Hvac
Hvac
Hvac
This article is about heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; HVAC may also stand for high-voltage alternating current.
Climate control redirects here. For eorts to reduce
changes to Earths climate, see Climate change mitigation.
HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also
1 Overview
The three central functions of heating, ventilation,
and air-conditioning are interrelated, especially with
the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can provide
ventilation, reduce air inltration, and maintain pressure
relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery
and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution.[3]
Ventilation duct with outlet vent. These are installed throughout
a building to move air in or out of a room.
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)[1] is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.
Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles
of thermodynamics, uid mechanics, and heat transfer.
Refrigeration is sometimes added to the elds abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as
in HACR (such as the designation of HACR-rated circuit
breakers).
1.2
3 HEATING
District networks
3.1 Generation
History
Distribution
3
3.2.1
Water / steam
4 Ventilation
Main article: Ventilation (architecture)
Air
3.3
Dangers
Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors
in the design of such systems include the ow rate (which
is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and
Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be noise level. Direct drive fans are available for many aplethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, plications, and can reduce maintenance needs.
at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure in- Ceiling fans and table/oor fans circulate air within a
duces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Car- room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperabon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, form- ture by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin
ing carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the bloods ability to of the occupants. Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may
transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associ- be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulatated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascu- ing the warm stratied air from the ceiling to the oor.
lar and neurobehavioral eects. Carbon monoxide can
cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can
also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monox- 4.2 Natural ventilation
ide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance,
and continuous performance. It can also aect time Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with
outside air without using fans or other mechanical sysdiscrimination.[14]
AIR CONDITIONING
cold, inuenza and meningitis. Opening doors, windows, and using ceiling fans are all ways to maximize
natural ventilation and reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and
is inexpensive.[18]
5 Air conditioning
Main article: Air conditioning
An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and humidity control for all
or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often
have sealed windows, because open windows would work
against the system intended to maintain constant indoor
air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into
Ventilation on the downdraught system, by impulsion, or the
the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger sec'plenum' principle, applied to schoolrooms (1899)
tion, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated
tems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air
vents when spaces are small and the architecture permits. intake is about 10%.
In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through
ow out high building openings to the outside (stack ef- the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through
fect), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low build- radiation, convection, or conduction. Refrigeration coning openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very duction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are
little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. referred to as refrigerants. A refrigerant is employed eiIn warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort ther in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used
solely via natural ventilation may not be possible. Air to drive thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a free
conditioning systems are used, either as backups or sup- cooling system which uses pumps to circulate a cool replements. Air-side economizers also use outside air to frigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).
condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers,
and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.
5.1 Refrigeration cycle
An important component of natural ventilation is air
Main article: Refrigeration cycle
change rate or air changes per hour: the hourly rate of
The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to
ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air,
equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes
2
per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only
two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a wind tunnel which have thousands of
1
3
changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for
crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens
at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.[16]
4
Room pressure can be either positive or negative with
respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs
when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)
and is common to reduce the inltration of outside condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4)
compressor
contaminants.[17]
cool.
4.2.1
Airborne diseases
5.3
From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes 5.3 Central vs. split system
called a condensing coil or condenser) where it
loses energy (heat) to the outside, cools, and con- Central, 'all-air' air conditioning systems (or package
systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator
denses into its liquid phase.
unit are often installed in modern residences, oces, and
An expansion valve (also called metering device)
public buildings, but are dicult to retrot (install in a
regulates the refrigerant liquid to ow at the proper
building that was not designed to receive it) because of
rate.
the bulky air ducts required. (Mini-Split ductless systems
The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat ex- are used in these situations.)
changer where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the An alternative to central systems is the use of separate
heat exchanger is often called an evaporating coil indoor and outdoor coils in split systems. These systems,
or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates although most often seen in residential applications, are
it absorbs energy (heat) from the inside air, returns gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. The
to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the pro- evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit
cess, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor
outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building.
unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit.
In variable climates, the system may include a reversing
valve that switches from heating in winter to cooling in
summer. By reversing the ow of refrigerant, the heat
pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and
cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means,
and with the same hardware.
Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or t into the ceiling. Other indoor
units mount inside the ceiling cavity, so that short lengths
of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.
5.4 Dehumidication
Dehumidication (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator
operates at a temperature below the dew point, moisture
Main article: Free cooling
in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This
moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a
Free cooling systems can have very high eciencies, and pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the
are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy ground outside.
storage so the cold of winter can be used for summer
A dehumidier is an air-conditioner-like device that conair conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep
trols the humidity of a room or building. It is often emaquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed
ployed in basements which have a higher relative humidvia a cluster of small-diameter, heat exchanger equipped
ity because of their lower temperature (and propensity for
boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids,
damp oors and walls). In food retailing establishments,
using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later
large open chiller cabinets are highly eective at dehuemploying a heat pump to chill the circulation coming
midifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidier infrom the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the
creases the humidity of a building.
storage acts as a heat sink when the system is in cooling
(as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature
to gradually increase during the cooling season.
5.2
Free cooling
5.5 Maintenance
All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air lters.
These are generally of a lightweight gauzy material, and
must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For
example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home
with furry pets, will need to have the lters changed more
often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to
replace these lters as needed will contribute to a lower
heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened
equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air ow can
result in iced-up or iced-over evaporator coils, which
can completely stop air ow. Additionally, very dirty or
plugged lters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, and can result in damage to the system or even re.
6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean.
This means that, in addition to replacing the air lter at
the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean
the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean
will eventually result in harm to the compressor, because
the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the
indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat
generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.
Energy eciency
6.1
Heating energy
Energy recovery systems sometimes utilize heat recovA drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly ery ventilation or energy recovery ventilation systems that
employ heat exchangers or enthalpy wheels to recover
higher than traditional HVAC systems.
sensible or latent heat from exhausted air. This is done
Energy eciency can be improved even more in central by transfer of energy to the incoming outside fresh air.
heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to noncentral heating systems. Zones are controlled by multi- 6.4 Air conditioning energy
ple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats
control zone valves, and in forced air systems they control The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cyzone dampers inside the vents which selectively block the cles is limited by thermodynamics. These air conditionow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical ing and heat pump devices move heat rather than conto maintaining a proper temperature.
vert it from one form to another, so thermal eciencies
Forecasting is another method of controlling building do not appropriately describe the performance of these
heating by calculating demand for heating energy that devices. The Coecient-of-Performance (COP) meashould be supplied to the building in each time unit.
sures performance, but this dimensionless measure has
7
not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Eciency Ratio
(EER) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy
Eciency Ratio based on a 35 C (95 F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance
of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modied version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy
Eciency Ratio (SEER), or in Europe the ESEER, is
used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature
averages instead of a constant 35 C (95 F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is
14 SEER.[21]
8.1 International
ISO 16813:2006 is one of the ISO building environment standards.[24] It establishes the general principles of
building environment design. It takes into account the
need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for
future generations and promote collaboration among the
various parties involved in building environmental design
for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrot of existing buildings.[25]
The building environmental design standard aims to:[25]
Air handling unit, used for heating, cooling, and ltering the air
Air cleaning and ltration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The ltered and
cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Air cleaning and ltration should be taken in
account when protecting our building environments.[23]
7.1
provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with
building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design process;
assess the proposed design with rational criteria for
indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy eciency and HVAC
system controls at every stage of the design process;
iterate decisions and evaluations of the design
throughout the design process.
8.3
the electrotechnical, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration and plumbing industries. To train as
a building services engineer, the academic requirements
are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and
Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a degree in
a branch of engineering, such as building environment
engineering, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To become a full member of CIBSE, and so
also to be registered by the Engineering Council UK as
a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a masters degree in a relevant engineering subject.
CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland,
Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides
include various recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building
regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement
for major building services works. The main guides are:
Guide A: Environmental Design
Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration
Guide C: Reference Data
Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings
Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering
Guide F: Energy Eciency in Buildings
Guide G: Public Health Engineering
Guide H: Building Control Systems
Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data
Guide K: Electricity in Buildings
Guide L: Sustainability
Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management
Within the construction sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to design and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas,
electricity, water, heating and lighting, as well as many
others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and
healthy places to live and work in. Building Services is
part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs represents 2%3% of the GDP.
Europe
8.4 Australia
8.3.1
United Kingdom
The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors AsThe Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers sociation of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of
is a body that covers the essential Service (systems ar- Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH),
chitecture) that allow buildings to operate. It includes and CIBSE are responsible.
8.5
Asia
Philippines
The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) [10] Paksoy H., Snijders A., Stiles L. (2009). Aquifer Thermal
Energy Cold Storage System at Richard Stockton College.
govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC
Estock Conference -- Thermal Energy Storage for Ein the Philippines.
ciency and Sustainability (11th International.
8.5.2
India
See also
ASHRAE Handbook
Fan coil unit
Glossary of HVAC terms
Sick building syndrome
10
References
[14] Dianat, Nazari, I,I. Characteristic of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran- Tabriz. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
[15] Ventilation and Inltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta,
Georgia, 2005
[16] Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings. The
Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
[17] Bell, Georey. Room Air Change Rate. A Design
Guide for Energy-Ecient Research Laboratories. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
[18] Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. H.;
et al.
(2007).
Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion. PLoS Med 4 (68).
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068.
[19] Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview.
sftool.gov. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
[20] Al-Kodmany, Kheir (2013). The Future of the City: Tall
Buildings and Urban Design. WIT Press. p. 242. ISBN
978-1-84564-410-9.
[21] What Does SEER Stand For?". allclimate.net. Retrieved
2015-09-07.
[22] Keeping cool and green, The Economist 17 July 2010, p.
83
10
11 FURTHER READING
[23] Howard, J (2003), Guidance for Filtration and AirCleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from
Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
2003-136
[24] ISO. Building environment standards. www.iso.org.
Retrieved 2011-05-14.
[25] ISO.
Building
environment
environmentGeneral principles.
May 2011.
designIndoor
Retrieved 14
11
Further reading
service)
at
International Mechanical Code (2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson
Delmar Learning;
Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano,
Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition
The Cost of Cool
11
12
12.1
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