APPLICATION

DATA SHEET
COPPER BRASS BRONZE

Soldering and Brazing

Copper Tube
and Fittings

INTRODUCTION
The basic theory and technique of
soldering and brazing are the same for
all diameters of copper tube. The only
variables are the filler metal and the
amount of time and heat required to
complete a given joint. The American
Welding Society defines soldering as
a joining process which takes place
below 840F and brazing as a process
that takes place above 840F but
below the melting point of the base
metals. In actual practice for copper
systems, most soldering is done at
temperatures from about 350F to
600F, while most brazing is done at
temperatures ranging from 1100F to
1500F.
The choice between soldering or
brazing generally depends on the
operating conditions of the system and
the requirements of the governing
construction codes. Solder joints are
generally used where the service
temperature does not exceed 250F,
while brazed joints can be used where
greater joint strength is required or
where system temperatures are as
high as 350F.
Although brazed joints offer higher
joint strength in general, the annealing
of the tube and fitting which results

from the higher heat used in the

brazing process can cause the rated
pressure of the system to be less than
that of a soldered joint. This fact
should be considered in choosing
which joining process to use.
Although soldering and brazing are
the most common methods of joining
copper tube and fittings, they are
often the least understood. It is this
lack of understanding that can
develop into poor installation techniques and lead to poor or faulty
joints. Investigations into the common
causes of joint failures revealed
several factors contributing to faulty
joints, including:
Improper joint preparation
prior to soldering.
Lack of proper support and/or
hanging during soldering
or brazing.
Improper heat control and
heat distribution through
the entire joining process.
Improper application of solder
or brazing filler metal to
the joint.
Inadequate amount of filler
metal applied to the joint.
Sudden shock cooling and/or
wiping the molten filler metal
following soldering or brazing.
Pre-tinning of joints prior to
assembly and soldering.

Although soldering and brazing

operations are inherently simple, the
deletion or misapplication of a single
part of the process may mean the
difference between a good joint and a
failure.
THE JOINING PROCESS
Regardless of the process, soldering or brazing, the same basic steps
should be followed, with the only
differences being the fluxes, filler
metals and amount of heat used. The
following joining process outlines the
basic requirements for consistently
making a high-quality soldered or
brazed joint:
measuring and cutting
reaming
cleaning
fluxing
assembly and support
heating
applying the filler metal
cooling and cleaning
Measuring and Cutting
Accurately measure the length of
each tube segment. Inaccuracy can
compromise joint quality. If the tube is
too short, it will not reach all the way
into the cup of the fitting and a proper

Copper Development Association

260 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10016

joint cannot be made. If the tube

segment is too long, system strain
may be introduced which could affect
service life.
Cut the tube to the measured
length. Cutting can be accomplished
in a number of different ways to
produce a satisfactory squared end.
The tube can be cut with a disc-type
tube cutter (Figure 1), a hacksaw, an
abrasive wheel, or a stationary or
portable bandsaw. Care must be
taken to ensure the tube is not
deformed while being cut. Regardless
of the method, the cut must be square
to the run of the tube so the tube will
seat properly in the fitting cup.
Reaming
Ream all cut tube ends to the full
inside diameter of the tube to remove
the small burr created by the cutting
operation. If this rough, inside edge is
not removed by reaming, erosioncorrosion may occur due to local
turbulence and increased local flow
velocity in the tube. A properly
reamed piece of tube provides an
undisturbed surface for smooth,
laminar flow.
Remove any burrs on the outside of
the tube ends created by the cutting operation to ensure proper assembly of
the tube into the fitting cup.

Tools used to ream tube ends

include the reaming blade on the tube
cutter, half-round or round files (Figure
2), a pocket knife, and a suitable
deburring tool (Figure 3). With soft
tube, care must be taken not to
deform the tube end by applying too
much pressure.
Soft temper tube, if deformed, can
be brought back to roundness with a
sizing tool consisting of a plug and
sizing ring.
Cleaning
The removal of all oxides and
surface soil from the tube ends and
fitting cups is crucial to proper flow of
filler metal into the joint. Failure to
remove them can interfere with
capillary action and may lessen the
strength of the joint and cause failure.
The capillary space between tube
and fitting is approximately 0.004 in.
Filler metal fills this gap by capillary
action. This spacing is critical because it determines whether there is a
proper flow of the filler metal into the
gap ensuring a strong joint.
Lightly abrade (clean) the tube ends
using sand cloth or nylon abrasive
pads (Figure 4) for a distance slightly
more than the depth of the fitting cup.
Clean the fitting cups by using
abrasive cloth, abrasive pads, or a
properly sized fitting brush (Figure 5).

Copper is a relatively soft metal. If

too much material is removed from
the tube end or fitting cup, a loose fit
may result in a poor joint.
Chemical cleaning may be used if
the tube ends and fittings are thoroughly rinsed after cleaning according
to the procedure furnished by the
chemical manufacturer. Do not touch
the cleaned surface with bare hands
or oily gloves. Skin oils, lubricating
oils and grease impair the adherence
of the filler metal.
SOLDERED JOINTS
Fluxing
Use a soldering flux that will
dissolve and remove traces of oxide
from the cleaned surfaces to be
joined, protect the cleaned surfaces
from reoxidation during heating, and
promote wetting of the surfaces by
the solder metal, as recommended in
the general requirements of ASTM
B 813. Apply a thin, even coating of
flux with a brush to both tube and
fitting as soon as possible after
cleaning (Figures 6 and 7).
WARNING: Do not apply with
fingers. Chemicals in the flux can be
harmful if carried to the eyes, mouth or
open cuts.

Figure 1. Cutting

Figure 2. Reaming: File

Figure 3. Reaming: Deburring Tool

Figure 4. Cleaning: Abrasive Pad

Figure 5. Cleaning: Fitting Brush

Figure 6. Fluxing: Tube

Use care in applying flux. Careless

workmanship can cause problems
long after the system has been
installed. If excessive amounts of flux
are used, the flux residue can cause
corrosion. In extreme cases, such flux
corrosion could perforate the wall of
the tube, fitting or both.
Assembly and Support
Insert tube end into fitting cup,
making sure that the tube is seated
against the base of the fitting cup . A
slight twisting motion ensures even
coverage by the flux. Remove excess
flux from the exterior of the joint with a
cotton rag (Figure 8).
Support the tube and fitting assembly to ensure an adequate capillary
space around the entire circumference
of the joint. Uniformity of capillary
space will ensure good capillary flow
(Figure 12) of the molten solder
metal. Excessive joint clearance can
lead to solder metal cracking under
conditions of stress or vibration.

Figure 12. Schematic of Solder Joint

Heating
WARNING: When dealing with an
open flame, high temperatures and
flammable gases, safety precautions
must be observed as described in
ANSI/AWS Z49.1.
Begin heating with the flame
perpendicular to the tube (Figure 12,

position 1). The copper tube conducts

the initial heat into the fitting cup for
even distribution of heat in the joint
area. The extent of this preheating
depends upon the size of the joint.
Preheating of the assembly should
include the entire circumference of the
tube in order to bring the entire
assembly up to a suitable preheat
condition. However, for joints in the
horizontal position, avoid directly
preheating the top of the joint to avoid
burning the soldering flux. The natural
tendency for heat to rise will ensure
adequate preheat of the top of the
assembly. Experience will indicate the
amount of heat and the time needed.
Next, move the flame onto the fitting
cup (Figure 12, position 2). Sweep
the flame alternately between the

fitting cup and the tube a distance

equal to the depth of the fitting cup
(Figure 12, position 3). Again,
preheating the circumference of the
assembly as described above, with the
torch at the base of the fitting cup
(Figure 12, position 4), touch the
solder to the joint. If the solder does
not melt, remove it and continue
heating.
CAUTION: Do not overheat the joint
or direct the flame into the face of the
fitting cup. Overheating could burn the
flux, which will destroy its effectiveness, and the solder will not enter the
joint properly.
When the solder melts, apply heat
to the base of the cup to aid capillary
action in drawing the molten solder
into the cup toward the heat source.

Figure 7. Fluxing: Fitting

Figure 8. Removing Excess Flux

Figure 9. Soldering

Figure 10. Electric Resistance Soldering Tool

Figure 11. Cleaning

Heat is generally applied using an

air-fuel torch (Figure 9). Such torches
use acetylene or an LP gas. Electric
resistance soldering tools can also be
used (Figure 10). They employ
heating electrodes and should be
considered when an open flame is a
concern.
Applying Solder
For joints in the horizontal position,
start applying the solder metal slightly
off-center at the bottom of the joint
(Figure 12, position a, and Figure
9). When the solder begins to melt
from the heat of the tube and fitting,
push the solder straight into the joint
while keeping the torch at the base of
the fitting and slightly ahead of the
point of application of the solder.
Continue this technique across the
bottom of the fitting and up one side to
the top of the fitting (Figure 12,
position b).
The now-solidified solder at the

Molten solder metal is drawn into the

joint by capillary action regardless of
whether the solder flow is upward,
downward or horizontal.
Capillary action is most effective
when the space between the surfaces
to be joined is between 0.002 inch
and 0.005 inch. A certain amount of
looseness of fit can be tolerated, but
too loose a fit can cause difficulties
with larger size fittings.
For joining copper tube to soldercup valves, follow the manufacturers
instructions. The valve should be in the
open position before applying heat,
and the heat should be applied
primarily to the tube. Commercially
available heat-sink materials can also
be used for protection of temperaturesensitive components during the
joining operation.
The amount of solder consumed
when adequately filling the capillary
space between the tube and either
wrought or cast fittings may be

bottom of the joint has created an

effective dam that will prevent the
solder from running out of the joint as
the sides and top of the joint are being
filled.
Return to the point of beginning,
overlapping slightly (Figure 12,
position c), and proceed up the
uncompleted side to the top, again,
overlapping slightly, (Figure 12,
position d). While soldering, small
drops may appear behind the point of
solder application, indicating the joint
is full to that point and will take no
more solder. Throughout this process
you are using all three physical states
of the solder: solid, pasty and liquid.
For joints in the vertical position,
make a similar sequence of overlapping passes starting wherever is
convenient.
Solder joints depend on capillary
action drawing free-flowing molten
solder into the narrow clearance
between the fitting and the tube.

Table 1: Solder Requirements for Solder Joint Pressure Fittings, length in inches (1)
Nominal
or
Standard
Size,
inches
/4

O.D.
of
Tube,
inches

Cup
Depth
of Fitting,
inches

Joint Clearance, inches

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.010

Wt. in lbs
at .010
clearance
per 100
joints

.375

.310

.030

.060

.089

.119

.149

.179

.208

.238

.268

.298

.097

/8
1
/2
5
/8
3
/4
1

.500
.625
.750
.875
1.125

.380
.500
.620
.750
.910

.049
.080
.119
.168
.262

.097
.160
.238
.336
.524

.146
.240
.357
.504
.786

.195
.320
.476
.672
1.048

.243
.400
.595
.840
1.311

.292
.480
.714
1.008
1.573

.341
.560
.833
1.176
1.835

.389
.640
.952
1.344
2.097

.438
.720
1.072
1.512
2.359

.486
.800
1.191
1.680
2.621

.159
.261
.389
.548
.856

11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12

1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
3.625
4.125
5.125
6.125
8.125
10.125
12.125

.970
1.090
1.340
1.470
1.660
1.910
2.160
2.660
3.090
3.970
4.000
4.500

.341
.454
.729
.988
1.328
1.773
2.281
3.490
4.846
8.259
10.370
13.970

.683
.907
1.458
1.976
2.656
3.546
4.563
6.981
9.692
16.518
20.739
27.940

1.024
1.361
2.187
2.964
3.985
5.318
6.844
10.471
14.538
24.777
31.109
41.910

1.366
1.814
2.916
3.952
5.313
7.091
9.125
13.962
19.383
33.035
41.478
55.881

1.707
2.268
3.645
4.940
6.641
8.864
11.407
17.452
24.229
41.294
51.848
69.851

2.049
2.721
4.374
5.928
7.969
10.637
13.688
20.943
29.075
49.553
62.218
83.821

2.390
3.175
5.103
6.916
9.297
12.409
15.969
24.433
33.921
57.812
72.587
97.791

2.732
3.628
5.833
7.904
10.626
14.182
18.250
27.924
38.767
66.071
82.957
111.761

3.073
4.082
6.562
8.892
11.954
15.955
20.532
31.414
43.613
74.330
93.326
125.731

3.415
4.535
7.291
9.880
13.282
17.728
22.813
34.905
48.459
82.589
103.696
139.701

1.115
1.480
2.380
3.225
4.335
5.786
7.446
11.392
15.815
26.955
33.845
45.596

Average
Actual
Consumption2

1.

Using 1/8-inch diameter (No. 9) Wire Solder

(1 inch length = .01227 cubic inches).
2.
Actual consumption depends on workmanship.
3.
Includes an allowance of 100% to cover wastage and loss.
NOTE: Flux requirements are usually 2 oz per lb of solder.

For
Estimating
Purposes3

Table 2: Filler Metals for Brazing

Principal Elements, percent

AWS
Classification1

1.
2.

Zinc(Zn)

Cadmium(Cd)

Temperature, F

Silver(Ag)

Phosphorus(P)

Tin(Sn)

Copper(Cu)

Solidus

Liquidus

BCup-2

7.00-7.5

Remainder

1310

1460

BCup-3

4.8-5.2

5.8-6.2

Remainder

1190

1495

BCup-4

5.8-6.2

7.0-7.5

Remainder

1190

1325

BCup-5

14.5-15.5

4.8-5.2

Remainder

1190

1475

BAg-12

44-46

14-18

23-252

14-16

1125

1145

BAg-2

34-36

19-23

17-192

25-27

1125

1295

BAg-5

44-46

23-27

29-31

1225

1370

BAg-7

55-57

15-19

4.5-5.5

21-23

1145

1205

ANSI/AWS A5.8 Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing

WARNING: BAg1 and BAg2 contain cadmium. Heating when brazing can produce highly toxic fumes.
Avoid breathing fumes. Use adequate ventilation. Refer to ANSI/ASC Z49 1 Safety in Welding and Cutting.

estimated from Table 1. The flux

requirement is usually 2 ounces per
pound of solder.
Cooling and Cleaning
Allow the completed joint to cool
naturally. Shock cooling with water
may stress or crack the joint. When
cool, clean off any remaining flux
residue with a wet rag (Figure 11).
Whenever possible, based on end use,
completed systems should be flushed
to remove excess flux and debris. Use
a soldering flux meeting the requirements of ASTM B 813
Testing
Test all completed assemblies for
joint integrity. Follow the testing
procedure prescribed by applicable
codes governing the intended service.
BRAZED JOINTS
Strong, leak-tight brazed connections for copper tube may be made by
brazing with filler metals which melt at
temperatures in the range between
1100F and 1500F, as listed in Table
2. Brazing filler metals are sometimes
referred to as hard solders or silver
solders. These confusing terms
should be avoided.
The temperature at which a filler
metal starts to melt on heating is the
solidus temperature; the liquidus

temperature is the higher temperature

at which the filler metal is completely
melted. The liquidus temperature is
the minimum temperature at which
brazing will take place.
The difference between solidus and
liquidus is the melting range and may
be of importance when selecting a filler
metal. It indicates the working range
for the filler metal and the speed with
which the filler metal will become solid
after brazing. Filler metals with narrow
ranges, with or without silver, solidify
more quickly and, therefore, require
careful application of heat. The working
ranges of common brazing filler metals
are shown in Figure 13a.
Brazing Filler Metals
Brazing filler metals suitable for
joining copper tube are of two
classes: (1) the BCuP series alloys
containing phosphorus and (2) the
BAg series alloys containing a high
silver content. The two classes differ
in their melting, fluxing and flowing
characteristics and this should be
considered in selection of a filler metal
(See Table 2). While any of the listed
filler metals may be used, those most
commonly used in plumbing, HVAC
refrigeration and fire sprinkler systems
are BCuP-2 (for close tolerances),
BCuP-3, 4 or 5 (where close tolerances cannot be held) and BAg-1,
BAg-5 and BAg-7. The BCuP series
filler metals are more economical than

the BAg series filler metals and are

better suited for general piping applications. BAg series filler metals should
be used when joining dissimilar
metals, or the specific characteristics
of the BAg series filler metals are
required. For joining copper tube, any
of these filler metals will provide the
necessary strength when used with
standard solder-type fittings or commercially available short-cup brazing
fittings.
According to the American Welding
Society (AWS), the strength of the
brazed joint will meet or exceed that
of the tube and fitting being joined
when the joint overlap and the depth of
filler metal penetration is a minimum of
three times the thickness of the
thinner base metal (tube or fitting), and
a well-developed fillet is present.
The strength of a brazed copper
tube joint does not vary much with the
different filler metals but depends
mainly on maintaining the proper
clearance between the outside of the
tube and the cup of the fitting. Copper
tube and solder-type fittings are
accurately made for each other, and
the tolerances permitted for each
assure the capillary space will be
within the limits necessary for a joint
of satisfactory strength.
The rated internal working pressures of brazed copper tube systems
at service temperatures up to 350F
(the temperature of saturated steam at

Figure 13. Melting Temperature Ranges

(a) Melting and Brazing Ranges

120 psi) are shown in Table 3. These

pressure ratings should be used only
when the correct capillary space has
been maintained.
FLUXES
The fluxes used for brazing copper
joints are different in composition from
soldering fluxes. The two types cannot
be used interchangeably.
Brazing fluxes are water based;
whereas, most soldering fluxes are
petroleum based. Similar to soldering
fluxes, brazing fluxes dissolve and
remove residual oxides from the metal
surface, protect the metal from
reoxidation during heating and promote
wetting of the surfaces to be joined by
the brazing filler metal.
Brazing fluxes also provide the
craftsman with an indication of temperature (Figure 13b). If the outside of
the fitting and the heat-affected area of
the tube are covered with flux (in
addition to the end of the tube and the
fitting cup), oxidation will be minimized
and the appearance of the joint will be
greatly improved.

(b) Behavior of Flux during Brazing Cycle

The fluxes best suited for brazing

copper and copper alloy tube should
meet the requirements of AWS Standard A5.31, Type FB3-A or FB3-C.
Figure 14 illustrates the need for
brazing flux with different types of
copper and copper-alloy tube, fittings
and filler metals when brazing.
Assembly
Assemble the joint by inserting the
tube into the socket against the stop
and turn if possible. The assembly
should be firmly supported so that it
will remain in alignment during the
brazing operation.
Applying Heat and Brazing
Apply heat to the parts to be joined,
preferably with an oxy-fuel torch with a
neutral flame. Air-fuel is sometimes
used on smaller sizes. Heat the tube
first, beginning about one inch from
the edge of the fitting, sweeping the
flame around the tube in short strokes
at right angles to the axis of the tube
(Figure 12, position 1).
It is very important that the flame
be kept in motion and not remain on
any one point long enough to damage

the tube. The flux may be used as a

guide as to how long to heat the tube.
The behavior of flux during the brazing
cycle is described in Figure 13b.
Switch the flame to the fitting at the
base of the cup (Figure 12, position
2). Heat uniformly, sweeping the flame
alternately from the fitting to the tube
until the flux becomes quiet. Avoid
excessive heating of cast fittings, due
to the possibility of cracking.
When the flux appears liquid and
transparent, start sweeping the flame
back and forth along the axis of the
joint to maintain heat on the parts to
be joined, especially toward the base
of the cup of the fitting (Figure 12,
position 3). The flame must be kept
moving to avoid melting the tube or
fitting.
For 1-inch tube and larger, it may
be difficult to bring the whole joint up
to temperature at one time. It frequently will be found desirable to use
an oxy-fuel, multiple-orifice heating tip
to maintain a more uniform temperature over large areas. A mild preheating
of the entire fitting is recommended for
larger sizes, and the use of a second
torch to retain a uniform preheating of
the entire fitting assembly may be
necessary in larger diameters. Heating
can then proceed as outlined in the
steps above.
Apply the brazing filler metal at a
point where the tube enters the socket
of the fitting. When the proper temperature is reached, the filler metal will
flow readily into the space between the
tube and fitting socket, drawn in by the
natural force of capillary action.
Keep the flame away from the filler
metal itself as it is fed into the joint.
The temperature of the tube and fitting
at the joint should be high enough to
melt the filler metal.
Keep both the fitting and tube
heated by moving the flame back and
forth from one to the other as the filler
metal is drawn into the joint.
When the joint is properly made,
filler metal will be drawn into the fitting
socket by capillary action, and a
continuous fillet of filler metal will be
visible completely around the joint. To
aid in the development of this fillet

Table 3: Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Copper Tube Joints

Joining
Material(4)

Service
Temperature,
O
F

Maximum Working Gage Pressure (psi), for Standard Water Tube Sizes (1)
Fitting
Type

Alloy Sb5
95-5
Tin-Antimony
Solder

Alloy HB

Joining
materials
melting at or
above 1100 F(6)

5 through 8

1 /4 through 2

Pressure(2)
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
150
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
200
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
250
DWV (3)
Saturated Steam Pressure
Pressure(2)
100
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
150
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
200
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
250
DWV (3)
Saturated Steam Pressure

200

150

100

85

15
1090

625

505

270

15

175
95
125
70
90
50
75

15
850
390
485
225
395
180
210
95
15

150
80
100
55
75
40
50

15
705
325
405
185
325
150
175
80
15

135
70
90
45
70
35
45

15
660
330
375
190
305
155
165
80
15

100

70

50

40

15
500

285

230

125

15

Pressure(2)
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
150
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
200
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
250
DWV (3)
Saturated Steam Pressure
Pressure(2)
100
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
150
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
200
DWV (3)
Pressure(2)
250
DWV (3)
Saturated Steam Pressure

710

475

375

320

15
1035

710

440

430

15

555
255
370
170
290
135
250
115
15
805
370
555
255
345
155
335
155
15

460
210
305
140
240
110
205
95
15
670
310
460
210
285
130
275
125
15

430
215
285
140
225
115
195
95
15
625
315
430
215
265
135
260
130
15

325

215

170

145

15
475

325

200

195

15

100

Alloy E

/8 through 1

100

Alloy Sn50
50-50
Tin-Lead
Solder (5)

Nominal of Standard Size, inches

1

21/2 through 4

10 through 12

Pressure-temperature ratings consistent with the materials and procedures employed (see Table 3, Annealed).
Saturated Steam Pressure

120

120

120

120

120

NOTE: For extremely low working temperatures in the 0F to minus 200F range, it is recommended that a joint material melting at or above 1100F be
employed (see Note (6)).
(1)
Standard water tube sizes per ASTM B 88.
(2)
Ratings up to 8 inches in size are those given in ASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings and ASME B16.18
Cast Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings. Rating for 10- to 12-inch sizes are those given in ASME B16.18 Cast Copper and Copper Alloy
Solder Joint Pressure Fittings.
(3)
Using ASME B16.29 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings DWV, and ASME B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy
Solder Joint Drainage Fittings DWV.
(4)
Alloy designations are per ASTM B 32.
(5)
The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendment of 1986 prohibits the use in potable water systems of any solder having a lead content in excess of 0.2%.
(6)
These joining materials are defined as brazing alloys by the American Welding Society.

Figure 14. Brazing Flux Recommendations

joined. If tube or fitting start to oxidize

during heating, there is too little flux. If
the filler metal does not enter the joint
and tends to flow over the outside of
either member of the joint, it indicates
that one member is overheated or the
other is underheated.

COPPER

BRASS

WROUGHT

WROUGHT

BCuP

BCuP

COPPER

CAST

BCuP

BRASS

CAST

COPPER

BCuP

CAST

BRASS

BAg

Testing
Test all completed assemblies for
joint integrity. Follow the testing
procedure prescribed by applicable
codes governing the intended service.

COPPER

PURGING

BRASS
WROUGHT

BAg

WROUGHT
CAST

during brazing, the flame should be

kept slightly ahead of the point of filler
metal application. Stop feeding as
soon as you see a complete fillet.
Horizontal and Verticle Joints
When brazing horizontal joints, it is
preferable to first apply the filler metal
slightly off-center at the bottom of the
joint, proceeding across the bottom of
the joint and continuing up the side to
the top of the joint. Then, return to the
beginning point, overlapping slightly,
and proceed up the uncompleted side
to the top, again, overlapping slightly.
This procedure is identical to that
used for soldering.
Also, similar to the soldering
process, make sure the operations
overlap. On vertical joints, it is immaterial where the start is made. If the
opening of the socket is pointing
down, care should be taken to avoid

BAg

BAg

overheating the tube, as this may

cause the brazing filler metal to run
down the outside of the tube.
Removing Residue
After the brazed joint has cooled,
the flux residue should be removed
with a clean cloth, brush or swab
using warm water. Remove all flux
residue to avoid the risk of the hardened flux temporarily retaining pressure and masking an imperfectly
brazed joint. Wrought fittings may be
cooled more readily than cast fittings,
but all fittings should be allowed to
cool naturally before wetting.
General Hints
and Suggestions
If the filler metal fails to flow or has
a tendency to ball up, it indicates
oxidation on the metal surfaces or
insufficient heat on the parts to be

Some installations, such as

medical gas and ACR systems,
require the addition of an inert gas
during the brazing process. The purge
gas displaces oxygen from the interior
of the system while it is being subjected to the high temperatures of
brazing and therefore eliminates the
possibility of oxide formation on the
interior tube surface.
Purge gas flow rates and methods
of application should be included in
the Brazing Procedure Specifications
for these applications.

For further information about

soldering and brazing of copper tubes
and fittings, contact:

Copper Development Association Inc.

260 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Tel. 212/251-7200
Fax 212/251-7234

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NOTICE: This publication has been prepared for use of journeymen plumbers, pipefitters, refrigeration fitters, sprinkler fitters, plumbing and heating
contractors, engineers, and others involved in the design or installation of plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration and other related systems.
It has been compiled from information sources Copper Development Association Inc. (CDA) believes to be competent. However, CDA assumes no
responsibility or liability of any kind in connection with this publication or its use by any person or organization and makes no representations or
warranties of any kind hereby.

A1143-04/05