Chapter-2: Dynamic Behavior of Electric Drives

chapter-2
Dynamic Behavior of Electric Drives

.
 A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the
variation of torque acting on the electric drive. The motor of the
electric drive has to overcome the load torque expressed as a
function of time. Types of load diagram
 static or steady state process
 dynamic process, when the dynamic components of torque are
induced by the inertia of the motor & load.
 (Instantaneous speed, acceleration, Torque & power) as a
function of time are required to draw
Torque equation for rotating system
with gears
with gears
with gears
Example 1
with belt drive
with translational motion
Torque equation for rotating system with
translational motion
with translational motion
Relation between translational and
rotational motion
Torque equation for rotational system
Exercise
.
Problems of starting DC motor
 At the instant of starting, rotor speed n =
0, and armature resistance is quite small
hence starting armature current is quite
high so as to cause :
 serious damage to the brush/
commutator and to the armature
winding.
 dip in supply voltage is caused due to
sudden rise in voltage drop in the
source's internal resistance.
 For small dc motors starting system is
not necessary because of fast rise in the
back emf.
 However, for large motor, a starter is to
be used during starting
Simple starter DC motor
 To limit the Ist, connect the external resistance Rext is connected in series with the
armature so that at the time of starting, to have sufficient starting torque, field
current is maximized by keeping the external field resistance Rf, to zero value.
 As the motor picks up speed, the value of Rext is gradually decreased to zero so
that during running no external resistance remains in the armature circuit.
 But each time one has to restart the motor, the external armature resistance must
be set to maximum value by moving the jockey manually.
.
Starting methods of three phase
induction motor
 3-phase induction motors employ a starting
method not to provide a starting torque at the rotor, but because of
the following reasons;
 Reduce heavy starting currents and prevent motor from
overheating.
 Provide overload and no-voltage protection
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARTERS FOR 3
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR (IM)
Direct-on-Line (DOL) starter,
Star-delta starter,
Auto-transformer starter,
Rotor Impedance Starter,
Soft starter
Starting methods
 Vin=em f as impedance neglected.
 The starting current is quite high, about 4-6 times the current at full load,
may be higher, depending on the rating of IM, as compared to no load
current.
 The starting current increases, the starting torque also increases. This results
in higher accelerating torque (minus the load torque and the torque
component of the losses), with the motor reaching rated or near rated speed
quickly
Starting methods
Starting direct on line
 It is directly connects the contacts of
the motor to the full supply voltage.
 The starting current is very large,
normally 6 to 8 times the rated
current.
 the DOL starter is typically only used
for motors with a rating of less than
5kW.
 The starting torque is likely to be 0.75
to 2 times the full load torque.
 In order to avoid excessive voltage
drops in the supply line due to high
starting currents
 There are safety mechanisms inside
the DOL starter which provides
protection to the motor as well as the
operator of the motor.
The power and control circuits of induction motor With
DOL starter
 The DOL starter consists of a coil
operated contactor K1M controlled
by start and stop push buttons.
 On pressing the start push button S1,
the contactor coil K1M is energized
from line L1.
 The three mains contacts (1-2), (3-4),
and (5-6) in fig. (1) are closed. The
motor is thus connected to the
supply.
 When the stop pushbutton S2 is
pressed, the supply through the
contactor K1M is disconnected. Since
the K1M is de-energized, the main
contacts (12), (3-4), and (5-6) are
opened. The supply to motor is
disconnected and the motor stops.
Direct on line starter
3 Phase Cage Rotor Starters and Control Gear
Star Delta starter
 This starting method is reduced the supply voltage by one third that
shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with a star - delta
starter.
 Effectively reduce the starting current initially connecting the stator
windings in star configuration by one third
 It also reduces the starting torque as V2.
 Once up to a particular running speed a double throw switch changes the
winding arrangements from star to delta where upon full running torque
is achieved. Finally the ends of all stator windings must be brought to
terminations outside the casing of the motor.

Star Delta starter
Star Delta starter
3 Phase Cage Rotor Starters and Control Gear
Rotor Resistance Starter
 Starting a three phase induction motor
on load utilizing an external resistance
to be connected to the rotor of the
machine through slip rings and
brushes.
 At start-up the rotor resistance is set at
maximum but is reduced as speed
increases until eventually it is reduced
to zero and the machine runs as if it is
a cage rotor machine.
 The rotor impedance starting
mechanism is usually very bulky and
expensive .
 It also has very high maintenance
costs. Also, a considerable amount of
heat is generated through the
resistors when current runs through
them.
Split – phase Induction Motor
 The stator of a split –

phase induction motor
has two windings, the
main winding and the
auxiliary winding.
 These windings are
displaced in space by 90
electric degrees
 The auxiliary winding is made of thin wire and the main winding
which has thick super enamel copper wire.
 When the two stator windings are energized from a single – phase
supply, the current I in the main winding and auxiliary winding lag
behind the supply voltage V, and Ia leading the current Im.
 This means the current through auxiliary winding reaches the

maximum value first and the mmf or flux due to I lies along the
axis of the auxiliary winding and after some time the current Im
reaches maximum value and the mmf due to Im a lies along the
main winding axis.
 Thus the motor becomes a 2 phase unbalanced motor.
 Because of these two fields a starting torque is developed and the motor
becomes a self starting motor.
 After the motor starts, the auxiliary winding is disconnected by means of
centrifugal switch that operates at about 75% of synchronous speed. Finally
the motor runs because of the main winding.
 The single phase some level of humming noise is always associated with the
motor during running. The power rating of such motors generally lies between
60W- 250W
Resistance split phase motor
Resistance split phase motor
 The (auxiliary) winding with a high resistance in series is to be added
along with the main winding in the stator.
 The auxiliary winding a space angle of 90 degree from the main
winding .
 The current (Ia ) in the auxiliary winding lags the voltage (V ) by an
m angle, which is small, whereas the current (Im ) in the main
winding lags the voltage (V ) by an angle, which is nearly 90- m
 The phase angle between the two currents is which should be at
least 30. This results in a small amount of starting torque.
 The switch, S (centrifugal switch) is in series with the auxiliary
winding automatically cuts out the auxiliary or starting winding,
when the motor attains a speed close to full load speed.
 The motor has a starting torque of (100-200)% of full load torque,
with the starting current as 5-7 times the full load current.
Capacitor start motor
Capacitor start motor
 The capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding, which results in additional cost
but increase the starting torque.
 The capacitor along with a centrifugal switch is connected in series with the
auxiliary winding, which is being used here as a starting winding.
 The capacitor may be rated only for intermittent duty, the cost of which
decreases, as it is used only at the time of starting.
 The torque-speed characteristics of the motor with/without auxiliary winding
 This motor is used in applications, such as compressor, conveyor, machine tool
drive, refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment
Capacitor start and capacitor run
Capacitor start and capacitor run
 two capacitors –Cs for starting, and C for running, are used.
 The first capacitor is rated for intermittent duty used only for
starting & the second one is to be rated for continuous duty, as it is
used for running.
 The phasor diagram of two currents in both cases, and the torque-
speed characteristics with two windings having different values of
capacitors.
 The phase difference between the two currents is in the first case
(starting), while it is for 90° second case (running). This methods
improves both at the time of starting and then running. This motor is
used in applications, such as compressor, refrigerator, etc
Capacitor run motor
 Permanent Capacitor Motor with
the same capacitor being utilised
for both starting and running.
 The power factor of this motor,
when it is operating (running), is
high. The operation is also quiet
and smooth.
 This motor is used in applications,
such as ceiling fans, air circulator,
blower,

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chapter-2

Dynamic Behavior of Electric Drives

Direct-on-Line (DOL) starter,

Rotor Impedance Starter,

shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with a star - delta

 Effectively reduce the starting current initially connecting the stator

windings in star configuration by one third

 It also reduces the starting torque as V2.

 Once up to a particular running speed a double throw switch changes the

is achieved. Finally the ends of all stator windings must be brought to

terminations outside the casing of the motor.

 The stator of a split –

 This means the current through auxiliary winding reaches the

the same capacitor being utilised

for both starting and running.

 The power factor of this motor,

when it is operating (running), is

high. The operation is also quiet

 This motor is used in applications,

such as ceiling fans, air circulator,

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