Linux Commands Cheat Sheet

65
Linux
Commands

From
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These commands are the basics that every Linux
beginner should learn to browse the Linux files tree
from a terminal

Reminder:

The Linux files organization is a tree, starting at /

Each subfolder adds a new level under /

For example, on the image you can see the tree for
this folder : /home/pat

. CD <FOLDER> . LS (FOLDER)
Changes directory, go to the specified folder Lists files and directory, in the current or
specified folder
Absolute path:  cd /home/pat/test Current directory: ls
Relative path: cd test Specific: ls /home/pat/test
NB: "Absolute" is when you use the entire path
For "relative" you only enter the path from your current NB: You can use options with ls to get a more detailed view of
directory (in the second example, you need to already be in the files and folder, ex: ls -latr /home/pat
/home/pat folder)

. MKDIR <FOLDER> . CP <SOURCE> <TARGET>

Creates a new subfolder in the current or Copies a file or directory to another
specified path location (copy/paste)
Current directory: mkdir test Copy a file cp test.txt /home/pat
Specific: mkdir /home/pat/test Recursive copy: cp -r /home/pat/test /home/user/

NB: The first example create a folder in your current directory

(relative path) NB: Use the recursive option to copy a folder and all its files
The second one create a new directory in the exact parameter and folders
(absolute path)

. MV <SRC> <TARGET> . CAT <FILENAME>

Moves a file or directory to another location Displays the content of the file, without
(cut/paste) pagination
Move a file: mv test.txt /home/pat Display on file: cat test.txt
Move a folder: mv /home/pat/test /home/pat/test2 Use pattern: cat *.txt

NB: A pattern allows you to display all files content for similar
NB: The mv command is always in recursive mode
files

. MORE <FILENAME> . TAIL <FILENAME>

Displays the content of the file, page per Displays the end of the file
page, from the beginning
Absolute path: more test.txt Basic usage: tail test.txt
Relative path: more /home/pat/test.txt Lines count: tail -n20 test.txt
Real-time display: tail -f test.txt

NB: The -n option allows you to ask for a specific number of

NB: For long files, you need to press "space" to continue, or "q"
lines to display
to quit
The -f option refresh the display each time the file is modified
(perfect for log files monitoring)

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. HEAD <FILENAME> . TOUCH <FILENAME>

Similar to tail but to display the beginning of Create a new empty file
the file
Display 10 lines: head test.xt Current directory: touch test.txt
With lines count: head -n20 test.txt Specific: touch /home/pat/test.txt

NB: Most of the time, nano is a better choice to create a file, as

you can edit it directly

. GREP
Grep is a powerful (and complex) tool to There are also advanced usages possible:
search string in a text or file
Regular expressions: grep "dhcp\|dns" /var/log/syslog
Find string in a file grep "dhcp" /var/log/syslog
Command options: grep -A2 -B4 'Fatal error' /var/log/syslog
Filter a command output ls -latr | grep ".php"
Inverted search: grep -v 'Notice' /var/log/syslogi
With a script: /home/pat/script.sh | grep error

The | in the regular expressions allows you to use OR (one or more condition)
NB: The | option (pipe), allows you to run a command on another one output The -A option also catch X lines "after" the matched condition, -B is for
You need to use quotes for complex search with space or special characters "before"
Finally, the -v option is to filter lines that don't match the condition

. NANO <FILENAME> . RM <FILENAME>

Opens and edit the specified file. Nano is a Removes a file or directory
powerful text editor in a terminal
Basic usage: nano /home/pat/test.txt Remove file: rm test.txt
Remove directory: rm -rf /home/pat/test

NB: You need to use -rf options to remove a directory even if

NB: Nano will create the file if it doesn't exist
not empty (recursive + force)

. TAR . ZIP / UNZIP

Tar is the linux way to manage compressed Zip is similar to tar, but mainly used on
files Windows systems
Create a new archive: tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz /home/pat/test Create a new archive: zip -r archive.zip /home/pat/test
Extract files tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz Extract files: unzip archive.zip

Options: 
NB: The -r option is to compress all the folder content
-c is to Compress, -x to eXtract
You can use the -d option to extract files in a specific folder
-v: verbose mode, -z: use gZip to compress, -f specify the file name
Use "man zip" or "man unzip" for all available options
Use "man tar" for more information

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. PWD . TREE
An easy command to display you current Another tool to get details on your current
directory location, in a tree format
Example: pwd Current directory: tree
Specific folder: tree /home/pat/

NB: There are a few options to filter the output, by selecting

only directory, managing symbolic links or setting a max depth
level

. FIND
Find allows you to search files on your More advanced options:
computer, there are many options
File size: find / -size +10M
Find a file name: find /home/pat -iname test.txt
Recently modified files: find /home -mtime -2
Filter extensions: find /home/pat -iname *.php
find / -type d -iname test Run command on results:
Find only directories: find /var/log -iname *.log.gz -exec rm {} \;
The first command display all files over 10M on the disk
NB: -iname stands for "insensitive case", you can use -name if you prefer The -mtime -2 checks files modified in the last two days
You can use "-type f" to find only files The {} parameter in the last command will be replaced by the file name
Check the "man find" for more information

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NETWORK
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COMMANDS
Here are the main commands to know to manage and
use the network on your computer or server.

Reminder:

Most computers come with two interfaces or more : Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
In general, Ethernet is named eth0 and the Wi-Fi one is wlan0.

. IFCONFIG / IP . IWCONFIG
Displays your current network Shows information about the wireless
configuration (IP Address, Mac Address, ...) network configuration (SSID, speed, ...)
Usage: ifconfig Usage: iwconfig

NB: Ifconfig is no longer included with all distributions. NB: You can also display a specific interface with iwconfig wlan0
Use "ip a" instead if it doesn't work.

. IFUP / IFDOWN . PING <HOST>

Allows you to enable or disable one specific Checks if the host is alive
interface
Enable interface: sudo ifup eth0 Basic usage: ping 192.168.1.1
Disable interface: sudo ifdown eth0

NB: It can help to disable the wireless interface while connected by cable NB: Read the "man ping" to see all available options

. HOSTNAME . WGET <URL>

Displays or set the computer hostname Download a file with the terminal

Display hostname: hostname Basic usage: wget http://192.168.1.1/test.txt

Set a new hostname: sudo hostname MyLinuxServer Change file name:
wget http://192.168.1.1/test.txt -O target.txt

. SSH <USER>@<IP> . SCP

Connects to another Linux system with SSH Copies a file over the network by using SSH

Example: ssh pat@192.168.1.1 Syntax: scp <file> <user>@<ip>:<path>

Example: scp test.txt pat@192.168.1.1:/home/pat/

. RSYNC
Similar to SCP with more options like delta
comparison and some other optimizations
Local copy: rsync /home/pat/* /media/usb/
Syntax: rsync <file> <user>@<ip>:<path> Remote recursive rsync -auzr /home/pat/Documents/*
Example: rsync test.txt pat@192.168.1.1:/home/pat/ copy: pat@192.168.1.1:/home/pat/Documents/

NB: Use "man rsync" to get all possible options

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PACKAGES
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MANAGEMENT
Once you have the network working, you'll probably
update your system and install the packages you need.
On this page, you have all the required commands to
do this from a terminal.

Vocabulary:

On Linux, each software is a package, as well as each dependency.

You are downloading new packages from repositories (servers hosting packages).
You need to use a tool called apt to search, install and updates packages on Debian-based OS.
All these commands need root privilege, you have to use sudo before each one.

. APT UPDATE . APT UPGRADE

Downloads the last packages list from your Downloads and installs the latest version of
repositories each package available in the repository
Usage: sudo apt update Usage: sudo apt upgrade

NB: You need to run apt update before doing this, to get the
NB: To add a new repository, you can edit the apt configuration
latest versions
in /etc/apt/sources.list, or follow the instructions from the
The -y option allows you to automatically accept the installation
software editor

. LIST INSTALLED PACKAGES . APT INSTALL <PACKAGE>

Dpkg can also be useful to list currently Installs the specified package on your
installed packages system
Usage: sudo apt install phpmyadmin
Syntax: dpkg -l
With grep: dpkg -l | grep php

NB: Read the "man dpkg" output to get all possible options from NB: Use the following search command to know the exact name
this command of a package

. APT REMOVE <PACKAGE> . APT SEARCH

Uninstall a package from your system Very useful to find the exact package name
before installing it
Usage: sudo apt remove vim Usage: apt search openjdk
With grep: apt search openjdk | grep jre

.
NB: You don't need sudo for this one

MANUAL INSTALLATION
Sometimes, you need to install packages manually,
if the editor doesn't provide a repository
Download the file with wget:
wget https://www.realvnc.com/download/file/viewer.files/VNC-
Viewer-6.19.325-Linux-amd64.deb
Manual installation:
sudo dpkg -i VNC-Viewer-6.19.325-Linux-amd64.deb

NB: You can use dpkg -r to remove a package manually, or dpkg-

reconfigure to redo the configuration after installation

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SYSTEM
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MANAGEMENT
Now that you have all packages installed, you may
need to learn more advanced commands on how to
manage your operating system.

. REBOOT . SHUTDOWN
This command will restart your computer Stops the computer, now or at a specific
immediately time
Usage: sudo reboot Stop now: sudo shutdown -h now
At a specific time: sudo shutdown -h 20:00

. SERVICE . START SERVICE ON BOOT

Each daemon has an associated service, you Most of the time, services automatically
can start or stop it when you want start on boot, but if needed you can do this
sudo service apache2 start
manually
Start:
Stop: sudo service apache2 stop Start on boot: sudo update-rc.d ssh enable
Restart: sudo service apache2 start Don't start on boot: sudo update-rc.d -f ssh remove
Reload config: sudo service apache2 reload

NB: Use "service <service>" to list all available options, for

example "service apache2" NB: To start a script on boot, add it to the /etc/rc.local file
The tab key will help you to find the service name

. PROCESS LIST . KILL / KILLALL

Displays all running processes Immediately stop a specific process or all
processes from the same command
Basic usage: ps aux
Kill: kill 12345
Only by a specific user: ps -u pat
Killall: killall php

NB: I give you the command to list currently installed packages

NB: Use the ps command to find the process ID to kill
in the next line

. HTOP . DF
A great alternative to top, to display system load Displays your partition list, a good way to
and process in an intuitive interface check the remaining disk space

Usage: htop
Basic usage: df
More readable: df -h
NB: htop is not installed by default, install it with Specific partition: df -h /media/usb
"apt install htop"

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. DU . MOUNT
Displays the disk space usage in the current Mount a new partition (usb key for example)
or specified folder
Basic usage: du Mount disk: sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb
Specific folder: du /home/pat Unmount: sudo umount /mnt/usb
Summarize: du --summarize /home/pat
20 biggest files: du -ak | sort -nr | head -20
NB: It's a complex command for beginner, but this post will give
NB: There are a lot more options, check the "man du" to find
you all the needed informations
more help about this one
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. DATE . UPTIME
As the name says, display the current date Displays the current uptime of the computer
and time or server (how much time on)
Full output: date
Specific format: date +%m-%d-%Y Basic usage: uptime
Last boot date: uptime -s
NB: The "man date" command gives you the list of all availables
options and format

. CHOWN . CHMOD
Changes file owner and group Changes file or folder permissions

Change file owner: sudo chown pat /usr/local/bin/script.sh

Digits permissions: chmod 644 script.sh
Change file owner & group: sudo chown pat:www-data
Letters permissions: chmod +x script.sh
/var/www/html/mysite

NB:  Chmod is a complex command for beginner, you can check

this tool to know how to read and set permissions correctly:
https://webinpact.com/chmod-calculator/

. MAN <COMMAND>
I already give it many times in this document,
but man allows finding help for any command

Example: man find

NB: Press space to go to the next page, and "q" to leave

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MISCELLANEOUS
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COMMANDS
In this part, I want to give you all others useful
commands that don't fit into the others categories.

. HISTORY . CRONTAB
Linux stores any command you type in an Allows you to schedule tasks on your
archive file, you can read it with "history" computer
All commands: history List current tasks: crontab -l
Last 20: history | tail -n 20 Edit tasks: crontab -e
Clear all history: history -c
Clear one line: history -d 123 NB: The crontab syntax is a tough to understand for beginners,
use this tool to check your line is correct:
https://webinpact.com/crontab-generator/

. | . SCREEN
I already show you the pipe in a lot of Run a virtual terminal, to let a session
examples, it allows you to combine multiple running in background
commands to find exactly what you want screen -S <name>
Start a screen:
Syntax: <command1> | <command2> Exit a screen: CTRL+A CTRL+D
Grep example: cat test.txt | grep error Resume a screen: screen -r <name>
Double: du -ak | sort -nr | head -20 Stop a screen: CTRL+D

. ! . !!
Run a specific command from the history Similar to ! but to run the last command
again
Syntax: !<history_id> Usage: !!
Example: !123

NB: Can be useful to run the same complex commands several

NB: The history ID changes on each new command you type
times
(including !), make sur to use only once or check the ID again

. > . >>
Create a file to store the command output Add the command output at the end of a file

Syntax: <command> > <filename> Usage: cat test.txt | grep error >> error.log
Example: cat test.txt | grep error > error.log

NB: The last command put all lines containing "error" in the

NB: It's the same  usage than >
test.txt file
But in this case, it'll add the lines to the error.log file, and keep
This command doesn't output anything
the beginning as it was

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WARRIORS
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COMMANDS
And finally, now that you're an expert with a terminal, let's see
some tricky commands to push your limits :)
They can be hard to use, with a lot of options, or hard to analyze

. AWK . SED
Awk is close to a programming language Similar to awk, but for regular expressions
Allows you to search string and transform them to display only
differently
Syntax: awk [-F] [-v var=value] 'program' file Syntax: sed <option> <script> <file>
Basic example: awk -F":" '{print $1}' /etc/passwd Basic example: sed '/^#/d' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
NB: The last command displays only the first column
I can't explain to you the awk usage in detail in a few lines NB: The last command remove comments from the configuration
Check this guide to learn more about this: As for awk, you'll need serious tutorials and experience to
https://do.co/2VC8mnm master this one.

. CUT . WC
Another way to transform text in a command line, WC stands for "Words Count" and also gets lines
probably easier to understand count, characters count and file size
Syntax: cut <option> <file> Syntax: wc <options> <file>
Example: cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd Lines count: wc -l /var/log/syslog

NB: -d set the delimiter to use, and -f the field to keep NB: -l is for lines, -w for words and -m for characters
Use "man cut" to learn more about other options You can also use it after a pipe (to count lines from a grep
command for example)

. LSOF . WATCH
Stands for "LiSt Open Files", displays all Monitors a command output, by running it
currently opened files on your computer at each specified interval
Usage: lsof Basic usage: watch date
Specific time: watch -n10 date

NB: Default refresh time is 2s

NB: Use grep with a pipe to find the file you're looking for

. NETSTAT . DMESG
Monitors your network activity Shows a log file of every events happening
in the last boot sequence
Listening ports: netstat -l Usage: dmesg
Add the process ID: netstat -lp
Same thing in real-time: netstat -lpc

NB: Most of them are normal

NB: There are many other options  for netstat, you can check
You can use grep to look for errors or a specific thing
the "man netstat" page to learn more

Thanks for Reading !

See you soon on RaspberryTips
Patrick

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