Thegeneralcontractorisresponsibleforcarryingoutprovisionsof
theFireProtectionPlanandcommunicationplanshallincludethefollowing:
Page |
548
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
ProceduresforreportingemergenciestotheCivilDefence.
Proceduresforemergencynotification,evacuationand/orrelocationofall
personsinthebuildingunderconstructionandonthesite.
ProceduresforHotworkoperations,managementofhazardousmaterials
andremovalofcombustibledebrisandmaintenanceofemergencyaccess
roads.
Floorplansidentifyingthelocationsofexits,exitstairs,exitroutesand
portablefireextinguishers.
Siteplansidentifyingrequiredfireapparatusaccessroadwaysandonsite
firehydrants.
Siteplansidentifyingthedesignatedexteriorassemblyareasforeach
evacuationroute.
Thenameandcontactphonenumberofperson(s)responsiblefor
compliancewiththeFireProtectionPlan.
4.1.
Anoverallconstructionordemolitionfiresafetyprogramshallbedeveloped.
Essentialitemstobeemphasizedincludethefollowing:
i.
Goodhousekeeping
ii.
Onsitesecurity
iii.
Installationofnewfireprotectionsystemsasconstructionprogresses
iv.
Preservationofexistingsystemsduringdemolition
v.
Organizationandtrainingofanonsitefirebrigade
vi.
Developmentofaprefireplanwiththelocalfiredepartment
vii.
Rapidcommunication
viii.
Considerationofspecialhazardsresultingfrompreviousoccupancies
ix.
Protectionofexistingstructuresandequipmentfromexposurefires
resultingfromconstruction,alteration,anddemolitionoperations.
5.1.
Theownershalldesignateaperson(ProgramManager)whoshallberesponsible
forthefirepreventionprogramandwhoshallensurethatitiscarriedoutto
completion.
5.2.1. Theaddressnumbersofthepropertyorprojectlocationshallbeplainly
visibleandlegiblefromthestreetorroadfrontingthepropertyattheCivil
Defenceandapparatusaccessorasotherwiseapproved.
5.3.
ProgramManagerResponsibilities.
5.3.1. Themanagershallberesponsibleforensuringthatpropertrainingintheuse
ofprotectionequipmenthasbeenprovided.
5.3.2. Themanagershallberesponsibleforthepresenceofadequatenumbersand
typesoffireprotectiondevicesandappliancesandfortheirproper
maintenance.
Page |
549
5.3.3. Themanagershallberesponsibleforsupervisingthepermitsystemforhot
workoperations.
5.3.4. Aweeklyselfinspectionprogramshallbeimplemented,withrecords
maintainedandmadeavailable.
5.3.5. Impairmentstothefireprotectionsystemsorfirealarm,detection,or
communicationssystemsshallbeauthorizedonlybythefireprevention
programmanager.
5.3.6. Temporaryprotectivecoveringsusedonfireprotectiondevicesduring
renovations,suchaspainting,shallberemovedpromptlywhenworkhas
beencompletedinthearea.
5.3.7. Wherethereispublicfireprotectionoraprivatefirebrigade,themanager
shallberesponsibleforthedevelopmentofprefireplansinconjunction
withthefireagencies.
5.3.8. Theprogrammanagershallensurethatthegeneralcontractorsadequate
numberofindividualsaretrainedintheproperuseofportablefire
extinguishers,whicharefirstaidoffirefighting.
5.4.
SiteSecurity.
5.4.1. Guardserviceshallbeprovidedwhererequiredbytheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
5.4.2. Whereguardserviceisprovided,theguard(s)shallbetrainedinthe
following:
i.
NotificationproceduresthatincludecallingtheCivilDefence
andmanagementpersonnel
ii.
Knowledgeoffireprotectionequipment
iii.
Familiarizationwithfirehazards
iv.
Useofconstructionelevators
5.4.3. Guardsshallbeinformedofanyspecialstatusofemergencyequipmentor
hazards.
5.4.4. Securityfencesshallbeprovidedwhererequiredbytheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
5.4.5. Entrances(e.g.,doorsandwindows)tothestructureunderconstruction,
alteration,ordemolitionshallbesecuredwhererequiredbytheauthority
havingjurisdiction.
Page |
550
5.5.
Smoking.
5.5.1. Smokingshallbeprohibitedatorinthevicinityofhazardousoperationsor
combustible/flammablematerials.NOSMOKINGsignsshallbepostedin
theseareas.
5.5.2. Smokingshallbepermittedonlyindesignatedareas.
5.5.3. Wheresmokingispermitted,safereceptaclesforsmokingmaterialsshallbe
provided.

5.6. WasteDisposal.
5.6.1. Accumulationsofcombustiblewastematerial,dust,anddebrisshallbe
removedfromthestructureanditsimmediatevicinityattheendofeach
workshiftormorefrequentlyasnecessaryforsafeoperations.
5.6.2. Rubbishshallnotbeburnedonthepremiseswithoutfirstobtainingapermit
fromtheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
5.6.3. Materialssusceptibletospontaneousignition,suchasoilyrags,shallbe
storedinalisteddisposalcontainer.
5.6.4. Whenatrashchuteisused,anapprovedsafetyplanshallbesubmittedto
theauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
6.1.
6.2.
Thetermtemporaryshallbedefinedasthedurationoftheconstruction
project.
TemporaryOfficesandSheds.
6.2.1. Separationdistancesbetweenbuildingsunderconstructionand
constructionrelatedstructures,suchastemporaryoffices,trailers,sheds,
andotherfacilitiesforthestorageoftoolsandmaterialshavingcombustible
constructionorcontents,shallbeinaccordancewithTable12.1.
Table12.1.:SeparationDistancesbetweenbuildingin
constructionsite
Table12.1.:SeparationDistancesbetweenbuildinginconstructionsite
TemporaryStructure
ExposingWallLength
m
6
9
12
15
18
>18
ft
20
30
40
50
60
>60
MinimumSeparation
Distance
m
ft
9
30
11
35
12
40
14
45
15
50
18
60
Page |
551
6.2.2. Detachmentbetweentemporarystructures,adequatetemporaryfixedfire
protectionsystems,andportableequipmentshallbeprovidedasrequired
bytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
6.2.3. Onlysafelyinstalledapprovedheatingdevicesshallbeusedintemporary
officesandsheds.
6.2.4. Clearanceshallbeprovidedaroundstoves,heaters,andallchimneyand
ventconnectorstopreventignitionofadjacentcombustiblematerials.
6.3.
TemporaryEnclosures.
6.3.1. Onlynoncombustiblepanels,flameresistanttarpaulins,orapproved
materialsofequivalentfireretardantcharacteristicsshallbeused.
6.3.2. Anyotherfabricsorplasticfilmsusedshallbecertifiedasconformingtothe
requirementsofTestMethod#2containedinNFPA701,StandardMethods
ofFireTestsforFlamePropagationofTextilesandFilms.
6.3.3. Whereusedtoenclosestructures,formingequipment,andsimilaritems,
theenclosingmaterialshallbefastenedsecurelyorguardedbyconstruction
soitcannotbeblownbythewindagainstheatersorothersourcesof
ignition.
6.4.
Equipment.
6.4.1. Internalcombustionenginesandassociatedequipment,suchasair
compressors,hoists,derricks,pumps,andsimilardevices,shallbelocatedso
thattheexhaustsdischargewellawayfromcombustiblematerials.
6.4.2. Wheretheexhaustsarepipedoutsidethestructureunderconstruction,
alteration,ordemolition,aclearanceofatleast230mm(9in.)shallbe
maintainedbetweensuchpipingandcombustiblematerial.
6.4.3. Internalcombustionenginesandassociatedequipmentshallbeshutdown
andallowedtocoolsufficientlypriortorefueling.
6.4.4. Serviceareasforequipmentshallnotbelocatedwithinstructuresunder
construction,alteration,ordemolition.
6.4.5. Fuelforinternalcombustionenginesshallnotbestoredwithinstructures
underconstruction,alteration,ordemolition,unlessotherwisepermitted.
6.5.
ConstructionMaterials
6.5.1. Constructionmaterials(dropclothes,tarpsetc.)shallbenoncombustibleor
fireretardantwithamaximumflamespreadof25,astestedinaccordance
withASTME84.
6.5.2. Plasticsheetingshallbefireretardanttype.
Page |
552
6.5.3. Woodusedintemporaryorpermanentconstructionshallbefireretardant
pressureimpregnated.
6.5.4. Allmaterialsusedfortemporaryorpermanentconstructionshallcomply
withcomplywithSD410requirements.
7.1.
HotWork.
7.1.1. Hotworkincludesanyworkinvolvingoperationscapableofinitiatingfiresor
explosions,includingcutting,welding,brazing,soldering,grinding,thermal
spraying,thawingpipe,torchappliedroofingoranyothersimilaractivity.
Theuseofhotworkequipmentshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing
requirements,includingapresiteinspection,firewatchandpostinspection
procedures.

7.2. Welding,Cutting,BrazingandotherHotwork&openflameorsmokeproducing
operations
7.2.1. Writtenpermissionshallbeobtained24hoursinadvanceofworkfromthe
contractingofficerstechnicalrepresentativeandbuildingoperation
manager.
7.2.2. Internalpermitshallbeissuedonadailybasisforallwelding,cutting,
brazingandotheropenflameproducingoperationswhenitisdetermined
thattheworkcanbedonesafelyattherequestedlocation,combustibles
havebeenseparatedfromtheworkarea,theatmosphereisnotflammable
andafirewatchispostedfortheworkperiodand30minutesthereafter.
7.2.3. WorkPermitcultureshallbestrictlyfollowed.
7.3.
ThermitWelding.
7.3.1. InThermitwelding,themoldshallbedriedthoroughlybeforethechargeis
ignitedandprovidedwithacover.
7.3.2. BulkstorageofThermitweldingmaterialsshallbemaintainedinadetached
shedatleast15m(50ft)fromthemainbuildings.
7.3.3. Storageshedsshallbemaintaineddry,postedasanosmokingarea,and
keptlocked.
7.3.4. Containersforthestartingmaterialshallbeclosedtightlyimmediatelyafter
eachuse.
7.3.5. Themoldsshallnotberemoveduntilsufficientcoolinghastakenplacein
accordancewiththemanufacturerspublishedinstructions.
Page |
553
7.3.6. SmokingshallnotbepermittedinareaswhereThermitweldingmaterialis
beingused.
7.4.
PreSiteInspection
Aninspectionofthehotworksiteshallbeconductedbythegeneralcontractor
orhis/herdesigneepriortohotworkoperationstoensurethefollowing.
7.4.1. Thehotworksiteisclearofcombustiblesorthatcombustiblesare
protected.
7.4.2. Exposedconstructionisofnoncombustiblematerialsorthatcombustible
materialsareprotected.
7.4.3. Openingsaretobeprotected.
7.4.4. Therearenoexposedcombustiblesontheoppositesideofthepartitions,
walls,ceilings,floorsetc.
7.4.5. Fireextinguishersareavailable,fullychargedandoperable.
7.4.6. Firewatchpersonnelareassigned,equippedandtrained.
7.5.
FireWatch
7.5.1. Thesoledutyoffirewatchpersonnelshallbetowatchforoccurrenceoffire
duringandafterhotworkoperations.Individualsdesignatedtofirewatch
dutyshallhavefireextinguishingequipmentreadilyavailableandshallbe
trainedintheuseofsuchequipment.Personnelassignedtofirewatchshall
beresponsibleforextinguishingspotfiresandcommunicatinganalarm.Hot
workconductedinareaswithverticalandhorizontalfireexposuresthat
cannotbeobservedbyasingleindividual,shallhaveadditionalpersonnel
assignedtofirewatchestoensurethatallexposedareasaremonitored.
7.6.
PostworkInspection
7.6.1. Thefirewatchshallbemaintainedaminimumof30minutesafterthe
conclusionoftheworktolookoutforleftoversparks,slagorsmoldering
combustibles.
8.1.
Storage.
Thefollowingrequirementsshallapplytostorageareasforflammableand
combustibleliquidsandflammablegases
8.1.1. Storageareasshallbekeptfreeofweedsandextraneouscombustible
material.
Page |
554
8.1.2. Openflamesandsmokingshallbeprohibitedinstorageareas.
8.1.3. StorageofClassIandClassIIliquidsshallnotexceed227L(60gal)within15
m(50ft)ofthestructure.
8.1.4. Storageareasshallbekeptfreeofweeds,debris,andcombustiblematerials
notnecessarytothestorage.
8.1.5. Openflamesandsmokingshallnotbepermittedinflammableand
combustibleliquidsstorageareas.
8.1.6. SuchstorageareasshallbeappropriatelypostedasNoSmokingareas.
8.1.7. Tanksandcontainersshallbemarkedwiththenameoftheproductand
sign,
FLAMMABLEKEEPFIREANDFLAMEAWAY
8.1.8. Tanks(i.e.containersinexcessof60gallons)shallalsobelabeled
KEEP50FEET(15m)FROMBUILDINGS
8.1.9. Overnightstorageofcombustiblepaintsandliquidsinsideorwithin50feet
(15m)ofabuildingshallnotexceed10gallons,unlessstoredwithinan
approvedflammableliquidsstoragecabinetinalocationapprovedby
buildingmanagement.

8.2.1. Atleastoneportablefireextinguisher(10poundABCtypeor20Btype)shall
belocatednolessthan10feet(3m)andnomorethan50feet(15m)from
theflammableliquidsstoragearea.
8.2.2. ClassIandClassIIliquidsshallbekeptinapprovedsafetycontainers.
8.2.3. MetalcontainersforClassIorClassIIliquidsshallbeinaccordancewith
NFPA30,30Arequirementsorshallbeofanapproveddesign.Discharge
devicesshallnotcauseaninternalpressureonthecontainer.Individual
containersshallnotbeinterconnectedandshallbekeptclosedwhennotin
use.
8.2.4. Secondarycontainmentormeansofspillcontrol,drainagecontroland
dikingshallberequiredforcontainersandtanksasapprovedbytheFire
Departmentandifapplicable,localhazardousmaterialsprogramagency.
8.2.5. Meansshallbeprovidedtodisposeofleakageandspillspromptlyand
safely.
8.2.6. ClassIliquidsshallbedispensedonlywheretherearenoopenflamesor
othersourcesofignitionwithinthepossiblepathofvaportravel.
Page |
555
8.2.7. Plansfortheinstallation/useofanyabovegroundstoragetank(i.e.
containergreaterthan60gallons)shallbesubmittedtotheCivilDefence
andifapplicable,tolocalhazardousmaterialprogramagencyforreviewand
permitpriortoproposedtankarrivingatthesite.
9.1.
9.2.
Thestorage,handling,anduseofexplosivematerialsshallbeinaccordancewith
NFPA495,ExplosiveMaterialsCode.
Allblastingoperationsshallbeunderthedirectsupervisionofanindividualwho
islegallylicensedtouseexplosivesandwhopossessestherequiredpermits.
10.
OtherCombustibleMaterials.
10.1. Storage
10.1.1. Combustibleconstructionmaterialsshallbestoredaminimumof20feet
(6m)frombuildingsunderconstructionorundergoingremodel,exceptfor
i.
ii.
Materialsthatarestagedforinstallationonafloorlevel.
WhenapprovedbytheCivilDefence,materialsmaybestoredinparking
garagesofTypeIconstructioniftheautomaticfiresprinklersystemisin
serviceandverticalopeningsareprotected.
10.2. CombustibleDebris
10.2.1. Wood,cardboard,packingmaterial,formslumberandsimilarcombustible
debrisshallnotbeaccumulatedwithinbuildings.Suchdebris,rubbishand
wastematerialshallberemovedfrombuildingsonadailybasis.
10.3. OilyRags
10.3.1. Oilyragsandsimilarmaterialshallbestoredinmetalorotherapproved
containersequippedwithtightfittingcovers.
11.
CompressedGases
11.1. ProtectionofGasContainers
11.1.1. Gascontainers/Cylindersshallbeprotectedasfollows.
i.
ii.
iii.
combustiblematerialsshallbekeptaminimumof10feet(3m)from
gascontainers.
Cylindersshallbeprotectedagainstphysicaldamage.
Cylindersshallbestoreduprightandsecuredtopreventfalling.
Page |
556
iv.
Cylindersshallnotbeplacednearelevators,unprotectedplatform
edgesorotherareaswheretheydropmorethan2feet(0.61m)
v.
Cylindersshallnotbeplacedinareaswheretheymaybedamagedby
fallingobjects.
vi.
Whencylindersarenotinuse,valveprotectivecapsshallbeinplace.
vii.
Ropes,chainsorslingsshallnotbeusedtosuspendgascylinders,
unlessthecylinderwasmanufacturedwithappropriatelifting
attachments.
11.2. Separation
11.2.1. Whenstored,gascylindersshallbeseparatedfromeachotherbasedon
theirhazardclasses.
11.3. Marking
11.3.1. Gascylindersshallbemarkedwiththenameofthecontents.
12.
LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPGas)
12.1. Propanecontainersmaybeusedinbuildingunderconstructionorundergoing
majorrenovationasafuelsourcefortemporaryheatingforcuringconcrete,
dryingplasterandsimilarapplicationsinaccordancewiththefollowing.
12.2. Heatingelements(otherthanintegralheatercontainerunits)shallbelocatedat
least6feet(1.8m)fromanyLPGascontainer.
12.3. Integralheatercontainerunitsspecificallydesignedfortheattachmentofthe
heatertothecontainer,ortoasupportingstandardattachedtothecontainer,
maybeusedprovidedtheyaredesignedandinstalledsoastopreventdirector
radiantheatapplicationtotheLPGascontainer.
12.4. BlowerandradianttypeunitsshallnotbedirectedtowardanyLPGascontainer
within20feet(6m).
12.5. Heatproducingequipmentshallbeinstalledwithclearancetothecombustiblein
accordancewiththemanufacturersinstallationinstructions.
12.6. CylindersshallcomplywithDOTcylinderspecificationsandshallbesecuredinan
uprightposition.
12.7. RegulatorsshallbeapprovedforusewithLPGas.Fittingsshallbedesignedforat
least250psiservicepressures.
12.8. Hoseshallbedesignedforaworkingpressureofatleast350psi(unlesslimited
to5psi)andshallbeamaximumof6feet(1.8m)inlength.
12.9. Portableheatersshallbeequippedwithanapprovedautomaticdevicetoshutoff
theflowofgastothemainburnerandtothepilotintheeventofflame
extinguishmentorcombustionfailure.Portableheaterswithaninputofmore
Page |
557
than50,000Btu/hrshallbeequippedwitheitherapilotthatmustbeproved
beforethemainburnercanbeturnedonoranapprovedelectronicignition
system.
12.10. OccupiedBuildings
12.10.1.
12.10.2.
12.10.3.
12.10.4.
Inadditiontotheabove,forLPGstorage/useinbuildingsundergoing
alterationandthatarefullyorpartiallyoccupied,thefollowingshall
alsoapply.
SpecificapprovalmustbeobtainedfromtheCivilDefencepriorto
bringingLPGascontainersonsite.
Themaximumwatercapacityofindividualcontainersshallbe5gallon
watercapacityandnumberofcontainersinthebuildingshallnot
exceedthenumberofworkersassignedtousingtheLPGas.
Containershavingawatercapacitygreaterthan21/2pounds(1quart)
shallnotbeleftunattended.
13.
SpecialEquipment
13.1.
MotorizedEquipment
13.1.1.
13.1.2.
13.1.3.
Internalcombustionenginesshallnotbeoperatedinsidebuildings,
unlesstheinstallationisapprovedbytheofficeofEnvironmental
ManagementandSafety.
Enginesandequipmentshallbeallowedtocooltoambient
temperaturebeforetheyarerefueled.
Motorizedequipment,includinginternalcombustionpowered
constructionequipment,shallbeusedinaccordancewiththe
following.
i.
ii.
iii.
Fuelforequipmentshallbestoredinanapprovedareaoutside
ofthebuilding.
Equipmentshallnotberefueledwhileinoperation.
Equipmentshallbelocatedsothatexhaustsdonotdischarge
againstcombustiblematerials.
13.2.
13.2.1.
TemporaryheatingequipmentsuchasLPGfueled,Oilfiredheaters
shallbelistedandshallbeinstalled,used,andmaintainedin
accordancewiththemanufacturersinstructions.
Page |
558
13.2.2.
13.2.3.
13.2.4.
13.2.5.
13.2.6.
13.3.
Chimneyorventconnectors,whererequiredfromdirectfired
heaters,shallbemaintainedatleast460mm(18in.)from
combustibles.
Heatingequipmentshallbesecuredproperlyandkeptclearfrom
combustiblematerials.Refuelingoperationsshallbeconductedin
approvedmanner.
Heatingdevicesshallnotbeusedinareaswhereflammableliquidsare
beingsprayed.Propaneandkeroseneheatersareprohibitedinside
buildings.Heatingequipmentshallnotbekeptunattendedwhenitis
operating.
Heatingequipmentshallbelocatedaminimumof3feet(0.9m)away
fromcombustiblesandinanareawhereitisnotlikelytooverturn.
Temporaryheatingequipment,whereutilized,shallbemonitoredfor
safeoperationandmaintainedbyproperlytrainedpersonnel.
13.3.1.
13.3.2.
13.3.3.
13.3.4.
13.3.5.
13.3.6.
13.3.7.
Asphaltkettlesshallnotbelocatedwithin20feet(6.1m)ofany
combustiblematerial,combustiblebuildingsurfaceorbuilding
opening.
Withtheexceptionofthermostaticallycontrolledkettles,an
attendantshallbewithin100feet(30m)ofakettlewhentheheat
sourceisopening.
Laddersorsimilarobstaclesshallnotformapartoftheroutebetween
theattendanceandthekettle.Kettlesshallbeequippedwithtight
fittingcovers.
Mopsandragssoakedwithtarhavepotentialtoignitespontaneously
andthereforemustbethoroughlycleanedandstoredawayfromthe
structureandcombustibles.
A10poundABCtypeportablefireextinguishershallbeprovided
within30feet(9.1m)ofthekettle.Waterextinguishersshallnotbe
used.
Aminimum20B:Cratedportablefireextinguishershallbelocated
within30feet(9.1m)ofeachasphaltkettlewhentheheatsourceis
operating.
Minimum20B:Cratedportablefireextinguishersalsoshallbelocated
onroofsduringasphaltcoatingoperations.
Page |
559
14.
ElectricalDevices
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
Allconstructionoperationelectricalwiringandequipmentforlight,heat,or
powerpurposesshallbeinaccordancewiththeapplicableprovisionsofNFPA
70,NationalElectricalCode.
Electricaldevicesshallbemaintainedinasafecondition.
Extensioncordsshallbemaintainedfreefromdamage.
Damagedequipmentandcordsshallberemovedfromserviceuntilrendered
safe.
TemporaryWiring.
14.5.1.
14.5.2.
14.5.3.
14.5.4.
14.5.5.
Allbranchcircuitsshalloriginateinanapprovedpoweroutletorpanel
board.
Conductorsshallbepermittedwithinmulticonductorcordorcable
assembliesorasopenconductors.
Allconductorsshallbeprotectedbyovercurrentdevicesratedforthe
ampacityoftheconductors.
Runsofopenconductorsshallbelocatedwheretheconductorsare
notsubjecttophysicaldamage,andtheconductorsshallbefastened
atintervalsnotexceeding3m(10ft).
Eachbranchcircuitthatsuppliesreceptaclesorfixedequipmentshall
containaseparateequipmentgroundingconductorwhererunasan
openconductor.
14.6.
Lighting.
14.6.1 Temporarylightsshallbeequippedwithguardstoprevent
accidentalcontactwiththebulbunlesstheconstructionofthe
reflectorissuchthatthebulbisdeeplyrecessed.
14.6.2 Temporarylightingfixtures,suchasquartz,thatoperateat
temperaturescapableofignitingordinarycombustiblesshallbe
fastenedsecurelysothatthepossibilityoftheircomingincontact
withsuchmaterialsisprecluded.
14.6.3 Temporarylightsshallbeequippedwithheavydutyelectricalcords
withconnectionsandinsulationmaintainedinsafecondition.
14.6.4 Temporarylightsshallnotbesuspendedbytheirelectricalcords
unlesssuchcordsandlightshavebeendesignedforthatpurpose.
14.6.5 Splicesshallhaveinsulationequivalenttothatofthecable.
Page |
560
14.6.6 Temporarywiringshallberemovedimmediatelyuponthe
completionoftheconstructionorpurposeforwhichthewiringwas
installed.
15.
FireProtection
15.1.
15.1.1.
AlltherequiredFireAlarm,Communication,FireFightingandFire
ExtinguishingSystemsareinstalled,testedandmaintained
accordingtoapplicableNFPAregulationstoensurethereadiness
andoperabilityofthesystems.
15.2.
Hydrants.
15.2.1.
15.2.2.
15.2.3.
15.2.4.
TheHydrantseithertemporaryorpermanentinnatureshallbe
installedbasedonthesizeandhazardevaluationofthe
constructionsite,confirmingtoapplicableNFPAstandards.
Freeaccessfromthestreettofirehydrantsandtooutside
connectionsforstandpipes,sprinklers,orotherfireextinguishing
equipment,whetherpermanentortemporary,shallbeprovided
andmaintainedatalltimes.
Protectivepedestrianwalkwaysshallnotbeconstructedsothat
theyimpedeaccesstohydrants.
Nomaterialorconstructionshallinterferewithaccesstohydrants,
Siameseconnections,orfireextinguishingequipment.
15.3.
Standpipes.
15.3.1.
15.3.2.
15.3.3.
15.3.4.
Thestandpipesshallbeinstalledwhentheprogressofconstruction
isnotmorethan35feet(10.7m)inheightabovethelowestlevelof
CivilDefence.
Standpipesshallbeprovidedwithfiredepartmenthose
connectionsandoutletsataccessiblelocationsadjacenttousable
stairs.
Thestandpipesystemshallbeextendedasconstructionprogresses
towithinonefloorofthehighestpointofconstructionhaving
secureddeckingorflooring.
Eachfloorshallbeprovidedwith2in.(64mm)valveoutletfor
CivilDefenceuse.Whereconstructionheightrequiresinstallation
ofaClassIIIstandpipe,firepumpsandwatermainconnections
shallbeprovidedtoservethestandpipe.
Page |
561
15.3.5.
15.3.6.
15.3.7.
Inallnewbuildingsinwhichstandpipesarerequiredorwhere
standpipesexistinbuildingsbeingalteredordemolished,such
standpipesshallbemaintainedinconformitywiththeprogressof
buildingconstructioninsuchamannerthattheyarealwaysready
foruse.
OnpermanentTypeIIandTypeIIIstandpipes,hoseandnozzles
shallbeprovidedandmadereadyforuseassoonasthewater
supplyisavailabletothestandpipe.
Incombinedsystemswhereoccupanthoseisnotrequired,
temporaryhoseandnozzlesshallbeprovidedduringconstruction.
15.4.
15.4.1.
15.4.2.
15.4.3.
15.4.4.
15.4.5.
15.4.6.
15.4.7.
15.4.8.
15.4.9.
15.4.10.
Whererequiredbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,inbuildings
underconstruction,astandpipesystem,eithertemporaryor
permanentinnature,shallbeinstalled.
Thestandpipesshallbeprovidedwithconspicuouslymarkedand
readilyaccessibleCivilDefenceconnectionsontheoutsideofthe
buildingatthestreetlevelandshallhaveatleastonestandard
hoseoutletateachfloor.
Thepipesizes,hosevalves,hose,watersupply,andotherdetails
fornewconstructionshallbeinaccordancewiththisstandard.
Thestandpipesshallbesecurelysupportedandrestrainedateach
alternatefloor.
AtleastoneapprovedhosevalveforattachingCivilDefencehose
shallbeprovidedateachintermediatelandingorfloorlevelinthe
exitstairway,asdeterminedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
Valvesshallbekeptclosedatalltimesandguardedagainst
mechanicalinjury.
HosevalvesshallhaveNHstandardexternalthreadsforthevalve
sizespecifiedinaccordancewithNFPA1963,StandardforFire
HoseConnections.
WhereCivilDefenceconnectionsdonotconformtoNFPA1963,
theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshalldesignatetheconnectionto
beused.
Thestandpipesshallbeextendedupwitheachfloorandshallbe
securelycappedatthetop.
Tophoseoutletsshallbenotmorethanonefloorbelowthe
highestforms,staging,andsimilarcombustiblesatalltimes.
Page |
562
15.4.11.
Temporarystandpipesshallremaininserviceuntilthepermanent
standpipeinstallationiscomplete.
15.5.
FireExtinguishers
15.5.1.
15.5.2.
15.5.3.
15.5.4.
15.5.5.
PortableFireExtinguishersshallbeprovidedandshallbemounted
onawallorpostateachusablestairwayandsuchthatthetravel
distancetoanyextinguisherdoesnotexceed75feet(23m).
Mountingheighttothetopoftheextinguishershallnotexceed5
feet(1.5m).Extinguishersshallnothavelessthana2A10BCrating
orasotherwisedirectedbytheCivilDefence.
Whereveratoolhouse,storeroom,orothershantyislocatedinor
adjacenttothebuildingunderconstructionordemolition,or
wherearoomorspacewithinthatbuildingisusedforstorage,a
dressingroom,oraworkshop,atleastoneapprovedextinguisher
shallbeprovidedandmaintainedinanaccessiblelocation.
Atleastoneapprovedfireextinguisheralsoshallbeprovidedin
plainsightoneachfloorateachusablestairwayassoonas
combustiblematerialaccumulates.
Suitablefireextinguishersshallbeprovidedonselfpropelled
equipment.
Freeaccesstopermanent,temporary,orportablefirstaidCivil
Defenceshallbemaintainedatalltimes.
15.6.
AreaSeparationWalls
15.6.1.
Whenareaseparationwallsarerequired,theconstructionshallbe
completed(withallopeningprotected)immediatelyafterthe
buildingissufficientlyweatherprotectedatthelocationofthe
wall(s).
15.7.
15.7.1.
15.7.2.
WhereautomaticFireSprinklersystemsarerequiredtobe
installedinnewbuildings,thesystemshallbeplacedinserviceas
soonaspossible.
Immediatelyuponthecompletionofsprinklerpipeinstallationon
eachfloorlevel,thepipingshallbehydrostaticallytestedand
inspected.AfterinspectionapprovalfromtheCivilDefence,each
floorlevelofsprinklerpipingshallbeconnectedtothesystem
supplyriserandplacedintoservice.
Page |
563
15.7.3.
Forsystemactivationnotification,anexterioralarmbellcanbe
installedandconnectedtothesprinklerwaterflowdevicepriorto
installationofthemonitoringsystem.
Forbuildingsequippedwithfiresprinklersystemsthatare
undergoingalterations,thesprinklersystem(s)shallremainin
serviceatalltimesexceptwhensystemmodificationsare
necessary.Firesprinklersystemsundergoingmodificationsshallbe
returnedtoserviceattheendofeachworkdayunlessotherwise
approvedbythefiredepartment.Thegeneralcontractororhis/her
designeeshallcheckthesprinklercontrolvalve(s)attheendof
eachworkdaytoconfirmthatsystemhasbeenrestoredtoservice.
Wheresprinklersarerequiredforsafetytolife,thebuildingshall
notbeoccupieduntilthesprinklerinstallationhasbeenentirely
completedandtestedsothattheprotectionisnotsusceptibleto
frequentimpairmentcausedbytestingandcorrection,unless
otherwisepermittedby
Theprovisionof15.7.5shallnotprohibitoccupancyofthelower
floorsofabuilding,evenwheretheupperfloorsareinvarious
stagesofconstructionorprotection,providedthefollowing
conditionsaresatisfied:
15.7.4.
15.7.5.
15.7.6.
i.
ii.
iii.
15.8.
Thesprinklerprotectionoftheloweroccupiedfloorsis
completedandtested.
Thesprinklerprotectionoftheupperfloorsissuppliedbyentirely
separatesystemsandseparatecontrolvalvessothattheabsence
orincompletenessofprotectioninnowayimpairsthesprinkler
protectionoftheoccupiedlowerfloors.
Wherethesprinklerprotectionisregularlyturnedoffandonto
facilitateconnectionofnewlycompletedsegments,thesprinkler
controlvalvesshallbecheckedattheendofeachworkshiftto
ascertainthatprotectionisinservice.
WaterSupply.
15.8.1.
15.8.2.
15.8.3.
15.8.4.
Awatersupplyforfireprotection,eithertemporaryorpermanent,
shallbemadeavailableassoonascombustiblematerial
accumulates.
Thereshallbenodelayintheinstallationoffireprotection
equipment.
Whereundergroundwatermainsandhydrantsaretobeprovided,
theyshallbeinstalled,completed,andinservicepriorto
constructionwork.
Nominimumwatersupplycanbespecifiedduetothewiderange
ofconstructiontypes,sites,andsizes.However,unless
combustiblesareessentiallynonexistentinthecompleted
Page |
564
structureandoccupancy,aminimumof1893L/min(500gpm)
shouldbeprovided.Inmostinstances,therequiredsupplyis
greater,andauthoritieshavingjurisdictionshouldbeconsulted.
15.9.
FireAlarmSystem
15.9.1.
Firealarmsystemsshallbemaintainedoperationalatalltimes
duringbuildingalterations.Whenanalterationrequired
modificationstoaportionofthefirealarmsystem,theportionof
thesystemrequiringworkshallbeisolatedandtheremainderof
thesystemshallbekeptinservicewheneverpractical.Whenitis
necessarytoshutdownanentirefirealarmsystem,afirewatchor
othermitigationapprovedbythefiredepartmentshallbe
implementedbythegeneralcontractoruntilthesystemisreturned
tofullservice.
16.
16.1.
FireAlarmReporting.
16.1.1.
16.1.2.
Thereshallbeareadilyavailablepublicfirealarmboxnearthe
premises,telephoneservicetotherespondingCivilDefence,or
equivalentfacilities.
Instructionsshallbeissuedfortheimmediatenotificationofthe
CivilDefenceinthecaseofafire.Wheretelephoneserviceis
employed,theCivilDefencenumber(997)andsiteaddressshallbe
conspicuouslypostedneareachtelephone.
17.
17.1.
17.2.
17.3.
17.4.
17.5.
AllconstructionsitesshallbeaccessiblebyCivilDefenceapparatusbymeans
ofroadwayshavinganallweatherdrivingserviceofnotlessthan20feet
(6.1m)ofunobstructedwidth.
Theroadsshallhavetheabilitytowithstandtheliveloadsoffireapparatus
andhaveaminimum4.5mofverticalclearance.
Deadendfireaccessroadsinexcessof150feet(46m)inlengthshallbe
providedwithapprovedturnarounds.
Asuitablelocationatthesiteshallbedesignatedasacommandpostand
providedwithplans,emergencyinformation,keys,communications,and
equipment,asneeded.
Thepersoninchargeoffireprotectionshallrespondtothelocationcommand
postwheneverfireoccurs.
Page |
565
17.6.
Whereaccesstoorwithinastructureoranareaisundulydifficultbecauseof
securedopeningsorwhereimmediateaccessisnecessaryforlifesavingor
firefightingpurposes,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallbepermittedto
requireakeyboxtobeinstalledinanaccessiblelocation.
AccessforuseofCivilDefenceapparatusshallbeprovidedtotheimmediate
jobsiteatthestartoftheprojectandmaintaineduntilcompletion.
Therequirementsof17.1through17.7shallbepermittedtobemodified
where,intheopinionoftheCivilDefence,firefightingorrescueoperations
wouldnotbeimpairedbysuchmodification.
Therequiredwidthofaccessroadwaysshallnotbeobstructedinanymanner,
includingobstructionbyparkedvehicles.
Signsorotherappropriatenotices,orboth,prohibitingobstructionshallbe
permittedtoberequiredandshallbemaintained.
Theaccessroadwayshallbeextendedtowithin46m(150ft)ofallportionsof
theexteriorwallsofthefirststoryofanybuilding.
Whereanaccessroadwaycannotbeprovided,anapprovedfireprotection
systemorsystemsshallbeprovidedasrequiredandapprovedbythe
authorityhavingjurisdiction.
Whereabridgeisrequiredtobeusedasaccess,itshallbeconstructedand
maintainedusingdesignliveloadingsufficienttocarrytheimposedloadsof
thefireapparatus.
17.7.
17.8.
17.9.
17.10.
17.11.
17.12.
17.13.
18.
18.1.
MeansofEgress.
18.1.1.
18.1.2.
1Egressroutesforstaffandconstructionpersonnelshallbekept
clearandprotectedfromdebris,trippinghazards,fallingobjects
andotherobstaclesatalltimes.
Ifameansofegressmustbeclosed,alternativeroutescomplying
withtheNFPA101,LifeSafetyCode,shallbeprovided.
18.2.
18.2.1.
Allnewbuildingsunderconstructionshallhaveatleastone
unobstructedexit.AllexitsshallbeidentifiedintheFireProtection
Plan.
18.2.2.
MultiStoryBuildings
i.
Eachlevelabovethefirststoryinnewmultistorybuildings
shallbeprovidedwithatleasttwousableexitstairsafterthe
Page |
566
floordeckingisinstalled.Thestairwaysshallbecontinuous
anddischargetogradelevel.
ii.
Stairwaysservingmorethantwofloorlevelsshallbe
enclosed(withopeningsadequatelyprotected)afterexterior
walls/windowsareinplace.Exitstairsinnewandinexisting,
occupiedbuildingsshallbelightedandmaintainedclearof
debrisandconstructionmaterialsatalltimeswiththe
exceptionasfollows.
Fornewmultistorybuildings,oneoftherequiredexitstairs
maybeobstructedonnotmorethantwocontiguousfloor
levelsforthepurposesofstairwayconstruction(i.e.
installationofgypsumboard,painting,flooringetc)
iii.
18.3.
Stairs.
18.3.1.
18.3.2.
18.3.3.
18.3.4.
18.3.5.
Inallbuildingsoveronestoryinheight,stairwaywithsufficient
widthshallbeprovidedthatisinusableconditionatalltimes.
Thisstairwayshallbeextendedupwardaseachfloorisinstalledin
newconstructionandmaintainedforeachfloorstillremaining
duringdemolition.
Thestairwayshallbelighted.
Duringconstruction,thestairwayshallbeenclosedwherethe
buildingexteriorwallsareinplace.
Allexitstairsshallbeprovidedwithstairidentificationsignsto
includethefloorlevel,stairdesignation,andexitpathdirectionas
requiredtoprovideforsafeegress.
18.4.
HoistsandElevators.
18.4.1.
Wherehoistsandelevatorsprovidetheonlyefficientmeansof
transportinghoseandothercumbersomefirefightingequipment
toupperfloors,theyshallbeavailabletotheCivilDefence
whenevernecessary.
19.
AssemblyPoints
19.1.
Designatedexteriorassemblypointsshallbeestablishedforallconstruction
personneltorelocatetouponevacuation.Theassemblypointsshallalsobe
identifiedinFireProtectionPlan.
20.
VehicleParking.
20.1.
Allvehiclesshallbeparkedaminimumof20feet(6.1m)fromnewbuildings
underconstructionwithfollowingexceptions.
Page |
567
20.2.
20.3.
Vehiclesthatareparkedtemporarilyforloading/unloadingorother
constructionrelatedoperations.Howeversuchvehiclesshallnotbeleft
unattended.
Privatevehiclesmaybeparkedinparkinggaragesofconstructionsiteifthe
automaticfiresprinklersystemisinserviceandverticalopeningsare
protected.
21.
21.1.
21.1.1.
21.1.2.
21.1.3.
21.1.4.
21.1.5.
Accumulationsofunnecessarycombustibleformsorformlumber
shallbeprohibited.
Combustibleformsorformlumbershallbebroughtintothe
structureonlywhenneeded.
Combustibleformsorformlumbershallberemovedfromthe
structureassoonasstrippingiscomplete.
Thoseportionsofthestructurewherecombustibleformsare
presentshallnotbeusedforthestorageofothercombustible
buildingmaterials.
Duringformingandstrippingoperations,portablefire
extinguishersorchargedhoselinesshallbeprovidedtoprotectthe
additionalcombustibleloadingadequately.
21.2.
21.2.1.
21.2.2.
21.2.3.
Temporarystorageofequipmenttobeinstalled,combustible
constructionmaterials,orcombustiblepackingmaterialsshallnot
bepermittedinunprotectedstructuresunderconstructionor
alterationunlessauthorizedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
Storageshallnotbepermittedinprotectedstructuresuntil
protectionisinservice.
Yardstorageofequipmenttobeinstalledorcombustible
constructionmaterialsshallnotbestoredcloserthan9m(30ft)
fromthestructureunderconstructionoralteration.
21.3.
21.3.1.
Thepermanentheatingequipmentforanewbuildingshallbe
installedandputintooperationassoonaspracticable.
Page |
568
21.4.
Gas.
21.4.1.
21.4.2.
21.4.3.
21.4.4.
Theinstallationofgaspipingforconstructionpurposes,or
modificationstoexistinggaspiping,gasutilizationequipment,or
accessories,shallbeperformedonlybyaqualifiedagency.
AllsuchworkshallbeinaccordancewithNFPA54,NationalFuel
GasCode.
Allmodificationstoexistinggaspipingsystemsshallbeperformed
withthegasturnedoff.
Hottapsshallbepermittedtobemade,providedtheyareinstalled
byatrainedandexperiencedcrewutilizingequipmentspecifically
designedforsuchpurpose.
21.5.
21.5.1.
i.
FireCutoffs.
Firewallsandexitstairways,whererequiredforthe
completedbuilding,shallbegivenconstructionpriorityfor
installation.
ii.
iii.
Firedoorswithapprovedclosingdevicesandhardware
shallbeinstalledassoonasispracticableandpreferably
beforecombustiblematerialisintroduced.
Firedoors,afterinstallationshallnotbeobstructedfrom
closing.
21.5.2.
TemporarySeparationWalls.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Protectionshallbeprovidedtoseparateanoccupied
portionofthestructurefromaportionofthestructure
undergoingalteration,construction,ordemolition
operationswhensuchoperationsareconsideredashaving
ahigherlevelofhazardthantheoccupiedportionofthe
building.
Wallsshallhaveatleasta1hourfireresistancerating.
Openingprotectivesshallhaveatleasta45minutefire
protectionrating.
Nonratedwallsandopeningprotectivesshallbepermitted
whenanapprovedautomaticsprinklersystemisinstalled.
Page |
569
21.6.
21.6.1.
TheprovisionsofSection15shallapply.
22.
22.1.
22.1.1.
22.1.2.
22.1.3.
22.1.4.
22.1.5.
22.1.6.
22.1.7.
Asphaltandtarkettlesshallnotbelocatedonroofs.
Alidthatcanbeclosedbymeansofgravityshallbeprovidedonall
roofingkettles.
Thetopsandcoversofallkettlesshallbeclosefittingand
constructedofsteelhavingathicknessofnotlessthanNo.14
manufacturersstandardgauge[2mm(0.075in.)].
Usedroofingmopsandragsshallbecleanedofexcessiveasphalt
andstoredawayfromthebuildingandcombustiblematerials.
Discardedroofingmopsandragsshallnotbeincontactwith
combustibles.
Kettlesshallbeconstantlyattendedwheninoperationbya
minimumofoneemployeeknowledgeableoftheoperationsand
hazards.Theemployeeshallbewithin7600mm(300in.)ofthe
kettleandhavethekettlewithinsight.
22.1.7Roofingkettlesshallnotblockexits,meansofegress,gates,
roadways,orentrances.Innocaseshallkettlesbecloserthan3000
mm(120in.)fromexitsormeansofegress.
22.2.
22.2.1.
General.
i.
Singleplyandtorchappliedroofingsystemsshallbe
installedusingextremecaution.
ii.
Torchesorhotairgunsusedtosecureroofing
membranesshallbeusedinaccordancewiththe
manufacturersrecommendations.
Inordertopreventsmokingorignitionofroofing
membranes,theyshallnotbeoverheated.
iii.
22.3.
22.3.1.
Cautionshallbeusedwhereworkingnearroofopenings,
penetrations,orflashings.
Page |
570
22.3.2.
22.3.3.
22.3.4.
22.3.5.
22.3.6.
Theflameofthetorchshallnotcomeindirectcontactwithwood
nailers,cantstrips,ormetalflashing.
Smalltorchesshallbeusedtoheattheundersideofthemembrane
atadistancefromtheseareasbeforesecurement.
Hottrowelsshallbeusedtofeatherseamsatlapsandflashings.
Thetorchshallnotbeusedinareaswheretheflameimpingement
cannotbefullyviewed.
Openflamesshallnotbeleftunattended.
22.4.
22.4.1.
22.4.2.
22.4.3.
22.4.4.
22.4.5.
Thetorchflameshallnotbeappliedtoacombustiblesubstratefor
themembrane.
Baseplyshallbeusedtocoverwoodendecks,combustible
insulation(suchasfoamplastic,kraftfacedglassfiber,orwood
fiber),smallcrevices,cantstrips,plasticfastenerplates,orany
othercombustiblesurface.
Baseplyshallbepermittedtoconsistofeitherglassfiberfeltsor
minimum18kg(40lb)organicfelts.
Torchflamesshallnotcomeincontactwithexposedplasticroofing
cement.
Installation.
i.
Theinstallationoftorchappliedroofingand,insome
cases,singleplyroofingsystemsishotworkandshall
complywithSection5.1,exceptwhereotherwisenoted.
Torchappliedroofingshallbeexemptfromthe
requirementinNFPA51B,StandardforFirePrevention
DuringWelding,Cutting,andOtherHotWork,that
combustiblesshallbekept11m(35ft)fromhotwork,
commonlyreferredtoasthe35FootRule.
ii.
22.5.
PersonalProtection.
22.5.1.
Protectiveclothingandpersonalprotectiveequipmentshallbe
wornbyinstallers.
22.6.
Equipment.
22.6.1.
Properequipmentshallbeusedtoheatroofingmembranes.
Page |
571
22.6.2.
22.6.3.
22.6.4.
Torchesshallbeequippedwithapilotadjustment,aflameheight
adjustment,aminimumof7600mm(300in.)toamaximumof15
m(50ft)oflistedhose,apressuregauge,andaregulator.
Asparkignitershallbeused.
Torchtrolleysandmultipletorchheadmachinesshallbeequipped
withlistedsafetyvalves.
22.7.

22.7.1.
Equipmentshallbeinspectedthoroughlyandrepairedorreplaced
asneededpriortouse.
22.8.
FuelGasCylinders.
22.8.1.
22.8.2.
22.8.3.
22.8.4.
22.8.5.
Fuelgascylindersshallnotbehoistedbytheirvalves.
Strapsplacedaroundthecylindersshallbeutilized.
Cartsusedtotransportfuelgascylindersshallbestable.
Safetycapsshallbeattachedtoallfuelgascylindersandinstalled
onthevalveswhenevercylindersarenotinuse.
Thefuelgascylindershallbesizedforthetorchused.
22.9.
FrostBuildup.
22.9.1.
22.9.2.
Iffrostbuildupoccursonfuelgascylindersandtherateofvapor
withdrawalisnolongeradequateforoperatingconditions,the
cylindershallnotbeplacedonitssideorheatedwiththetorch
flame.
Thehoseshallbedisconnectedandalargercylinderused.
22.10.
22.10.1.
22.10.2.
22.10.3.
Thereshallbeatleastoneportablefireextinguisherhavingarating
ofnotlessthan20Bnocloserthan5feet(1500mm)andnomore
than25feet(7600mm)ofhorizontaltraveldistancefromevery
kettleatalltimeswhilesuchkettleisinoperation.
Fireextinguishersshallbelocatedinanaccessible,visible,or
identifiedlocation.
Thereshallbeatleastonemultipurpose2A:20B:Cportablefire
extinguisherontheroofbeingcoveredorrepaired,orotherfire
protectionshallbeprovidedasdeterminedbytheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
Page |
572
22.10.4.
22.10.5.
Thereshallbeatleastonemultipurpose2A:20B:Cportablefire
extinguisherwithin20feet(6100mm)ofhorizontaltraveldistance
fromtorchappliedroofingequipment.
Allkettleoperatorsandtorchappliedroofinstallersshallbe
trainedintheuseoffireextinguishers.
22.11.
22.11.1.
22.11.2.
22.11.3.
22.11.4.
22.11.5.
Fuelcontainers,burners,andrelatedappurtenancesofroofing
equipmentinwhichliquefiedpetroleumgasisusedforheating
shallcomplywithalltheapplicablerequirementsofNFPA58,
LiquefiedPetroleumGasCode.
Fuelcontainershavingcapacitiesgreaterthan0.45kg(1lb)shall
belocatedatleast10feet(3000mm)fromtheburnerflameorat
least2feet(600mm)therefromwhereproperlyinsulatedfrom
heatorflame.
SolidfuelorClassIliquidsshallnotbeusedasfuelforroofing
kettles.
LPGascylindersshallbesecuredtopreventaccidentaltipover.
Whereintheopinionoftheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,thereis
dangerofphysicaldamagetothefuelcontainers,protectionshall
beprovided.
23.
23.1.
General.
23.1.1.
Inadditiontothespecificrequirementsofthischapter,the
provisionsofSection1through18shallbefollowed,asapplicable,
foralldemolitionoperations.
23.2.
SpecialPrecautions.
23.2.1.
23.2.2.
Specialprecautionsshallbetakenwheredemolitionworkis
performedinareaswherefloorsaresoakedwithoilorother
flammableliquid;wheredustaccumulationsarepresent;orwhere
combustibleinsulationispresentinfloors,walls,orceilings/roofs
wherehotworkisbeingperformed.Inthesesituations,charged
hoselinesofanadequatenumberandsizeshallbeprovided.
Flammableandcombustibleliquidsshallbedrainedfromtanksand
machineryreservoirsinasafemannerandremovedfromthe
buildingimmediately.Particularattentionshallbepaidtothe
removalofresidueandsludgeaccumulationsifhotwork
operationsareinvolved.
Page |
573
23.3.
Smoking.
23.3.1.
Smokingshallbeprohibitedthroughoutthedemolitionareas.
23.4.
23.4.1.
23.4.2.
Ifexplosivesareusedindemolitionwork(implosion),hoselines[at
leasttwoof38mm(1.5in.)diameterorone64mm(2.5in.)
diameter]shallbeprovidedintheimmediatevicinityofthe
demolitionsiteduringtheactualdetonation.
Therequiredhoselinesshallbeofsufficientlengthtobecapable
ofextinguishinganysmallfireanywhereonthedemolitionsite
afterdetonation.
23.5.
Gas.
23.5.1.
23.5.2.
Priortodemolition,gassuppliesshallbeturnedoffandcappedata
pointoutsidethebuilding.
Gaslineswithinthebuildingshallbepurgedaftercappingunless
otherwisepermittedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
23.6.
FireCutoffs.
23.6.1.
Verticalandhorizontalcutoffsshallberetaineduntilrazing
operationsnecessitatetheirremovalaspermittedbytheauthority
havingjurisdiction.
23.6.2.
Firedoorsshallbeclosedattheendofeachworkingday.
23.7.
23.7.1.
23.7.2.
TheprovisionsofChapter15shallapplyinadditiontothespecific
requirementsofthissection.
SystemOperation.Whereabuildingisequippedwithsprinklers,
thesprinklerprotectionshallberetainedinserviceaslongasthe
conditionrequiringtheuseofsprinklersexists.
23.8.
23.8.1.
23.8.2.
Theoperationofsprinklercontrolvalvesshallbepermittedonlyby
properlyauthorizedpersonnelandshallbeaccompaniedbythe
notificationofdesignatedparties.
Wherethesprinklerprotectionisregularlyturnedoffandonto
facilitateremovalandcappingofsegments,thesprinklercontrol
Page |
574
valvesshallbecheckedattheendofeachworkshifttoascertain
thatprotectionisinservice.
23.9.
Standpipes.
23.9.1.
Standpipesshallbemaintainedinconformitywiththeprogressof
demolitionactivityinsuchamannerthattheyarealwaysreadyfor
firedepartmentuse.
23.10.
FireExtinguisher.
23.10.1.
Fireextinguishingequipmentshallbeavailablesubjecttothe
authorityhavingjurisdiction.
24.
24.1.
General.
24.1.1.
Inadditiontothespecificrequirementsofthischapter,the
provisionsofallthechaptersshallapplytotheunderground
operationsunlessotherwisemodifiedbythischapter.
24.1.2.
Drainagesystemsshallbeproperlydesignedandinstalledto
removewaterfromsprinklerdischargeandfirehosestreams.
Firesafetyforexisting,operating,fixedguidewayunderground
transportationsystemsundergoingalterationorrenovationshall
beinaccordancewithNFPA130,StandardforFixedGuideway
TransitandPassengerRailSystems.
Meansofegressforexisting,operating,undergroundstructures
shallbeinaccordancewithNFPA101,LifeSafetyCode.
24.1.3.
24.1.4.
24.2.
Security.
24.2.1.
24.2.2.
24.2.3.
24.2.4.
Ateachabovegroundentrance,undergroundoperationsshallhave
acheckin/checkoutsystem,supervisedbyaqualifiedindividualat
alltimes,thatprovidesanaccuraterecordofeachpersonwhois
underground.
Thelocationofthecheckin/checkoutsystemshallbewithin25
feet(7600mm)oftheentranceandshallbeeasilyidentified.
Completedorunusedsectionsoftheundergroundfacilityshallbe
barricaded,properlymarked,andmadeofflimits.
Compartmentationbymeansoftheinstallationoffireandsmoke
barriersshallbeatintervalsthatlimittheextentandseverityof
thefireandthatprovideareasofrefugeforoccupants.
Page |
575
24.3.
WaterSupply.
24.3.1.
Afireprotectionwatersupplysystemshallbeprovided.
Nominimumwatersupplycanbespecifiedduetothewiderange
ofconstructiontypes,sites,andsizes.However,unless
combustiblesareessentiallynonexistentinthecompleted
structureandoccupancy,aminimumof1893L/min(500gpm)
shouldbeprovided.Inmostinstances,therequiredsupplyis
greater,andauthoritieshavingjurisdictionshouldbeconsulted.
Astandardfittingwithoutletthreadscompatiblewiththe
equipmentofthelocalfiredepartmentshallbeprovidedsothat
traveldistancedoesnotexceed46m(150ft).
24.3.2.
24.3.3.
24.4.
24.4.1.
EvacuationPlans.
i.
Awrittenfireprevention,firesuppression,and
emergencyevacuationplanshallbedeveloped,
maintained,andkeptcurrent.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallbeprovidedwitha
copyofthecurrentplanforitsreviewandshallhavethe
opportunitytocommentontheplan.
Specialattentionshallbegiventorescueandsmoke
ventingprocedures,tomeansofingress/egress,andto
trainingandorientationofemployeesandvisitors.
Allpersonnel,includingvisitors,shallbetrainedin
emergencyandevacuationproceduresandinformedof
thehazardspriortogoingunderground.
24.5.
Drills.
24.5.1.
24.5.2.
Undergroundoperationsshallconductdisasterandevacuation
drillsforeachshiftatleastonceatthestartofunderground
operationsandevery6months,ormorefrequentlyasappropriate.
Arecordofsuchdrillsshallbemaintained.
24.6.
24.6.1.
Fireprotectionextinguishingequipmentapplicabletothehazard
shallbeprovidedatthehead,tail,drive,andtakeuppulleyareas
ofbeltconveyorsandatintervalsalongbeltconveyorlinesthat
shallnotexceed91m(300ft).
Page |
576
24.6.2.
Beltconveyorsinstalledinundergroundlocations,otherthanbelts
thatcarrytheloadofthebeltonalowfrictionmetaldeckwithout
rollers,shallmeetthefollowingminimumrequirements:
i.
Conveyorbeltingshallbeapproved.
ii.
Entrancesinwhichbeltconveyorsareinstalledshallbe
keptfreeofaccumulationssuchasmuck,debris,and
combustibles.
Allbeltconveyorsshallbeequippedwithanapproved
slippageswitchsystemdesignedtoshutdownthebelt
whenslidingfrictiondevelopsbetweenthedrivepulley(s)
andthebelt.
iii.
i.
Theslippageswitchsystemshallbetestedweekly.
ii.
Oneachnewinstallation,theslippageswitch
systemshallbetestedbeforetheconveyorisused.
24.6.3.
24.6.4.
Allconveyorbeltsystemsshallbeequippedwithapproved
interlocksystemsthatshutdownbeltconveyorswhenany
conveyorinthesystemstopsorreducesitsnormalspeedorupon
activationofanyrequiredfireprotectionsystem.
Fixedcombustiblematerialssuchasposts,cribbing,androof
supportsshallbeeitherguardedfromcontactbythebeltusing
metalorlocatedatadistanceofatleastthewidthofthebelt
fromanyidlerorpulley.
i.
ii.
Analternatemethodforminimizingpotentialfrictional
ignitionistheuseofalignmentswitchesatintervals
sufficienttopreventthebeltfromcontactingsuch
materials.
Guardingformachineryinthedriveareaandatother
pointsalongthebeltshallbeofnoncombustiblematerial.
24.6.5.
Newinstallationsofbeltconveyorsshallutilizeastructurethat
doesnotprovideadeckbetweentheupperandlowerstrandsof
thebelt.
24.6.6.
Suitablefireextinguishersshallbeinstalledsothattraveldistance
fromanyonepointinatunneldoesnotexceed91m(300ft)ona
horizontalplane.
Audibleandvisiblealarmandemergencylightingforsafe
evacuationshallberequired.
24.6.7.
Page |
577
24.7.
24.7.1.
Twomeansofcommunicationswiththesurfaceshallbeavailable
atalltimesfromallareasoftheundergroundfacility.
24.7.2.
Allcommunicationssystemsshallbetestedweekly.
24.8.
Electrical.
Electricalcordsandplugsshallbeheavydutyandsuitableforuseindamp
locations.
24.8.1.
Conductors.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Conductorsshallbelocatedorguardedsoastobe
protectedfromphysicaldamage.Multiconductor
portablecableshallbepermittedtosupplymobile
equipment.
Anequipmentgroundingconductorshallberunwith
circuitconductorsinsidethemetalracewayorinsidethe
multiconductorcablejacket.
Theequipmentgroundingconductorshallbepermitted
tobeinsulatedorbare.
Oilfilledtransformersshallonlybeusedunderground
wherelocatedinafireresistantenclosuresuitably
ventedtotheoutsideandsurroundedbyadiketoretain
thecontentsofthetransformersintheeventofrupture.
24.8.2.
Enclosures.
i.
Bareterminalsoftransformers,switches,motor
controllers,andotherequipmentshallbeenclosedto
preventaccidentalcontactwithenergizedparts.
ii.
Enclosuresforuseintunnelsshallberaintight,rainproof,
orwatertightasdefinedinNFPA70,NationalElectrical
Code,wherenecessitatedbytheenvironmental
conditions.
iii.
Specialattentionshallbegiventomaintainingclear
accessandadequateworkspacearoundelectrical
equipmentinaccordancewithNFPA70E,Standardfor
ElectricalSafetyintheWorkplace.Properhousekeeping
shallbemaintainedtoavoidfirehazards.
Allnonenergizedmetalpartsofelectricalequipmentand
metalracewaysandcablesheathsshallbeeffectively
groundedandbondedtoallmetalpipesandrailsatthe
iv.
Page |
578
portalandatintervalsnotexceeding300m(1000ft)
throughoutthetunnel.
24.9.
24.9.1.
24.9.2.
24.9.3.
24.9.4.
HotworkoperationsshallbeinaccordancewithNFPA51B,
StandardforFirePreventionDuringWelding,Cutting,andOther
HotWork.
Asuitablefireextinguisherorotherfirecontroldeviceshallbe
readyforinstantuseinanylocationwherehotworkisperformed.
Acetylene,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),liquefiedoxygen(LOX),
andmethylacetylenepropadienestabilizedgas(MPS)shallbe
permittedtobeusedundergroundonlyforwelding,cutting,and
hotworkandonlyifthequalityofairiswithinpermittedlimitsin
accordancewiththeACGIHThresholdLimitValuesandBiological
ExposureIndicesfor19921993.
Thequantityofcombustiblematerialstobeusedunderground
shallbekepttoaminimum.Advanceplanningshallprovideforthe
useofmaterialshavingthemostfavorablecombinationofhigh
ignitionpoints,lowratesofcombustion,andlowemissionsof
smokeandharmfulgases.
24.10.
24.10.1.
24.10.2.
24.10.3.
24.10.4.
24.10.5.
24.10.6.
24.10.7.
ClassIflammableliquidsshallnotbetaken,stored,orused
undergroundorwithin30m(100ft)ofatunnelportalorshaft
opening.
ClassIIandClassIIIliquidsshallbetransportedandstoredin
approvedclosedcontainers,safetycans,ortanks.
Quantitiesshallbelimitedtothosenecessaryforoneworkshift.
Lubricatingoils,greases,andropedressingstakenunderground
shallbeinclosedandreclosableapprovedcontainersthatdonot
allowthecontentstoleakorspill.
Oil,grease,anddieselfuelstoredundergroundshallbekeptin
tightlysealedcontainersinfireresistantareaslocatedatleast30
m(100ft)fromshaftsandinclines.
Storageareasshallbepositionedordikedsothatthecontentsof
rupturedoroverturnedcontainerscannotflowfromthestorage
area.
Areaswithin25feet(7600mm)ofmajorelectricalinstallationsand
unburiedtanksforstorageofcombustibleliquidsshallbefreeof
transientcombustiblematerials.
Page |
579
24.11.
Storage.
24.11.1.
24.11.2.
24.12.
Nocombustiblestructureshallbeerectedandnocombustible
materialsshallbestoredwithin30m(100ft)ofanaccessshaft,
shafthoist,orotherentry.
Metalcontainerswithselfclosinglidsshallbeprovidedandused
tostorecombustiblewasteanddebrisandshallberemovedand
takentothesurfacedaily.
Equipment.
24.12.1.
24.13.
Lesshazardoushydraulicfluidsthatarelistedshallbeusedin
undergroundmachineryandequipmentunlessthemachineryand
equipmentareprotectedbyanapprovedfiresuppressionsystem
orbyapprovedmultipurposefireextinguishersratedatleast4
A:40B:C.
24.12.2. Whereverselfpropelledequipmentisusedunderground,afire
suppressionsystemorafireextinguisherratedatleast4A:40B:C
shallbeprovidedontheequipment.
Ventilation.
24.13.1.
24.13.2.
24.13.3.
24.13.4.
24.13.5.
Wheresingleentryshafts/tunnelventilationsystemsareused,
theyshallbereversiblefromalocationoutsideandinclose
proximitytotheshaft/tunnel.
Theventilationsystemshallbesufficientforthenumberof
personnelandequipmentunderground.
Airsamplinglogsshallbemaintained.Airtestsshallbeconducted
beforeoraftereachshift.
Airsamplinglogsshallbeavailabletotheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
Fanhouses,fanbulkheadsformainandboosterfans,andairducts
connectingmainfanstoundergroundopeningsshallbe
constructedofnoncombustiblematerials.
25.
RequirementsforSiteOffices(ManufacturedHomes/Offices)
25.1.
TheLifeandFireSafetyrequirementsofSiteofficesshallbeinaccordance
withNFPA501,StandardonManufacturedHousingandNFPA501A,Standard
forFireSafetyCriteriaforManufacturedHomeInstallations,Sites,and
Communities.
Page |
580
25.2.
25.2.1.
25.2.2.
Fireseparationdistancesshallcomplywithlocalrulesor
regulationsinadditiontoNFPA5000,BuildingConstructionand
SafetyCode.
VerticalPositioningofManufacturedHomes.Manufacturedhomes
shallnotbepositionedvertically,stackedwithoneovertheother,
inwholeorinpart,unlessthestructureisdesignedandapproved
forsuchinstallationandpermittedbytheauthorityhaving
jurisdiction.
25.3.
25.3.1.
25.3.2.
Thelocationofundergroundelectricalcables,gaspiping,water
piping,andsewerlinesthatareburiedwithin1.2m(4ft)ofthe
perimeterofthesite'slargestplannedmanufacturedhomeshallbe
indicatedbyanabovegroundsign(s)orundergroundmarkertapes
identifyingtheproximityofthelines.
Aplotplanshowingtheasbuiltlocationofundergroundutility
linesshallbeavailableforinstallationsinmultiplesitefacilities.
25.4.
25.4.1.
25.4.2.
Installationofallmanufacturedhomes,includingtheinstallationof
thesupportsystemandtheconnectionofstructural,electrical,
mechanical,andplumbingsystemstothesiteutilitiesorbetween
sectionsinthecaseofmultiplesectionhomes,shallbeperformed
inaccordancewithprintedinstallationinstructionsprovidedbythe
manufacturerofthehome.
Allmanufacturedhomes,accessorybuildings,structures,and
communitybuildingsshallbelocatedandmaintainedinsucha
mannerthatrequiredegresswindowsordoorsarenotblocked.
25.5.
25.5.1.
InadditiontotherequirementsofSections1throughChapter18,
therequirementsofNFPA501,StandardonManufacturedHousing
andNFPA501A,StandardforFireSafetyCriteriaforManufactured
HomeInstallations,Sites,andCommunitiesshallapply.
Page |
581
26. FireSafetyandEvacuationPlanforBuildingUnder
ConstructionorRenovation
26.1.
Theconstructor,generalcontractororprojectmanagershoulddevelopand
implementafiresafetyandevacuationplanbeforeworkstarts.Theplan
shouldbeinwritinganddistributedtoallworkersandsubtradesonproject,
includingsitevisitors.Thefiresafetyandevacuationplanshallincludethe
following:
i.
ProceduresforreportingemergenciestoCivilDefence.
ii.
Proceduresforemergencynotification,evacuationand/orrelocationofall
personsinthebuildingunderconstructionandonthesite.
iii.
Procedureforhotworkoperations,managementofhazardousmaterialsand
removalofcombustibledebrisandmaintenanceofemergencyaccessroads.
iv.
Floorplansindentifyingthelocationsofexits,exitstairs,exitroutesandportable
fireextinguishersandfirehosecabinets.
v.
Siteplanidentifyingthedesignatedexteriorassemblyareasforeachevacuation
route.
vi.
Siteplanidentifyingrequiredfireapparatusaccessroadwaysandonsitefire
hydrants.
vii.
Documentandpostthenameandphonenumbersofallpersonnelresponsible
formanagingthefiresafetyevacuationplan,includingafterhourscontact
information.
viii.
Appointmentoffirewarden(s)toensurethateveryoneevacuatesworkareas
whenafirealarmisactivated.
ix.
PostcontactinformationforthesecuritycompanythatoverseasHotWork
requirementsaspartofthefirecode.Ensurethatallconstructionemployeesare
madeawareoftheHotWorkrequirements.
x.
Evacuationplanofalreadyoccupiedportionofthebuilding.Ensureevacuation
planforoccupiedportionandportionunderconstructionorrenovationare
compatible.
xi.
Recordsofallfiresafetymeetingswithprojectmanagement,workers,foremen,
subcontractors,suppliersandotherswhomaybeonsite.
xii.
Recordsoffiredrillsinvolvingtheexistingalarmsystemoronalternativesuchas
compressedairhorns,shoutsoffireetc.Conductapostmortemonresponse,
performanceandawarenessofpersonnel.
xiii.
ProcedureinnotifyingtheshutdownofacertainfiresafetysystemtoCivil
Defenceandalsomeasurestoisolateitfromtherestofthesystemwhichmust
beinservice.
Page |
582
xiv.
Measurestoprovidea24hourfirewatchuntilthesystemisfullyrestoredand
inservice.
NFPA1:
NFPA241:
FirePreventionCode
StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,AlterationandDemolition
Operations
Page |
583
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER13A. FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT(TERRACETYPE)
WAREHOUSEANDFACTORIES
1. Scope
2. Definition
3. Compartment
6. SmokeControl
6.2. SmokeVents
LISTA(Notexhaustive)CommoditiesExemptedfromSprinklerwithregardstoTable13.1
Figure13A.1:Generalwarehousenotrequiringsprinkler
Figure13A.2:Generalwarehouserequiringsprinkler
Figure13A.3:Generalwarehousewithunconfirmedtypeofstorageortoberentedout
PAGENO.
585
585
585
585
586
586
587
587
587
587
588
589
589
589
590
591
592
Page |
584
[CHAPTER13A.MULTITENANT(TERRACETYPE)WAREHOUSEANDFACTORY]
CHAPTER13A
FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT(TERRACE
TYPE)WAREHOUSESANDFACTORIES
1. Scope
1.1. Thescopeofthisguidelineisformultitenant,terracetype,groupofwarehouses
and/orfactoriesarrangedformultipleusagesbymultipleownersorthatis
intendedtoberentedout.
1.2. Storageoccupancieswhereextrahazardousandexplosivematerialsarestoredand
infactoriesorindustrieswherehazardsexistinmanufacturing,processing,
extracting,coatingandtreatingactivitiesandalltheindustriesidentifiedinChapter
9,Table9.3,afireriskanalysisreportofthefacilitypreparedbyCivilDefence
approvedconsultantshallbefurnishedforCivilDefencejurisdiction.
2. Definition
2.1. Factories
2.1.1.
Factoriesareoccupanciesinwhichproductsaremanufacturedorin
whichprocessing,assembling,mixing,packaging,finishing,decorating,
repairoperationsandsimilaroperationsareconducted.
2.2. Warehouse
2.2.1.
Warehouseisdefinedasspaceusedforstoringvarioustypesofgoodsor
materials.Itincludeswarehousesforstoringfresh/perishablefood
products,paper,wood,metalandothermaterialswhichareclassifiedas
nonhazardousmaterialbytheindividualMaterialSafetyDataSheet.
3. Compartment
3.1. Thesizeoffirecompartmentforwarehouseand/orshallnotexceedthemaximum
allowabledimensionsshownintheTable13A.1ofthisguideline,dependingonthe
typeoffireprotectionandconfigurationofthewarehouseand/orfactory.Multi
tenantedwarehousesand/orfactoriesmusthavefirecompartmentalization
betweenthemregardlessofsprinklerprovision.
3.2. Compartmentalization,inrespectofsizelimitation,maybeachievedbyusingfire
ratedrollershutterorbyotherapprovedmeans.Localizedsmokedetectorshallbe
installedtoactivatetherollershutter.Therollershuttershallalsobelinkedtothe
buildingautomaticfirealarmsystemwhichshallactasabackupfortheactivation
oftheshutter.Suchlocalizedsmokedetectionsystemshallbeprovidedwithzone
indicationonthemainfirealarmpanelwithbuzzersound,howeveritsactivationis
notnecessarytosoundthegeneralfirealarm.
Page |
585
3.3. Compartmentalizationbetweenthewarehouseorfactoryandloading/unloading
areashallbeprovided,exceptwherethewarehouseorfactoryisasinglestorey
singletenantormultistorysingletenantperstoreytype,withthe
loading/unloadingareaabuttingexternalspace;ortheroofoverthe
loading/unloadingareaabuttingexternalspaceisnotmorethan3m.
3.4. ThecompartmentsizelimitstipulatedinTable13A.1shallincludethe
loading/unloadingareaifitisnotfirecompartmentedfromthewarehouseor
factoryarea,unlesstheentirewarehouseorfactoryincludingthe
loading/unloadingandcovereddrivewayareaissprinklerprotectedandprovided
withsmokecontrolsystem.
3.5. Firecompartmentalizationisrequiredbetweenthewarehouseorfactoryandother
areashavingdifferenttypeofoccupancy.
4.1. AutomaticsprinklersystemcomplyingwithNFPA13shallbeprovidedifthe
compartmentsizeofthewarehouseorfactoryexceedsthemaximumallowablesize
shownintheTable13A.1ofthisguideline.Onlythelistofcommoditiesshownin
ListAisallowedfortheexemptionofsprinklerinadditiontothecompartmentsize.
4.2. Sprinklercoverageshallbeextendedtotheareasshieldedbyaccessplatformsin
thehighrackstoragewarehouseorfactory.Thesupportingstructuresofthe
platformsshallhavethesamefireresistantratingastheelementofstructureofthe
warehouse.
4.3. Privatefirehydrantsshallbeprovidedwiththemostremotehydrantpressureof
6.9bar.Hydrantsshallbespacedat100mapartalongthefireengineaccesswayand
shallbeinaccordancewithNFPA24.
4.4. Twonumbersofhydrantsshallbeconsideredtocalculateforthehydraulic
demand.Firefightingwatershallbeprovidedfor2hours.RefertoFigure13A.1,
13A.2and13A.3forillustrationsofrequirements.
5.1. Signageshallbeprovidedonthewallsofthewarehouseorfactory(includingthe
loading/unloadingarea)tocontrolthemaximumallowablestorageheightandto
maintaintheminimumclearancebelowthesprinklerheadsinaccordancewith
NFPA13.
5.2. A50mmwideredlineshallbedrawnaroundthewallwithsignageindicatedasNo
StorageAboveThisLine.Thissignshallbeprovidedatnomorethan30minterval
alongtheredline.Theletteringofthesignshallnotbelessthan100mm.
5.3. Thestorageheightlimitationsshallbeclearlyindicatedonplans.Tofacilitatesuch
provision,theApprovedConsultantshallmakeknowntotheownerandthe
warehouseorfactoryoperatortheclearanceandheightlimitationsappropriateto
theparticularwarehouseorfactoryusage.
Page |
586
6. SmokeControl
6.1. TheprovisionofsmokecontrolshallbeinaccordancewithNFPA204andNFPA92B
orTable13A.2ofthisguideline,whicheverstringent,eitherinaformofsmoke
vent,smokepurgingorengineeredsmokecontrolsystemdependingonthefire
compartmentsizeandtypeoffireprotectionsystem.
6.2. SmokeVents
6.2.1. SmokeventsinTable13A.2shallbeofpermanentopentypeandthe
effectiveopeningshallcomplywithTable13A.3.Smokeventswhichare
closedshallbedesignedtobeactivatedautomaticallyduringfiremode.
6.2.2. Theminimumdimensionsofverticalsmokeventshallbe400mm(length)X
600mm(height)andhorizontalsmokevent(rooforceiling)shallbe
minimum0.25meterssquareinarea.
6.2.3. Noareainthewarehouseorfactoryshallbemorethanthestipulated
distancementionedinTable13A.3measuredhorizontallyawayfromany
verticalorhorizontalsmokevent.
6.2.4. Allsmokeventsshallbelocatedatthehighestunobstructedlevelalongthe
perimeterwallsofthewarehouseorfactory.
6.3.1. Replacementofsmokeventsbysmokepurgingsystemisallowedprovided
thatthewarehouseorfactoryissprinklerprotected.
6.4.1. Engineeredsmokecontrolsystemshallbeprovidedifthefloorareaofthe
compartmentismorethan4830m2.
6.4.2. Thefiresizeandtheengineeredsmokecontrolsystemshallbedesignedand
installedinaccordancewiththeNFPArequirements.
Page |
587
LISTA(Notexhaustive)CommoditiesorMaterialsExemptedfromSprinklerwith
regardstoTable13A.1
1. Alcoholicbeveragesupto12%inmetal,glassorceramicmaterial.
2. Applianceslikestove,refrigeratornotpackaged,noexteriorplasticmaterial.
3. Asbestos.
4. BatteriesDrycells,nonlithium,packagedincartons,filledautomobile
batteries.
5. Bottles,JarsEmptyglass,filledwithnoncombustibleliquidsornon
combustiblepowders.
6. CannedfoodIncartons.
7. Cansemptymetal.
8. Cementinbags.
9. Chalkandcrayons.
10. Coffeecannedincarton.
11. Electriccoil
12. FertilizersBagged,phosphates.
13. Filecabinetsmetal,wrapbycardboard.
14. Fishproductsfrozen,nonwaxed,nonplasticpackaging,canned,carton.
15. Frozenfoodnonwaxed,nonplasticpackaging.
16. Fruitfresh,nonplastictraysorcontainerswithwoodspacers.
17. Glassandmirrors.
18. Gypsumboard.
19. IceCream.
20. Meatproductsbulk,canned,carton,frozen,nonwaxed,nonplastic
containers.
21. Metaldeskwithplastictopsandtrim.
22. Metals.
23. Milkanddairyproductswaxedornonwaxedpapercontainers,plastic
containers.
24. Motorelectric
25. Nutscanned,carton.
26. Paintwaterbased,carton.
27. Plasticcontainersnoncombustibleliquidsorsemiliquidinplasticcontainer
lessthan5gal.
28. Porcelainandpottery.
29. Poultryproductcanned,carton,frozen,nonwaxed,nonplasticcontainers.
30. Saltbagged.
31. Syrupdrummedmetalcontainers.
32. Transformerdryandoilfilled.
33. Wirebarewireonmetalspools,onwoodskids.
Page |
588
[CHAPTER13A.FIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTFORMULTITENANT(TERRACETYPE)WAREHOUSEAND
FACTORY]
WarehouseandFactoryConfiguration
SingleStoreyWarehouseand
Factory
Multistoreywarehouseand
Factory(withmezzanine)
WithSprinkler
2
4830m
MaximumFloorArea
MaximumStorageHeight
MaximumFloorArea
AccordingtoNFPA13
3720m2
MaximumStorageHeight
AccordingtoNFPA13
WithoutSprinkler
Maximum230m2
percompartmentorMaximum900msq
grossarea(whicheverlower)
3m
140m2
percompartmentor900msqgrossarea
(whicheverlower)
3m
LocationofWarehouseandFactory
AbovegroundWarehouseandFactory
CompartmentSize
Upto230m2
>230msqto2000m2
>2000to4830m2
>4830m2
SmokeControlRequirement
SmokeventbasedonTable13.3
Smokepurging
Smokepurgingorengineeredsmokecontrol
Engineeredsmokecontrol
Minimumopeningofsmokeventbasedonfloorarea
2.5%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Maximumdistancefromanypartofwarehousetosmokeventopening.
12m
15m
18m
21m
24m
Page |
589
FACTORY]
Figure13A.1:WarehouseandFactorynotrequiringsprinkler
Warehouseor
FactoryA=150
m.
Warehouseor
FactoryB=
200m.
Warehouseor
FactoryC=150
m.
Warehouseor
FactoryD=
200m.
a) Eachcompartmentlessthanorequalto230m.
b) Fireratingforeachwarehouseorfactoryunitshallbe2hrfirerating.
c) Totalareaof4units=700m(lesserorequalto900m).
d) Storageheightlessthan3m.
e) ContainonlyClass1CommodityorMaterials.
f) Privatefirehydrantsaretobeprovidedwith6.9baratthemostremotehydrant.
g) One1000GPMfirepumpsetshallbeprovided.
h) Waterforfirefightingshallbefor2hours.
i) Nolandingvalvesarerequired.
6.9baratmostremotehydrant
1000GPMFire
Pump
2hoursfire
fighting
water
Page |
590
FACTORY]
Figure13A.2:WarehouseandFactoryrequiringsprinkler
Waterdurationdependon
typeofhazardor
commodity/material
classification
FirePumpcapacitydepend
onhydrauliccalculation
Groupof5Warehouses
Groupof5Warehouses
orFactoryhavingarea
orFactoryhavingarea
400meach.
500meach
6.9baratmost
remote
i.
Eachcompartmentmorethan230m.
hydrant
ii.
Fireratingforeachwarehouseorfactoryunitshallbe1hrfirerating.
iii.
Totalareaof4units=1600m(morethan900m).
Groupof5Warehouses
iv.
1000GPMFire
Storageheightmorethan3m.
orFactoryhavingarea
Pump
300meach.
v.
ContainotherthenClass1CommodityorMaterials.
vi.
Privatefirehydrantsaretobeprovidedwith6.9baratthemostremotehydrant.
2hoursfirefighting
watertank
vii.
One1000GPMfirepumpsetshallbeprovidedforfirehydrantandanotherfirepumpsettobe
providedforsprinklersandhosereelorhoseracksdependingontypeofstorageandhydraulic
calculations.
viii.
Waterforfirefightingshallbefor2hours.
ix.
Landingvalvesnotrequired
Page |
591
FACTORY]
Figure13A.3:WarehouseandFactorywithunconfirmedtypeofstorageortoberentedout
WarehouseorFactory
A=400m
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
WarehouseorFactory
B=400m
WarehouseorFactory
C=400m
WarehouseorFactory
D=400m
Eachcompartmentmorethan230m.
Fireratingforeachwarehouseorfactoryunitshallbe2hrfirerating.
Totalareaof4units=1600m(morethan900m)
Storageheightmorethan3m.
ContainotherthenClass1CommodityorMaterial.
Minimum2000gpmfirepumpsettobeprovidedcombinedwithhydrant.
2hoursfirefightingwater.
Wetpipeconnectiontoeverywarehouseunitforfutureconnectiontosprinklersystemifrequired.
Landingvalvesnotrequired.
Wetpipe
connectionto
everywarehouse
orfactoryunit
2000GPMFire
Pump
2hour
watersupply
6.9 bar at the

most remote hydrant
Page |
592
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER13B. GUIDELINESFORCONDUCTINGRISKASSESSMENT(RA)STUDIES
1. GeneralRequirements
Table13B.1WorkingMethodsofHazardAssessment
4. GuidelineNotes
Table13B.2Fire&ExplosionIndex(F&EI)SystemMaterialFactor(MF)
4.8 GeneralHazards(GH)
4.9 SpecificHazards(SH)
4.10 FireandExplosionIndex(F&EI)
4.11 ToxicityNumber
4.12 PenaltyFactor
4.13 ToxicityIndex(TI)
PAGENO.
592
592
593
594
594
595
596
596
596
596
597
597
597
Page |
591
[CHAPTER13B.GUIDELINESFORCONDUCTINGRISKASSESSMENTSTUDIES]
CHAPTER13B
GUIDELINESFORCONDUCTINGRISKASSESSMENT(RA)STUDIES
1. Generalrequirements
1.1.
RiskAnalysisshouldbebasedonthevarioushazardassessmentmethodsoutlinedin
Table13B.1(oranyotherapprovedmethod)andshouldinclude(butnotbelimitedto)
thefollowing:
a. AsafirststepinRiskAssessment,PHA(PreliminaryHazardAnalysis)shouldbecarried
out followed by detailed examination by other known hazard analysis method such as
HAZOP studies. The Risk Assessment Study should evaluate all possible risks arising
withinthepremises/operationsand/oroffsiteduetotheoperationsandrecommend
necessarymitigationmeasures.
b. A detailed evaluation of regular/irregular operations, activities, tasks and main
installations, including physicalchemical characteristics of materials being
stored/handled/processed,quantitativedataonamounts,volumes,production/storage
conditionsetc.shouldbecarriedout.
c. Sitesuitabilitywithregardtowind,floodingetc.
d. FAULT TREE and EVENT TREE analysis should be carried out to provide a graphic
descriptionoftheaccidentsequencesassociatedwithplantoperationsandstorage.
e. Evaluate/Clarify risks (Frequency, Severity and Probability) using accepted Risk

AssessmentTechniqueandCriterialeadingtodeterminationofriskstobeeliminatedor
controlled.
f. Accident Consequence Analysis and its effects on human, environment and nearby
installationsandsiteshouldbeanalyzed.
g. Provide for clarification of risks and identification of those to be eliminated or

controlled.
h. EvaluateFire&ExplosionhazardusingF&EIIndex.
i. EvaluateFireProtectionSystem,AlarmSystemandVentilation.
j. Hazardousmaterialsclassification basedoninternationallyacceptedstandardssuchas
NFPA,U.N.orIMDGcode,etc.
k. HazardousAreaClassificationandidentificationwithmappingoftheproposedfacility.
l. Effectsofemergencysituations/majorenvironmentaleventssuchaslightning,flooding,
andactsofmischieforsabotageshouldbeanalyzed.
P a g e |592
m. Evaluate occupational health hazards & environmental risks involved in process and
operations.
n. Foralloftheabove,measuresshouldbedevelopedandrecommendedfortechnicaland
organizationalprotectiontobringdownrisksASLOWASREASONABLYPRACTICABLE.
o. DevelopONSITE&OFFSITEemergencyactionplanincoordinationwithCivilDefence.
p. Whereverarisk/operation/situationcannotbemanagedfeasibly,itshallbethedutyof
theconsultanttohighlightthesameinthereport.
2.1.
Risk(incorporatingHealth,Safety&Environmentrisks)Assessmentstudyreportshould
containthefollowinginformationasaminimum.Inpractice,thedepthofthe
informationrequiredoneachguidelinetopicgivenbelowdependsoneachindividual
project/facilitye.g.Size&Natureofoperation,IdentifiedHazards,AccidentHistory
,etc,willvaryaccordingtothecircumstanceoftheindividualfacility.
a. Backgroundandobjectivethatincludesafulldescriptionoftheproposedproject.
b. ProcessDescriptionoftheProposedProjecti.e.BasicOperations,PhysicalandChemical
reactions,OperationalStorageetc.
c. Information on the installation (e.g. location, plot plan, process flow diagram(PFDs),
PIDs,personnelonsite,locallandusedandpopulationdistribution,etc.).
d. Informationondetailsoftheplantandmachineryincludingsketches(sectionalview)of
machineryandschematicoftheprocessinvolved.
e. Informationonhazardoussubstances(e.g.substancenamemonitoringmethod,hazards
compositionofprocess,MSDS,ListofChemicals,etc.)
f. Information required on management system (e.g. responsible person and Quality

Controlforsafetytrainingetc.).
g. Informationonmajoraccidents(identificationofpotentialmajorhazardevents,process
flow diagram, prevention and control systems, emergency procedure meteorological
conditions,numbersatrisketc.).
h. Informationonpossibleaccidents,i.e.Assessmentofthepossiblereleaseofhazardous
substancesorofenergy,Possibledispersionofreleasedsubstances,Assessmentofthe
effectsofthereleaseSizeofaffectedarea,healtheffects,propertydamage,etc.
i. Documentation and summary of Codes, Standards and Recommended Practices which

havebeenconsultedduringthedesignstageoftheproject.
j. RecommendationsandMitigationmeasuresbasedonriskevaluation.
P a g e |593
k. PriortofinalapprovaloftheRiskAssessmentStudyreport,atechnicalpresentationto
CivilDefenceshouldbecarriedoutifrequired/askedbyCivilDefence
Table13B.1WorkingMethodsforHazardAssessment
METHOD
1) Preliminaryhazard
analysis
2) Matrixdiagramsof
Interactions
3) Useofchecklist
4) Failureeffect
analysis
5) Hazard&
operabilitystudy
PURPOSE
1. Identificationof
hazards
AIM
1. Completenessof
safetyconcept
6) Accidentsequence
analysis(inductive)
7) Faulttreeanalysis
(deductive)
2.Assessmentofhazards
accordingtotheir
occurrencefrequency
2.Optimizationof
realibilityand
availabilityofsafety
systems
8)Accident
Consequenceanalysis
3.Assessmentofaccident
consequences
3.Mitigationof
consequencesand
developmentof
optimumemergency
plans
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
1. Useof
thinking
aids
2.Useof
searchingaids
inschematic
documents
3.Graphic
decisionoffailure
sequencesand
mathematical
calculationof
probabilities
4.Mathematical
modelingof
physicaland
chemicalprocess
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
Firehazardidentification.
Severityanalysis/Fire&ExplosionIndex(F&EI)andToxicityIndex(TI).RefertoTable
13B.2.
Mappingareasofrisk/riskcontours.
Directcomparisonwithactuarialdataandotherriskcriteria.
Criteriaforassessingmaximumreleasequantityandseparationdistances/Quantifying
dispersion.
Scenariodevelopment.
Probabilityanalysis/thechancesoffireandexplosion.
Riskmonitoring(iftheriskisacceptable).
P a g e |594
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.14.
3.15.
3.16.
3.17.
3.18.
3.19.
3.20.
3.21.
3.22.
3.23.
Identificationofenvironmentalproblemsthatarerelatedtofireprotection.
Riskreductionanalysis(iftheriskisnotacceptable)systems&methodsand
recommendationstopreventand/orreducethemtotheacceptablelevel(s).
HazardandOperabilityStudy(HAZOP).
Eventtrees.
Casehistorieswhereappropriate.
Compliancewithcodes,proceduresandregulationsincludingmanufacturing
requirement&managementunderASMEcodeforboilers&pressurevessels.
Toxicityrelationships.
Damagefromfireandradiantheat.
TheTNTequivalence.
Primaryandsecondaryblastsrelationships.
Topeventfrequencyestimation.
Design&constructionprocedures.
MaintenanceOperations.
Education&Trainingofstaff.
Emergency/EvacuationPlans(onsite&offsiteplans).
4. Guidelinenotes
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
Thescalethatmeasuresseveritysuchasdeath,injuries,propertydamage,andareas
reachedbyflamesshallbespecified.
Calculationsspecifyingtheseveritymeasureusedforaparticularfireshallbeincluded.
Activeandpassivefireprotectionmeasuresshallbeincluded.
TheconsultantsshallbesolelysubjecttothelawsoftheUAEforlossesordamagesin
termsoflifeandpropertystemmingfromdesignerrors,implementationerrors,
deficienciesofinspections,failuretoconstructincompliancewiththerequired
standards,failuretocomplywithrulesofProfessionalethics,failuretouseknowledge
andexperiencetothecontractingentity,andsimilarreasons;andsuccessively(severally)
liablewiththecontractorswheretheconsultantshaveundertakencontrolandinspection
servicesonworks.Theconsultantsshallbecausedtocompleteandcompensateforany
suchlossesordamagespursuanttothelawsoftheUAE.
P a g e |595
4.5.
CivilDefenceoranyotherdepartmentsofCivilDefenceandtheirdirectors,officersand
otherconcernedpersonnelshallnotbeheldresponsibleorliableforanysuchlossesor
damages,errors,deficienciesandfailuresonthepartoftheconsultants.
4.6.
TheMaterialFactor(MF)isderivedfromthefollowingtable:
Table13B.2Fire&ExplosionIndex(F&EI)SystemMaterialFactor
(MF)
NF=0
NF=1
NF=2
NF=3
NF=4
Nr=0
1
4
10
16
21
Nr=1
14
14
14
16
21
Nr=2
24
24
24
24
24
Nr=3
29
29
29
29
29
Nr=4
40
40
40
40
40
4.7.
TheMFforCombustibleDusts;CombustibleSolids;Warehousing/StorageofGoods;
Manufacturing,ConstructionandOtherOccupanciesarederivedfromseparatetables.
4.8.
GeneralHazards(GH)
4.8.1. GeneralprocessHazardsarefactorsthatplayaprimaryroleindeterminingthe
magnitudeofalossincident.Theitemsviz.(i)ChemicalProcesses(ii)Storage,
Handling,TransferandManufacturing(iii)Confinement(iv)Access(v)Drainage(vi)
TotalGeneralHazardsFactorareinvestigatedascontributinghazards.
4.9.
SpecificHazards(SH)
4.9.1. Theitemsviz.(i)QuantitiesofMaterialsInvolved(ii)PressureConditions(iii)Toxic
MaterialsInvolved(iv)ExplosionPotential/FlammableRange&(v)TotalSpecific
HazardsFactorthatindicateexistenceofspecificconditionsasamajor
contributingfactorinfireandexplosionincidentsareinvestigated.
4.10. FireandExplosionIndex(F&EI)
4.10.1. TheF&EIcalculationiscalculatedbygivingcreditforbothgeneralandspecific
hazardstothematerialsinvolved.Theformulausedis:
F&EI = MF x (1 + GH) x (1 + SH)
4.10.2. TheresultingF&EIvaluesarerankedintofourcategories:
1 - 45 Light Hazard
46 - 60 Moderate Hazard
61 - 95 High Hazard
96 - up Severe Hazard
P a g e |596
4.11. ToxicityNumber
4.11.1. Thetoxicitynumber(Th)isderivedfromtheNFPAhealthfactorNh(NFPA704,
325Mor49).Nhisanintegernumberrangingfrom0to4.Thefivedegreesof
hazardsarerelatedtotheprotectiveequipmentnormallyavailabletofire
fighters.
Nh
0
1
2
3
4
TH
0
50
125
250
325
4.12. PenaltyFactor
4.12.1. ThePenaltyFactor(Ts)isthesecondtoxicityparameterusedtodeterminetheTI.
TheTsvalueisderivedfromtheThresholdLimitValues(TLV).
4.12.2. TheTLVvaluesaredrawnupbytheAmericanConferenceofGovernmental
IndustrialHygienists.
4.12.3. TLVrepresentsatimeweightedaverage(TWA)airconcentrationtowhich
workerscanbeexposedduringanormalworkingweekwithoutilleffects.TLVis
oftenindicatedasaTWAvalue,botharethesame.
4.12.4. Thepenaltyfactorisdeterminedfromthetablebelow:
ThresholdLimitValues(TLVs)
PenaltyFactor(Ts)
<5
125
550
75
>50
50
4.13. ToxicityIndex(TI)
4.13.1. TheToxicityIndexisthencalculatedfromThandTsplusthehazardfactorsoffire
&ExplosionIndex(F&EI).TheTIisfoundfromthefollowingformula:
TI:Th+Ts(1+GH+SH)
100
P a g e |597
4.13.2. TheresultingTIvaluesarerankedintothreecategories:
15
Light
69
Moderate
10up High
P a g e |598
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER14. ACCESSIBILITYGUIDELINESFORDISABLED
1. Purpose
2. Scope
5. PermittingandInspection
6. GeneralExceptions
7. MinimumRequirementsandProvisions
PAGENO.
602
602
602
602
603
603
603
604
Page |
601
[CHAPTER14.ACCESSIBILITYGUIDELINESFORTHEDISABLED]
CHAPTER14
AccessibilityGuidelinesfortheDisabled
ThefollowingguidelinesareextractedfromNFPA5000,BuildingConstructionand
SafetyCode,Chapter12Accessibility,2009Edition;theNFPA101,LifeSafetyCode;the
InternationalBuildingCode,Chapter11Accessibility,2006Edition,andtheAmerican
NationalStandardICC/ANSIA117.1,2003.
1. Purpose
TheprovisionsforAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)controlthedesignandconstruction
offacilitiesforaccessibilityandusabilitytophysicallydisabledpersons.Physicaldisability,or
severemobilityimpairment,isthetheabilitytomovetostairsbutwithouttheabilitytouse
thestairs.
ANSIA117.1definesthetechnicalcriteriaastomakesites,facilities,buildingsandelements
accessibletoandusablebypeoplewithsuchphysicaldisabilitiesastheinabilitytowalk,
difficultywalking,relianceonwalkingaids,blindnessandvisualimpairment,deafnessand
hearingimpairment,incoordination,reachingandmanipulationdisabilities,lackofstamina,
difficultyinterpretingandreactingtosensoryinformation,andextremesofphysicalsize.
2.Scope
Allareasofnewlydesignedandnewlyconstructedbuildingsandfacilitiesandaltered
portionsofexistingbuildingsandfacilitiesshallcomplywiththeserequirements.[12.1.1,
NFPA5000]
Thescopeisbroadlyinclusiveofallaspectsofconstructionthataffecttheabilityofdisabled
peopletoapproach,enter,andutilizeafacility.Thetermfacilityincludesnotonlythe
buildingandstructures,butalsothesiteonwhichtheyarelocated.Featuresofasite,such
asparkingareasandpathsoftravelfromapublicwaytoastructure,affectaccessibilityand
are,therefore,withinthescope.
ThelocalauthoritiesintheUAEhavealreadyadoptedandenforcedtheAmericanNational
FireProtectionAssociationLifeSafetyCodes(NFPA),andtheInternationalBuildingCode
(IBC).
ThelocalAuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ),representedbytheCivilDefence,mayprovide
scopingprovisionstospecifytheextenttowhichADAtechnicalcriteriaapply.Inthecase
suchprovisionisnotavailable,ortheAHJhasnotadoptedorcertainenforcedADA
requirements,thebuildingdesignandconstructionshouldconformtoADAprovisionsstated
hereinanddetailedinthereferencedcodesandstandards.
P a g e |602
4.1
NFPA101,LifeSafetyCode,2009,Subsection7.5.4AccessibleMeansofEgress.
4.2
NFPA500,BuildingConstructionandsafetyCode,2009,Chapter12Accessibility
4.3
AmericanNationalStandardICC/ANSIA117.1AccessibleandUsableBuildingsand
Facilities,2003
4.4
InternationalBuildingCode,Chapter11Accessibility,2009.
5.PermittingandInspection
Per1.7.6.5.2.1,NFPA5000:Issuingapermit(orNOCNoObjectionCertificateintheUAE)or
approvalofconstructiondocumentsbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction(CivilDefence)shall
notbeconstruedtobeapermitfor,oranapprovalof,anyviolationofanyoftheprovisions
ofthiscode.Assuch,theArchitectisresponsibleforcompliancewiththeapplicablecodes.
Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallreservetherighttoinspectthebuildingorstructure,
forwhichanapplicationforpermithasbeenreceived,atanytimeduringconstruction
and/orpriortoissuingthepermitorNOC.
6.GeneralExceptions
Per12.3,NFPA5000and1103.2,IBC2006,thefollowingsites,buildings,facilities,and
elementsareexemptfromADArequirements.Refertothecorrespondingsectionformore
information.Theyshallinclude:
ExistingBuildings.
ConstructionSites.
RaisedAreas.
LimitedAccessSpaces.
MachineryandEquipmentSpaces.
SingleOccupantStructures.
DetentionandCorrectionalFacilities.
ResidentialFacilities.
EmployeeWorkAreas.
RaisedRefereeing,Judging,andScoringAreas.
WaterSlides.
AnimalContainmentAreas.
RaisedBoxingorWrestlingRings.
RaisedDivingBoardsandDivingPlatforms.
P a g e |603
7.MinimumRequirementsandProvisions
Theminimumrequirementsandprovisionsfordesignandconstructionaresummarizedby
thefollowingcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsiteandbuildingelements,components,and
services.
Thedesignershallfurtherrefertothedetailedtechnicalcriteriaandinformationpertaining
toeachcategoryandapplicabletotheprojectunderconsideration.
ItistobenotedthatComplianceAlternatives[103,ICC/ANSIA117.1]andExceptionstothe
requirements[perreferenceChapterorSection]arecommonlyacceptable.Additional
culturalrequirementsintheUAE,forexample,mayexempttherequirementforTactile
Signagefortheblindandvisuallyimpairedpersonsbecausetheywillalwaysbe
accompaniedbyapersonwhoisnotdisabled.
7.1
GeneralSiteandBuildingElements(Parkingspaces,passengerloading
zonesandbusstops,stairways,handrails,andwindows)
RefertoChapter5,ICC/ANSIA117.1;12.8,12.9,12.29,and12.10,NFPA
5000;and1106and1109,IBC.
7.2
AccessibleMeansofEgress
Referto7.5.4,NFPA101;12.7,NFPA5000;and1007&1105,IBC.
7.2
AccessibleRoutes(Walkingsurfaces,doorsanddoorways,ramps,elevators,
andplatformlifts)
Referto12.6,NFPA5000;Chapter4,ICC/ANSIA117.1;and1007.2.1,1010&
1104,IBC.
7.4
AreaofRefuge
Referto7.2.12,NFPA101;11.2.12,NFPA5000;and1007.6,IBC.
7.5
BuildingBlocks(Floorsurfaces,changesinlevel,turningspace,clearfloor
space,kneeandtoeclearances,protrudingobjects,reachranges,and
operableparts)
Referto12.4,12.5,NFPA5000;Chapter4,ICC/ANSIA117.1;andSection
1104,IBC.
7.6
PlumbingElementsandFacilities(Drinkingfountains,kitchensand
kitchenettes,toiletandbathingrooms,waterclosetsandtoilet
compartments,urinals,lavatoriesandsinks,bathtubs,shower
compartments,grabbars,seats,andwashingmachinesandclothesdryers)
5000;andSection1109,IBC.
P a g e |604
7.7
CommunicationElementsandFeatures(Firealarms,singsandsignage,
telephones,detectablewarnings,assistivelisteningsystems,automatic
tellermachines,and2waycommunicatingsystems)
RefertoChapter7,ICC/ANSIA117.1;12.15,12.16,12.17,12.19,12.20,
12.28,and12.30,NFPA5000;andE106,1110,IBC.
7.8
SpecialRoomsandSpaces(Assemblyareas,dressing,fitting,andlocker
rooms;kitchensandkitchenettes,transportationfacilities,holdingcellsand
housingcells,andjudicialfacilities/courtrooms)
RefertoChapter8,ICC/ANSIA117.1;12.12,12.18,12.21,12.22,and12.31,
NFPA5000;and1108.2,1108.4,1109.10,1109.12.1,andE109,IBC.
7.9
BuiltInFurnishingsandEquipment(Diningsurfacesandworksurfaces,
benches,salesandservicecounters,servicefacilities,andstoragefacilities)
5000;and1108.2.8,1108.3,1109.8,and1109.12,IBC.
7.10
DwellingUnits,SleepingUnits,andResidentialFacilities(Accessibleunits,
typesA&Bunits,andunitswithaccessiblecommunicationfeatures)
RefertoChapter10,ICC/ANSIA117.1;12.33,NFPA5000;and1107,IBC.
7.11
Hotels,SwimmingPools,Spas,Saunas,andSteamRooms
Referto12.24,12.42,and12.41,NFPA5000.
6.11
ExerciseMachinesandEquipment,andPlayAreas
Referto12.36,and12.40,NFPA5000.
7.12
Depositories,VendingMachines,ChangeMachines,MailBoxes,andFuel
Dispensers
Referto12.28,NFPA5000.
Forotherfacilityandbuildingtypessuchashealthcare,detentionand
correctionalfacilities,amusementrides,recreationalboatingfacilities,golf
facilities,andairports,referto12.23,12.32,12.34,12.35,and12.38ofNFPA
500;and1103.2.13,1107.5.5,1108.4.2,1109.14,andE110,IBC.
ENDOFCHAPTER
File:\NFPA\AccessibilityGuidelinesfortheDisabledBriefAPR2810
P a g e |605
[CONTENTS]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER15.REQUIREMENTSFORSUBMISSIONOFDRAWINGS
1. Policy
2. RequirementsforConsultants
3. ConsultantsStandardPlans
4. RequirementsforDcorCompanies
5. DcorCompanysStandardPlans
6. RequirementsforContractingCompanies
7. ContractingCompanysStandardShopDrawings
8. RequirementsforLPGandGASSuppressionSystemContractingCompanies
9. LPGandGasBasedFireSuppressionSystemContractingCompanys
StandardShopDrawings
10. CivilDefenceStandardLegends
APPENDIX:10.CIVILDEFENCESTANDARDLEGENDS
10.1.
ARCHITECTURE
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
LPGSYSTEM
PAGENO.
607
607
607
607
609
609
610
610
611
611
612
612
613
615
616
616
617
618
620
620
620
Page |
606
[CHAPTER15.REQUIREMENTSFORSUBMISSIONOFDRAWINGS]
CHAPTER15
REQUIREMENTSFORSUBMISSIONOFDRAWINGS
1. POLICY
1.1. ItisthepolicyofTheCivilDefencetoensurethattheriskoffireisminimizedandto
ensurethesafetyoflifeandproperty.
1.2. CivilDefencerequirementsareintendedtoprescribeminimumguidelinesfor
Design,Construction,Modification&InstallationofBuildings,FireDetection&
ProtectionSystemsandLifeSafetyconcernsasperNFPAStandards&Local
Regulations.
1.3. TheOwners,Designers,Consultants,Dcorcompanies&Contractorsshallbe
responsibleforcompliancewiththesedesignstandards&codeRequirements.The
relevantstandardsandcodesthatareusedasreferenceshallbestatedand
declaredontheplan.
1.4. ProjectsubmissionstoacquireCivilDefenceapprovalshouldconfirmtothe
followingprocedureandstandardplanformatrequirements.Submissionsnot
confirmingtotheserequirementsshallnotbereviewed.
2. REQUIREMENTSFORCONSULTANTS
2.1. ConsultantOfficepersonnel/EngineermustbeSpecializedandqualifiedto
representanddiscusstheirproject.
2.2. ConsultantOfficerepresentativemustproducehis/hervalidCivilDefenceIdentity
card(ID)duringanappointment.
2.3. ConsultantssubmissionsshouldcomplywithCivilDefencerequirementsfor
ConsultantsStandardPlansaspersection3.
3. CONSULTANTSSTANDARDPLANS
3.1. Allsubmissionsshallconfirmtothefollowingrequirements.
3.1.1. DrawingsshouldbestrictlyofA1size.
3.1.2. Plansshouldbestrictlyto1:100or1:150scale.
3.1.3. AlldimensionsintheplanshouldbeinMetric(SI)Units.(Meters,Kilograms,
Liters)
3.1.4. Plansshouldbesecurelybound.Submissionwithloosepagesshallnotbe
reviewed.
P a g e |607
3.1.5. Plansshouldbeprinteddrawings.Handwrittenandhanddrawn
submissionsshallnotbereviewed.
3.1.6. Submissionshouldhaveacoverpagewithminimum150mmX60mmspace
forCivilDefencestampingandwritingcomments.
3.1.7. Submissionshouldhavedetailedfloorwisebuiltupareacalculations.
3.1.8. Submissionshallconsistofplansanddesignsasfollows(Colorcodedplans
shallbeappreciated)
3.1.8.1.
Builtupareacalculations.
3.1.8.2.
Settingoutplans(Canhavesuitablescaleasapplicable)
3.1.8.3.
ArchitecturalfloorPlansshowingFireratingofWalls,Partitions,
Doors&Windows.
3.1.8.4.
Traveldistancesfrommostremotecorners.
3.1.8.5.
Maximumdiagonaldistancesofthebuiltuparea.
3.1.8.6.
Staircasedetails.
3.1.8.7.
FireAlarmSystemlayout,EmergencylightingSystemlayout,Exit
signlayout&Voiceevacuationsystemlayoutswithriser
diagrams.
3.1.8.8.
FireFightingSystemlayouts,Fireextinguishersdistribution
layout,FirepumpandFirewatertankdetailswithriser
diagrams.
3.1.8.9.
AreasprotectedbyGassuppressionsystemsshallbeshownas
perStandardLegends.
3.1.8.10. Smokecontrolsystem&Pressurizationsystemlayoutdepicting
smokeandfiredamperlocationsandriserdiagrams.
3.1.8.11. LPGSystemtanklocationandlayout.
3.1.9. Warehouse&Storageprojectsubmissionsshallhavescannedowners
undertakingletterofresponsibility,listingthematerialsusedandstored.
Typeofstoragemethodshallalsobedescribed.
3.1.10. Industrial,production,processing,manufacturingandfactorysubmissions
shallhavescanneddescriptionofthefunctionalaspectofthefacility,rooms
andtheprocessflow.
3.1.11. Adeclarationandundertakingletterfromconsultantshallbefurnished
whichstatesthatthedesignoffiresystems,LPGsystemsshallbefinalized
basedondetailedcalculationbasedapproachfromcontractorsshop
drawings.
3.1.12. EachplanshallfollowthesymbolsshowninCivilDefenceStandardLegends
asperAPPENDIXA.TheCivilDefenceStandardLegendsasapplicable,shall
beshownattherightcornerofeachpage.
P a g e |608
3.1.13. Forapprovalofmodification,revisionandalterationofbuildings,submission
shallhavefloorwiseApprovedExistingbuildingplansforreferenceand
RevisedbuildingPlansinasinglebunchwithrevisedareasandrevised
systemshighlighted.
4. REQUIREMENTSFORDCORCOMPANIES
4.1. DcorCompanypersonnel/EngineermustbeSpecializedandqualifiedtorepresent
anddiscusstheirproject.
4.2. DcorCompanyrepresentativemustproducehis/hervalidCivilDefenceIdentity
card(ID)duringanappointment.
4.3. DcorCompanysubmissionsshouldcomplywithCivilDefencerequirementsfor
DcorCompanysStandardPlans.Submissionsnotconfirmingtothese
requirementsshallberejected.
5. DCORCOMPANYSSTANDARDPLANS
5.1.2. Planshouldbestrictlyto1:50or1:100scale.
Liters)
5.1.4. Plansshouldbeprinteddrawings.Handwrittenandhanddrawnsubmissions
shallnotbereviewed.
5.1.5. Plansshouldbesecurelybound.Submissionwithloosepagesshallbe
rejected.
5.1.7. Submissionshouldhavedetailedbuiltupareacalculations.
shallbeappreciated)
5.1.8.1. Settingoutplans
5.1.8.2. ArchitecturalPlansshowingFireratingofWalls,Partitions,Doors
&Windows.
5.1.8.3. Traveldistancesfrommostremotecorners.
5.1.8.4. Maximumdiagonaldistancesofthebuiltuparea.
5.1.8.5. Staircasedetails.
5.1.8.6. FireAlarmSystemlayout,EmergencylightingSystemlayout,Exit
signlayout&Voiceevacuationsystemlayoutswithriser
diagrams.
5.1.8.7. FireFightingSystemlayoutswithriserdiagrams.
5.1.8.8. Fireextinguishersdistributionlayout.
P a g e |609
5.1.9. AdeclarationandundertakingletterfromDcorcompaniesshallbe
furnishedwhichstatesthatthedesignoffiresystems,LPGsystems,kitchen
hoodprotectionsystemsshallbefinalizedbasedondetailedcalculation
basedapproachfromcontractorsshopdrawings.
5.1.10. EachplanshallfollowthesymbolsshowninCivilDefenceStandardLegends
asperAPPENDIXA.TheCivilDefenceStandardLegendsasapplicable,shall
beshownattherightcornerofeachpage.
5.1.11. Forapprovalofmodification,revisionandalterationofbuildings,submission
shallhavefloorwiseApprovedExistingbuildingplansforreferenceand
RevisedbuildingPlansinasinglebunchwithrevisedareasandsystems
highlighted.
6. REQUIREMENTSFORCONTRACTINGCOMPANIES
6.1. ContractingcompaniesmustberegisteredandCivilDefenceapprovedfirms.
6.2. ContractingCompanypersonnel/EngineermustbeSpecializedandqualifiedto
representanddiscusstheirproject.
6.3. ContractingCompanysubmissionsshouldbebasedonCivilDefenceapproved
ConsultantDesignDrawings.
6.4. ContractingCompanysubmissionswithoutConsultantsstamp&Signatureshallnot
bereviewed.
6.5. CompanysubmissionsshouldcomplywithCivilDefencerequirementsfor
ContractingCompanysStandardShopdrawingsaspersection7.Submissionsnot
confirmingtotheserequirementsshallberejected.
7. CONTRACTINGCOMPANYSSTANDARDSHOPDRAWINGS
7.1.2. Planshouldbestrictlyto1:100or1:150scale.
Liters)
7.1.4. Plansshouldbeprinteddrawings.Handwrittenandhanddrawnsubmissions
shallnotbereviewed.
rejected.
P a g e |610
shallbeappreciated)
7.1.7.1.
FireAlarmSystemandVoiceevacuationsystemlayoutwith
wiringdiagrams,riserdiagrams,interfacingdetails&a
dedicatedpagewithspecificproductspecificationsand
schematics(Fromproductmanual).
7.1.7.2.
EmergencylightingSystemandExitsignlayoutwithwiring
diagrams,riserdiagrams,interfacingdetails&adedicatedpage
withspecificproductspecificationsandschematics(From
productmanual)
7.1.7.3.
FireFightingSystemlayoutsshallincludescannedHydraulic
calculations,Hazardidentification,Designcriteria,Commodity
classification,Pipinglayoutswithproposedsizes,Firepumpand
Firewatertankdetails,Suppressingagenttanklocationswith
riserdiagrams.Adedicatedpageshallshowproduct
specifications,ratingsandschematics.(Fromproductmanual).
7.1.7.4.
Fireextinguishersdistributionlayoutwithcapacityand
specificationsfromproductmanual.
7.1.7.5.
EachplanshallfollowthesymbolsshowninCivilDefence
StandardLegendsasperAPPENDIXA.TheCivilDefence
StandardLegendsasapplicable,shallbeshownattheright
cornerofeachpage.
8. REQUIREMENTSFORLPG&GASSUPPRESSIONSYSTEM
CONTRACTINGCOMPANIES
8.1. LPG&GasContractingcompaniesmustberegisteredandCivilDefenceapproved
firms.
8.2. LPG&GasContractingCompanypersonnel/EngineermustbeSpecializedand
qualifiedtorepresentanddiscusstheirproject.
8.3. LPG&GasContractingCompanysubmissionsshouldbebasedonCivilDefence
approvedConsultantDesignDrawings.
8.4. LPG&GasContractingCompanysubmissionsshallhaveConsultantsstamp&
Signature.
8.5. LPG&GasCompanysubmissionsshouldcomplywithCivilDefencerequirements
forLPG&GasContractingCompanysStandardShopdrawingsaspersection9.
Submissionsnotconfirmingtotheserequirementsshallberejected.
9. LPGANDGASBASEDFIRESUPPRESSINGSYSTEMCONTRACTING
COMPANYSSTANDARDSHOPDRAWINGS
P a g e |611
9.1.2. Planshouldbestrictlyto1:100or1:150scale
Liters)
rejected.
9.1.6. Submissionshallhaveplansanddesignsasfollows(Colorcodedplansshall
beappreciated)
9.1.6.1.
IftheproposalisforcylindertypeLPG,thesubmissionshallfurnish
scannedcopyofbuildingOwnersundertakingletterstatinghis
responsibilitynottoallowmorethan450kgofcylindersandnotin
multiplelocationsinhisbuilding.
9.1.6.2.
IftheproposalisforLPGusageinIndustrialapplications,the
submissionshallfurnishscannedcopyoffacilityOwners
undertakingletter,statingbriefdescriptionoftheindustryand
facilitywithspecificapplicationandusageofLPGintheprocess.
9.1.6.3.
LPGSystemlayoutsshallincludeLPGPipinglayoutsineachfloor
withproposedsizes,LPGtankcapacity&location,Fillingpipeline
layout,Supplypointlayout,PRDPlocationandLPGleakdetection&
alarmsystemdetailswithriserdiagrams.Adedicatedpageshall
showproductspecifications,ratingsandschematics.(Fromproduct
manual).
9.1.6.4.
GasbasedFiresuppressionSystemlayoutsshallincludescanned
Hydraulicandquantitycalculations,Hazardidentification,Design
criteria,Pipinglayoutswithproposedsizes,gasstoragetank
capacity&locationdetails,respectiveFiredetection,alarm&
actuationsystemdetailswithriserdiagrams.Adedicatedpageshall
showproductspecifications,ratingsandschematics.(Fromproduct
manual).
9.1.6.5.
EachplanshallfollowthesymbolsshowninCivilDefenceStandard
LegendsasperAPPENDIXA.TheCivilDefenceStandardLegendsas
applicable,shallbeshownattherightcornerofeachpage.
10.
CIVILDEFENCESTANDARDLEGENDS(SeeAPPENDIXF)
APPENDIXF
P a g e |612
10.
CIVILDEFENCESTANDARDLEGENDS
10.1.
ARCHITECTURE
P a g e |613
P a g e |614
10.2.
P a g e |615
10.3.
10.4.
P a g e |616
10.5.
P a g e |617
10.6.
P a g e |618
P a g e |619
10.7.
10.8.
CleanAgentControlPanel
10.9.
LPGSYSTEM
P a g e |620

Uae Fire Code

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Uae Fire Code

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Uae Fire Code

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Don't let your dreams go up in smoke - practice fire safety.

Communications, Post Graduate Diploma in Fire Protection

Most of the Occupancies are basically categorized as ORDINARY HAZARD where

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

Civil Defence Fire Code

In highrise occupancies, the most restrictive, applicable, highrise building

Occupancyseparationsshallbevertical,horizontal, orbothor, when necessary,of

Where the occupancy separation is horizontal, structural members supporting the

Fireresistive materials covering columns required to have a fire resistance rating,

8.3. Where the exterior wall is an irregular vertical

8.3.1. Thehorizontalseparationshall bedetermin

8.3.2. The areea of openings shall be determineed from the projection

9.2. The area of unp

9.4.1. Where the building is protected throughout with an approved, electrically

17.3.6. Separation requirement for kitchen could be exempted when an eating

17.6.1. Each labor accommodation bedroom shall be compartmented from

17.8.2. Where a spray painting room or booth is protected by an automatic Fire

Rooms housing transformer containing flammable liquid and generator rooms,

Fire compartmentalization between individual tenancy units within terraced

20.1.2. Ceilings shall form continuous fireresistive membranes but shall be

20.1.3. Where 1hour fire resistancerated construction is required for floor or

Material or combination of materials used to retain integrity of firerated

21.5.1. Product Data shall consist of Manufacturer's specifications and technical

21.5.2. Manufacturer's engineering judgment identification number and drawing

21.7.2. High performance intumescent fire stop sealants, expanding foams,

21.7.5. High performance intumescent fire stop sealants, expanding foams,

Provide a fire stop system with an Assembly Rating as determined by

Examine areas and conditions under which work is to be performed and

c. Provide masking and temporary covering to prevent soiling of

d. All electrical and mechanical services, pipes sleeves, insulating

e. Identify through penetration fire stop systems with pressure

Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating walls or

Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating shaft walls

Ducts and airtransfer openings penetrating floors that are

Airtransfer openings that occur in walls or partitions that

Where branch ducts connect to enclosed exhaust risers in

22.2.1. Airconditioning, heating, and ventilating ductwork and related equipment,

Access doors in ducts shall be tightfitting and suitable for

22.4.1. The operating temperature of the heatactuating device shall be

23.1.1. Joints made within or between fire resistancerated assemblies shall be

23.3.3. Where fire resistancerated floor or floorceiling assemblies are required,