Linux Programming - Lecture Notes On UNIT 2

Bash Programming
Basic Shell Programming

A script is a file that contains shell commands
data structure: variables
control structure: sequence, decision, loop
Shebang line for bash shell script:
#! /bin/bash
#! /bin/sh
to run:
make executable: % chmod +x script
invoke via:
% ./script
2
Bash shell programming

Input
prompting user
command line arguments
Decision:
if-then-else
case
Repetition
do-while, repeat-until
for
select
Functions
Traps
3
User input
shell allows to prompt for user input
Syntax:
read varname [more vars]
or
read p "prompt" varname [more vars]
words entered by user are assigned to
varname and more vars

last variable gets rest of input line
User input example

#! /bin/sh
read -p "enter your name: " first last
echo "First name: $first"
echo "Last name: $last"
Special shell variables

Parameter
$0
$1-$9
Meaning
Name of the current shell script
Positional parameters 1 through 9
$#
The number of positional parameters
$*
All positional parameters, $* is one string
$@
All positional parameters, $@ is a set of strings
$?
Return status of most recently executed command
$$
Process id of current process
Examples: Command Line

Arguments
% set tim bill ann fred
$1 $2
$3 $4
% echo $*
tim bill ann fred
% echo $#
4
% echo $1
tim
% echo $3 $4
ann fred
The set
command can
be used to
assign values to
positional
parameters
bash control structures

if-then-else
case
loops
for
while
until
select
if statement
if command
then
statements
fi
statements are executed only if command succeeds,
i.e. has return status 0
test command
Syntax:
test expression
[ expression ]
evaluates expression and returns true or false
Example:
if test w "$1"
then
echo "file $1 is write-able"
fi
10
The simple if statement

if [ condition ]; then
statements
fi
executes the statements only if condition is true
11
The if-then-else statement

statements-1
else
statements-2
fi
executes statements-1 if condition is true

executes statements-2 if condition is false
12
The ifstate e t
statements
elif [ condition ]; then
statement
else
statements
fi
The word elif stands for else if

It is part of the if statement and cannot be used by
itself
13
Relational Operators
Meaning
Numeric
String
Greater than
-gt
Greater than or equal
-ge
Less than
-lt
Less than or equal
-le
Equal
-eg
= or ==
Not equal
-ne
!=
str1 is less than str2
str1 < str2
str1 is greater str2
str1 > str2
String length is greater than zero
-n str
String length is zero
-z str
14
Compound logical expressions

!
not
and, or
must be enclosed within
&&
||
and
or
[[
]]
15
Example: Using the ! Operator

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter years of work: " Years
if [ ! "$Years" -lt 20 ]; then
echo "You can retire now."
else
echo "You need 20+ years to retire"
fi
16
Example: Using the && Operator

#!/bin/bash
Bonus=500
read -p "Enter Status: " Status
read -p "Enter Shift: " Shift
if [[ "$Status" = "H" && "$Shift" = 3 ]]
then
echo "shift $Shift gets \$$Bonus bonus"
else
echo "only hourly workers in"
echo "shift 3 get a bonus"
fi
17
Example: Using the || Operator

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter calls handled:" CHandle
read -p "Enter calls closed: " CClose
if [[ "$CHandle" -gt 150 || "$CClose" -gt 50 ]]
then
echo "You are entitled to a bonus"
else
echo "You get a bonus if the calls"
echo "handled exceeds 150 or"
echo "calls closed exceeds 50"
fi
18
File Testing
-d file
-f file
-r file
-w file
-x file
-s file
Meaning
True if file is a directory
True if file is an ord. file
True if file is readable
True if file is writable
True if file is executable
True if length of file is nonzero
19
Example: File Testing

#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter a filename: "
read filename
if [ ! r "$filename" ]
then
echo "File is not read-able"
exit 1
fi
20
Example: File Testing

#! /bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
echo "Usage: filetest filename"
exit 1
fi
if [[ ! -f "$1" || ! -r "$1" || ! -w "$1" ]]
then
echo "File $1 is not accessible"
exit 1
fi
21
Exa ple: if tate e t

# The following THREE if-conditions produce the same result
* DOUBLE SQUARE BRACKETS
read -p "Do you want to continue?" reply
if [[ $reply = "y" ]]; then
echo "You entered " $reply
fi
* SINGLE SQUARE BRACKETS
if [ $reply = "y" ]; then
fi
* "TEST" COMMAND
if test $reply = "y"; then
fi
22
Example: if..elif... Statement

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter Income Amount: " Income
read -p "Enter Expenses Amount: " Expense
let Net=$Income-$Expense
if [ "$Net" -eq "0" ]; then
echo "Income and Expenses are equal - breakeven."
elif [ "$Net" -gt "0" ]; then
echo "Profit of: " $Net
else
echo "Loss of: " $Net
fi
23
The case Statement

use the case statement for a decision that is based on
multiple choices
Syntax:
case word in
pattern1) command-list1
;;
pattern2) command-list2
;;
patternN) command-listN
;;
esac
24
case pattern
checked against word for match
may also contain:
*
?
[ ]
[:class:]
multiple patterns can be listed via:
|
25
Example 1: The case Statement

#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter Y to see all files including hidden files"
echo "Enter N to see all non-hidden files"
echo "Enter q to quit"
read -p "Enter your choice: " reply
case $reply in
Y|YES) echo "Displaying all (really) files"
ls -a ;;
N|NO) echo "Display all non-hidden files..."
ls ;;
Q)
exit 0 ;;
*) echo "Invalid choice!"; exit 1 ;;
esac
26
Example 2: The case Statement

#!/bin/bash
ChildRate=3
AdultRate=10
SeniorRate=7
read -p "Enter your age: " age
case $age in
[1-9]|[1][0-2])
# child, if age 12 and younger
echo "your rate is" '$'"$ChildRate.00" ;;
# adult, if age is between 13 and 59 inclusive
[1][3-9]|[2-5][0-9])
echo "your rate is" '$'"$AdultRate.00" ;;
[6-9][0-9])
# senior, if age is 60+
echo "your rate is" '$'"$SeniorRate.00" ;;
esac
27
Bash programming: so far

Data structure
Variables
Numeric variables
Arrays
User input
Control structures
if-then-else
case
28
Bash programming: still to come

Control structures
Repetition
for
select
Functions
Trapping signals
29
Repetition Constructs
30
The while Loop

Purpose:
To execute commands in command-list as long as

expression evaluates to true
Syntax:
while [ expression ]
do
command-list
done
31
Example: Using the while Loop

#!/bin/bash
COUNTER=0
while [ $COUNTER -lt 10 ]
do
echo The counter is $COUNTER
let COUNTER=$COUNTER+1
done
32

#!/bin/bash
Cont="Y"
while [ $Cont = "Y" ]; do
ps -A
read -p "want to continue? (Y/N)" reply
Cont=`echo $reply | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
done
echo "done"
33

#!/bin/bash
# copies files from home- into the webserver- directory
# A new directory is created every hour
PICSDIR=/home/carol/pics
WEBDIR=/var/www/carol/webcam
while true; do
DATE=`date +%Y%m%d`
HOUR=`date +%H`
mkdir $WEBDIR/"$DATE"
while [ $HOUR -ne "00" ]; do
DESTDIR=$WEBDIR/"$DATE"/"$HOUR"
mkdir "$DESTDIR"
mv $PICSDIR/*.jpg "$DESTDIR"/
sleep 3600
HOUR=`date +%H`
done
done
34
The until Loop

Purpose:
To execute commands in command-list as long as

expression evaluates to false
Syntax:
until [ expression ]
do
command-list
done
35
Example: Using the until Loop

#!/bin/bash
COUNTER=20
until [ $COUNTER -lt 10 ]
do
echo $COUNTER
let COUNTER-=1
done
36
Example: Using the until Loop

#!/bin/bash
Stop="N"
until [ $Stop = "Y" ]; do
ps -A
read -p "want to stop? (Y/N)" reply
Stop=`echo $reply | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
done
echo "done"
37
The for Loop

Purpose:
To execute commands as many times as the

number of words in the argument-list
Syntax:
for variable in argument-list
do
commands
done
38
Example 1: The for Loop

#!/bin/bash
for i in 7 9 2 3 4 5
do
echo $i
done
39
Example 2: Using the for Loop

#!/bin/bash
# compute the average weekly temperature
for num in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
do
read -p "Enter temp for day $num: " Temp
let TempTotal=$TempTotal+$Temp
done
let AvgTemp=$TempTotal/7
echo "Average temperature: " $AvgTemp
40
looping over arguments

simplest form will iterate over all command line
arguments:
#! /bin/bash
for parm
do
echo $parm
done
41
Select command
Constructs simple menu from word list
Allows user to enter a number instead of a word
User enters sequence number corresponding to the
word
Syntax:
select WORD in LIST
do
RESPECTIVE-COMMANDS
done
Loops until end of input, i.e. ^d (or ^c)
42
Select example
#! /bin/bash
select var in alpha beta gamma
do
1) alpha
2) beta
echo $var
3) gamma
done
Prints:
#? 2
beta
#? 4
#? 1
alpha
43
Select detail
Output:
PS3 is select sub-prompt
select ...
$REPLY is user input (the number)
1) alpha
2) beta
? 2
#! /bin/bash
2 = beta
PS3="select entry or ^D: " ? 1
1 = alpha
select var in alpha beta
do
echo "$REPLY = $var"
done
44
Select example
#!/bin/bash
echo "script to make files private"
echo "Select file to protect:"
select FILENAME in *
do
echo "You picked $FILENAME ($REPLY)"
chmod go-rwx "$FILENAME"
echo "it is now private"
done
45
break and continue

Interrupt for, while or until loop
The break statement
transfer control to the statement AFTER the done
statement
terminate execution of the loop
The continue statement
transfer control to the statement TO the done
statement
skip the test statements for the current iteration
continues execution of the loop
46
The break command

while [ condition ]
do
cmd-1
break
cmd-n
done
echo "done"
This iteration is over

and there are no more
iterations
47
The continue command

while [ condition ]
do
cmd-1
continue
cmd-n
done
echo "done"
This iteration is
over; do the next
iteration
48
Example:
for index in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
do
if [ $index le 3 ]; then
echo "continue"
continue
fi
echo $index
if [ $index ge 8 ]; then
echo "break"
break
fi
done
49
Bash shell programming

Sequence
Decision:
if-then-else
case
Repetition
for
select
Functions
Traps
DONE !
still to come
50
Shell Functions
A shell function is similar to a shell script
stores a series of commands for execution later
shell stores functions in memory
shell executes a shell function in the same shell that
called it
Where to define
In .profile
In your script
Or on the command line
Remove a function
Use unset built-in
51
Shell Functions
must be defined before they can be referenced
usually placed at the beginning of the script
Syntax:
function-name () {
statements
}
52
Example: function
#!/bin/bash
funky () {
# This is a simple function
echo "This is a funky function."
echo "Now exiting funky function."
}
# declaration must precede call:
funky
53
Example: function
#!/bin/bash
fun () { # A somewhat more complex function.
JUST_A_SECOND=1
let i=0
REPEATS=30
echo "And now the fun really begins."
while [ $i -lt $REPEATS ]
do
echo "-------FUNCTIONS are fun-------->"
sleep $JUST_A_SECOND
let i+=1
done
}
fun
54
Function parameters
Need not be declared
Arguments provided via function call are
accessible inside function as $1, $2, $3,
$#
$0
reflects number of parameters

still contains name of script
(not name of function)
55
Example: function with parameter

#! /bin/sh
testfile() {
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
if [[ -f $1 && -r $1 ]]; then
echo $1 is a readable file
else
echo $1 is not a readable file
fi
fi
}
testfile .
testfile funtest
56
Example: function with parameters

#! /bin/bash
checkfile() {
for file
do
if [ -f "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is a file"
else
if [ -d "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is a directory"
fi
fi
done
}
checkfile . funtest
57
Local Variables in Functions

Variables defined within functions are global,
i.e. their values are known throughout the entire

shell program
keyword local inside a function definition makes
referenced variables local to that function
58
Example: function
#! /bin/bash
global="pretty good variable"
foo () {
local inside="not so good variable"
echo $global
echo $inside
global="better variable"
}
echo $global
foo
echo $global
echo $inside
59
Handling signals
Unix allows you to send a signal to any process
-1 = hangup
-2 = interrupt with ^C
no argument = terminate
-9 = kill
kill
kill -HUP 1234

kill -2 1235
kill 1235
-9 1236
-9 cannot be blocked
list your processes with

ps -u userid
60
Signals on Linux
% kill -l
1) SIGHUP
5) SIGTRAP
9) SIGKILL
13) SIGPIPE
17) SIGCHLD
21) SIGTTIN
25) SIGXFSZ
29) SIGIO
35) SIGRTMIN+1
39) SIGRTMIN+5
43) SIGRTMIN+9
47) SIGRTMIN+13
51) SIGRTMAX-13
55) SIGRTMAX-9
59) SIGRTMAX-5
63) SIGRTMAX-1
2)
6)
10)
14)
18)
22)
26)
30)
36)
40)
44)
48)
52)
56)
60)
64)
SIGINT
SIGABRT
SIGUSR1
SIGALRM
SIGCONT
SIGTTOU
SIGVTALRM
SIGPWR
SIGRTMIN+2
SIGRTMIN+6
SIGRTMIN+10
SIGRTMIN+14
SIGRTMAX-12
SIGRTMAX-8
SIGRTMAX-4
SIGRTMAX
3)
7)
11)
15)
19)
23)
27)
31)
37)
41)
45)
49)
53)
57)
61)
SIGQUIT
SIGBUS
SIGSEGV
SIGTERM
SIGSTOP
SIGURG
SIGPROF
SIGSYS
SIGRTMIN+3
SIGRTMIN+7
SIGRTMIN+11
SIGRTMIN+15
SIGRTMAX-11
SIGRTMAX-7
SIGRTMAX-3
4)
8)
12)
16)
20)
24)
28)
34)
38)
42)
46)
50)
54)
58)
62)
SIGILL
SIGFPE
SIGUSR2
SIGSTKFLT
SIGTSTP
SIGXCPU
SIGWINCH
SIGRTMIN
SIGRTMIN+4
SIGRTMIN+8
SIGRTMIN+12
SIGRTMAX-14
SIGRTMAX-10
SIGRTMAX-6
SIGRTMAX-2
^C is 2 - SIGINT
61
Handling signals
Default action for most signals is to end process
term: signal handler
Bash allows to install custom signal handler
Syntax:
trap 'handler commands' signals
Example:
trap 'echo do not hangup'
1 2
62
Example: trap hangup

#! /bin/bash
# kill -1 wont kill this process
# kill -2 will
trap 'echo dont hang up' 1
while true
do
echo "try to hang up"
sleep 1
done
63
Example: trap multiple signals

#! /bin/sh
# plain kill or kill -9 will kill this
trap 'echo 1' 1
trap 'echo 2' 2
while true; do
echo -n .
sleep 1
done
64
Example: removing temp files

#! /bin/bash
trap 'cleanup; exit' 2
cleanup () {
/bin/rm -f /tmp/tempfile.$$.?
}
for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
do
echo "$i.iteration"
touch /tmp/tempfile.$$.$i
sleep 1
done
cleanup
65
Restoring default handlers

trap without a command list will remove a signal handler
Use this to run a signal handler once only
#! /bin/sh
trap 'justonce' 2
justonce() {
echo "not yet"
trap 2
}
# now reset it
while true; do
echo -n "."
sleep 1
done
66
Debug Shell Programs

Debugging is troubleshooting errors that may
occur during the execution of a program/script

The following two commands can help you debug a
bash shell script:
echo
use explicit output statements to trace execution

set
67
Debuggi g usi g set

The set command is a shell built-in command
has options to allow flow of execution
v option prints each line as it is read
x option displays the command and its arguments
n checks for syntax errors
options can turned on or off
To turn on the option: set -xv
To turn off the options: set +xv
Options can also be set via she-bang line
#! /bin/bash -xv
68
Summary: Bash shell programming

Sequence
Decision:
if-then-else
case
Repetition
for
select
Functions
Traps
DONE !
69

Linux Programming - Lecture Notes On UNIT 2

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What are the main control structures in bash shell programming?

What are the main control structures in bash shell programming?

How can user input be obtained in a bash shell script?

How can user input be obtained in a bash shell script?

Bash Programming

Basic Shell Programming

Bash shell programming

words entered by user are assigned to

varname and more vars

User input example

Special shell variables

The number of positional parameters

All positional parameters, $* is one string

All positional parameters, $@ is a set of strings

Return status of most recently executed command

Process id of current process

Examples: Command Line

bash control structures

statements are executed only if command succeeds,

i.e. has return status 0

The simple if statement

executes the statements only if condition is true

The if-then-else statement

executes statements-1 if condition is true

The word elif stands for else if

Greater than or equal

Less than or equal

str1 is less than str2

str1 < str2

str1 is greater str2

str1 > str2

String length is greater than zero

String length is zero

Compound logical expressions

Example: Using the ! Operator

Example: Using the && Operator

Example: Using the || Operator

Example: File Testing

Example: File Testing

Exa ple: if tate e t

Example: if..elif... Statement

The case Statement

Example 1: The case Statement

Example 2: The case Statement

Bash programming: so far

Bash programming: still to come

The while Loop

To execute commands in command-list as long as

Example: Using the while Loop

Example: Using the while Loop

Example: Using the while Loop

The until Loop

To execute commands in command-list as long as

Example: Using the until Loop

Example: Using the until Loop

The for Loop

To execute commands as many times as the

Example 1: The for Loop