Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna With Coplanar Parasitic Elements

International Journal of Computer Systems (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 03 Issue 03, March, 2016
Available at http://www.ijcsonline.com/
Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna with Coplanar Parasitic Elements

Mr. G. Sreedhar Kumar1, Mr. B. Raghu Nandana Reddy2, Mr. M. Purushotam Reddy3, Mr. M. N. B.Venkateswarulu4,
Mr. P. Kumara Swamy5, Mr. P. Pavan Kumar6
1
Sr. Asst Professor, Department of ECE, GPCET, Kurnool, AP, India

2,3,4,5,6
Student,,Department of ECE, GPCET, Kurnool, AP, India
Abstract
Circularly polarized (CP) antennas are a type of antenna with circular polarization. Due to the features of circular
polarization, CP antennas have several important advantages compared to antennas using linear polarizations, and are
becoming a key technology for various wireless systems. In this paper, microstrip patch antenna is preferred because of
its low-profile to achieve circular polarization. The probe-fed antenna is placed on FR4 substrate with a thickness of H =
1.52mm and a relative permittivity of 4.0. It consists of two annular rings surrounding a small circular patch on the top
and a ground plane with an unequal lateral cross-slot at the bottom. Simulated results give an AR of 1 and Return Loss
of -23dB at a resonant frequency of 10.50GHz. . Ansoft HFSS Tool is used for the design.
Keywords: Circular Polarization, Microstrip Patch Antenna, Parasitic Elements.
I.
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION
A. INTRODUCTION
Due to the features of circular polarization, circularly
polarized antennas are very useful for various wireless
systems such as satellite communications, global
navigation satellite systems, mobile communications,
wireless sensors, radio frequency identification, wireless
power transmission, wireless local area networks, wireless
personal area networks, worldwide interoperability for
microwave access and direct broadcasting service
television reception systems. Recent decades have seen a
lot of research and development activities in CP antennas
from industries and institutes worldwide.
The CP antenna is very effective in combating multipath interferences or fading [1,2]. The reflected radio signal
from the ground or other objects will result in a reversal of
polarization, that is, right-hand circular polarization
(RHCP) reflections show left-hand circular polarization
(LHCP). A RHCP antenna will have a rejection of a
reflected signal which is LHCP, thus reducing the multipath interferences from the reflected signals.
The second advantage is that CP antenna is able to
reduce the Faraday rotation effect due to the ionosphere
[3,4]. The Faraday rotation effect causes a significant
signal loss (about 3 dB or more) if linearly polarized
signals are employed. The CP antenna is immune to this
problem, thus the CP antenna is widely used for space
telemetry applications of satellites, space probes and
ballistic missiles to transmit or receive signals that have
undergone Faraday rotation by travelling through the
ionosphere.
Another advantage of using CP antennas is that no strict
orientation between transmitting and receiving antennas is
required. This is different from linearly polarized antennas
which are subject to polarization mismatch losses if
arbitrary polarization misalignment occurs between

transmitting and receiving antennas. This is useful for
mobile satellite communications where it is difficult to
maintain a constant antenna orientation. With CP, the
strength of the received signals is fairly constant regardless
of the antenna orientation. These advantages make CP
antennas very attractive for many wireless systems.
B. Basic CP Antenna Types
1. CP Microstrip Patch Antennas
2. CP Wire Antennas
3. Helix Antennas
4. Spiral Antennas
5. Dielectric Resonator Antennas
6. Slot Antennas
7. CP Horn Antennas
8. CP Arrays
II.
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS
A. Overview of Microstrip Patch Antenna

The concept of microstrip radiators is first proposed by
Deschamps in 1953. Micro strip antennas consist of a patch
of metallization on a grounded substrate. These are low
profile, light weight antennas most suitable for aerospace
and mobile applications. Microstrip antennas have low
power handling capability because of this these antennas
can be used only in low power transmitting and receiving
applications. Microstrip antennas are the extension of a
micro strip circuits. This feature has given rise to
microstrip integrated active antennas in which circuit
functions are integrated with the antenna mechanism to
produce compact transreceivers and spatial power
combiners to overcome power limitations of solid state
devices. Many of the applications such as mobile
281 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 03, March, 2016
G. Sreedhar Kumar et al
communications, satellite links and wireless local area

networks so on impose constraints on compactness of dual
frequency operation, polarization and the radiation pattern
control and so on. These characteristics can be achieved by
suitably loading simple micro strip antennas. These
antennas are becoming more commonly used in such
applications. A microstrip antenna is defined by its Length,
Width, Input impedance, and Gain and the radiation
patterns.
A Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) consists of a
radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which
has a ground plane on the other side is shown in Figure 1.
The patch is generally made of a conducting material such
as copper or gold and can take any available shape.
Radiating patch and the feed lines is usually photo etched
on the dielectric substrate.
between the microstrip line and the radiating patch. The

most popular feed techniques are the micro strip line,
coaxial probe and coplanar waveguide these are comes
under contacting schemes. And proximity coupling,
aperture coupling are the non-contacting schemes.
Figure 3: Feeding techniques

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common
technique used for feeding microstrip patch antennas. The
probe feed for microstrip antenna.
The inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends
through the dielectric and it is soldered to the radiating
patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground
plane.
Figure 1: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna

The patch contains variety of shapes the commonly
used shapes are square, elliptical, circular, rectangular and
triangular or some other common shapes are shown in
Figure 2
Figure 2: Common shapes of micro strip patch elements

Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of
the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground
plane. For improving the antenna performance a thick
dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is
desirable since it gives a good efficiency, wide bandwidth
and better radiation pattern but such configuration leads to
a larger antenna size. So in order to design an optimized
micro strip patch antenna the substrates with higher
dielectric constants must be used which are less efficient
and result in narrower bandwidth. Hence there must be
trade-off between the antenna dimensions and antenna
performance.
B. Feed Techniques
Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by different types
of methods. These are grouped into two categoriescontacting and non-contacting.
In the contacting method, the RF power is fed directly
to the radiating patch using a connecting element such as a
micro strip line. In the non-contacting scheme,
electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power
The main advantage of this type of feeding is the

feeding can be placed at any desired location inside the
patch in order to match with its input impedance. This
feeding method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious
radiation.
Figure 4: Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch

Antenna
However, the main drawback is that it provides narrow
bandwidth and it is very difficult to model since a hole has
to be drilled in the substrate and the connector protrudes
outside the ground plane and its not making it totally
planar for thick substrates (h > 0.02o).Also for thicker
substrates the probe length is increases which makes the
input impedance more inductive and this leads to matching
problem. To overcome these disadvantages we go for noncontacting feeding methods which are discussed below.
C. Methods of Analysis
There are many methods of analysis for microstrip
antennas. The preferred models for the analysis of
Microstrip patch antennas are the transmission line model,
cavity model, and full wave model. Firstly, the
transmission line model is the simplest one of all and it
gives good physical insight but it is less accurate and it is
more difficult to model coupling. The cavity model is more
accurate and gives good physical insight but it is complex
to analyze and the full wave models are more accurate and
versatile but this gives less insight as compared to the two
models mentioned above and are far more complex in
nature
D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip patch

Antenna:
Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in
popularity for use in wireless applications due to their low
profile. They are more compatible for embedded antennas
in handheld wireless devices such as cell phones, pagers
etc... The communication antennas on missiles need to be
thin and conformal and are often in the form of Microstrip
patch antennas. In satellite communications also these
antennas are widely used. The principal advantages of the
patch antenna are discussed by Kumar and Ray is given
below:
radius whereas the resonant frequency of the higher band

depends on both the inner ring radius and the separation
between the inner annular ring and the inner circular patch.
A crossed slot with two slots having the lengths of L and a
width of w = 1 mm is embedded in the ground plane. The
two rings have the outer radii of R1, R2 and are separated
by a gap w. The circular patch has a radius of R3 and the
gap between the patch and the inner ring is w1. The feeding
point is located diagonally at (-3 mm, -3 mm) with respect
to the center of the patch. The CP operates at frequency
which can be realized by adjusting the lengths of two slots
in the ground plane. The dimensions of the antenna for
achieving good performance are:
R2= 18.1 mm, R3= 6.5 mm, w1= 0.8 mm, w2= 6.3 mm,
L2= 40 mm and L= 42.4 mm.
Less weight and low volume.

Low profile so that these are easily conformal to
host surface.
Less fabrication price.
CP and LP (polarizations) are possible.
It can easily embed on any type of the microwave
integrated circuits (MICs).
Possible of providing frequency diversity.
Patch antennas suffering from some disadvantages are
given below:
1. Narrow (or) less bandwidth.
Fig. 5 Geometry of Antenna (Top View)
2. Efficiency of patch antenna is less.

3. Gain is low.
4. Power handling capacity is low.
5. Spurious surface wave excitation.
6. Fire radiation
Fig. 6 Geometry of Antenna (Front View)
Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna

quality factor (Q). It represents the losses associated with
the antenna where a large Q leads to narrow bandwidth and
low efficiency. The value of Q is decreased by increasing
the thickness of the dielectric substrate. But the thickness
the total power delivered by the source goes into a surface
wave is also increases. This gives unwanted power loss
since it is ultimately scattered at the dielectric bends and
causes degradation of the antenna characteristics. Narrow
bandwidth and fire radiation can be overcome by choosing
appropriate feeding technique. In this project CPW feeding
is used to get the wider bandwidth.
III.
DESIGN OF ANTENNA
Figure 5 presents the geometry of a CP annular-ring

antenna. The probe-fed antenna is printed on an FR4
substrate with a thickness of H = 1.52 mm and a relative
permittivity of 4.0. It consists of two annular rings
surrounding a small circular patch on the top and a ground
plane with an unequal lateral cross-slot at the bottom. The
ground plane has a size of 6060mm2. The lower operating
frequency is mainly determined by the larger outer ring
Fig 7 Ground Plane with crossed-slots

IV.
SIMULATION RESULTS

XY Plot 3
HFSSDesign1
-0.00
dB(St(WAVEPORT_T1,WAVEPORT_T1))
V.
ANSOFT
Curve Info
dB(St(WAVEPORT_T1,WAVEPORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-5.00
m3 m2
-10.00
Name
-15.00
m1
10.5000 -23.7805
m2
10.6670 -10.0073
m3
10.3240 -10.0768
-20.00
m1
-24.68
0.00
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
Freq [GHz]
12.50
15.00
17.50
19.43
By using Ansoft HFSS Tool, two annular rings

surrounding a small circular patch on the top and a ground
plane with an unequal lateral cross-slot at the bottom is
designed. The probe-fed antenna(-3,-3,1.5) is placed on
FR4 substrate with a thickness of H = 1.52mm and a
relative permittivity of 4.0. Simulated results show an AR
of 1.0 and Return Loss of -23dB at a resonant frequency of
10.50GHz. The impedance bandwidth is 3.2% of resonant
frequency.
REFERENCES
Fig 8 Return Loss

[1]
Name
XY Plot 4
HFSSDesign1
60.00
m1
10.5000 1.1384
ANSOFT
Curve Info
[2]
VSWRt(WAVEPORT_T1)
Setup1 : Sw eep
50.00
VSWRt(WAVEPORT_T1)
[3]
40.00
30.00
20.00
[4]
10.00
m1
0.00
0.00
2.50
5.00
CONCLUSION
7.50
10.00
Freq [GHz]
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
[5]
Fig 9. VSWR VS FREQUENCY

[6]
[7]
[8]
Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory - Analysis and Design. 2nd edn.

New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1997.
Circularly Polarized Antennas, Steven (Shichang) Gao, Qi Luo And
Fuguo Zhu University Of Kent, Uk, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Palomba,M., A. Bentini, D. Palombini,W. Ciccognani, and E.
Limiti. A novel hybrid active quasi-circulator for l-band
applications. In Microwave Radar and Wireless Communications
(MIKON), 2012 19th International Conference on, volume 1, pp.
4144, 2012.
Advanced
Design
System
2011,
available
at:
www.home.agilent.com (accessed 14 August, 2013).
Bhandari, B., S. Gao, and T. Brown. Meandered variable pitch
angle printed quadrifilar helix antenna. In Antennas Propagation
Conference, 2009. LAPC 2009. Loughborough, pp. 325328, 2009.
Morishita, H., K. Hirasawa, and T. Nagao. Circularly polarised wire
antenna with a dual rhombic loop. Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, IEE Proceedings, 145(3):219224, 1998.
Sumi, M., K. Hirasawa, and S. Shi. Two rectangular loops fed in
series for broadband circular polarization and impedance matching.
Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, 52(2):551554,
2004.
Okubo, S. and S. Tokumaru. Reactively loaded loop antennas with
reflectors for circular polarization. Electronics and Communications
in Japan (Part I: Communications), 65(8):5664, 1982.
ABOUT AUTHORS
Mr.G.Sreedhar Kumar, working as Sr.Asst Professor, in
Dept of ECE, GPCET, Kurnool. He completed his
M.Tech in year 2009. His research area is Microstrip
Patch Antennas.
Mr.B.Raghu Nandana Reddy pursuing his final B.Tech
in ECE at GPCET, Kurnool. His research area is
Microstrip Patch Antennas.
Fig 10. 3D-Polar Plot for Gain(dB)
Name
m1
Theta
Ang
Radiation Pattern 64
Mag
0.0000 0.0000 1.0478
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
0
-30
ANSOFT
mag(PolarizationRatioCircularLHCP)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='10.5GHz' Phi='0deg'
30
2.40
mag(PolarizationRatioCircularRHCP)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='10.5GHz' Phi='0deg'
1.80
-60
M.Purushotam Reddy pursuing his final B.Tech in ECE

at GPCET, Kurnool. His research area is Microstrip
Patch Antennas.
60
m11.20
0.60
-90
Mr.M.N.B.Venkateswarulu pursuing his final B.Tech in

ECE at GPCET, Kurnool. His research area is
90
-120
Mr.P.Kumara Swamy pursuing his final B.Tech in

120
-150
150
-180
Fig 11. Mag-Polarization Ratio(LHCP and RHCP)
Mr.P.Pavan Kumar pursuing his final B.Tech in


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International Journal of Computer Systems (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 03 Issue 03, March, 2016

Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna with Coplanar Parasitic Elements

Sr. Asst Professor, Department of ECE, GPCET, Kurnool, AP, India

arbitrary polarization misalignment occurs between

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

A. Overview of Microstrip Patch Antenna

Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna with Coplanar Parasitic Elements

communications, satellite links and wireless local area

between the microstrip line and the radiating patch. The

Figure 3: Feeding techniques

Figure 1: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna

Figure 2: Common shapes of micro strip patch elements

The main advantage of this type of feeding is the

Figure 4: Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch

Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna with Coplanar Parasitic Elements

D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip patch

radius whereas the resonant frequency of the higher band

Less weight and low volume.

Fig. 5 Geometry of Antenna (Top View)

2. Efficiency of patch antenna is less.

Fig. 6 Geometry of Antenna (Front View)

Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna

Figure 5 presents the geometry of a CP annular-ring

Fig 7 Ground Plane with crossed-slots

Circularly Polarized Circular Patch Antenna with Coplanar Parasitic Elements

By using Ansoft HFSS Tool, two annular rings

Fig 8 Return Loss

Fig 9. VSWR VS FREQUENCY

Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory - Analysis and Design. 2nd edn.

Fig 10. 3D-Polar Plot for Gain(dB)

0.0000 0.0000 1.0478

M.Purushotam Reddy pursuing his final B.Tech in ECE

Mr.M.N.B.Venkateswarulu pursuing his final B.Tech in

Mr.P.Kumara Swamy pursuing his final B.Tech in

Fig 11. Mag-Polarization Ratio(LHCP and RHCP)

Mr.P.Pavan Kumar pursuing his final B.Tech in

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