DD1M HighwayLiveLoadsonConcretePipe
DD1M HighwayLiveLoadsonConcretePipe
DD1M HighwayLiveLoadsonConcretePipe
1
DD 1M (11/12)
Figure 1
Wheel Load
0.25m b
0.60m
Table
a(width),
1 Wheel
m Surface Contact
b(length),
Area
m
0.60
0.25
IMPACT FACTORS
The CHBDC applies a dynamic load allowance to
account for the truck load being non-static. The dynamic
load allowance, IM, is determined by Equation 1:
[1]
DESIGN METHOD
The design method encompasses 4 steps.
1. Obtain the following project data:
Pipe shape, size and wall thickness.
Height of cover over the concrete pipe.
Design load criteria.
2. Calculate the average pressure intensity of the
wheel loads on the soil plane on the outside top
of the pipe.
3. Calculate the total live load acting on the pipe.
4. Calculate the total live load acting on the pipe in
kN/m.
Project Data
Pipe shape and internal dimensions are shown on
the project plans. Complete information on dimensional
details are included in CAN/CSA-A257.1 for nonreinforced
circular concrete pipe, CSA-A257.2 for reinforced concrete
circular pipe and ASTM C 507M for reinforced concrete
elliptical pipe (8). Internal size, wall thickness and outside
dimensions are presented in Tables 6 and 7 for circular
and elliptical pipe.
The minimum earth cover over the concrete pipe can
be obtained from the project plans.
A decision regarding whether the CHBDC or other
criteria will be used should be obtained from the project
authority.
2
DD 1M (11/12)
Figure 2
CL-W
CL-625
1
0.04W
0.08W
2
0.1W
0.2W
3
0.1W
0.2W
25
50
62.5
125
62.5
125
3.6m
CL-W TRUCK
4
0.14W
0.28W
5
0.12W
0.24W
87.5
175
75
150
6.6m
1.2m
Axle No.
Wheel Loads
Axle Loads
Wheel Loads, kN
Axle Loads, kN
6.6m
18m
.025m
(TYP.)
1.80m
2.40m
.025m
(TYP.)
CL-625- NT
.025m
(TYP.)
25
70
140
70
140
[ 50
3.6m
0.60M
(TYP.)
CL-625-ONT TRUCK
4
87.5
175
6.6m
1.2m
60
120
Axle No.
Wheel Loads, kN
Axle Loads, kN
6.6m
18m
C
3.00m
Curb
0.6m
1.8m
0.6m
3
DD 1M (11/12)
Figure 3
Dir
ec
tio
no
f T
rav
el
Sp
rea
Figure 4
da
a
pre
db
Spread Load Area - Two Single Dual Wheels of Trucks in Passing Mode
mD
1.2
Wheel
Load Areas
ire
ctio
no
fT
rav
el
ad
re
Sp
Sp
rea
db
4
DD 1M (11/12)
Figure 5
Spread Load Area - Two Single Dual Wheels of Axles 2 & 3 in Passing Mode
tio
1.2
m
1.2 Dire
c
Wheel
Load Areas
no
fT
rav
el
ad
Sp
re
Sp
rea
db
Table
Critical
Values
Table2 2 CL-W
CL-W
Critical
Values
H, meters
H < 0.60
0.60 H < 1.46
1.46 H
Figure
3
4
5
Table
3 5CL-625-ONT.
Critical
Values
Figure
Spread Load
Area
- Two Single Dual Wheels of Axles 2 & 3 in Passing Mode
H, meters
H < 0.60
0.60 H < 1.00
1.00 H
w = P(1 + IM) / A
[2]
Figure
3
4
5
5
DD 1M (11/12)
WT = w L SL
Spread b
WL = WT / Le
[4]
Spread b
Direction of Travel
[3]
Direction of Travel
Le = L + 1.75(3/4Ro)
where:
Spread a
Spread a
Pipe
Pipe
Centerline
[5]
Ro
EXAMPLES
Four Example calculations are presented on the
following pages to illustrate the four steps of the Design
Method, and the effect of varying the depth of fill and
design truck. The live loads per linear meter calculated
in the four Examples are summarized in Table 4.
3R0
4
R0
Pipe Centerline
Le = L + 1.75(3/4R0)
American Concrete Pipe Association www.concrete-pipe.org info@concrete-pipe.org
2012 American Concrete Pipe Association, all rights reserved.
6
DD 1M (11/12)
WT = 764x0.60x0.25 = 114.6 kN
750
0.45
87.5
74.85
CL-W
750
0.605
175
40.3
CL-W
750
1.5
250
11.6
280
12.93
EXAMPLE 1
Given: A 750mm diameter, C wall, concrete pipe is to
be installed as a storm drain under a flexible
pavement and subjected to CHBDC highway
loading. The pipe will be installed in a trench
with a minimum of 0.45m of cover over the top
of the pipe.
Find: The maximum live load on the pipe in kN/m
Solution:
1. Review project data.
A 750mm diameter, C wall, circular concrete pipe has
an I.D. of 762mm and a wall thickness of 107mm,
therefore Bc is 0.976m and Ro is 0.976m. Height of
earth cover is 0.45m. Use CHBDC CL-W loading.
2. Calculate average pressure intensity of the live load
on the plane at the outside top of the pipe.
From Table 3, the critical load, P, is 87.5 kN and the
Spread Area is:
A=(Spread a)(Spread b)
A=(.25)(0.6)
A=0.15 m2
I.M.=0.40(1.0 - 0.5H)
I.M.=0.31
w=P(1 + IM)/A
w=87.5(1 + 0.31)/0.15
w=764 kN/m2
3. Calculate total live load acting on the pipe.
WT = w L SL
Assuming truck travel transverse to pipe centerline.
L=Spread a = 0.6 meters
Spread b=0.25 meters
Bc=0.976m, which is greater than
Spread b, therefore
SL=0.25 meters
A
A
A
A
= (Spread a)(Spread b)
= (0.60 + 1.2 + 1.75x0.605)(0.25 + 1.75x0.605)
= (2.859)(1.309)
= 3.74 m2
7
DD 1M (11/12)
w = P(1 + IM)/A
w = 175(1 + 0.279)/3.74
w = 59.8 kN/m2
WT = w L SL
Assuming truck travel transverse to pipe centerline.
L=Spread a = 2.859 meters
Spread b=1.309 meters
Bc=0.976 meters, which is less than
Spread b, therefore
SL=0.976 meters
WT=59.8 x 2.859 x 0.976 = 166.9 kN
A
A
A
A
= (Spread a)(Spread b)
= (0.6 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)(0.25 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)
= (4.425)(4.075)
= 18.0 m2
Ro=0.976 meters
Le=L + 1.75(3/4Ro)
Le=2.859 + 1.75(.75x0.976) = 4.14 meters
WL=WT/Le
WL=166.9/4.14 = 40.3 kN per linear meter
EXAMPLE 3
Given: Same as Example 1, except minimum depth of
fill is 1.5 meters.
Find: The maximum live load on the pipe in kN per
linear meter.
Solution:
4. Calculate live load on pipe in kN per linear meter.
1. Review project data.
A 750mm diameter, C wall, circular concrete pipe has
an I.D. of 762mm and a wall thickness of 107mm,
therefore Bc is 0.976m and Ro is 0.976m. Height of
Ro=0.976 meters
Le=L + 1.75(3/4Ro)
Le=4.425 + 1.75(0.75x0.976) = 5.71 meters
8
DD 1M (11/12)
WL=WT/Le
WL=66.1/5.71 = 11.6 kN per linear meter
EXAMPLE 4
Given: Same as Example 3, except design load is
CHBDC CL-625-ONT Truck.
Find: The maximum live load on the pipe in kN per
linear meter.
Solution:
Ro=0.976 meters
Le=L + 1.75(3/4Ro)
Le=4.425 + 1.75(0.75x0.976) = 5.71 meter
WL=WT/Le
WL=73.85/5.71 = 12.93 kN per linear meter
A
A
A
A
= (Spread a)(Spread b)
= (0.6 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)(0.25 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)
= (4.425)(4.075)
= 18.0 m2
9
DD 1M (11/12)
Wall B
Wall C
Designated
Internal
Diameter,
mm
Actual
Internal
Diameter,
mm
Minimal
Wall
Thickness,
mm
Minimal
Wall
Thickness,
mm
Minimal
Wall
Thickness,
mm
300
375
450
525
600
675
750
825
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
3000
3600
350
381
457
533
610
686
762
838
914
1067
1219
1372
1524
1676
1829
1981
2134
2286
2438
2591
2743
3048
3658
44
47
50
57
63
66
69
72
75
88
100
113
125
138
150
163
175
188
200
213
225
-
50
57
63
69
75
82
88
94
100
117
125
138
150
163
175
188
200
213
225
238
250
279
330
69
75
82
88
94
100
107
113
119
132
144
157
169
182
194
207
219
232
244
257
269
298
349
Minor
Axis,
mm
Major
Axis,
mm
Minimum Wall
Thickness,
mm
450
600
675
750
825
900
975
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
2850
3000
3300
3600
365
490
550
610
670
730
795
855
975
1095
1220
1340
1465
1585
1705
1830
1950
2075
2195
2315
2440
2680
2925
575
770
865
960
1067
1150
1250
1345
1535
1730
1920
2210
2305
2495
2690
2880
3070
3265
3455
3648
3840
4225
4610
69
82
88
94
94
113
119
125
138
150
163
175
188
200
213
225
238
244
250
263
275
300
325
1. Westergaard, H.M., Stresses in Concrete Pavements Computed by Theoretical Analysis, Public Roads, April,
1926.
2. Vertical Pressure on Culverts Under Wheel Loads on Concrete Pavement Slabs, Portland Cement
Association, 1944.
3. Concrete Pipe Handbook, American Concrete Pipe Association, 1998.
4. Concrete Pipe Design Manual, American Concrete Pipe Association, 2000.
5. Concrete Pipe Design Manual, Ontario Concrete Pipe Association, 1997.
6. Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA-S6-00, CAS International-2000.
7. Concrete Pipe Technology Handbook, American Concrete Pipe Association, 1993.
8. ASTM Standard C 507M, Specification for Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer
Pipe, American Society for Testing and Materials.
American Concrete Pipe Association www.concrete-pipe.org info@concrete-pipe.org
2012 American Concrete Pipe Association, all rights reserved.
Technical data herein is considered reliable, but no guarantee is made or liability assumed.
10
DD 1M (11/12)