KIET/EN/CONTROLSYSTEM/01

PRACTICAL MANUAL

Control System Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
To study the Linear System Simulator

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EXPERIMENT: - 1
OBJECT: - To study the Linear System Simulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental Kit having following components
1. Error detector with gain.
2. Integrators.
3. Time constant.
4. The disturbance.
5. Amplifiers
6. Signal source (i) square wave. (ii) Triangular wave (iii) Sine wave. (iv) Trigger
7 CRO
THEORY: A) Time response of a first order system
Time response of a first order control system subjected to unit impulse input function
The output for the system is expressed as
1

C(s) = R(s)x sT 1
As the input to the system is a unit impulse function, its Laplace transform is 1,i.e. R(s)
=1,therefore, substituting in equation
1

C(s) = 1. s T 1
Taking inverse laplace transfer on both side of equation
1

-1C(s)= -1 s T 1

-1

C(s)=
c(t) =

-1

1/ T
1
s
T

1 -t/T
e
T

The time response in relation to equation is shown. Laplace transforms function and
corresponding time response of a first order control system subjected to these input function is
given.
It is observed that step function is the first derivative of the ramp function and impulse function is
first derivative of a step function. From the derived time response expression it is concluded that
the output time response also follows the sequence as that of input functions.
B) Time response of a second order control system: A second order control system is one
wherein the highest power of s in the denominator of its transfer function equals 2.
A general expression for the transfer function of a control system given by

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The parameter and n will be explained later. The block diagram representation of the transfer
function given by above equation is shown in fig.
(i)
Time response of a second order control system subjected to unit step input
function:
The output for the system is given by

As the input is a unit step function

r(t) =1 and
Therefore substituting in equation

R(s) =1/s

In equation rewriting the term (S2 +2ns+n2)

As (s +n)2+n2(1-2) and breaking R.H.S. in to partial fractions

Taking inverse Laplace transfer on both sides of equation

Therefore

Time constant: Next to integrator these blocks simulates type 0, system and its transfer function
is in the form of -K1/ (sT+1). The next time constant block is similar to the first except it has one
other input x10, which result in 10 times higher gains necessary to form second order system
order system simulating .It transfer function is in the form of K2/(sT+1).

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PROCEDURE:a) First order close loop system: Two types of first order system can be configured as shown in
fig.1 Make connection as shown and follows.
1. Apply 1 Vpp 40 Hz square wave signal to the input and note the response curve on tracing
papers setting gains at 1,2,3 and so on.
2. Calculate the time constant (for type 0 system) in each case and verify the result from
theoretical as given before.
3. Calculate the steady state error from above cases.
4. In case of type 1, system particularly it is difficult to find out the steady state error.
Switch CRO to XY mode and connect its X input with the triangular wave input, keeping
triangular output equal to square.
5. Write the result from the experiment and compare it with the theory.
There may some imperfection since there is a tolerance between practical and theory.
b) The second order system: Connect the circuit in proper manner and proceed as follows.
1. Apply 1 Vpp 40Hz square wave signal to the input and trace the output waveforms for
different setting of error gain K upon paper.
2. From the trace find out the value of td, tr, tp, Mp, ts and ess. Calculate the theoretical values
and compare it with practical results.
3. In case of type- 1, system use XY mode stated as before for ess evaluations.
For type one system start K from 10.0 and than decrease it for type 0, start from lower side setting
and then increase.
Disturbance rejection:Other apparatus required, low freq.
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.2
2. Feed low frequency sine wave signal (20 Hz) of 1Vpp at input of error detector. Observe
the effect of disturbance upon the system.
3. Disconnect the sine wave signal from the input and connect it with output disturbance
adder. Observe the effect.
It is observed that when the disturbance signal added at input it becomes added at output
the error detector rejects it effectively.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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CALCULATION:RESULT:PRECAUTIONS:1) Read operating manual before working on the kit.

2) Check the connection before switching power supply.
3) Dont change the connection without switching off the supply of the experiment kit.
4) Draw the traces from CRO properly.
5) Keep the connecting lead and ancillary equipment at proper.
VIVA QUESTIONS:1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

What do you mean by Linear System simulator?

What is the difference between Open Loop and Closed Loop system?
Differentiate the type and order of systems.
Give an example of a close loop system.
Explain damping ratio and damping frequency.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:Linear System Simulator is used for time Domain studies of the Open Loop and Closed Loop
performance of 1st order and 2nd order systems of Type-0 and Type-I.
It is also used for low frequency, square, triangular and sine wave generators.

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