Disclosure To Promote The Right To Information
Disclosure To Promote The Right To Information
Disclosure To Promote The Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +
01 ' 5
Jawaharlal Nehru
! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
! > 0 B
BharthariNtiatakam
Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 2006 )
PILES
(First Revision)
Fifth Reprint JULY
UDC 624.1X33.04
1998
: 006.76
Q Copyright 1981
BUREAU
MANAK
Gr8
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
9 BAHADUR
NEW
DELHI
STANDARDS
SHAH
110002
ZAFAR
MARG
February 1981
IS : 2911(PartIU)-1980
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS
PART III
(
Foundation
UNDER-REAMED
First Revision)
Engineering
Sectional Committee,
Chairman
PROP DINESH MOHAN
PILES
BDC 43
Retresenting
Central
Building
Roorkee
Research
Institute
(CSIR),
Central
Research
Institute
(CSIR),
Members
DR R. K. BHANDARI
Bltilding
Koorkee
SHIU I.
G. CHACKO
DANDAVATE
Calcutta
Port Trust,
Calcutta
C. DUCCAL (Alternate)
DAS GUPTA
Simplex Concrete Piles (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
GUHA BISWA~ (Alternate)
DA~TIDAR
In personal capacity
(5, Hungerford Court, 121
Hungerford Street, Calcutta)
SHRI V. G. DESHPANDE
Pressure Piling Co (India) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DIRRCTOR (CSMRS)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CSMRS) (Alternate)
SHRI A. H. DIVANJX
Asia Foundation
and Construction
Pvt Ltd,
Bombay
SHRI A. N. JANGLE (Alternate)
SHRI A. GHBraitzlaz:urn
& Jessop Construction-_Co Ltd,
SHRI N. E. A. RAGHAVAN (Al&mate)
DR GOPAL RANJAN
University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR SHASHI K. GIJLHATI
lndian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI A. VARADARAJAN (@emate)
(Continued on page 2)
0 Copy@hr 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Acr (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deuned to be an inf Wt
.
of copyright under the said Act.
Members
(RDSO)
RDSO (Alfmute)
DR R. K. KAITI
SWRIK. K. KHANNA
Building and Roads Branch, Public Works Department, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh
Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
%RI A. P. &fPTHlJR
Mckenzies Limited,. Bombay
SHRI V. B. MATHUR
Bokaro Steel Plant (Steel Authority of India),
SHRI Y. V. NARASIMHARAO
Bokaro Steel City
BRIG O~IR SINGH
,Engineer-in-Chiefs
Branch, Army Headquarters
MAJ H. K. BHUTAN: (Alternure)
Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
Sriru B. K. PANTHAKY
SHRI V. M. MADOE (Alternate)
Indian Gcotechnicj! Society,
PRESIDENT
. . New Delhi
SECRETARY(Alternate)
College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras
PROFESSOR(CIVIL ENGG)
A~~ISTAN? PROFESSOR
(CIVIL
ENGG) (Alternate)
Cementation Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI M. R. PUNJA
Steel Authority of India, New Delhi
SHRI A. A. RAJU
Nag(adi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR V. V. S. RAO
Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SHRI ARJUN RIJHSINCHANI
SHRI 0. S. SRIVA~TAVA(Alternate)
Engineering Research Laboratories, Government of
SHRI K. R. SAXENA
Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR S. P. S~VA~TAVA
DR R. KAPUR (Alhnate)
Roads Wing, Ministry of Shipping and Transport
SHRI N. SIVAGURU
SHRI S. SEETHARAMAN(Alternate)
SHRI T. N. SUBBA RAO
Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. A. RzDDI (Alters&)
SUPERINTENDWG
ENGINEER
(DESIGN) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
Ezzmrrrvz ENGINEER(DESIGNV) (Alternate)
SHRI M. D. TAMBEKAR
Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
Director General, IS1 (l+@icio hfembn)
SHRI D. AJITHA SIMHA,
Director (Civ Engg)
Secretary
Snar K. M. MATHUR
Deputy Director (Civ Engg), IS1
(Continued ORpage 33)
Indian Standard
-CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS
PART III
UNDER-REAMED
PILES
( First Revision )
0.
FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part III) (First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 26 May 19801 after the draft finalized by
the Foundation Engineering Sectional Comrmttee had been approved by
the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Under-reamed piles are of bored cast in situ and bored compaction
concrete types having one or more bulbs formed by suitably enlarging the
borehole for the pile stem. With the provision of bulb(s), substantial
bearing or anchorage is available.
These piles find application in widely
varying situations in different types of soils where foundations are required
to be taken down to a certain depth in view of considerations like the need
(a) to avoid the undesirable effect of seasonal moisture changes as in
expansive soils; (b) to reach firm strata; (c) to obtain adequate capacity
for downward, upward and lateral loads and moments; or (d) to take the
foundations below scour level.
0.3 When the ground consists of expansive soil, for example black cotton
soil, the bulb of the under-reamed pile provides anchorage against uplift
due to swelling pressure -apart from the increased bearing.
In case,of
filled-up or otherwise weak strata overlying. the firm strata, enlarged base
in tht! fo;m of under-reamed bulb in firm strata provides larger bearing
area and plies of greater bearing capacity can be made. In loose to medium
pervious sandy and silty strata, bored compaction piles can be used as the
process of compaction increases the load bearing capacity of the piles.
Under-reamed piles may also be used under situations where the vibration
and noise caused during construction of piles are ,to be avoided.
The
provision of bulb(s) is of special advantage in under-reamed piles to resist
uplift and they can be used as anchors.
0.4 This standard was first published in 1973.
This revision has been
undertaken to bring it in line with other Indian Standards on pile
foundation.
3
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part III) covers the design and construction
reamed piles having one or more bulb(s) formed along the stem.
of under-
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
2.1 Allowable Load - The load which may be applied to a pile after
taking into account its ultimate load capacity, pile spacing, overall bearing
capacity of the ground below the pile, the allowable settlement, negative
skin friction and the loading conditions including reversal of loads.
2.2 Batter Pile (Raker Pile) the vertical.
2.3 Bearing Pile - A pile formed in the ground for transmitting the load
of structure to the soil by the resistance developed at its tip or along its
It may be formed either vertically or at an inclination
surface or both.
(Batter Pile) and may be required to take uplift. When it is primarily
meant for resisting uplift or pull it is called an Anchor Pile. If the pile
supports theload primarily by resistance developed at the pile point or
base it is referred to as an End Bearing Pile and if the load is supported
primarily by friction along its surface, the pile is termed as Friction Pile.
pile formed within the ground by
2.4 Bored Cast in situ Pile -A
excavating or boring a hole within it, with or without the use of a temporary
When
casing and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete.
the casing is left permanently it is termed as cased pile and when the casing
*Rules for rounding off numerical values (rtied).
IS : 2911 (Part
III) 0 1980
Bar -
2.9 Initial Test_It is carried out on test pile(s) generally made for the
purpose with a vrew to determining the safe load or ultimate load capacity
or both.
2.10 Kentledge
2.11 Multi-Under-Reamed
Pile - An under-reamed pile having more
than one bulb. The pile having two bulbs is known as double underreamed pile.
2.12 Net Displacement
- Net movement of the pile top after the pile
has been subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
2.13 Routine (Check) Tests - It is carried out on a working pile with a
view to determining displacement corresponding to the allowable load.
2.14 Safe Load - It is a load on a pile derived by applying a factor of
safety on ultimate load capacity of pile or as determined by pile load test
or as obtained in accordance with 5.2.3.3.
Pile - A pile which is selected for load-testing and which is
subsequently loaded for that purpose. The test pile may form a working
pile itself if subject to routine load test with up to one and one-half times
the safe load in case of compression test and equal to safe load in uplift and
lateral thrust.
2.15 Test
Elastic
(Gross)
Displacement-This
5
the
magnitude
of the
Load -
2.22 Working
system.
Pile -
3. NECESSARY
of a structural
INFORMATION
3.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of bored cast in situ and
bored compacted under-reamed piles and pile foundation, the information
on the following aspects is necessary:
4 Site investigation data as- laid down in IS : 1892-1979* or any
other relevant Indian Standard.
Sections of trial, borings, supplemented wherever appropriate by penetration tests, should incorporate data/information sufficiently on soil condition below the
anticipated level of pile tip.
The nature of the subsoil both around and beneath the proposed
pile should be indicated on the basis of appropriate tests of strength,
compressibility, etc. Ground-water levels and conditions (such as
artesian conditions) should be indicated.
Results of chemical
tests to ascertain the sulphate and the chloride content and groundwater should be indicated particularly in areas where large scale
piling is envisaged or where such information is not generally
available.
b) A qualitative indication of the degree of expansiveness of soil is
given in Appendix A. The free swell test will be carried out
according to IS: 2720 (Part-XL)-1977t.
4 In case of bridge foundations, data on high flood level, maximum
scouring depth, normal water level during working season, etc.
*Code of practice for subsurface investigations for foundations (jirst revision).
tMethod of test for soils, Part XL Determination of free swell index of soils.
6
f1
the structure
moments and
weight of the
shall be clearly
&I) It
Cl cement
:Sg;z%1976t,
-The
cement used shall conform to the requirements of
IS: 455-1976$, IS: 8041-1978$, IS : 6909-19731) or IS:1489-
*Code of practice.for plauning and design of ports and ha&ours, P+rt I Site inv&igation
(j#Cf6&k).
fSpcc+a~on
+Speuficat~on
~Specification
K5+xification
QSpcciEcation
for
for
for
for
for
up to O-2 percent
CONSIDERATIONS
foundations
shall be designed in
5.1 General - Under-reamed
pile
such a way that the load from the structure they support, can be transmitted
to the soil without causing any soil failure and without causing such settlement, differential
or total, under permanent
transient
loading as may
The pile shaft
result in structural
damage and/or functional
distress,
should have adequate structural capacity to withstand all loads (vertical,
axial or otherwise) and moments which are to be transmitted to the subsoil.
5.1.1 In deep deposits of expansive soils the minimum length of piles,
irrespective of any other considerations,
shall be 3.5 m below ground level.
If the expansive,soil deposits are of shallow depth and overlying non-expansive soil strata of good bearing or rock, piles of smaller length can also be
provided.
In recently filled up grounds or other strata or poor bearing,
the piles should pass through them and rest in good bearing strata.
5.1.2 The diameter of under-reamed
bulbs may vary from 2 to 3 times
stem diameter depending upon the feasibility of construction
and design
requirements.
In bored cast in Titusunder-reamed
piles the bulb diameter
shall normally be 2.5 times, and in under-reamed
compaction
piles two
times.
1.5 times
minimum
diameter of stem for strata
such as sulphates, should be 30 cm.
needing
consisting
stabilization
of harmful
pile
5.1.9 For batter piles, a batter of 30 for piles in dry ground conditions
and 15 with horizontal for water or drilling mud filled holes should generally
not be exceeded.
The
under-reamed
compaction
piles are normally
constructed up to a batter of 15.
pile
5.2 Design of Piles - The load carrying capacity of under-reamed
depends mainly on the pile dimensions and soii strata.
Axial load on a
pile is transmitted
by point bearing at the toe and the projected area of
the bulb(s) and skin friction along the pile stem.
Depending
upon the
nature of soil and pile geometry, in addition to the skin friction on stem,
friction can develop on the soil cylinder between the extreme bulbs.
In
under-reamed
compaction piles, the mechanism of load transfer remains the
same but soil properties improved by compaction
process are considered.
In uplift load, point bearing component at toe is absent but unlike other
straight shaft piles, point bearing on an anular projection of the bulb is
present.
Lateral load and moment are sustained by horizontal soil reaction
developed along the pile length, which depends on several factors.
The design of piles shall be such that it has an adequate factor of safety:
a) as a structural member to transmit the imposed loads, and
b) against failure of strata due to reaching ultimate strength.
Further
it should ensure that the desired limit of settlement is not exceeded.
5.2.1 Pile as a Struc@al Member - The pile should have adequate strength
to sustain the design loads.
The pile cross-section should be checked for
combined
effect of vertical loads (compressive and uplift) and/or lateral
loads and moments.
The stem should be designed as a short column
considerating
both concrete and steel (see 5.2.2) by the limit state method
or working stress method.
In case of latter, the permissible increase in
(see IS : 875-1964*
and
stresses shall be taken for wind and seismic loads.
IS : 1893-1975t.)
*Code of practice for structural safety of buildings: Loading standards (rev&j).
tcriteria for earthquake resistant design of structures (third revision).
10
BORING
LEV<L
FOR MAKING
SECOND/LAST
BULB
7
--Id-t
COVER
75
TO
100
9,=45 Approx,&
1A %kTION OF ~%NOLE
UNDER-REAMED
PILE
30-45Approx,Du=NonnallyZ?5D
1B !hCTION OFMULTIUNDER-REAMED
Px~x
Fm. 1
reinforcement
etc, it may be
5.2.3 Safe Load - Safe load on a pile can be determined from (a) calculating tiltimate load from soil properties and applying suitable factor of safety,
(b) load test on pile as provided in IS : 2911 (Part IV)-1979*,
and (c) safe
load tables.
5.2.3.1 Safe loadfrom ultimate load capacity - The ultimate load capacity
The soil properties required
of a pile can be calculated from soil properties.
are strength parameters, cohesion, angle of internal friction and soil density.
If these properties are not available directly from laboratory and field tests,
they may be indirectly obtained from in situ penetration test data [IS : 4968
(Part II)-19767
and IS : 6403-1971$].
The success of the approach essentially depends how realistically the soil properties are determined or deduced.
a) Clayey soils
For clayey soils the ultimate load carrying
pile may be worked out from tpe following
QU=
where
Qu (kg)
~4, (cm)
A,.JV,C,+A,.JV,.C,+C,.A,
capacity of an under-reamed
expressions:
+ .c.C,.A,
*Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part IV Load test on
piles.
tMethod for subsurface soundingfor soils: Part III Static cone penetration test (_/irst
rtiion)
Jve
The first two terms in formula are for bearing and the last two for friction
If the pile is with one bulb only the third term will not occur.
For calculating uplift load first term will not occur in formula.
b) Sandy soils
For sandy soils the following expression be used:
Qu=
A,.(&.D.X..NX+
X.dJV,,)+A,
(~.D,.n.h..hQ+h.Nq
; (kglcms)
.NAand IV,
dr (cm)
d+ (cm)
K
S
dl (cm)
d,, (cm)
bulbs
r=n
x d,.
r=l
NOTE I- ?Yhefirst two terms in the formula are for bearing component and the
.<.
as;=
$W fnction cpmpone$.
- For uphft bearing on tip, Ap will not occur.
13
c)
4l
of practice for dcaign and construction of pile foundations: Part IV Load test on
14
20
25
30
35
FIG. 2
*u
fi
IDJ
other than 5.!235, the total increase over safe load including those of 593.5
exceed 50 percent.
shall not
16
5.2.6 Batter Piles (Raker Piles) - Raker piles are normally provided
where vertical piles cannot resist the required applied horizontal forces.
In the preliminary design the load on raker ~pileis generally considered to
be axial. The distribution of load between raker and vertical piles in
a group may be determined by graphical or analytical methods. Where
necessary, due consideration should be given to secondary bending induced
as a result of the pile cap movement, particularly when the cap is rigid.
Free standing raker piles are subjected to -bending moments due to their
own weight or external forces from other causes. Raker piles embedded
in 8l.l or consolidating deposits may become laterally loaded owing to the
settlement of the surrounding soil.
55.7 Sfiacing of Piles
55.7.1 Spacing of piles shall be considered in relation to the nature
ground, the types of piles and the manner in which the piles transfer the
load to the ground.
of
52.7.2 Generally the centre to centre spacing for bored cast in situ
under-reamed piles in a group should be two times the bulb diameter (20,).
It shall not be less than l-5 D,,. For under-grade beams the maximum
spacing of piles should generally not exceed 3 m. In under-reamed compaction piles, generally the spacing should not be less than l-5 D,, If the.
adjacent piles are of different diameter, an average value of bulb diameter
should be taken for spacing.
5.2.8
528.1
For bored case in situ under-reamed piles at usual spacing
of 2 D,, the group capacity will be equal to the safe load of individual
For piles at a spacing
pile multiplied by the number of piles in the group.
of l-5 D, the,safe load assigned per pile in a group should be reduced by
10 percent.
17
Nom - In under-reamed compaction piles, the capacity of the group may be more
than given in 5.2.&l on account of the compaction effect.
5.2.8.2 In non-expansive soils, when the cap of the pile group is cast
directly on reasonably firm stratum it may additionally contribute towards
the bearing capacity of the group.
5.2.8.3 The settlement of pile groups depends upon soil and pile
characteristics, spacing, group size method of installation and magnitude .
and nature of loading.
In clays sometimes long term settlements can
become important while in sands almost all the settlements will be over
quickly.
A group of free standing piles is likely to settle more than a single pile
but this increase may be marginal if the safe load on the piles is according
to 5.2.3 and 5.2.8.1.
NOTE 1 - The settlement, in case of piles in sand, are generally computed from
empirical relations. A suggested relationship for estimating settlements of free standing
under-reamed pile groups in sands is:
where
Ss = settlement of group in
St = settlement of single pile
B = distance between outer
D = pile stem diameter in
cm,
in cm; piles are under the same safe load per pile,
piles centre in cm, and
cm.
In clays the immediate settlements are computed using theory of elasticity and the
long term settlements by consolidation theory.
For the later, the pile group is considered as a footing at the centres of the lowermost bulbs.
It may be noted that computed settlements, by the above approaches particularly
piles in clay, are very large as compared to actually occurring in practice.
for
Nom 2 -For
the groups with caps resting on ground settlements are comparable
with an isolated pile.
NOTE 3 - In the case of under-reamed compaction piles with cap resting on ground,
which is very often the case, the settlements of groups may be even less than the settlement
of an isolated pile.
6. EQUrPMENT
AND ACCESSORIES
6.1 The selection of equipment and accessories will depend upon the type
of under-reamed
piles, site conditions and nature of strata.
Also it will
depend on economic considerations
and availability of manually or po\ver
operated equipment.
*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (f&d rc&&n).
21
list of equipment
for manual
construction
is given
in
6.3 Bore holes may be made by earth augers. In case of manual boring,
an auger boring guide shall be used to keep the bores vertical or to the
desired inclination and in position.
After the bore is made to the required depth, enlarging of the base shall
be carried out by means of an under-reaming tool.
6.4 In ground with high water table having unstable pile bores, boring and
under-reaming may be carried out using a suitable drilling mud. General
guidelines for bentonite drilling mud are given in Appendix E. In normally
met soil strata, drilling mud can be poured from top while boring and underreaming can be done by normal spiral earth auger and under-reamer.
The level of drilling mud should always be about one metre above water
table or the level at which caving in occurs. In case of very unstable strata
with excessive caving in, continuous circulation of drilling mud using suitable
pumping equipment and tripod, etc, alongwith modified auger and underreamer may be used.
6.5 Sometimes permeable strata overlying a rim clayey stratum may be
cased and normal boring and under-reaming operation may be carried out
in clayey stratum.
6.6 To avoid irregular shape and widening of bore hole in very loose strata
at top, a casing pipe of suitable length may be used temporarily during
boring and concreting.
6.7 For improved control over the inclination of batter piles, a tripod hoist
with fixed pully should be used for lowering in of under-reaming tools.
6.8 For placing the concrete in bore holes full of drilling mud or subsoil
water, tremie pipe of not less than 150 mm diameter with flap valve at the
bottom should be used.
6.9 For batter under-reamed piles, the reinforcement cage should be placed
If concreting is not
guiding it by a chute or any other suitable method.
done by tremie, it should be done by chute.
6.10 In
guiding
vertical
suitable
7. CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Under-reamed piles may be constructed by selecting suitable installation
techniques at a given site depending on subsoil strata conditions and type
of under-reamed pile and number of bulbs.
22
7.4 Concreting
shall be done as soon as possible after completing the pile
bore.
The bore hole full of drilling mud should not be left unconcreted
for more than 12 to 24 hours depending upon the stability of bore hole.
7.5 For placing concrete in pile bores, a funnel should be used and method
of concreting should be such that the entire volume of the pile bore is filled
23
fluid
4-
All tremie tubes should be scrupulously cleanrd before and after use.
24
7.5.5 For under-reamed bore compaction piles, the pile bore is first filled
up without placing any reinforcement.
Concreting is done as in 7.5.1
Soon after, the specified core assembly shall
depending upon situation.
be driven and extra concrete shall be poured in simultaneously to keep the
level of concrete up to ground level. If hollow driving pipe is used in core
assembly, the pipe-shall be withdrawn after filling it with fresh concrete
which will be left behind.
NOTE - In under-reamed bored compaction piles, concreting should be uninterrupted
and notes 45) and (6) under clause 7.5.3 will not apply.
7.5.6 The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought above the cut-off
level to permit removal of all laitance and weak concrete before capping
and to ensure good concrete at the cut-off level for proper embedment into
the pile cap.
7.5.7 Where cut-off level is less than 1.5 metre below working level,
concrete shall be cast to a minimum of 300 mm above cut-off level. For
each additional O-3 m increase in cut off level below working level, additional coverage of 50 mm minimum shall be allowed. Higher allowance
may be necessary depending on the length of the pile. When concrete is
placed by tremie method, it shall be cast to the piling platform level to
permit overflow of concrete for visual inspection or to a minimum of one
metre above cut-off level. In the circumstance where cut-off level is below
ground water, the need to maintain a pressure on the unset concrete equal
to or greater than water pressure should be observed and accordingly
length of extra concrete above cut-off level shall be determined.
7.5.8 Defective Pile -In
case, defective piles are formed, they shall be
removed or left in place whichever is convenient without affecting performance of the adjacent piles or the cap as a whole. Additional piles
shall be provided to replace them as directed.
705.9 Any deviation from the designed location alignment or load capacity of any pile shall be noted and adequate measures taken well before
the concreting of the pile cap and plinth beam if the deviations are beyond
the permissible limit.
7.5.10 Estimation of Concrete Quantity - The extra concrete required for
each bored cast in situ under-reamed bulb of 2.5 times the stem diameter
may be taken equal to a stem length of 4 to 4.5 times its diameter, depending
on the nature of strata and other site conditions.
The volume of concrete
actually placed shall be observed in the case of few piles initially cast and
the average figure obtained may be used as a guide for working out the
quantities of the concrete and cement for subsequent piles.
25
4
b)
4.
4
e)
f1
Pile details -
APPENDIX
OF E?LPANSJ.VENESS
Degree of
ex~ensivenm
Low
Less than 20
Moderate
20 to 35
High
35 to 50
Very high
Greater than 50
A-l.1 In areas of soil showing high or very high differential free swell
values, conventional shallow strips footings may not be adequate.
26
APPENDIX
(Clauses
5.2.3.3 and 5.2.5)
SAFE LOAD
ON UNDER-REAMED
PILES
B-l.
SAFE LOAD TABLE
B-l.1 The safe bearing, uplift and lateral loads for under-reamed piles
given in Table 1 appiy to both medium compact (lO<N <30) sandy soils
and clayey soils of medium (4<N < 8) consistency including expansive
soils. The values are for piles with bulb diameter equal to two-and-a-half
times the shaft diameter.
The columns (3) and (4) of on Table 1 provide the minimum pile lengths
for single and double under-reamed piles, respectively, in deep deposit of
expansive soils. Also the length given for 375 mm diameter double underThe values given for
reamed piles and more in other soils are minimum.
double under-reamed piles in columns (9) and (13) are only applicable in
expansive soils. The reinforcement shown is mild steel and it is adequate
for loads in compression and lateral thrusts [Columns (8), (9), (16) and
(17)].
For uplift [Column (12) and (13)], re q uisite amount of steel should
be provided. In expansive soils, the reinforcement shown in Table 1 is
adequate to take upward drag due to heaving up of the soil.
The concrete considered is M 15.
provided in 5.2.2.
will be as
B-l.2 Safe loads for piles of lengths different from those shown in Table 1
can be obtained considering the decrease or increase as from columns 10, 11,
14 and 15 for the specific case.
B-1.3 Safe loads for piles with more than two bulbs in expansive soils and
more than one bulb in all other soils (including non-expansive clayey soils)
can be worked out from Table 1 by adding 50 percent of the loads shown
in columns (8) or (12) for each additional bulb in the values given in
these columns. The additional capacity for increased length required to
accommodate bulbs should be obtained from column (10) and (14).
B-I.4 Values given in columns (16) and (17) for lateral
be increased or decreased for change in pile lengths. Also
reamed piles the values should not increase than those given
For longer and/or multi-under reamed piles higher lateral
adopted after establishing from field load tests.
IS: 2911(PartIII)-1980
loose(4~ N ~10) sandy and soft (2~ N <4) clayey soils, the safe loads
should be taken 0.75 times the values shown in the Table.
For very loose
(N < 4) sandy and very soft (N Q 2) clayey soils the values obtained from
the Table should be reduced by 50 percent.
B-I.6 The safe loads obtained from Table 1, should be reduced by 25
percent if the pile bore holes are full of subsoil water of drilling mud during
concreting.
No such reduction may be done if the water is confined to the
shaft portion below the bottom-most bulb.
B-I.7 The safe loads in uplift and compression given by in Table 1 or
obtained in accordance with B-l.2 to B-l.6 should be reduced by 15 percent
for piles with bulb of twice the stem diameter.
But no such reduction is
required for lateral loads shown in Table 1. B-1.8 The safe loads for under-reamed compaction piles can be worked
out by increasing the safe load of equivalent bored cast in situ under-reamed
pile obtained from Table 1 by 1.5 times in case of medium (10~ N < 30)
and 1.75 times in case of loose to very loose (N d 10) sandy soils. Depending upon the nature and initial compactness of strata, pile geometry and
lay-out of piles, this increase may be up to a factor of 2 and initial load tests
are suggested to arrive at final safe load values for design in case of sizable
works. The values of lateral loads should not be increased by more than
1.5 times in all cases. In obtaining safe load of compaction pile the reduction for pile bore holes full of subsoil water or drilling mud during concreting
should be taken 15 percent instead of 25 percent as given in B-1.6. The
reduction for piles with twice the bulb diameter is to be taken 10 percent
instead of 15 percent as given in B-1.7.
The provision of reinforcement
in under-reamed compaction piles will also be guided as stipulated
in 5.2.2.1.
El.9
The safe loads in Table 1, and the recommendations made to obtain
safe load in different cases (B-l.2 to B-1.8) are based on extensive pile
load tests. The loads thus obtained may be taken equal to two-thirds the
loads corresponding to deflection of 12 mm for loads in compression and
uplift. The deflections corresponding to respective safe loads will be about
6 mm and 4 mm. The deflection at safe lateral load will be about 4 mm.
The values given in Table 1 will be normally on conservative side. For
working out ultimate compressive and uplift loads, if defined as Gads
corresponding to 25 mm deflection on load-deflection curve, the value
obtained from Table 1 can be doubled.. But in case of lateral thrust twice
the values in Table 1 should be considered corresponding to deflection of
12 mm only.
El.10 The permissible increase over safe loads obtained from Table 1
should be taken as stipulated in 5.2.3.5 for respective conditions.
Also the
group capacity should be obtained in accordance with 5.2.8.
28
IF
pile
Under
Td
meter
cm
cm
No.
Dia mm
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Dia-
COMPRBYZON
MILD STaBL
RElNFO~CXMWf
LENOTH
Si le Double
Qx&udinal
un% r- under- Remforcemrnt
reamed remed ,-,
Increase
3pe;m
Length
Decreare
per
3ocm
Length
FILBswsANDYNm
sA?B Loma
Single
underreamed
IN
UPWFT
Double
underreamed
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
&LtamTANoB
Incper
30 cm
length
EY
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
1.2
20
50
3.5
3.5
10
18
12
0.9
0.7
0965
0.55
1.0
25
62.5
3.5
3.5
10
22
12
18
1.15
0.9
0.85
0.70
1.5
1.8
30
75
3.5
3.5
12
25
16
24
1.4
1.1
12
1.05
0.85
2.0
2.4
37.5
40
94
3.5
3.75
12
30
24
36
1.8
1.4
12
18
1.35
l-10
3.0
3.6
100
3.5
4.0
12
30
23
42
1.9
1.5
14
21
1.45
1.15
3.4
4.0
45
112.5
3.5
4.5
12
30
35
52.5
2.15
1.7
17.5
50
125
3.5
5.0
12
30
42
63
2.4
1.9
21
25.75
,31.5
160
1.30
4.0
4.8
1.80
1.45
4.5
54
- 1980
B-l.11 For piles subjected to external moments and or larger lateral loads
than those given in Table 1, the pile should be designed properly and
requisite amount of steel should be provided.
NOTE -For obtaining safe loads from Table 1, N value (standard penetration test
value) a weighted average should b&taken up to a depth equal to the bulb diameter
below the pile toe. In case of predominantly silty soils, the guiding N value for
obtaining safe loads may be taken between the values given for sandy and clayey soils.
APPENDIX
(Clause5,2.5)
MODULUS
OF SUBGRADE
nB
TABLE
SOIL
TYPICAL
VALUES
Tvrv.
r
Loose sand
Medium sand
.
Dense sand
Very loose sand under repeated loading
TABLE
UNCONFINED
coMPRFsIVE
STRENGTH
kg/cm8
0.2 to 0.4
1 to2,
2 to4
4
TYPICAL
VALUES
7 to 42
32 to 65
65 to 130
30
ah XN kg/cm*
h
\
Submerged
Dry
0.260
0.775
2076
-
OF X (for
RANGE OF
VALUEOPK
kg,'cm'
OF m,
0.146
0.526
I.245
0.041
prehaded
clay)
PROBABLE
vrwRo~K
kg/cm
7.73
43.79
97.73
19546
IS : 2911 (Partm)-1!380
APPENDIX
(CZazw 6.2)
EQUIPMENT
FOR UNDER-REAMED
(MANUAL
CONSTRUCTION)
D-l.
PILES
EQUIPMENT
D-l.1 Normally
operation :
the following
equipment
will be required
in manual
a) An auger;
b) An under-reamer;
c) A boring guide ; and
d) Accessories like spare extensions,
etc.
cutting
tool, concreting
funnel,
D-1.1.1 For the piles of size larger than 30 cm and for larger depths
additional equipment required will be a portable tripod hoist with a
manually operated winch.
D-1.1.2 For piles in high ground water tamale and unstable soil condii
tions, boring and under-reaming shall be carried out with bentonite slurry
using suitable equipment.
Tremie pipe shall be used for concreting.
D-1.1.3 The additional equipment
compaction pile are the following:
APPENDIX
(Clause 6.4)
BASXC PROPERTIES
El.
OF DRILLING
MUD
(BENTONITE)
PROPERTIES
SPECIFICATION
piling
work
shall
satisfy
the
NOTE-
*Methods of test for soils: PartV Determinationof liquid and plastic limits (&: r&).
32
Pile Foundations
Subcommittee,
Connener
SHRI M. D. TAMBEKAR
BDC 43 : 5
Representing
Members
SHRI K. N. DADINA
Unit$dhechnical
DR R. KAFVR (Alternate)
33
: 91
323 0131,323
11 3234062,91
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Area, Sahibabad
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Square,
Printed
at
AMRNDMENT NO. 1
JANUARY 1983
TO
III
UNDER-REAMED
PILES
(Firat Revision)
AbratiOM
( Pagt 12, chus~5.2.2J,.lin49 ) -
(Pags12,E~~IU~
5.2.3.1,linr 6 ) - Delete the words and IS : 6405197lz#.
( Pag# 12, foot-note r&h e # mark ) -
Delete.
of &
Substitute
.~~~~f~:~~~~~jn.y.~
.A. * .
the following
Y.~~~~~
( Pags 14,
N~3-~NywilIbcurpecifiedinIS:6103-1981*~dNcr
Fw. 2.
r=l
for the
willbetakenfrom
Vaic'r
carvea
beyond+
= !w.'
mark ) -
Substitute
of bearing capacity
the following
for
of rhallow found&m
( Page 15, Fig. 2 ) - Substitute the following for the existing figure:
SO(1
20
25
ANGLE
FM.
1970r
30
OF
INTERNAL
35
40
FRICTION
bb
$
BEARINO
CAPACITYFACTOR
JV,,
( PW 32, &l4se E3.1, linr 4) - Substitute IS : 2720( Part V)'fwIS : 2720( Part V )-196!i* .
AMENDMENT NO. 2
SEPTEMBER 1984
TO
IS:2!?ll(Part3)-1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
PART 3
OF PILE
UNDER-REAMED
FOUNDATIONS
PILES
iFirs t Revision)
Alterations
--a--(Page 8, o&zuse 4.2,
tine
1) - Substitute
'1~:43z?(Partl)-lg82*' for '1s:4HPart l)-lg66*'.
(Page 8, foot-nob with '*' mzrk) - Substitute
the following for the existing foot-note:
'*Specification for mild steel and medium tensile
steel bars and hard dram steel bars and hard drawn
steel wire.for concrete reinforcement: Part 1 Mild
steel and medium tensile steel bars (thirdre~.&ion).
(Page II, olause 5.2.2.1,first sentence) Substitute the following for the existing sentence:
'The tinimum area of longitudinal reinforcement (any
type or grade) within the pile shaft
shall
be 0.4
percent of the sectional
area calculated
on the
basis of outside area of the shaft or casing if
used.'
(Page21, okuse
Addenda
---(Pags 6, ~.WW 2.18, tine 2) - Ada the folbifing
the word 'Shearwithin the bracket'as
'evidencedfrom the load aeMeleme%ktcurves'.
word8 after
Ena
(Page
8,
0242248s
5.2) - Ada
the
f~llouing in
the
in *Yes
mc
43)
2
AMENDMENT
NO. 3
JULY 1987
TO
OF
PILES
First Revision )
clause:
4.3.4 The minimum grade of concrete to be used for piling shall be
M-20 and the minimum cement content shall be 4C0 kg/m8 in all coaditions. For piles up to 6 m deep M-15 concrete with minimum cement
content 350 kg/ma without provision for under-water concreting may be
used under favourable non-aggressive subsoil condition and where concrete of higher strength is not needed structurally or due to aggressive
site conditions. The concrete in aggressive surroundings due to presence
of sulphates, etc, shall conform to provision given in IS : 456-197811.
For the concrete, water and aggregates specifications laid down in
IS : 456-197811shall be followed in general. Natural rounded shingle-of
appropriat? size may also be used as coarse aggregate.
It helps to give
high slump with less water-cement
ratio. For tremie concreting aggregates having nominal size more than 20 mm should not be used.
( Page 9, clauses 4.3.6.1 and 4.3.6.2 ) - Substitute the following
for the existing clauses:
4.3.6 The average compressive stress under working load should not
exceed 25.percent of the specified strength at 28 days calculated on the
total cross-sectional area of the pile. If in the portion of the shaft above
the top under-reamed a permanent casing of adequate thickness and of
suitable size is used, the allowable stress may be suitably increased.
[ Page 14, clauses 5.2.3.1(c) and 5.2.3.2
see also Amendment
- Substitute IS : 2911 ( Part 4 )-1984t J or IS : 2911 ( Part 4)T6;9;, )I
.
( Page 14,foot-note
the existing foot-note:
with t mark ) -
Substitute
tCodc of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 4 Load
test 0n piles (first revision ).
Delete,
( Page 17, clause 5.2.5, second para and Note ) following for the existing matter:
Substitute
the
A recommended
method for the determination
of depth of fixity,
lateral deflection and maximum bendirg moment required for design is
given in Appendix C for fully or partially embedded piles. Other
accepted methods, such as the method of Reese and Matlock for fully
embedded piles may also be used. Due to the presence of bulbs, underreamed piles tend to behave more as rigid piles and the analysis can be
done on rigid pile basis. For lateral loads with or without axial loads,
up to those given in Table 1 of Appendix C, no analysis may be necessary
if external moment is not acting.
NOTE - Because of limited
information
on horizontal
modulus of soil and
refinements
in the theoretical
analysis, it is suggested that the adequacy of a
design should be checked by an actual field load test.
( Page
Substitute
Appendix
APPENDIX
( Clause
C
5.2.5 )
DETERMINATION
OF DEPTH OF FIXITY, LATERAL
DEFLECTION
AND MAXIMUM MOMENT OF
LATERALLY LOADED PILES
C-l. DETERMINATION
OF LATERAL DEFLECTION
PILE HEAD AND DEPTH OF FIXITY
AT THE
EI
KIand
R=4
2
2
length of
Z-3 -
-FREE
----FIXED
4
2.1 !,
HEAD
PILE
HEAD
PILE
1.9
----__,
OL
0
FOR PILES
IN SANDS
AND NORMALLY
LOADED
CLAYS
oz
I
2
1.3 0
I
4
L,/R
6
OR
FOR PILES
PRELOADED
IN
CLAYS
Ia
Ll/l
Kl( kg/cmS)
VALUE
(-__--___L---_~
(1)
Loose sand
Medium sand
Dense sand
Very loose sand under
repeated loading or
normally loading clays
Dry
Submerged
(2)
(3)
0.146
0925
1.245
0.040
0.260
0.775
2.075
-
L,/R
54
z
z
e
1.2.
FOR
FOR
----NORMALLY
I.0
OR
Ll/T
PILES
IN
PILES
IN SANDS
PILE
CLAYS
PiELOAdED
AND
CLAYS
LOADED
0.6
0.5
58
15
1.0
L,/R
FOR FIXED
OR
HEAD
2.0
Ll/T
PILE
24
TABLE 3
VALUES
OF CONSTANT K, (
Wcm )
VALUE
uNCOk44~N~~~MPRESWVB
kg/cm
(1)
0.2 to O-4
1 to 2
2to4
More than 4
(2)
7-75
48-80
9775
195.50
C-l.3 Knowing
deflection
= Q ( LI + LP I3
12 El
Y (cm) =
=Q(L+Lr)
2
The actual maximum moment (M) = m
5
Pf4nWd at Slmco Printing Press. Delhi, India
_