0% found this document useful (0 votes)

157 views

Java Script

JavaScript is the scripting language of the web and is used to add interactivity and functionality to web pages. It can be embedded directly into HTML pages or linked via external JavaScript files. Common tasks include dynamically updating content, reacting to user events like clicks, and validating form input. While similar in name, JavaScript and Java are different languages with JavaScript being a lightweight scripting language used for client-side web programming.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Jeelan

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

157 views

Java Script

Uploaded by

Mohammed Jeelan

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 96

JavaScript is THE scripting language of the Web.

JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to add functionality, validate

forms, detect browsers, and much more.
JavaScript Introduction
JavaScript Introduction

JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet, and works
in all major browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and
Safari.

What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

HTML / XHTML

If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on our Home page.

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages

JavaScript is a scripting language
A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute
without preliminary compilation)
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

Are Java and JavaScript the same?

NO!
Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept
and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex
programming language - in the same category as C and C++.

What can a JavaScript do?

JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML

authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting
language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small
"snippets" of code into their HTML pages
JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A
JavaScript statement like this: document.write("<h1>" + name +
"</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute
when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or
when a user clicks on an HTML element
JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can
read and change the content of an HTML element
JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used
to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the
server from extra processing
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending
on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that
browser
JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be
used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer

The Real Name is ECMAScript

JavaScript's official name is ECMAScript.
ECMAScript is developed and maintained by the ECMA organization.
ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard.
The language was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape (with Navigator
2.0), and has appeared in all Netscape and Microsoft browsers since 1996.
The development of ECMA-262 started in 1996, and the first edition of was
adopted by the ECMA General Assembly in June 1997.
The standard was approved as an international ISO (ISO/IEC 16262)
standard in 1998.
The development of the standard is still in progress.
Put a JavaScript into an HTML page

A Simple Eample of Java Script

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>This is my first JavaScript!</h1>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the program:This is my first JavaScript!
Example Explained
To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, we use the <script> tag. Inside the
<script> tag we use the type attribute to define the scripting language.
So, the <script type="text/javascript"> and </script> tells where the
JavaScript starts and ends:
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
...
</script>
</body>
</html>
The document.write command is a standard JavaScript command for
writing output to a page.
By entering the document.write command between the <script> and
</script> tags, the browser will recognize it as a JavaScript command and
execute the code line. In this case the browser will write Hello World! to the
page:
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!");
</script>
</body>
</html>

How to Handle Simple Browsers

Browsers that do not support JavaScript, will display JavaScript as page
content.
To prevent them from doing this, and as a part of the JavaScript standard,
the HTML comment tag should be used to "hide" the JavaScript.
Just add an HTML comment tag  (end of comment) after the last JavaScript statement, like this:
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write("Hello World!");
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) is the JavaScript
comment symbol. This prevents JavaScript from executing the --> tag.
JavaScript Where To

JavaScripts in the body section will be executed WHILE the page loads.
JavaScripts in the head section will be executed when CALLED.

Where to Put the JavaScript

JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into
the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to
execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an
event.
Scripts in <head>
Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered,
go in the head section.

If you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is
loaded before anyone uses it.
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function message()
{
alert("This alert box was called with the onload event");
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="message()">
</body>
</html>

Output of the program

This alert box was called with the onload event
This line is shown in the Message Box when the Page is loaded.
Scripts in <body>
Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section.
If you place a script in the body section, it generates the content of a page.
Example
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("This message is written by JavaScript");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output of the program

This message is written by JavaScript

Scripts in <head> and <body>
You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can
have scripts in both the body and the head section.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
....
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
....
</script>
</body>

Using an External JavaScript

If you want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to
write the same script on every page, you can write a JavaScript in an
external file.
Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension.
Note: The external script cannot contain the <script> tag!
To use the external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the
<script> tag:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="abc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Output of the Program

This text was written by an external script!

The actual script is in an external script file called "xxx.js".

Note: Remember to place the script exactly where you normally would write
the script!

JavaScript Statements

JavaScript is a sequence of statements to be executed by the browser.

JavaScript is Case Sensitive

Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization
closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables,
objects and functions.

JavaScript Statements
A JavaScript statement is a command to a browser. The purpose of the
command is to tell the browser what to do.
This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web
page:
document.write("Hello Dolly");
It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement.
Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you
will see this in JavaScript examples on the web.
The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the
browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the
statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon
at the end.

Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on

one line.

JavaScript Code
JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements.
Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written.
This example will write a heading and two paragraphs to a web page:
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

Output of the program:This is a heading

This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph

JavaScript Blocks
JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks.
Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }.
The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute
together.
This example will write a heading and two paragraphs to a web page:
Example

Output of the program:This is a heading

This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph

The example above is not very useful. It just demonstrates the use of a
block. Normally a block is used to group statements together in a function or
in a condition (where a group of statements should be executed if a condition
is met).
You will learn more about functions and conditions in later chapters.

JavaScript Comments

JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable.

JavaScript Comments
Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make the code more
readable.
Single line comments start with //.
The following example uses single line comments to explain the code:

Example
<script type="text/javascript">
// Write a heading
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
// Write two paragraphs:
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

Output of the program:

This is a heading
This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.

JavaScript Multi-Line Comments

Multi line comments start with /* and end with */.
The following example uses a multi line comment to explain the code:
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
The code below will write
one heading and two paragraphs
*/
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

Output of the program:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.

Using Comments to Prevent Execution

In the following example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a
single code line (can be suitable for debugging):
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
//document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

Output of the Program:This is a paragraph.

This is another paragraph.

In the following example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a

code block (can be suitable for debugging):
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
*/
</script>

Output of the program:-

This will show nothing as it is multiline commented

Using Comments at the End of a Line
In the following example the comment is placed at the end of a code line:
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello"); // Write "Hello"
document.write(" Dolly!"); // Write " Dolly!"
</script>

Output of the Program

Hello Dolly!
JavaScript Variables

Variables are "containers" for storing information.

Do You Remember Algebra From School?
Do you remember algebra from school? x=5, y=6, z=x+y
Do you remember that a letter (like x) could be used to hold a value (like 5),
and that you could use the information above to calculate the value of z to be
11?
These letters are called variables, and variables can be used to hold values
(x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).

JavaScript Variables
As with algebra, JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like
carname.

Rules for JavaScript variable names:

Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables)
Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore character

Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are casesensitive.

Example
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer
to a variable by its name to display or change its value.
<html>
<body>

Hege
Tove
The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays the value, changes the value,
and displays the value again.

Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables

Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring"
variables.
You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:
var x;
var carname;
After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no
values yet).
However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them:
var x=5;
var carname="Volvo";
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the
value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the
value.

Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables

If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the
variables will automatically be declared.
These statements:
x=5;
carname="Volvo";
have the same effect as:

var x=5;
var carname="Volvo";

Redeclaring JavaScript Variables

If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value.
var x=5;
var x;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the
value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it.

JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:
y=x-5;
z=y+5;
You will learn more about the operators that can be used in the next chapter
of this tutorial.
JavaScript Operators

= is used to assign values.

+ is used to add values.

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.

The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;

The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables
and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:
Operator Description

Example

Result

Addition

x=y+2

x=7

Subtraction

x=y-2

x=3

Multiplication

x=y*2

x=10

Division

x=y/2

x=2.5

Modulus (division remainder)

x=y%2

x=1

Increment

x=++y

x=6

Decrement

x=--y

x=4

JavaScript Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment
operators:
Operator Example

Same As

Result

x=y

x=5

x+=y

x=x+y

x=15

x-=y

x=x-y

x=5

x*=y

x=x*y

x=50

x/=y

x=x/y

x=2

x%=y

x=x%y

x=0

The + Operator Used on Strings

The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values
together.

To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.

txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What
a verynice day".
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the
strings:
txt1="What a very ";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
or insert a space into the expression:
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
"What a very nice day"

Adding Strings and Numbers

The rule is: If you add a number and a string, the result will be a
string!
Example
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);

Output of the program:-

10
55
55
55
The rule is: If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.

JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators

Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or false.

Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or
difference between variables or values.
Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:
Operator Description

Example

is equal to

x==8 is false

===

is exactly equal to (value and type)x===5 is true

x==="5" is false

is not equal

x!=8 is true

is greater than

x>8 is false

is less than

x<8 is true

is greater than or equal to

x>=8 is false

is less than or equal to

x<=8 is true

How Can it be Used

Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare

values and take action depending on the result:
if (age<18) document.write("Too young");
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next
chapter of this tutorial.

Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or
values.
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical operators:
Operator Description

Example

and

(x < 10 && y > 1) is true

(x==5 || y==5) is false

not

!(x==y) is true

Conditional Operator
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a
variable based on some condition.
Syntax
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2
Example
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear ";
If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting
will be assigned the value "Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".
JavaScript If...Else Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on

different conditions.

Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for
different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do
this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a

specified condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if the
condition is true and another code if the condition is false
if...else if....else statement - use this statement to select one of
many blocks of code to be executed
switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks
of code to be executed

If Statement
Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is
true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will
generate a JavaScript error!
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}

</script>

Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You tell the browser to execute
some code only if the specified condition is true.

If...else Statement
Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and
another code if the condition is not true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
//If the time is less than 10, you will get a "Good morning"
greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
var d = new Date();
var time = d.getHours();
if (time < 10)
{
document.write("Good morning!");
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!");
}
</script>

If...else if...else Statement

Use the if....else if...else statement to select one of several blocks of code to
be executed.
Syntax
if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 are not true
}
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>

JavaScript Switch Statement

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on
different conditions.
The JavaScript Switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be

executed.
Syntax
switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2
}
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a
variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then
compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match,
the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to
prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.
Example
<script type="text/javascript">
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
var d=new Date();
theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday");
break;
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday");
break;
case 2:
document.write("<b>Nice Tuesday</b>");
break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday");
break;
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!");
}
</script>

Output of the Program

Nice Tuesday
This JavaScript will generate a different greeting based on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
JavaScript Popup Boxes

JavaScript has three kind of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and
Prompt box.

Alert Box
An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes
through to the user.
When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed.
Syntax
alert("sometext");
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_alert()
{
alert("I am an alert box!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_alert()" value="Show alert
box" />
</body>
</html>

Output of the Program:I am an alert box! : - This message is shown in the message box
with one button Ok When you click in the Show alert box Button.
Confirm Box
A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept
something.
When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or
"Cancel" to proceed.
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the
box returns false.
Syntax
confirm("sometext");
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_confirm()
{
var r=confirm("Press a button");
if (r==true)
{
document.write("You pressed OK!");
}
else
{
document.write("You pressed Cancel!");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_confirm()" value="Show
confirm box" />

</body>
</html>

Output of the Program:Press a Button is shown in the message box with two buttons when you click
on the button Show Confirm .One is ok and other is Cancel.
If you press the ok button, then you pressed Ok is printed
Otherwise you pressed Cancel is printed

Prompt Box
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before
entering a page.
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or
"Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value.
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks
"Cancel" the box returns null.
Syntax
prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_prompt()
{
var name=prompt("Please enter your name","Harry Potter");
if (name!=null && name!="")
{
document.write("Hello " + name + "! How are you today?");
}
}
</script>
</head>

Output of the program

Explorer User Prompt is shown on the button click, It will ask for the your Name, Default name
is given in the text box,
After you enter the Name and press Ok .The following line is printed.
Hello Arpana Sharma! How are you today?
JavaScript Functions

A function will be executed by an event or by a call to the function.

JavaScript Functions
To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can
put your script into a function.
A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to the
function.
You may call a function from anywhere within a page (or even from other
pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).
Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a
document. However, to assure that a function is read/loaded by the browser
before it is called, it could be wise to put functions in the <head> section.

How to Define a Function

Syntax
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
The parameters var1, var2, etc. are variables or values passed into the
function. The { and the } defines the start and end of the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after
the function name.
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The word
function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error
occurs! Also note that you must call a function with the exact same capitals
as in the function name.

JavaScript Function Example

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

If the line: alert("Hello world!!") in the example above had not been put
within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the line was
loaded. Now, the script is not executed before a user hits the input button.
The function displaymessage() will be executed if the input button is clicked.

You will learn more about JavaScript events in the JS Events chapter.

The return Statement

The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the
function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
The example below returns the product of two numbers (a and b):
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function product(a,b)
{
return a*b;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(product(4,3));
</script>
</body>
</html>

The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables

If you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only be accessed
within that function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed.
These variables are called local variables. You can have local variables with
the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the
function in which it is declared.
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page
can access it. The lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared,
and ends when the page is closed.

JavaScript For Loop

Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a

specified condition is true.

JavaScript Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and
over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script
we can use loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript, there are two different kind of loops:

for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is
true

The for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script
should run.
Syntax
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment)
{
code to be executed
}
Example
The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue
to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time
the loop runs.
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be
any comparing statement.
Example
<html>

Output of the Program

The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
Explanation:
This for loop starts with i=0.
As long as i is less than, or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.
i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.

JavaScript While Loop

Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a

specified condition is true.

The while Loop

The while loop loops through a block of code while a specified condition is
true.
Syntax
while (var<=endvalue)
{
code to be executed
}
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
Example
The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue
to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time
the loop runs:
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
while (i<=5)
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
i++;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Ouput of The Program

The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
Explanation:
i is equal to 0.

While i is less than , or equal to, 5, the loop will continue to run.
i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the
block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified
condition is true.
Syntax
do

{
code to be executed
}
while (var<=endvalue);
Example
The example below uses a do...while loop. The do...while loop will always be
executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the statements
are executed before the condition is tested:
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
do
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
i++;
}
while (i<=5);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output of the Program

The number is 0
The number is 1

The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
Explanation:
i equal to 0.
The loop will run
i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
While i is less than , or equal to, 5, the loop will continue to run.

JavaScript Break and Continue Statements

The break Statement

The break statement will break the loop and continue executing the code that
follows after the loop (if any).
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
break;
}
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output of the program

The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
Explanation: The loop will break when i=3.

The continue Statement

The continue statement will break the current loop and continue with the
next value.
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
continue;
}
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output Of the Program

The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
Explanation: The loop will break the current loop and continue with the next value when i=3.

JavaScript For...In Statement

The for...in statement loops through the elements of an array or through the
properties of an object.
Syntax
for (variable in object)
{
code to be executed
}
Note: The code in the body of the for...in loop is executed once for each
element/property.
Note: The variable argument can be a named variable, an array element, or
a property of an object.
Example
Use the for...in statement to loop through an array:
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x;
var mycars = new Array();
mycars[0] = "Saab";
mycars[1] = "Volvo";
mycars[2] = "BMW";
for (x in mycars)
{
document.write(mycars[x] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output Of the Program:-

Saab
Volvo
BMW
JavaScript Events
Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
Events
By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events
are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger a
JavaScript. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to
indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define
the events in the HTML tags.
Examples of events:

A mouse click
A web page or an image loading
Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
Selecting an input field in an HTML form
Submitting an HTML form
A keystroke

Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the
function will not be executed before the event occurs!
Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will
not be executed before the event occurs!

Event Handlers
New to HTML 4.0 was the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the
browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element.
Below is a list of the attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define
event actions.
FF: Firefox, IE: Internet Explorer
Attribute

The event occurs when...

FF IE

onabort

Loading of an image is interrupted

onblur

An element loses focus

onchange

The user changes the content of a field

onclick

Mouse clicks an object

ondblclick

Mouse double-clicks an object

onerror

An error occurs when loading a document or an image

onfocus

An element gets focus

onkeydown

A keyboard key is pressed

onkeypress

A keyboard key is pressed or held down

onkeyup

A keyboard key is released

onload

A page or an image is finished loading

onmousedown A mouse button is pressed

onmousemove The mouse is moved

onmouseout

onmouseover The mouse is moved over an element

onmouseup

A mouse button is released

onreset

The reset button is clicked

onresize

A window or frame is resized

onselect

Text is selected

onsubmit

The submit button is clicked

onunload

The user exits the page

The mouse is moved off an element

onLoad and onUnload

The onLoad and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or
leaves the page.
The onLoad event is often used to check the visitor's browser type and
browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the
information.
Both the onLoad and onUnload events are also often used to deal with
cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example,
you could have a popup asking for the user's name upon his first arrival to
your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives
at your page, you could have another popup saying something like:
"Welcome John Doe!".
onFocus, onBlur and onChange

The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination
with validation of form fields.
Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail()
function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field:
<input type="text" size="30" id="email" onchange="checkEmail()">

onSubmit
The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it.
Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm()
function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If
the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The
function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form
will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled:
<form method="post" action="xxx.htm" onsubmit="return
checkForm()">
onMouseOver and onMouseOut
onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create "animated" buttons.
Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when
an onMouseOver event is detected:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com" onmouseover="alert('An
onMouseOver event');return false"><img src="w3s.gif"
alt="W3Schools" /></a>

JavaScript Try...Catch Statement

The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors.
JavaScript - Catching Errors
When browsing Web pages on the internet, we all have seen a JavaScript
alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking "Do you wish to
debug?". Error message like this may be useful for developers but not for
users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page.

This chapter will teach you how to catch and handle JavaScript error
messages, so you don't lose your audience.

The try...catch Statement

The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors. The
try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code
to be executed if an error occurs.
Syntax
try
{
//Run some code here
}
catch(err)
{
//Handle errors here
}
Note that try...catch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters
will generate a JavaScript error!
Example 1
The example below is supposed to alert "Welcome guest!" when the button is
clicked. However, there's a typo in the message() function. alert() is
misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs. The catch block catches
the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a
custom error message informing the user what happened:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt=""
function message()
{
try
{
adddlert("Welcome guest!");
}
catch(err)
{
txt="There was an error on this page.\n\n";
txt+="Error description: " + err.description + "\n\n";

txt+="Click OK to continue.\n\n";
alert(txt);
}

}
</script>
</head>

Example 2
The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling
users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to
the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel,
and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code
does nothing:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt=""
function message()
{
try
{
adddlert("Welcome guest!");
}
catch(err)
{
txt="There was an error on this page.\n\n";
txt+="Click OK to continue viewing this page,\n";
txt+="or Cancel to return to the home page.\n\n";
if(!confirm(txt))
{
document.location.href="http://www.w3schools.com/";
}
}
}
</script>
</head>

The throw Statement

The throw statement can be used together with the try...catch statement, to
create an exception for the error. Learn about the throw statement in the
next chapter.

JavaScript Throw Statement

The throw statement allows you to create an exception.

The Throw Statement

The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this
statement together with the try...catch statement, you can control program
flow and generate accurate error messages.
Syntax
throw(exception)
The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean or an object.
Note that throw is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will
generate a JavaScript error!
Example
The example below determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of
x is higher than 10, lower than 0, or not a number, we are going to throw an
error. The error is then caught by the catch argument and the proper error
message is displayed:
Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x=prompt("Enter a number between 0 and 10:","");
try
{
if(x>10)
{
throw "Err1";
}
else if(x<0)
{
throw "Err2";
}
else if(isNaN(x))
{
throw "Err3";
}
}
catch(er)
{
if(er=="Err1")
{
alert("Error! The value is too high");
}
if(er=="Err2")
{
alert("Error! The value is too low");
}
if(er=="Err3")
{
alert("Error! The value is not a number");
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output of the program

Enter a number between 0 and 10, Otherwise it will show the
corresponding Errors.

JavaScript Special Characters

In JavaScript you can add special characters to a text string by using the
backslash sign.
Insert Special Characters
The backslash (\) is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other
special characters into a text string.
Look at the following JavaScript code:
var txt="We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";
document.write(txt);
In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double
quotes. This means that the string above will be chopped to: We are the socalled
To solve this problem, you must place a backslash (\) before each double
quote in "Viking". This turns each double quote into a string literal:
var txt="We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";
document.write(txt);
JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called
"Vikings" from the north.
Here is another example:
document.write ("You \& I are singing!");
The example above will produce the following output:
You & I are singing!
The table below lists other special characters that can be added to a text
string with the backslash sign :
Code

Outputs

single quote

double quote

ampersand

backslash

new line

carriage return

tab

backspace

form feed

JavaScript Guidelines
JavaScript is Case Sensitive
A function named "myfunction" is not the same as "myFunction" and a
variable named "myVar" is not the same as "myvar".
JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely
when you create or call variables, objects and functions.
White Space
JavaScript ignores extra spaces. You can add white space to your script
to make it more readable. The following lines are equivalent:
name="Hege";
name = "Hege";
Break up a Code Line
You can break up a code line within a text string with a backslash.
The example below will be displayed properly:
document.write("Hello \
World!");
However, you cannot break up a code line like this:
document.write \

("Hello World!");

JavaScript Objects Introduction

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language.
An OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make
your own variable types.
Object Oriented Programming
JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An
OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make your
own variable types.
However, creating your own objects will be explained later, in the
Advanced JavaScript section. We will start by looking at the built-in
JavaScript objects, and how they are used. The next pages will explain
each built-in JavaScript object in detail.
Note that an object is just a special kind of data. An object has
properties and methods.
Properties
Properties are the values associated with an object.
In the following example we are using the length property of the String
object to return the number of characters in a string:
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt="Hello World!";
document.write(txt.length);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:
12
Methods

Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects.

In the following example we are using the toUpperCase() method of
the String object to display a text in uppercase letters:
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Hello world!";
document.write(str.toUpperCase());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

HELLO WORLD!

How do we give style to the string?

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt="Hello World!";
document.write("<p>Big: " + txt.big() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Small: " + txt.small() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Bold: " + txt.bold() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Italic: " + txt.italics() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Blink: " + txt.blink() + " (does not work in IE, Chrome, or
Safari)</p>");
document.write("<p>Fixed: " + txt.fixed() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Strike: " + txt.strike() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Fontcolor: " + txt.fontcolor("Green") + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Fontsize: " + txt.fontsize(16) + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Lowercase: " + txt.toLowerCase() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Uppercase: " + txt.toUpperCase() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Subscript: " + txt.sub() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Superscript: " + txt.sup() + "</p>");
document.write("<p>Link: " + txt.link("http://www.w3schools.com") + "</p>");

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Big: Hello World!
Small: Hello World!
Bold: Hello World!
Italic: Hello World!
Blink: Hello World! (does not work in IE, Chrome, or Safari)
Fixed: Hello World!
Strike: Hello World!
Fontcolor: Hello World!

Fontsize:

Hello World!

Lowercase: hello world!

Uppercase: HELLO WORLD!
Subscript:

Hello World!

Superscript:

Hello World!

Link: Hello World!

How to use the indexOf() method to return the position of the first
occurrence of a specified string value in a string?
<html>
<body>

How to use the match() method to search for a specified string value within
a string and return the string value if found?
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Hello world!";
document.write(str.match("world") + "<br />");
document.write(str.match("World") + "<br />");
document.write(str.match("worlld") + "<br />");
document.write(str.match("world!"));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the program
world
null
null
world!

How to use the replace() method to replace some characters with some other
characters in a string.?
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Visit Microsoft!";
document.write(str.replace(/Microsoft/,"W3Schools"));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Visit W3Schools!

String object
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Examples of use:
The following example uses the length property of the String object to find
the length of a string:
var txt="Hello world!";
document.write(txt.length);
The code above will result in the following output:
12
The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the String object to
convert a string to uppercase letters:
var txt="Hello world!";
document.write(txt.toUpperCase());
The code above will result in the following output:

HELLO WORLD!

String Object Properties

FF: Firefox, IE: Internet Explorer
Property

Description

FF IE

constructor

A reference to the function that created the object

length

Returns the number of characters in a string

prototype

Allows you to add properties and methods to the object

String Object Methods

Method

Description

FF IE

anchor()

Creates an HTML anchor

big()

Displays a string in a big font

blink()

Displays a blinking string

bold()

Displays a string in bold

charAt()

Returns the character at a specified position

charCodeAt()

Returns the Unicode of the character at a specified position

concat()

Joins two or more strings

fixed()

Displays a string as teletype text

fontcolor()

Displays a string in a specified color

fontsize()

Displays a string in a specified size

fromCharCode()

Takes the specified Unicode values and returns a string

indexOf()

Returns the position of the first occurrence of a specified string value 1

in a string

italics()

Displays a string in italic

lastIndexOf()

Returns the position of the last occurrence of a specified string value, 1

searching backwards from the specified position in a string

link()

Displays a string as a hyperlink

match()

Searches for a specified value in a string

replace()

Replaces some characters with some other characters in a string

search()

Searches a string for a specified value

slice()

Extracts a part of a string and returns the extracted part in a new

string

small()

Displays a string in a small font

split()

Splits a string into an array of strings

strike()

Displays a string with a strikethrough

sub()

Displays a string as subscript

substr()

Extracts a specified number of characters in a string, from a start

index

substring()

Extracts the characters in a string between two specified indices

sup()

Displays a string as superscript

toLowerCase()

Displays a string in lowercase letters

toUpperCase()

Displays a string in uppercase letters

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a String object

Constructor
The constructor property is a reference to the function that created the
object.
Syntax
object.constructor

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var test=new Boolean();
if (test.constructor==Array)
{
document.write("This is an Array");
}
if (test.constructor==Boolean)
{
document.write("This is a Boolean");
}
if (test.constructor==Date)
{
document.write("This is a Date");
}
if (test.constructor==String)
{
document.write("This is a String");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
This is a Boolean

Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to an object.

Syntax
object.prototype.name=value

Example
In this example we will show how to use the prototype property to add a property to an object:

20000
STD

JavaScript anchor() Method

Definition and Usage
The anchor() method is used to create an HTML anchor.

Syntax
stringObject.anchor(anchorname)
Parameter

Description

anchorname

Required. Defines a name for the anchor

Example
In this example we will add an anchor to a text:

<a name="myanchor">Hello world!</a>

Output of the program

Hello world!
CharAt
The charAt() method returns the character at a specified position.

Syntax
stringObject.charAt(index)
Parameter

Description

index

Required. A number representing a position in the string

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Hello world!";
document.write("The first character is: " + str.charAt(0) + "<br />");
document.write("The second character is: " + str.charAt(1) + "<br />");
document.write("The third character is: " + str.charAt(2));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the following Program:-

The first character is: H

The second character is: e
The third character is: l
CharCodeAt()
The charCodeAt() method returns the Unicode of the character at a specified position.

Syntax
stringObject.charCodeAt(index)
Parameter

Description

index

Required. A number representing a position in the string

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Hello world!";
document.write("The Unicode for the first character is: " + str.charCodeAt(0) + "<br />");
document.write("The Unicode for the second character is: " + str.charCodeAt(1) + "<br>");
document.write("The Unicode for the third character is: " + str.charCodeAt(2));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the program:The Unicode for the first character is: 72
The Unicode for the second character is: 101
The Unicode for the third character is: 108

Concatenating:<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str1="Hello ";
var str2="world!";
document.write(str1.concat(str2));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program:

Hello world!

fromCharCode():The fromCharCode() takes the specified Unicode values and returns a string.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(String.fromCharCode(72,69,76,76,79));
document.write("<br />");
document.write(String.fromCharCode(65,66,67));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
HELLO
ABC

JavaScript lastIndexOf() Method

Definition and Usage
The lastIndexOf() method returns the position of the last occurrence of a
specified string value, searching backwards from the specified position in a
string.

Syntax
stringObject.lastIndexOf(searchvalue,fromindex)
Parameter

Description

Required. Specifies a string value to search for

fromindex

Optional. Specifies where to start the search. Starting backwards in the string

Tips and Notes

Note: The lastIndexOf() method is case sensitive!
Note: This method returns -1 if the string value to search for never occurs.

Example
In this example we will do different searches within a "Hello world!" string:

0
-1
6

Search():The search() method is used to search a string for a specified value.

This method supports regular expressions. You can learn about the RegExp object in our JavaScript
tutorial.

Syntax
stringObject.search(searchstring)
Parameter

Description

searchstring

Required. The value to search for in a string. To perform a case-insensitive

search add an 'i' flag

Tips and Notes

Note: search() is case sensitive.
Note: The search() method returns the position of the specified value in the string. If no match was
found it returns -1.

Example 1 - Standard Search

In the following example we will search for the word "W3Schools":

JavaScript slice() method

Definition and Usage
The slice() method extracts a part of a string and returns the extracted part in a new string.

Syntax
stringObject.slice(start,end)
Parameter

Description

start

Required. Specify where to start the selection. Must be a number. Starts at 0

end

Optional. Specify where to end the selection. Must be a number

Tips and Notes

Tip: You can use negative index numbers to select from the end of the string.
Note: If end is not specified, slice() selects all characters from the specified start position and to the
end of the string.

Example 1
In this example we will extract all characters from a string, starting at position 0:

Hello happy world!

Example 2
In this example we will extract all characters from a string, starting at position 6:

happy world!

Example 3
In this example we will extract only the first character from a string:

Example 4
In this example we will extract all the characters from position 6 to position 11:

happy

JavaScript split() Method

Definition and Usage
The split() method is used to split a string into an array of strings.

Syntax
stringObject.split(separator, howmany)
Parameter

Description

separator

Required. Specifies the character, regular expression, or substring that is used to

determine where to split the string

howmany

Optional. Specify how many times split should occur. Must be a numeric value

Tips and Notes

Note: If an empty string ("") is used as the separator, the string is split between each character.

Example
In this example we will split up a string in different ways:

How,are,you,doing,today?
H,o,w, ,a,r,e, ,y,o,u, ,d,o,i,n,g, ,t,o,d,a,y,?
How,are,you

JavaScript substr() Method

Definition and Usage

The substr() method extracts a specified number of characters in a string,

from a start index.

Syntax
stringObject.substr(start,length)
Parameter

Description

start

Required. Where to start the extraction. Must be a numeric value

length

Optional. How many characters to extract. Must be a numeric value.

Tips and Notes

Note: To extract characters from the end of the string, use a negative start number (This does not
work in IE).
Note: The start index starts at 0.
Note: If the length parameter is omitted, this method extracts to the end of the string.

Example 1
In this example we will use substr() to extract some characters from a string:

lo world!

Example 2
In this example we will use substr() to extract some characters from a string:

The output of the code above will be:

lo worl

JavaScript substring() Method

Definition and Usage
The substring() method extracts the characters in a string between two specified indices.

Syntax
stringObject.substring(start,stop)
Parameter

Description

start

Required. Where to start the extraction. Must be a numeric value

stop

Optional. Where to stop the extraction. Must be a numeric value

Tips and Notes

Note: The start index starts at 0.
Note: If the stop parameter is omitted, this method extracts to the end of the string.

Example 1
In this example we will use substring() to extract some characters from a string:

lo world!

Example 2

In this example we will use substring() to extract some characters from a string:

lo w

JavaScript toSource() Method

Definition and Usage
The toSource() method represents the source code of an object.

Syntax
object.toSource()

Tips and Notes

Note: This method does not work in Internet Explorer!

Example
In this example we will show how to use the toSource() method:

</script>
The output of the code above will be:

({name:"Fred Flintstone", jobtitle:"Caveman", born:1970})

JavaScript valueOf() Method

Definition and Usage
The valueOf() method returns the primitive value of a String object.
The primitive value is inherited by all objects descended from the String object.
The valueOf() method is usually called automatically by JavaScript behind the scenes and not
explicitly in code.

Syntax
stringObject.valueOf()

How to use the Date() method to get today's date?

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Date());
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Thu Aug 27 11:58:33 2009

Use getTime() to calculate the years since 1970.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var minutes = 1000*60;
var hours = minutes*60;
var days = hours*24;
var years = days*365;
var d = new Date();

var t = d.getTime();
var y = t/years;
document.write("It's been: " + y + " years since 1970/01/01!");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
It's been: 39.68162548255962 years since 1970/01/01!

How to use setFullYear() to set a specific date.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setFullYear(1992,10,3);
document.write(d);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Tue Nov 3 12:07:07 PST 1992

How to use toUTCString() to convert today's date (according to UTC) to a

string?
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
document.write (d.toUTCString());
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the program is
Thu, 27 Aug 2009 19:09:44 UTC

Use getDay() and an array to write a weekday, and not just a number.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date();
var weekday=new Array(7);
weekday[0]="Sunday";
weekday[1]="Monday";

weekday[2]="Tuesday";
weekday[3]="Wednesday";
weekday[4]="Thursday";
weekday[5]="Friday";
weekday[6]="Saturday";
document.write("Today it is " + weekday[d.getDay()]);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Today it is Thursday

How to display a clock on your web page?

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function startTime()
{
var today=new Date();
var h=today.getHours();
var m=today.getMinutes();
var s=today.getSeconds();
// add a zero in front of numbers<10
m=checkTime(m);
s=checkTime(s);
document.getElementById('txt').innerHTML=h+":"+m+":"+s;
t=setTimeout('startTime()',500);
}
function checkTime(i)
{
if (i<10)
{
i="0" + i;
}
return i;
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="startTime()">
<div id="txt"></div>
</body>
</html>

Output of the program:It will show the time which is continuously changing.

The getFullYear() method returns a four-digit number that represents a year.

Syntax
dateObject.getFullYear()

Tips and Notes

Note: This method is always used in conjunction with a Date object.

Example
In this example we get the current year and print it:

2009

Example 2
Here we will extract the year out of the specific date:

I was born in 1983

GetTimezoneOffset()
The getTimezoneOffset() method returns the difference in minutes between Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT) and local time.
For example, If your time zone is GMT+2, -120 will be returned.

Syntax
dateObject.getTimezoneOffset()

Tips and Notes

Note: The returned value of this method is not a constant, because of the practice of using Daylight
Saving Time.
Note: This method is always used in conjunction with a Date object.

Example
In the following example we get the difference in minutes between Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
and local time:

420

Example 2
Now we will convert the example above into GMT +/- hours:

The output of the code above will be:

The local time zone is: GMT -7

SetDate()
In this example we set the day of the current month to 15 with the setDate() method:

Sat Aug 15 12:33:57 PDT 2009

SetFullYear():Example 1
In this example we set the year to 1992 with the setFullYear() method:

Thu Aug 27 12:36:05 PDT 1992

Example 2
In this example we set the date to November 3, 1992 with the setFullYear() method:

The output of the code above will be:

Tue Nov 3 12:36:05 PST 1992

SetHour():Example 1
In this example we set the hour of the current time to 15, with the setHours() method:

Thu Aug 27 15:38:06 PDT 2009

Example 2
In this example we set the time to 15:35:01, with the setHours() method:

Thu Aug 27 15:35:01 PDT 2009

SetMilliseconds:In this example we set the milliseconds of the current time to 001, with the setMilliseconds()
method:

Thu Aug 27 12:39:54 PDT 2009

SetMinutes:In this example we set the minutes of the current time to 01, with the setMinutes() method:

Thu Aug 27 12:01:24 PDT 2009

SetMonth():<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date();
d.setMonth(0);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Tue Jan 27 12:45:44 PST 2009

Setseconds():<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setSeconds(1);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 12:46:01 PDT 2009

Settime ():<script type="text/javascript">

var d = new Date();
d.setTime(77771564221);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Mon Jun 19 05:12:44 UTC+0200 1972

Example
In this example we will subtract 77771564221 milliseconds from 1970/01/01 and display the new
date and time:

Sat Jul 15 22:47:15 UTC+0200 1967

SetUTCDate():<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setUTCDate(15);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Sat Aug 15 12:49:31 PDT 2009

SetUTCMonth():<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date();
d.setUTCMonth(0);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Tue Jan 27 11:50:47 PST 2009

SetUTCFullYear():<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setUTCFullYear(1992);
document.write(d);
</script>

The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 12:51:53 PDT 1992

Example 2
In this example we set the date to November 3, 1992 with the setUTCFullYear() method:

Tue Nov 3 11:51:53 PST 1992

SetUTCHours():<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setUTCHours(15);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 08:53:35 PDT 2009

Example 2
In this example we set the time to 15:35:01, with the setUTCHours() method:

Thu Aug 27 08:35:01 PDT 2009

SetUTCMinutes:-

Thu Aug 27 12:01:02 PDT 2009

SetUTCSeconds:<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setUTCSeconds(1);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 12:57:01 PDT 2009

SetUTCMilliseconds:<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setUTCMilliseconds(1);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 12:58:28 PDT 2009

setYear:<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
d.setYear(1891);
document.write(d);
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 12:59:18 PDT 1891

ToDateString:<script type="text/javascript">

var d = new Date();

document.write(d.toDateString());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu Aug 27 2009

Thu Jul 21 1983

ToGMTString:<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
document.write (d.toGMTString());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thu, 27 Aug 2009 20:01:52 UTC

Example 2
In the example below we will convert a specific date (according to GMT) to a string:

Thu, 21 Jul 1983 08:15:00 UTC

ToLocaleDateString():<script type="text/javascript">

var d = new Date();

document.write(d.toLocaleDateString());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thursday, August 27, 2009

Example 2
In the example below we will convert a specific date (according to local time) to a string:

Thursday, July 21, 1983

ToLocaleTimeString():In the example below we will convert today's date (according to local time) to a string, and return
the time portion:

1:05:02 PM

Example 2
In the example below we will convert a specific date (according to local time) to a string, and return
the time portion:

The output of the code above will be:

1:15:00 AM

ToLocaleString:<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date();
document.write(d.toLocaleString());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

Thursday, August 27, 2009 1:06:32 PM

Example 2
In the example below we will convert a specific date (according to local time) to a string:

Thursday, July 21, 1983 1:15:00 AM

Method

Description

FF IE

Date()

Returns today's date and time

getDate()

Returns the day of the month from a Date object (from 1-31)

getDay()

Returns the day of the week from a Date object (from 0-6)

getFullYear()

Returns the year, as a four-digit number, from a Date object

getHours()

Returns the hour of a Date object (from 0-23)

getMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds of a Date object (from 0-999)

getMinutes()

Returns the minutes of a Date object (from 0-59)

getMonth()

Returns the month from a Date object (from 0-11)

getSeconds()

Returns the seconds of a Date object (from 0-59)

getTime()

Returns the number of milliseconds since midnight Jan 1, 1970

getTimezoneOffset()

Returns the difference in minutes between local time and

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

getUTCDate()

Returns the day of the month from a Date object according to

universal time (from 1-31)

getUTCDay()

Returns the day of the week from a Date object according to

universal time (from 0-6)

getUTCMonth()

Returns the month from a Date object according to universal time 1

(from 0-11)

getUTCFullYear()

Returns the four-digit year from a Date object according to

universal time

getUTCHours()

Returns the hour of a Date object according to universal time

(from 0-23)

getUTCMinutes()

Returns the minutes of a Date object according to universal time 1

(from 0-59)

getUTCSeconds()

Returns the seconds of a Date object according to universal time 1

(from 0-59)

getUTCMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds of a Date object according to universal

time (from 0-999)

getYear()

Returns the year, as a two-digit or a three/four-digit number,

depending on the browser. Use getFullYear() instead !!

parse()

Takes a date string and returns the number of milliseconds since 1

midnight of January 1, 1970

setDate()

Sets the day of the month in a Date object (from 1-31)

setFullYear()

Sets the year in a Date object (four digits)

setHours()

Sets the hour in a Date object (from 0-23)

setMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds in a Date object (from 0-999)

setMinutes()

Set the minutes in a Date object (from 0-59)

setMonth()

Sets the month in a Date object (from 0-11)

setSeconds()

Sets the seconds in a Date object (from 0-59)

setTime()

Calculates a date and time by adding or subtracting a specified

number of milliseconds to/from midnight January 1, 1970

setUTCDate()

Sets the day of the month in a Date object according to universal 1

time (from 1-31)

setUTCMonth()

Sets the month in a Date object according to universal time (from 1

0-11)

setUTCFullYear()

Sets the year in a Date object according to universal time (four

digits)

setUTCHours()

Sets the hour in a Date object according to universal time (from

0-23)

setUTCMinutes()

Set the minutes in a Date object according to universal time

(from 0-59)

setUTCSeconds()

Set the seconds in a Date object according to universal time

(from 0-59)

setUTCMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds in a Date object according to universal time 1

(from 0-999)

setYear()

Sets the year in the Date object (two or four digits). Use
setFullYear() instead !!

toDateString()

Returns the date portion of a Date object in readable form

toGMTString()

Converts a Date object, according to Greenwich time, to a string. 1

Use toUTCString() instead !!

toLocaleDateString()

Converts a Date object, according to local time, to a string and

returns the date portion

toLocaleTimeString()

Converts a Date object, according to local time, to a string and

returns the time portion

toLocaleString()

Converts a Date object, according to local time, to a string

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

toString()

Converts a Date object to a string

toTimeString()

Returns the time portion of a Date object in readable form

toUTCString()

Converts a Date object, according to universal time, to a string

UTC()

Takes a date and returns the number of milliseconds since

midnight of January 1, 1970 according to universal time

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a Date object

What is an Array?
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value, at a time.
If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables
could look like this:

cars1="Saab";
cars2="Volvo";
cars3="BMW";
However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not
3 cars, but 300?
The best solution here is to use an array!
An array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the values by
referring to the array name.
Each element in the array has its own ID so that it can be easily accessed.

Create an Array
The following code creates an Array object called myCars:

var myCars=new Array();

There are two ways of adding values to an array (you can add as many values as you need to define
as many variables you require).
1:

var myCars=new Array();

myCars[0]="Saab";

myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
You could also pass an integer argument to control the array's size:

var myCars=new Array(3);

myCars[0]="Saab";
myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
2:

var myCars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW");

Note: If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array then the type of variables will be
numeric or Boolean instead of string.

Access an Array
You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the array and the index
number. The index number starts at 0.
The following code line:

document.write(myCars[0]);
will result in the following output:

Saab

Modify Values in an Array

To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the array with a specified index
number:

myCars[0]="Opel";
Now, the following code line:

document.write(myCars[0]);
will result in the following output:

Opel

Join two array:- Two arrays are joined by the use of concat function
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array(3);
arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Tove";
arr[2] = "Hege";
var arr2 = new Array(3);
arr2[0] = "John";
arr2[1] = "Andy";
arr2[2] = "Wendy";
document.write(arr.concat(arr2));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Jani,Tove,Hege,John,Andy,Wendy

How to use the join() method to put all the elements of an array into a string.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array(3);
arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Hege";
arr[2] = "Stale";
document.write(arr.join() + "<br />");
document.write(arr.join("."));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program
Jani,Hege,Stale
Jani.Hege.Stale
How to use the sort() method to sort a literal array.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var arr = new Array(6);

arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Hege";
arr[2] = "Stale";
arr[3] = "Kai Jim";
arr[4] = "Borge";
arr[5] = "Tove";
document.write(arr + "<br />");
document.write(arr.sort());
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the program
Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge,Tove
Borge,Hege,Jani,Kai Jim,Stale,Tove
POP() Method:- is used to remove one element
In this example we will create an array, and then remove the last element of the array. Note that
this will also change the length of the array:

Jani,Hege,Stale
Stale
Jani,Hege

Push Method():- To add one or more elements to the beginning of an array, use the unshift()
method.

Example
In this example we will create an array, and then change the length of it by adding a element:

Jani,Hege,Stale
4
Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim

Reverse() method:- The reverse() method changes the original

array.
Example
In this example we will create an array, and then reverse the order of it:

Jani,Hege,Stale
Stale,Hege,Jani

Shift() :-To remove and return the last element of an array, use the
pop() method.

Example
In this example we will create an array, and then remove the first element of the array. Note that
this will also change the length of the array:

Jani,Hege,Stale
Jani
Hege,Stale

Slice() Method :- The slice() method returns selected elements from an existing array.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array(6);
arr[0] = "Jani";
arr[1] = "Hege";
arr[2] = "Stale";
arr[3] = "Kai Jim";
arr[4] = "Borge";
arr[5] = "Tove";
document.write(arr + "<br />");
document.write(arr.slice(0,1) + "<br />");
document.write(arr.slice(2,4) + "<br />");
document.write(arr);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program:Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge,Tove
Jani

Stale,Kai Jim
Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge,Tove

Sort() Method :- The sort() method will sort the elements alphabetically by default. However,
this means that numbers will not be sorted correctly (40 comes before 5). To sort numbers, you
must create a function that compare numbers.
Note: After using the sort() method, the array is changed.

Example 1
In this example we will create an array and sort it alphabetically:

Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge,Tove
Borge,Hege,Jani,Kai Jim,Stale,Tove

Example 2
In this example we will create an array containing numbers and sort it:

document.write(arr + "<br />");

document.write(arr.sort());
</script>
The output of the code above will be:

10,5,40,25,1000,1
1,10,1000,25,40,5
Note that the numbers above are NOT sorted correctly (by numeric value). To solve this
problem, we must add a function that handles this problem:

10,5,40,25,1000,1
1,5,10,25,40,1000

Splice():- The splice() method is used to remove and add new

elements to an array.

Syntax
arrayObject.splice(index,howmany,element1,.....,elementX)
Parameter

Description

index

Required. Specify where to add/remove elements. Must be a number

howmany

Required Specify how many elements should be removed. Must be a number, but

can be "0"
element1

Optional. Specify a new element to add to the array

elementX

Optional. Several elements can be added

Example 1
In this example we will create an array and add an element to it:

Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge
Jani,Hege,Lene,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge

Example 2
In this example we will remove the element at index 2 ("Stale"), and add a new element ("Tove")
there instead:

Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge
Jani,Hege,Tove,Kai Jim,Borge

Example 3
In this example we will remove three elements starting at index 2 ("Stale"), and add a new element
("Tove") there instead:

Jani,Hege,Stale,Kai Jim,Borge
Jani,Hege,Tove

Unshift() Method:- The unshift() method adds one or more elements to the beginning of
an array and returns the new length.

Syntax
arrayObject.unshift(newelement1,newelement2,....,newelementX)
Parameter

Description

newelement1

Required. The first element to add to the array

newelement2

Optional. The second element to add to the array

newelementX

Optional. Several elements may be added

Tips and Notes

Note: This method changes the length of the array.
Note: The unshift() method does not work properly in Internet Explorer!

Tip: To add one or more elements to the end of an array, use the push() method.

Example
In this example we will create an array, add an element to the beginning of the array and then
return the new length:

Jani,Hege,Stale
4
Kai Jim,Jani,Hege,Stale

Array Object Methods

Method

Description

FF IE

concat()

Joins two or more arrays and returns the result

join()

Puts all the elements of an array into a string. The elements are
separated by a specified delimiter

pop()

Removes and returns the last element of an array

5.5

push()

Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new
length

5.5

reverse()

Reverses the order of the elements in an array

shift()

Removes and returns the first element of an array

5.5

slice()

Returns selected elements from an existing array

sort()

Sorts the elements of an array

splice()

Removes and adds new elements to an array

5.5

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

toString()

Converts an array to a string and returns the result

unshift()

Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and returns the 1
new length

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of an Array object

Create a Boolean Object

The Boolean object represents two values: "true" or "false".
The following code creates a Boolean object called myBoolean:

var myBoolean=new Boolean();

Note: If the Boolean object has no initial value or if it is 0, -0, null, "", false, undefined, or NaN, the
object is set to false. Otherwise it is true (even with the string "false")!
All the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of false:

var
var
var
var
var
var

myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new

Boolean();
Boolean(0);
Boolean(null);
Boolean("");
Boolean(false);
Boolean(NaN);

And all the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of true:

var
var
var
var

myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new
myBoolean=new

Boolean(true);
Boolean("true");
Boolean("false");
Boolean("Richard");

Round( ):- How to use the Round function

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Math.round(0.60) + "<br />");
document.write(Math.round(0.50) + "<br />");
document.write(Math.round(0.49) + "<br />");
document.write(Math.round(-4.40) + "<br />");
document.write(Math.round(-4.60));
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output of the Program:1 , 1 , 0 , -4 , -5

Random() :-How to use random() to return a random number between 0 and 1.

The Math Object

The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks.
Syntax for using properties/methods of Math:

var pi_value=Math.PI; var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16);

Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math can be called by using Math as
an object without creating it.

Math Object Properties

FF: Firefox, IE: Internet Explorer
Property

Description

FF IE

Returns Euler's constant (approx. 2.718)

LN2

Returns the natural logarithm of 2 (approx. 0.693)

LN10

Returns the natural logarithm of 10 (approx. 2.302)

LOG2E

Returns the base-2 logarithm of E (approx. 1.442)

LOG10E

Returns the base-10 logarithm of E (approx. 0.434)

Returns PI (approx. 3.14159)

SQRT1_2

Returns the square root of 1/2 (approx. 0.707)

SQRT2

Returns the square root of 2 (approx. 1.414)

Math Object Methods

Method

Description

FF IE

abs(x)

Returns the absolute value of a number

acos(x)

Returns the arccosine of a number

asin(x)

Returns the arcsine of a number

atan(x)

Returns the arctangent of x as a numeric value between -PI/2 and PI/2

radians

atan2(y,x)

Returns the angle theta of an (x,y) point as a numeric value between -PI 1
and PI radians

ceil(x)

Returns the value of a number rounded upwards to the nearest integer

cos(x)

Returns the cosine of a number

exp(x)

Returns the value of E

floor(x)

Returns the value of a number rounded downwards to the nearest

integer

log(x)

Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number

max(x,y)

Returns the number with the highest value of x and y

min(x,y)

Returns the number with the lowest value of x and y

pow(x,y)

Returns the value of x to the power of y

random()

Returns a random number between 0 and 1

round(x)

Rounds a number to the nearest integer

sin(x)

Returns the sine of a number

sqrt(x)

Returns the square root of a number

tan(x)

Returns the tangent of an angle

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a Math object

Math Object
The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks.
The Math object includes several mathematical constants and methods.
Syntax for using properties/methods of Math:

var pi_value=Math.PI;
var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16);
Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math can be called by using Math as
an object without creating it.

Mathematical Constants
JavaScript provides eight mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object. These
are: E, PI, square root of 2, square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of 10, base-2 log of E,
and base-10 log of E.
You may reference these constants from your JavaScript like this:

Math.E
Math.PI
Math.SQRT2
Math.SQRT1_2
Math.LN2
Math.LN10
Math.LOG2E
Math.LOG10E

Mathematical Methods
In addition to the mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object there are also
several methods available.
The following example uses the round() method of the Math object to round a number to the
nearest integer:

document.write(Math.round(4.7));
The code above will result in the following output:

5
The following example uses the random() method of the Math object to return a random number
between 0 and 1:

document.write(Math.random());
The code above can result in the following output:

0.40387035318835657
The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of the Math object to return a
random number between 0 and 10:

document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11));
The code above can result in the following output:

All the mathematical functions are use like as shown above.

Regular Expression:- When you search in a text, you can use a pattern to describe
what you are searching for. RegExp IS this pattern.
A simple pattern can be a single character.
A more complicated pattern consists of more characters, and can be used for
parsing, format checking, substitution and more.
You can specify where in the string to search, what type of characters to search for,
and more

Defining RegExp
The RegExp object is used to store the search pattern.
We define a RegExp object with the new keyword. The following code line defines a RegExp object
called patt1 with the pattern "e":

var patt1=new RegExp("e");

When you use this RegExp object to search in a string, you will find the letter "e".

Methods of the RegExp Object

The RegExp Object has 3 methods: test(), exec(), and compile().

test()
The test() method searches a string for a specified value. Returns true or false

Example
var patt1=new RegExp("e");
document.write(patt1.test("The best things in life are free"));
Since there is an "e" in the string, the output of the code above will be:

true

exec()

The exec() method searches a string for a specified value. Returns the text of the found value. If no
match is found, it returns null

Example 1
var patt1=new RegExp("e");
document.write(patt1.exec("The best things in life are free"));
Since there is an "e" in the string, the output of the code above will be:

e
You can add a second parameter to the RegExp object, to specify your search. For example; if you
want to find all occurrences of a character, you can use the "g" parameter ("global").
When using the "g" parameter, the exec() method works like this:

Finds the first occurence of "e", and stores its position

If you run exec() again, it starts at the stored position, and finds the next occurence of "e",
and stores its position

Example 2
var patt1=new RegExp("e","g");
do
{
result=patt1.exec("The best things in life are free");
document.write(result);
}
while (result!=null)
Since there is six "e" letters in the string, the output of the code above will be:

eeeeeenull

compile()
The compile() method is used to change the RegExp.
compile() can change both the search pattern, and add or remove the second parameter.

Example
var patt1=new RegExp("e");
document.write(patt1.test("The best things in life are free"));
patt1.compile("d");
document.write(patt1.test("The best things in life are free"));

Since there is an "e" in the string, but not a "d", the output of the code above will be:

truefalse

Javascript W3schools
100% (1)
Javascript W3schools
190 pages
4th Eye Activation.-Corect Maual PDF
100% (4)
4th Eye Activation.-Corect Maual PDF
13 pages
Javascript: What You Should Already Know
No ratings yet
Javascript: What You Should Already Know
6 pages
BCA212 - Unit 4
No ratings yet
BCA212 - Unit 4
23 pages
JavaScript Last Final
No ratings yet
JavaScript Last Final
30 pages
What You Should Already Know
No ratings yet
What You Should Already Know
23 pages
Csci04 Lec
No ratings yet
Csci04 Lec
12 pages
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know
No ratings yet
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know
54 pages
Lecture7 - Javascript
No ratings yet
Lecture7 - Javascript
208 pages
Java Script Class 1
No ratings yet
Java Script Class 1
90 pages
Javascript Tutorial: Contributed by Bogdan V Friday, 01 September 2006 Last Updated Wednesday, 04 July 2007
No ratings yet
Javascript Tutorial: Contributed by Bogdan V Friday, 01 September 2006 Last Updated Wednesday, 04 July 2007
67 pages
A. Introduction To Javascript
No ratings yet
A. Introduction To Javascript
5 pages
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know What Is Javascript?
No ratings yet
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know What Is Javascript?
5 pages
Javascript
100% (5)
Javascript
75 pages
Introduction To Javascript What Is Javascript?
No ratings yet
Introduction To Javascript What Is Javascript?
30 pages
Chapter 6 - JAVASCRIPT - Hamid
No ratings yet
Chapter 6 - JAVASCRIPT - Hamid
55 pages
What Is Javascript?
No ratings yet
What Is Javascript?
13 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
52 pages
1 Introduction
No ratings yet
1 Introduction
19 pages
Unit I - JavaScriptTutorial
No ratings yet
Unit I - JavaScriptTutorial
41 pages
Javascript Note by Vikas Kadakkal
100% (1)
Javascript Note by Vikas Kadakkal
66 pages
Javascript
No ratings yet
Javascript
14 pages
1st and 2nd Class Notes
No ratings yet
1st and 2nd Class Notes
38 pages
Javascript Notes
No ratings yet
Javascript Notes
108 pages
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know
No ratings yet
Introduction To Javascript: What You Should Already Know
34 pages
JS Notes
No ratings yet
JS Notes
66 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
32 pages
Unit 4 Javascript
No ratings yet
Unit 4 Javascript
140 pages
Javascript
No ratings yet
Javascript
11 pages
JAVASCRIPT
No ratings yet
JAVASCRIPT
21 pages
JavaScript v1
No ratings yet
JavaScript v1
24 pages
Javascript: Marian C. de Luna Instructor
No ratings yet
Javascript: Marian C. de Luna Instructor
18 pages
3 - Javascript Notes
No ratings yet
3 - Javascript Notes
174 pages
JavaScript W3school
No ratings yet
JavaScript W3school
131 pages
JavaScript Notes PDF
67% (3)
JavaScript Notes PDF
19 pages
chap 4 Javascript
No ratings yet
chap 4 Javascript
112 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
46 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
34 pages
Javascript Intro
No ratings yet
Javascript Intro
17 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
101 pages
Unit-2 FSD
No ratings yet
Unit-2 FSD
44 pages
Javascript Note
No ratings yet
Javascript Note
81 pages
Js Sandeep
100% (1)
Js Sandeep
248 pages
JavaScript Tutorial
No ratings yet
JavaScript Tutorial
366 pages
5.-JavaScript (1)
No ratings yet
5.-JavaScript (1)
24 pages
Lecture 5
No ratings yet
Lecture 5
58 pages
Unit 5 - JavaScript
No ratings yet
Unit 5 - JavaScript
37 pages
Chapter 3 (Java Script)-1
No ratings yet
Chapter 3 (Java Script)-1
33 pages
Java Script
No ratings yet
Java Script
61 pages
Javascript W 3 S
No ratings yet
Javascript W 3 S
459 pages
Module -V
No ratings yet
Module -V
38 pages
Unit III
No ratings yet
Unit III
70 pages
Chap-4 Javascript Final
No ratings yet
Chap-4 Javascript Final
16 pages
Javascript
No ratings yet
Javascript
37 pages
Javascript Notes - Web App - Xii-1
No ratings yet
Javascript Notes - Web App - Xii-1
35 pages
javascript_quick_guide
No ratings yet
javascript_quick_guide
98 pages
Javascript Lesson
No ratings yet
Javascript Lesson
15 pages
JavaScript Fundamentals: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers
From Everand
JavaScript Fundamentals: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers
Steven Bright
No ratings yet
JavaScript Fundamentals: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers
From Everand
JavaScript Fundamentals: JavaScript Syntax, What JavaScript is Use for in Website Development, JavaScript Variable, Strings, Popup Boxes, JavaScript Objects, Function, and Event Handlers
Steven Bright
No ratings yet
Four Programming Languages Creating a Complete Website Scraper Application
From Everand
Four Programming Languages Creating a Complete Website Scraper Application
Stephen J Link
No ratings yet
James Learning Javascript Programming
From Everand
James Learning Javascript Programming
James Lombard
No ratings yet
Spring MVC Final Best
No ratings yet
Spring MVC Final Best
28 pages
8085 Assembly Language Programs & Explanations 1.
92% (119)
8085 Assembly Language Programs & Explanations 1.
27 pages
Filip Flops
No ratings yet
Filip Flops
4 pages
Bca Syllabus
No ratings yet
Bca Syllabus
38 pages
Northern India Engineering College, Delhi: Department of Information Technology
No ratings yet
Northern India Engineering College, Delhi: Department of Information Technology
1 page
Ubuntu Admin Manual PDF
No ratings yet
Ubuntu Admin Manual PDF
17 pages
De Lab Manual
No ratings yet
De Lab Manual
0 pages
Apache Hadoop Developer Training PDF
100% (1)
Apache Hadoop Developer Training PDF
397 pages
Afshaan Khan: Systems Domain
No ratings yet
Afshaan Khan: Systems Domain
1 page
Servlets Notes
100% (1)
Servlets Notes
35 pages
34 Servlets
No ratings yet
34 Servlets
26 pages
Modular Programming: Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
No ratings yet
Modular Programming: Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
71 pages
String Functions / Operations in C
No ratings yet
String Functions / Operations in C
20 pages
Introduction To C Programming
100% (1)
Introduction To C Programming
36 pages
t13APointersIntroduction Pps
No ratings yet
t13APointersIntroduction Pps
12 pages
Sorting in O (N) Time: Data Structures Section 10.4
No ratings yet
Sorting in O (N) Time: Data Structures Section 10.4
24 pages
t15BStructuresFunctionsAndArrays Pps
No ratings yet
t15BStructuresFunctionsAndArrays Pps
14 pages
In A Standard C Program The Compiler Allocates A Memory For All Variables at The Compilation Time This Is Also Known As The Static Memory
No ratings yet
In A Standard C Program The Compiler Allocates A Memory For All Variables at The Compilation Time This Is Also Known As The Static Memory
1 page
t14ACharactersAndStringVariables Pps
No ratings yet
t14ACharactersAndStringVariables Pps
8 pages
t11CArraysMultiDimensional Pps
No ratings yet
t11CArraysMultiDimensional Pps
6 pages
t13BPointersPassByReference Pps
No ratings yet
t13BPointersPassByReference Pps
8 pages
Sirpi_Balasubramaniam
No ratings yet
Sirpi_Balasubramaniam
3 pages
Anurag TQM
No ratings yet
Anurag TQM
6 pages
Proposal Manaqib Blandongan
No ratings yet
Proposal Manaqib Blandongan
10 pages
Morphology of Flowering Plant
No ratings yet
Morphology of Flowering Plant
117 pages
Hyundai Ioniq 6 Certification
No ratings yet
Hyundai Ioniq 6 Certification
30 pages
British Council Advantage 2023 24
0% (1)
British Council Advantage 2023 24
7 pages
Deloitte Chemicals 4.0 G.wehberg
No ratings yet
Deloitte Chemicals 4.0 G.wehberg
44 pages
The Unicorn in The Garden - Moral
100% (1)
The Unicorn in The Garden - Moral
1 page
Ballad
No ratings yet
Ballad
9 pages
Engleske Fraze Sa Prevodom PDF
No ratings yet
Engleske Fraze Sa Prevodom PDF
35 pages
Egg Cleansing
100% (5)
Egg Cleansing
4 pages
Tender 0 buycon43.BKPL - Barauni
No ratings yet
Tender 0 buycon43.BKPL - Barauni
105 pages
Pengaruh Proses Politik Sebelum Selama Dan Sesudah
No ratings yet
Pengaruh Proses Politik Sebelum Selama Dan Sesudah
15 pages
The Executioner Workout
No ratings yet
The Executioner Workout
4 pages
Documentupload - 254download Full Ebook of Organization Change Theory and Practice 6Th Edition W Warner Burke Online PDF All Chapter
100% (8)
Documentupload - 254download Full Ebook of Organization Change Theory and Practice 6Th Edition W Warner Burke Online PDF All Chapter
69 pages
diffusion of innovation
No ratings yet
diffusion of innovation
4 pages
Factors Influencing Work-Life-Balance of Women Professionals in It Industry-A Study in Tamilnadu, India
No ratings yet
Factors Influencing Work-Life-Balance of Women Professionals in It Industry-A Study in Tamilnadu, India
8 pages
Name: Student ID: DOB: . (X Month) Tittle: No. Name - Student ID - (Ex: 02. Dang Quynh Anh - 11204255 - )
No ratings yet
Name: Student ID: DOB: . (X Month) Tittle: No. Name - Student ID - (Ex: 02. Dang Quynh Anh - 11204255 - )
2 pages
Buddhism and Quantum Physics
100% (1)
Buddhism and Quantum Physics
11 pages
Control System Engineering
No ratings yet
Control System Engineering
4 pages
Impromptu Starter Kit
No ratings yet
Impromptu Starter Kit
26 pages
Bhangarh Trek
No ratings yet
Bhangarh Trek
11 pages
Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future 1st Edition Leonardo Sepúlveda Torre - Download the ebook now and own the full detailed content
100% (1)
Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future 1st Edition Leonardo Sepúlveda Torre - Download the ebook now and own the full detailed content
64 pages
Surpac Macro Manual
50% (2)
Surpac Macro Manual
2 pages
A Study On Customer Relationship Management (CRM) of Honda Two Wheeler in Erode District
No ratings yet
A Study On Customer Relationship Management (CRM) of Honda Two Wheeler in Erode District
14 pages
aggresive periodontitis
No ratings yet
aggresive periodontitis
38 pages
B.E. Civil Engineering Semester: VII Subject Name: Construction Management & Equipment Subject Code: (CV 702) A. Learning Objectives
No ratings yet
B.E. Civil Engineering Semester: VII Subject Name: Construction Management & Equipment Subject Code: (CV 702) A. Learning Objectives
5 pages
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (Effective SY: 2014 - 2015)
No ratings yet
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (Effective SY: 2014 - 2015)
6 pages
B07M9ZKQ6L Pino Empieza La Batalla PDF
No ratings yet
B07M9ZKQ6L Pino Empieza La Batalla PDF
2 pages