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    TDR

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    ashish_2187
    The document discusses across-the-line starting of induction motors and its adverse effects. It then describes various reduced voltage starting methods that can be used to mitigate these effects, including series resistance starting. Series resistance starting works by temporarily placing resistors in series with the motor windings to reduce the voltage applied during startup. As the motor accelerates, the resistors are bypassed to allow full voltage operation. An example calculation is provided to determine the value of external resistors needed for a series resistance starter.

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    TDR

    Uploaded by

    ashish_2187
    174 views18 pages
    The document discusses across-the-line starting of induction motors and its adverse effects. It then describes various reduced voltage starting methods that can be used to mitigate these effects, including series resistance starting. Series resistance starting works by temporarily placing resistors in series with the motor windings to reduce the voltage applied during startup. As the motor accelerates, the resistors are bypassed to allow full voltage operation. An example calculation is provided to determine the value of external resistors needed for a series resistance starter.

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    The document discusses across-the-line starting of induction motors and its adverse effects. It then describes various reduced voltage starting methods that can be used to mitigate these effects, including series resistance starting. Series resistance starting works by temporarily placing resistors in series with the motor windings to reduce the voltage applied during startup. As the motor accelerates, the resistors are bypassed to allow full voltage operation. An example calculation is provided to determine the value of external resistors needed for a series resistance starter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    174 views18 pages

    TDR

    Uploaded by

    ashish_2187
    The document discusses across-the-line starting of induction motors and its adverse effects. It then describes various reduced voltage starting methods that can be used to mitigate these effects, including series resistance starting. Series resistance starting works by temporarily placing resistors in series with the motor windings to reduce the voltage applied during startup. As the motor accelerates, the resistors are bypassed to allow full voltage operation. An example calculation is provided to determine the value of external resistors needed for a series resistance starter.

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    of 18

    ECET 4530

    Industrial Motor Control


    Starting Induction Motors

    Across-the-Line Motor Starting


    Across-the-Line starting of motor involves starting the
    motor with full-rated voltage applied across its terminals.
    L1

    T1

    L2

    T2

    L3

    T3

    Stop

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    Start

    Across-the-Line Motor Starter Circuit

    Across-the-Line Motor Starting


    Across-the-Line starting of motor involves starting the
    motor with full-rated voltage applied across its terminals.
    Although this is the simplest starting method, starting a
    motor with full-voltage applied to its terminals can have
    adverse effects upon the motor, the motors mechanical
    load, and/or the distribution system supplying the motor.

    Across-the-Line Motor Starting


    Across-the-Line starting of motor involves starting the
    motor with full-rated voltage applied across its terminals.
    Although this is the simplest starting method, starting a
    motor with full-voltage applied to its terminals can have
    adverse effects upon the motor, the motors mechanical
    load, and/or the distribution system supplying the motor.
    If the impact of these effects is too severe, a more complex
    motor control system may be required.

    Induction Motor Starting


    The adverse effects associated with across-the-line starting of
    a motor involve the large currents that are drawn into the
    motor during startup.
    Across-the-line (full voltage) starting of an Induction Motor
    can result in starting currents that are four to ten times
    larger than the motors rated current.
    Although the actual value will vary by type and size of motor,
    nominal values can often be specified based on the ratings
    of the machine.

    Induction Motor Starting


    For example, consider the following NEMA-rated, 3, 460V,
    150hp, squirrel-cage induction motor:

    The rated line-current for this motor is 163A.

    Induction Motor Starting


    According to Table 31 in the NEMA MG-1 standard, the
    locked-rotor current for a 3, 230V, 150hp, induction
    motor is 2170A.
    Accounting for voltage, this
    value should be scaled as
    follows:
    230
    I LR ( 460 V ) I LR ( 230 V )
    460
    230
    2170
    460
    1085 A

    Induction Motor Starting


    The adverse effects associated with the large currents that are
    drawn into a motor during startup include:
    Rapid heating of the motor that, if sustained over an
    extended period of time due to a failed or delayed
    startup, can damage the motors windings.
    Note thermal damage can also result from multiple
    restarts within a short amount of time.
    Rapid heating of the conductors that supply the motor.

    Induction Motor Starting


    The adverse effects associated with the large currents that are
    drawn into a motor during startup include:
    A torque surge developed by the motor that can be
    damaging to the motors connected mechanical load.
    A voltage drop in the supply network that may affect the
    operation of other devices.
    Whether these currents are short-lived during a successful
    startup or extended in length during a problematic/failed
    startup, their effects should be accounted for and may need
    to be mitigated by the motor control system.

    Induction Motor Starting


    A variety of different methods have been developed to
    minimize the undesirable effects that occur when starting
    an induction motor.
    They include:
    Reduced Voltage Starting
    Partial Winding Starting

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    By limiting the voltage applied to the induction motor during
    start-up, the starting current and associated starting torque
    can be reduced to an acceptable level, as determined by the
    requirements of the system under consideration.
    One method may be employed is:
    Series Resistance Starting

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starting

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starting
    - Resistors are temporarily placed in series with the stator
    windings before the motor is energized.
    - When initially energized, a large voltage drop will occur
    across the series resistors, resulting in a reduced voltage
    being applied across the motors terminals.

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starting
    - As the motor accelerates, the terminal current will
    decrease, in-turn causing the terminal voltage to
    increase.
    - Once sufficient time has been allowed for the motor to
    accelerate, the resistors are removed, allowing the
    motor to operate normally with rated voltage applied to
    its terminals.

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter with Control Circuit
    L1

    T1

    T2

    T3

    L2

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    L3

    TR
    Stop

    Start

    S Start Contactor
    R Run Contactor
    TR Time-Delay Relay

    S
    TR

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter
    - When the Start button is pressed, both the S and the
    TR coils are energized.
    - The S contacts will actuate immediately, while the
    TR contact will actuate after a preset time delay.

    TR
    Stop

    Start

    S
    TR

    S Start Contactor
    R Run Contactor
    TR Time-Delay Relay

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter
    - When the S contacts actuate (close), the motor is
    connected to the supply through the resistors, thus
    decreasing the terminal voltage and limiting the
    starting current.
    L1

    T1

    T2

    T3

    L2

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    L3

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter
    - Once the TR relays time delay has passed, the TR
    contact closes, in-turn energizing the R contactors
    field coil.

    TR
    Stop

    Start

    S
    TR

    S Start Contactor
    R Run Contactor
    TR Time-Delay Relay

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter
    - Energizing the R field coil causes the R contacts to
    actuate (close), bypassing the resistors and allowing to
    motor to operate with rated terminal voltage.

    L1

    T1

    T2

    T3

    L2

    L3

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter (version 2)
    - The following circuit provides the same functionality as
    the original circuit shown.

    L1

    T1

    S
    R

    L2

    T2

    S
    R

    L3

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    T3

    S
    R

    10

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter Applications
    - On low voltage (<600V) systems
    - For low current reduction requirements
    - When load torque is minimal at startup

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Starter Design
    - A practical series resistance starter is designed such that
    it limits a motors starting current to preset value that is
    often specified in terms of a percentage of the motors
    full-load rated current.
    - The value of the series resistor may be determined by
    testing the motor under locked-rotor conditions.

    11

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Determination
    - All that is truly needed to determine the value of the
    series resistance is the overall input impedance of the
    motor under locked-rotor conditions.
    - Since the circuit model is independent of the applied
    phase voltage, the locked-rotor parameters may be
    determined by applying less-than-rated phase voltage.
    ~

    ILR

    Rsu

    jXsu

    ~
    VLR

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Determination
    - By choosing a locked-rotor test voltage equal to one half
    of the rated voltage, the locked-rotor test current will be
    one-half of the full-voltage starting current.
    - The 50% reduction in locked-rotor current will decrease
    both the heat generated and the torque developed
    during the test by 75%.
    ~

    ILR

    Rsu

    jXsu

    ~
    VLR

    12

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Determination
    - Once the motors locked-rotor impedance is determined,
    the value of the required external resistance may be
    calculated based on the desired starting parameters.

    Iline

    Rext

    Rsu

    jXsu

    ~
    Vph

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Given a 3, 208V, 1.2A, 60Hz, hp, 1640rpm squirrel cage
    induction motor, determine the value of the external
    resistors required for a series resistance starter such
    that the starting current is limited to 200% of the fullload rated current.

    13

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    A locked-rotor test is performed on the motor with -rated
    voltage applied per phase during the test.
    The per-phase test results are as follows:
    VLR = 60V, ILR = 2.1A, P1 = 90W

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Test Results: VLR = 60V, ILR = 2.1A, P1 = 90W
    Rsu

    P1
    90

    20.4
    2
    I LR 2.12
    2

    Q1
    X su

    S1 P12

    60 x2.12 902

    88.2 Vars

    Q1
    88.2

    20
    2
    I LR
    2.12
    ~

    ILR

    Rsu

    jXsu

    ~
    VLR

    14

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Motors LR Impedance: Zin = 20.4 + j20
    Desired starting current:

    Iline

    Rext

    200% x Irated
    2 x 1.2 = 2.4 A

    jXsu

    Rsu

    ~
    Vph

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Desired starting current: Iline = 2.4 A
    ~
    V ph
    ~

    I line I line
    Z eq

    Rext Rsu 2 X su 2
    120

    Iline

    V ph

    Rext 20.42 202


    Rext

    Rsu

    2. 4 A
    2. 4 A

    jXsu

    ~
    Vph

    15

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Rext 20.42 202

    120
    50
    2.4
    Rext 20.42 202 2500

    Rext 20.42 2100


    Rext 20.4 45.8
    Rext 25.4
    ~

    Iline

    Rext

    jXsu

    Rsu

    ~
    Vph

    Reduced Voltage Motor Starting


    Series Resistance Calculation Example
    Series Starting Resistance: Rext = 25.4
    A series resistance starter utilizing a set of 25.4external
    resistors should limit the starting current to 200% of
    the full-load rated current.
    L1

    T1

    S
    R

    L2

    T2

    S
    R

    L3

    3-
    Induction
    Motor

    T3

    S
    R

    16

    Partial Winding Motor Starting


    Partial Winding Starting
    - The partial winding starting method is a method that
    may be used to start a dual-voltage motor.
    - Although full-voltage is applied to the motors terminals
    at startup, the starting current is reduced by applying a
    voltage to only one half of the motors windings.

    Partial Winding Motor Starting


    Dual-Voltage Motors
    - A dual-voltage motor has two identical sets of 3
    windings that may either be connected (per phase) in
    series for high-voltage/low-current operation or in
    parallel for low-voltage/high-current operation.
    T1
    T2
    T3
    T7
    T8
    T9

    Y-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor Diagram

    17

    Partial Winding Motor Starting


    Partial Winding Starting
    - For a partial winding starter, the motor must be utilized
    in its low-voltage configuration.
    - The motor is started initially with full-voltage applied to
    only one set of the motors windings.
    - Once the motor has accelerated and its line current has
    sufficiently decreased, the second set of windings are
    then energized for normal operation.

    Partial Winding Motor Starting


    Partial Winding Starter
    - The start (S) contactor is initially closed, energizing one
    set of the 3 windings.
    - After a short time delay, the run (R) contactor is also
    closed, for normal motor operation.
    R

    R
    T1
    R

    T2
    T3

    L1

    L2

    L3

    T7
    T8
    T9

    18

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