l

The Radio Amateurs Journal

_
. Iu.
.h.' ~ou c. n . n'" in ~ou. log.
l uPlh.nh
l tio"
i"
' 0 CAL_O.MA1IC
.uning ~ou'll b. " ning ' 0 ",0"n
in .h . b.nd, ' 00. And ~ou'll log .h. ".qu.nc~ 01 .h.. .i g 1I0",. ..cc1~
lh. RM~ 4S h bu n .0. ngin. ...d .h.' it d.""" p 1 p..'o.",.n
on ~II " . qu. " _ '0 ICC. Loct. 1 'ub.., .ho" I d. ,

"'p....u..
co"'p..... ing p.dd..s .,ipl p. ccd eeed....rs . nd
nci
.d,. n ' ",.d. wh;l. p,oducin g ' 0' .h,,,,.d 10" " _.11 . h..'

d CC
h." coll.bo d '0 gi" ~ou . h. ho...... . nd "'0" blc
You'll have mo tf: QSO's with th e

new

RME 45 _ mOIf: scloledules that yoU u n

OJ(

",0"

on a hair\inc: ca\ib,a \ed scale.

SSO

il
reception
ha'l e ever.pl
listened' 0
to . h.
l h.....yoU
b. nd.p...d

lo
0 0' cern"'0" ... ctin
14 g h.'"
",."i.1 ep....or. lh. 20 "'
b.nd, 14,000n' ,40 I(.c..
i.... ' eeverv 20 di,i.io" on .h......Iucc di. 1- . qui,.I...
nccd.g.... on Ii" inch di."'.. di".
72
binc'
lhpp,.n
01 .h.
4S i. co..i.... wi.h
it.
oncd
d
cc
lh...cc
i. hou.. d in ncW.,,,.,,,"nc . wo_.d
c.
.nd . upp".d
d..ignc spI" ho
i'" with . ", ch.d
itingh. ncW
lh....nd ",ul"d. 01 .ddition.1 I' '" ",.1
4S .h...cc
.h....
w.1I wo" h w.
10'.
i,"
L1te,.t... De,.,lb'.' the Ne" RI.tE 45t

RM~

'0

.cou."c.lI~

RM~

e
The
match'In9 spu . er
hOI.
n aco ' 1
'" Ic.I Iy
d uigned hoUSIng.

)l,OOO

d.'init.l~

Will

...

'e GI.dl~ Se.t You Up. Reque. .

p.~o,,,,.ncc.

in~.

The 6 operating frequencies

are BULEY CRYSTAL-controlled
F or d ep end abl e co m m u n icat ions o n t he high seas here
is a ba ttle- t es ted set incorporating every m od ern feature
tha t ex per ie nce h a s s how n to
be m o s t d esirable for s hip- tos hore a n d s hip-to-sh ip radiot el ephone service.
The s i x Bliley c rys tal-co ntrolled opera tin g frequ encies
permit ins tant and positive
ch ann el se le c t i o n in b oth

transmitter a nd receiver.

The Bliley acid etched" C rystals used in this H allicrsfte rs

HT-14 set were d esigned t o
m eet specific o bjectives in the
operation of two-way radiotelephon e co m m u n ica t io ns .
Th ey, t o o . h ave b een thoro u ghly battle-tested.
I t's a h abit with most commun ic ati ons e n g i nee rs t o

s pecify Bliley for a ll crystal

requirements. This is p articu larly true when new a p plications a nd com p lex d esigns require tech n ical e xcellence in
every co m ponen t . There is no
su bst it ute for the 15 y ears o f
exper ience o ffered by Bliley
craftsmen and engineers.
A cid ~hin.6 (/IUUU cry-m. to Irlu~~
i. a pat~n.tN B l ihy p rocru .

Do more than before

buy 'r a War 8onds.

BLiLEY ELECTRIC COMPANY

UNION STATIO H BUILDING . ERIE, PENN .

July, 1945

.~ -

A LLICRA FTERS Super. Skyrider, Model SX-28A. covers the busiest pare of the radio spectrum - standard
broadcast band. international short wave broadcast bands,
long distance radio telegraph frequencies. and all the other
viral services o perating between 550 kilocycles and 4 2 megaC}'CIes. Designed primaril y as a top fli~ht communicarions
receiver the SX28A in corporates every feature which long experience has shown to be desirable in equipment o f chis type.
The traditional sensitivity and selectivit y o f the pre-war
SX -28. ranking favorite with both amateur and professional
operators, h ave been further improved in this new Super
Skyeider by the use o f " mic ro-set" permcabilir y-nmed inductances in the RF section. The inductances, trimmer capacitors .
and associated components for each RF stage arc mounted on
small individu al sub-chass is, easily r emovable for servicing.
Fu ll temperature compensation and positive gea r drive on
both main and band-spread tuning dials m ake possible the
accu rate and permanent logg ing of statio ns. Circu it features
include two RF stages, tw o I F stages. BFO, three stage Lambt ype noise limiter. ere. Six d egrees o f selectivity from BHOAD
I F ( approxi mately 12 KC wi de) for maximum fidelit y to
SH A RP CRYSTA L for CW telegraphy are
in stantl500
y available.
terminal sand
to
match
o r 5000 ohSpeaker
ms are provided
the undistorted power output is 8 watts.

BUY A WAR BOND TODAY

h 11.- [Ii fit rs HAD10

I

COPYRlCiHT 19 4 5 THt t101lll lCRoIln l:RS c o .

THE HALLIeRARERS CO., MANUFACTU RERS OF RADIO AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT CHICAGO 16, U. S. A.

co

TUD [ MUIt
R' I _U. S. hI. CII'.

Published by RADI O MAG AZIN ES, INC.

Jo hn H. Potts

Editor

Sanfo rd R. Cowan .. Pub lisher

JULY, 1945

VOL. .1, No.7

CQ, Pub lish ed by

CONTENTS

RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.

COVER

Exe cutive & Editorial O ff ice s

First voice communicntiun with outside world on now

communication line east of R hine was mudc
through these a ntennue. (S ignal Corps Photo)

342 MADISON AVE NU E

NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
Telep hone MUrra y Hill 2-1 346

Edito rial Sta ff

J ohn H . Pott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edito,. p,.,. id.,nt
Z.,h Bouck . W8QMRWLNG. .,..IPI.
n oW4PC, .,,,LU4A
A.-oci.t., Edito'
L.. wrenc:e LeK.. hman.
W2 10P
,

, . AMi.tant Editor

F,ank C. Jon,.. W6AJF .. Con tTib u t in i Editor

Robe,t Y. C h. p m a n. WI QV .. Ad vi aory Edito r
Evely n A. Eiaen beri ..... Ed ito, ia l Product ion

Busine ss Sta ff
Sanfo,d R . Cowa n

Secy.T rea .

C h. rle. H . F.rrell . . . . .. .. .
Elaine C. W il..n

Adv. Mana l[er

Adv. Production

Dian. Re-iMman

eire!. Man.l[e.

PAC IFIC COAST REPRESENTATIVE

H . w. Dickow
1337 40th Ave.. Sao F,ancilKo 22. Ca lif.
G REAT B R ITA IN R EPR ESENT ATI V E
R. d io Society o f Gre.' Britain.
New R u. ki n
Little R UMeIl 5 1. ,
London. W .e. I , Enl[land

H...,..,.

Suhac. ip tio n R .t" in U.S. nd P--. SI.SO per

y _ r. 2 ye... .., } ye.r. SS. All o l h." c:ountriea.
S3.SO per y.,.r in equival""1 U. S. c:urrency.
Si nlle <:opie.. 25 cenla. Subacriber mU.1 .Ilow J
weeka for ad d ,.,.. ch.nl[". Edito,ial m.tter eontribu t ed .nd accepted will be paid f OI a t cu r,.,nl
apace ralea and will be a;;:leet 10 .ny reviaiona
0 1 omi..iona deemed ell
ient by the Edi tol.
M . te ri. 1 .ubmitted mu.t <:onla.n .elfad.
d ,.,..."d t a m ped . return e nvelope and the
a u t h o l muat .1['"'"' to hold t he pubJi.hel of CQ
h.'m).... h om .ny m.nne, o f aui t 0 ' damal[e
claim r" u h in J from the publieation t he l eof
a nd / ol any illuatr.tion ccom pan Y:; n, nme.
Publiaher l..-e rv.,. ,il[ht to e ee.,pl o r re Je<:t any
. d ,"" t iain l. m att.,r . u b mi tted. CQ . printed in
U. S. A. Copyril[ht 1945 by Radio Mal[a:rin_,
I nc.

ARTICLES
A G ood Point -to-Point Antenna , by A rthur II .
J.yllch, 1I"2J)KJ

Call1plde con.<;(rlldifJIlfll data 011 afl S-elemen!

array for 112- 11(j me
Push-to-Talk Hand ic-Tulk ir-, by .-lthan Coemn
10
T hi.<; neat little jo" i.'i ea};y (0 build
A ~1H tt t' r of T illU', " lI !.fJ lI'rencf' JA' K (u;!tIIw ll , W 2JO/ J 1:J
T rrl1/.'l!atill g local, ZtHlr, daylight, (/ 1/(/ war times
into GJI1' for hmn /forking (Jrulloggin g
Qua rt z Ctystul F inish ing for II a ms , by R icha rd E .
X chd , 1I'2J)li Q-II"LXIi

Equipment mltl technique required to gd 011 .'lJlot

po.'it - lI'(I r f reo II encies
Pa rallel Hesist unee Churt , by C. .J. JI erchnnt
:?o
Thi /uwdy chart girex nccumtelg the Te~lllt(Ult
of two T('.~i~tor~ ill TH/mlld
Be nt Antennas, Ily J)(Jl'id .\l . Stnuiers, 1I ~2I1 S} ' .. .. :?I
11011' to 1I/()(//Jy a horizontal half-II'(Jl'e antenna
for operation in Iim itcd epace
Ra d io Ama teur's w orksheet. Xo. 2- Su r)('r-regcneruti ve Receive rs
_
2:J
A Simple Converter for F~l Receivers, by E ngineeri,l g Dept., Hnllicmjter Co
2;";
Thix conrcrter ht,x mllllY hnm applimtiolls in addition ttl t,tlaptiu9 pre-war f -m xets to the new .
frequcm:y allocations
Shock-Proof ~l ou n ti n ~ , by L . W. La ur ence
30
Proper shock mountinq makeA your n'g la.'lt [Oliger
mid Ifork better, This article tells hou: to do it

MISCELLANEOUS
Zero Bin." (Ed itorial)
X cw P roducts
Ad ve rt .ising Index

;;
32
40

--.....:, - -

Want characteristics and diagrams

of 400 types of RADIO TUBES?
Eli E is a free lO-page booklet

Hra gewhich
li sts the circui t engineers'
cha racte ristics for more than
ave

400 different types of radio tu bes. In

addition, c omp rehe nsive tube and base
diagrams arc included.

You'l! find this hand y S ylvania

Radio Tube Characteristics listing a
quick, convenient guide in picking out
the tube data )'OU want.
The booklet is printed on durable
paper-is punched to fit your radio
notebook.
Copies are available " OW throu gh
your Sylva nia di str-ibutor or direct
Irom Radio Amat eur Dept., Sy lva nia
El ectric Products Inc., Emporium, Pa.
As so o n ae pussihle -c-S vlvania
will have trmlsluitting hiLe s for

amateurs.

~73.0B~

THIS HANDY

BOOKLET

FREE!

SYLVANIAELECTRIC PRODU CTS INC., EMPORIU M, PA.

Mallen 01 RMiio Tuba.; Cathode RilY Tubes; Electronic- Devices; FluorMUnt Lamps, Fixtures, Ac:a: uories; Incandescent Umpl

co

ZERO BIAS

il E FCC has announced its final Irequcucy

allocat ions above 25 megacycles following
t hree months of oral d iscussion, hy represente t ivcs of a ll serv ices conccruod , on th e tentat ive
ba nd assignments proposed by t he Commission
last J anuary. 'Y hile t he d efini te amateu r allocnt ious differ ma teria lly from t hose published in t he
March issue of CQ, the changes are academic
rat her t han of vital importance, despite t he loss
of some 200 megacycles and "temporary" bandshuring with red uced power Oil one allocation .
The most serious frequency curtailment from
t he point-of-view uf utility is undoubt ed ly t he
15% cut of .a megacycles from t he t u-m ctcr
band, which now stands at 28 to 29.7 me as
a gai nst 28 to :m megacycles recommended in
.Ianuary and available to amateurs prior to P ea rl
H arbor . If it's of any consolat ion, this portion
of the hand was wide OJlCn before the war to a
hod ge podge of c.w., a mplitude-mod ulation a nd
frequoncy-modulut ion phone.
X o assignment ha s as yet been m ade between
-l-1 a nd lOS megacycles t o any service-s-pendin g
t he out come of test s, sched uled for t his sum mer,
t o determine just where the f-m broadcasting
st a t ions wou ld be most effect ively placed. The
rema in ing services will then be juggled accord ingly, with the hams sla ted for 1-1 to 48, 5G to GO
or 50 to ., -1 megacycles . I n a ny event, we arc
prn etienlly guaranteed -1 megacycles in the
fa mi liar ;')-met er regi on-perhaps the sa me 5G
to nO-me allocat ion en joyed in days of y ore.
T he original recom mendat ion of 144 to 148
megacycles remains unalt ered , nnd provides a
hand-wid th of 4 me- t he sa me us in t he pre-wa r
and W EltS 11 2 to l Ifi-mcgu cyclc hand . Similarly,
t he FCC retains t he 220 to 225-mc a llocation ,
which, however, is one megacy cle short of the
former 224 to 2:m-meg:wy<'1 e s pect rum. F urt her
com parison between pre-war a nd post-war
as..s hmments is fruitl ess because previous to Pearl
H a rbor no defini te alloca ti ons were made above
2aO me, t hough from 300 megacycles up was considcred prett y much free-for-all territory. Our
losses in a mateur bands between 2S a nd 230

July, 1945

megacycles tot al l .a megacycles or 8% of our

pre-war additi ve nlloen tions.
T he ham allocation of -120 to 4fiO megacycles
remains as originally recommended. H owever,
. .I':; t o b c s1UUC(1 " tem porarrilv't
wi I1 " specm
. I"
It
y WIt
air na viga t ion aids, a nd d uring t he pe riod of sha ring a mateur t ransmitters will be limit ed to a
power of .50 watts on t his band . T he band is to
be exclusively a mateur when no longer requ ired
for air navigation purposes-s-an assurance wh ich
mayor may not hold a ny real significance.
An allocation of 1,14.1 to 1,24;,) megacycles replaces last winter's designut .ion of fro m 1,1 2;) t o
1,225--but does not alte r t he ba nd-width of 100
me. H owever, in t he 2,;)00 to 2,....;)0-mega cyc!e allocation , we are 50 me short of t he 2,500 to 2,700
megacycles proposed in J anuary, and we find ourselves losing another 150 megacycles in the pe rmanent fi,2i) 0 to ;) ,G;')O allocution as against the
tentative nssigntucnt of ;),200 to 5,750 megacy cles. T he remainin g: a llocutions fro m 10,000 t o
10,500 and from 2 1,000 to 22,000 megacycles are
unchanged- until perha ps t hese neth er regions of
wavelengt h are developed by the radio nmuteur
to the point where t hey a re wo rt h somet hing to
ot her services.
While these allocations arc to be regarded more
01' less final a nd permanent , t hey ma y be subject
to change in order to conform with futu re international agreements. H owever, in every insta nce, these proposed amateur hands will be
recommended by the F C C to t he State D epa rt ment for world-wide a llocation a t t he next int ernational ra dio conference.
I n su m ming u p, our old In-meter rigs ca n go
on t he a ir, as is, us soon as restrictions are romoved . The.same may hold t rue for the s-mctcr
baud (if we obta in the .=)13 to fiO-me runge) :
but, at most , conversion will mean only t he
addit ion or removal of a n inch or t wo of wire
plus a minor aerial adj ustment. Operat ion on
t he two higher-frequency bands will necessit ate
no more than t he stretch or squeeze of a co il
with a correspondingly sim ple Lit of ta iloring t o
t he a ntenna.

" V (]

-... ---

.::.

\ U""

-_._-

'-'-'

I. Brand ne w post,wilI' desi gn .. . posit ively no! 4 ..... "'med.ove,..

prewer model.
2. Mor. th,," ill" "e lectro nic" voltmeter, VOMAX i trlle .... cuum
tube 't.,ltmeter in e very voll"ge/r e ~j s t" rlc e / d b . functio n.
3. ) through 1200 volts d .c. full scale in b rll rlges at SO, ilInd in
6 eeded ranges to 3000 ...olts a t 125, mogokms i"pu l resistance.
1 . ) through 1200 volts e.c, full sell Ie in 6 renqes ", hones t effective
ci rc uit load ing of 6.6 megohms e ed 8 mmfd.
5. 0.2 !hrOY9 k 2000 megohms in si~ usily read r""ges.
6. -1 0 through +50 db. (0 db. = I mw. ill bOO ohms) in 3 ranges.
7. 1.2 rna. t hroug h 12 amperes full sce le in b d.e. rMges.
8. C omplete sig nor Ir/lc ing from 20 cycle s through o ver 100 meqillcycles by ...;, hdra...eble d. d iode probe.
9 . Absolut.ly ltlllble--one zero "d iu~fment se ts all rMges. No
probe shorting to ~e t a meaningless zero whic h shifts a ~ soon ,, ~
probes a re se para ted. Grid current errors completely e limi""ted.
10. Hon tKt, f"ctua l ac cur acy: ~ )'"!. on d .c.: !. S '"I. on e.c.: 20 ...
through 100 megacycle s: := 2 ,.. of full sc,,!e. : I '"I. of ind ic.!I ted
r~ sistance velce .
I I. Only f,"e co lor..d,;fferenti"ted scales on 4% 0 A rsonya! meter
for" 10,,1 o f 38 renqes eliminate con fusion.
12. Meter 100". protected .!Ig,inst eve..ic ed burn out on ,,0I1$!
ohms! db.

-_. __ ._

__ ._.-

'--"'-.r12.tG
Stt_c ,
Ill

Thdt sums up VOMAX in a nut.

shell. It's the most complete answer
to radio servicing and design ever
offered ... conceived and built by
a world-famous receiver engineer
specifically for receiver serv icing. It
starts where aU competitive instruments leave off.
Deliveries begin in August upon
AA-5 or higher priority. Better place
your order with your jobber today to
insure early delivery . be first to
get radio's newest, most compete
"se rvice station" aU in one smlllll.
easily carried instrument. By itse lf
VOMAX is the key to service profits
for you.

NET PRICE

$59.85

I
u

.t.t

ADDA'SS

on

Possesse d by I'IQ oHi ;l'I stru.....l'lf.

tilfte . re f. llltures only 5;1
ellll'l <jiv.
yo u _ re..oIvtion.ry ' tures fot
otloters to co py.

Providing amazing advances in

radio receiver servicing, VOMAX is
new and fresh as today. It's not an
"improved" pre-war model. VOMAX
is a brand new instrument born of sill
years' direction of classified (secret.
confidential. restricted) design and
production projects for Air Corps.
Army, Navy, O.S.R.D. special
eq uipments designed and produced
for F.C.C., C .A.A. and other govern.
ment agencies. Into it has gone the
distilled genius which won Grand Prill
at 1937 Paris International Exposition
for McMurdo Silver for the world 's
best radio receiver.

. '
:

3. e-~..

Pk AUSW I,.. c..., .. _

AX "

srAn

,,
,,

co

A GOOD
POINT-TO-POINT ANTENNA
Designed for 112-116-mc Operation Over
a 50-Mile Range With a Wide Frequency
Spread for C iv il Air Pa trol Use
ARTHUR H. LYNCH , W2DKJ
~ (UCJl

information has been forthcoming r-oru-eruing the radio act ivity of the
Civil .\ir Pa t rol. A few introductory remarks to outline our interest in the CA P may be
usefu l in ~i\"in~ the n:'lL.SOnS for and the udvanta gcs to be obtained fromsoc laborate an antenna
a.... the t-ight-element UTTay to be described . This
antcnuu wu... de...igm-d a nd eon...tructcd as part of
a program to c...tuhli...h a satisfactory commun icuticu ...y..-h1II for that port ion of the w ing

O T TOO

The photo above shows antenna and reflecter elements

being cut to size by W2 DKJ in accordance with the
for mulae ginn by the a uthor in t he M ay issue of CO

I/ 'hoios f or this article contributed

by S lm.ky P . .l/d/i nn, W EirD]

July, 1945

known as Group 11 covering Long Island , X. Y.,

east of the Queens County Line.
Group I I has its headquarters in the armory
at Hempstead , L. 1.. nud docs a lot of its flying
from .:\I c..:\rt hur FiC'1<1 located ltt Lake Ronkonkoma-a distance of about forty miles.
ThrTC arc occasions when communication lx'{\\"('('11 the t wo locations is very desirable and
when ot her than rad io contacts are out of the
question. So, wit h 3 limit of 25 watts for CAP
operation, an antenna wit h reasonable gain was
indicated to assure regular and relia ble service.
I n addition to the d irect path, bet ween those
two point , it was desi rable to m aintai n communication with planes us far as ten miles east
of the field, directly from Hempstead, or with

(I~It)O

The radiator or antenna

proper of the eight array antenna
system-glorifying the gutl~r pipe

(below). Affixing strips for Ieeder

connection on the lower ends 01
the proper ant~nna

one of the auxiliary sta t io ns, located within II

sho rt distnnr-e of the armory. In order to maintain our regular contacts with t he various stations in the Xussnu County 'Y EH S, we were of
the opinion that the most suita ble a ntenna would
he om' which wo uld give us reasonable ~ain on
t he desired freq uency, hut which would not diserlmiuute too much ugai ust the ot her frequencies,
in that hand .

G ain vs. Band W idth

Arrays such us shown in Fig. ;2 provide high
gain , hilt they do not lend themselves to op eration over a wide frequency runge . The introductiou of the directors, with close spaci ng, alt ers
the imp ed ance a t t he center of the antenna , so
that t he Iecd method as shown, while not satisfa ct ory if a really symmet rical patt ern is de- ired ,
does elimina te t he necessi t v of finding some form
of very low impedance transmission-line, which
today is very hard to obtain. It is a lso wellknown that. quarter-wave spacing of t he elements,
while not providing the gain to he had from close
spacin g, does enable us to do rather well with
t ra nsmission lines of more common impedance.....
In addition, most of the "commercials" maintaining high-freq uency links which operate over
d istances greater than "line-of-sight," recognize
t hat much of the frequency shifts, fading and
other undesired effects, noted when ordinary
a ntenna clements nrc used , are greatly reduced
when the diameter of the dements is increased.
Whnt we wanted was good forwa rd gain on an
un tenun cut for 11 ;L~ m e, with reasonable effieicncy whcn operated on any frequency wit hin t he
112-1 lfl-mc ba nd . T he results more th an j ust i-

fit'd the work involved in making lip t he unit.

011 a ct un I test s, with the antenna set up indoors
on the :--e('lIl u l floor o f our bungalow, actual contar- t wus cu rried on with un a irpla ne a sufficient
d ista nce the far side of oar flyin g field to indicate
t hat we would he safe in expect ing the desired
ten m iles.

Field-strength Tesls
Some of the compa rative figures, c!c\'('IOI )('i1
over a lo ng period of testing bet ween ou r o wn
station und a callibrnted receiver loca ted a ha lf
milt, distant, shown in the accom panyi ng' t uhl e.
Incldeut nlly , all the figures ('Or~I)()IHI('(1 clo-clv
with similar measurements, made wit h un Erco,
type :\1\\-00, resonance indicator set up some
twenty-five feet behind the nrrny. (It is doubtful
that the sa me uccurucy could hnve been expected,
had the resonance indicator been set the sa nte
distance, ahead of the nrruy), Fo r all the
measurements, ident ical conditions were m a inrained, insofar as possible without making t he
set-up \(>0 com plicated. .\ crystul-ecnt rol led
transmit ter WlL.., employed with t he o ut put a t
a constant level. The same low-impeda nce

co

L-

t ransm ission-line was used in all comparisons,

and adjustment of t he length of the m atching
stub, as well as the po int of contact between the
stu b an d the t ransmission-line, was a lways
optimum. The frequency range, from 112 .06-1
t o 116.0 megacycles was covered with 12 crystals,
ranging in fundamen tal frequency fro m 3502 to
37 12 kc .
The various types of antennas used in t he comparative t ests are indicated in Fi gs. 1 to 4. and
the results are sho wn in t he following tab le,
where t he numerals indicate the level, indicated
by a n "S" meter, on a IIallicra fter, h-f su perhet .

Fiy. 1
(a) (b) (e)
112 mc 2 + 3 + 4
u a me a 4 4 +
114 me 3
4
4+
115 me 3
4
5
U G me 2 + 3 + 4 +

Fi q. I!

Fi y. 3

Fiy. 4

G+

7
8+
7
G

5
5+
G
G+
G

8+
8+
9
9+
9

The author wi shes to exp ress his appreciation

to Capt. \\Tilliam Allen, Communications Officer
of the Nassau Cou nt y Police, for the painstaking
manner in which he m ade the observations, which,
by the way, t ook many hours. In order t o avoid
t he likelih ood of error, several sets of tests, covering the various forms of antennas, were made at
d ifferent t imes and)hey checked very well.

A-D}
F- C

- FULL WAVE
_ f03~ .

- 2"

K-

H-L}
O-M

f2~
x

- --2S~"

CUT FO~ " " .. C

t,

,I

1.

T,

>

.:l

'\ ,-'

"

- c-

-B-

Fig. 1 . Three : of the 'fi ve a ntenna arra nge ments whic h

w,re compated ~wi thJthe eig ht-element artay described
inlthis::artic le
C UT FOR 115 .0 .. c.

f,,
1,

" E THOO OF
600 o ~ ..
OP E ~ "' '' E L'''E ...... " .. ..00... LE ~GT "
"' TT "C"' ~G

- - -- -- --/

- - ---

...-_ "'BOUT
70 O".. s""TT"CHE
D
"CHE 5
"' &Ov E S"OllT'''G

e..11

Fig. 3. Antenna number Fi ve which p roved inferior

to the e ight-e le me nt S'utter.pipe arrangeme nt
CUT ' OR 15. 5 ..C.

T
>

1-

T,
T

-"

Filj. 4 . Simplified dra wing of the eiljht-element

arra y. Exact d imen sions are ljive n in the lext

E -H

G-a}

Constructional Details
So much for t he results. Now for a few words
about making the antenna . Almost any plumbing supply house will be able to provide ten foot
lengths of galvanized "down-s po ut ing,' which
we found to be light , reasonably sim ple to cut
and not too expensive. It comes in ten foot
lengths, of which fou r are required. Copper pipe,
the same size, would cost seve ra l times as m uch
and t here would be no di fference in the signal
delivered to the receiving stat ion. It is a good
idea to shop aro und . W e found the price in one
place more t ha n double what they asked for t he
same material in another sto re a few blocks

away

___ TWISTED PAIR

Fig. 2. Di pole with reflector a nd

d ire ctors also cheeked against the mote
e la borate CA P errey-e-end foun d wanti ng

July, 1945

T he Civil Air Pat rol, in our territory, operates

Oil 11 5.5 me, so our antenna was out t o 115
megacycles, using t he data which a ppeared 011
page 2:l of CQ for M ay. T herefore t he reflectors
a re 4 feet, 2 inches long, while t he antennas,
proper, are just 4 feet. The spacing bet ween all
adjacent clements is 4 feet, 2 inches, center-tolConti rtUftl on page 38 J

9
_

PUSH-To-TALK
HANDlE-TALKIE
ATHAN COS MAS. Engineer. WQXR

T HERE HAS BEEX much wild speculation

and not a little starry-eyed dreaming about
the vest pocket transmitter-receiver for the
projl'<'tftl Citizens Radio C-ommunication Service.
(Plwlos by Robert E. Cobaugh, WtDTE)

o s.

Some manufacturers' advertisements, written

around the military "handie-tnlkie" have fasci-

nated the general public nnd certainly interested

radio men. More recently, a few trade publications ran pictures of the rigs, showing the relative

24"

l,

SWITCH SHOWN IN -RECEIVe POSITION

RFC

s.

RFC

C,

C,

s.
l

C,

R.

OCTAL SOCKET
,

,,

,,
,
,,
,
,,
,,
,,,
,
1

OCTAL
TUBE BASE

R,

"*.

R,

..5V..

s.
o
CABL E

------ ---- -At

St

B-

A-

Fig. 1. Sc he matic d iagram of WNYJ.312. Parts as follow s:

( ,- .01

~f

( :.-.001 III midgc:( mice

( . -.005 J.lf midget mica

( , - .003 jJ.f midget mica
( ,- .00005 III midget mica
Ce-8 Jl fJ. f midget veri.ble

10

L- Mid gd I. C..c:J.C . eheke

L I - 4 turns:No. 12, "h inch i.d.
spaced 10 band
L ,-- O n ~.h a lf turn No. 12, Yt" i.d.
R1-750 ohms, Yt watt
R,-25,OOO ohms, 1/i watt

R:r-l00,OOO ohms. (pol.)

r~g ~n eration control
walt
R.-l0 megohms,
RFC-Ohm ile Y.h.' -or eq ulv.

1'"

S I -4.pole.doubl~-thro w
T -Tra n s c ~ i ve r transformer

(see

I~)ll)

co

Designed for the WERS,

WNY J - 312 Constructional Details Can Be
Used to Make a Good
Handie-Talkie for the
Citizens Radiocommunication Service.

size of specially constructed batteries and conveyed a hint about the self-contained telescoping
antenna. For security reasons, little has been
said about Ircqueucics, circuits or tube types
used. At the proper time, we will not only have
the infonnation-but also the opportunity to buy
the components. [Hnndic-talkie frequency 3,900
to 5.500 kilocycles, crystal controlled. Walkietalkie, ao to -to megacycles, frequency modulatetl.-EJ.]

--

For Th. WERS

Xlcunwh ilc, many of us felt the need for this
type of equipment in t he '''ar Emergency Radio
Service. An ( IIlCr~l' I1C.r communications set-up
would not be complete without means of contact
fro m an ot herwise inaccessible point at a scene of
di- su..tet-e-fi re, cave-i n, explosion, ctc.r-rthrough
nssoeiutcd pack and mobile u nit s to t he communications traffic cont rol center, T he hnudietalkie is ideall y suited for this purpose.
, The problem was npprcnched from many constructionul viewpoints, notable examples being
F rederick A. LO Il ~ ' s (QS T February HJH)
"multi-tube" job. operated from a storage battery-vihropack su pply, and Charles T . Haist , J r.'s
WGTWL (QS T June IOH) light -weight self-contained unit. powered by dry batteries.

The Power Supply

The rig herein described ("YX YJ al:!) is 3
modification of \Y(iT"'!.'s ria. While a completely sclf-contniucd unit is ideal, we felt that
flash-light cells are lUI inadequate source of filament supply for sustained operation, Further,
designing the riJ!; for \1:'(' with " Minimax" batteries placed too great u restriction in these times ,
as this type of battery bas been unobtainable
without priority. To avoid the hampering and
sometimes costly limitation of u particular size
hnttery, the power supply is contained in an
over-the-shoulder photographic currying eusc
feeding the voltages through a cable and plug to

July, 1945

Fi,. 4. A nte nn. attached, W NY) 312

is rudy for WERS or any o ther communic.tions chore in the 112-mc band

an octal socket mounted in the bottom of the

unit. Filament battery drain is 200 ma o \n len the
push-to-talk switch is in the receive po....ition the
B battery current is 10 rna, and about 15 ma on
the trun.... mit side. Audio-frequeney bias is providcd by the voltage drop across R I (F ig, 1) ,
Alt hough only four lends are required in the battery cable, the octal socket was chosen to circumvent the I)()~...ibility of inexperienced operators
inadvertently plugging in from the standard
Jour-prong power source usually available.

11

Constructional Details

9'

'I

I
I

--------

I
I

I
I

--------

DOTTED LINE DIMENSIONS

WILL DEPEND ON TtHCKNESS
OF AWMI NU M USED.
FLA PS ARE ~ . WI DE. BEN D AT RI GHT ANGLE
ALONG DOTTED LINES.

Batteries offering no problem, the dimensions

of t he caseare reduced to t he minimum necessary
to provide six und one-half inches, center to
center, betwee n t he 2000 ohm phone and the
single button mike. The case is made of sheet
aluminum, held toget her by self-tapping screws.
Dimensions are shown in Fi g. 2. The phone a nd
mike are mounted on the lef't side of (A) while t he
1X'IH'il ('('11 mike battery is clamped to a fuse:(' lip
on the inside. All leads are cabled over to the
coyer of the en..se, T wo pieces, shown in (B) ure
permanently mounted on (C) . T he bottom piece
mounts the octal socket, while the top section
contains the antenna feed-through insulator,
The transceiver is designed to operate in the
1J21J6 megacycle band. The tank coil is soldered
directly to the condenser. As can be seen from
the photograph, (Fig. 8), the audio and r-f tubes
arc mounted on 3 small plexi-aluss shelf. All r-f
lends are kept short. T he completed rig is shown
in Pig. 4. The 24" a ntenna is a home-made
telescoping affair consisting of two lengths uf
('opP('r tubing, t he larger being ;1" outside
diameter plus a length of Xo. 10 wire. w he n
not in usc the telescoped uutcnnu is tightly
dam ped in smull fuse clip- on the side of the:(ai"e.

Fig. 2.

Mecha nical details of the "cabinet." Dotted

lines in B will vary with the gauge (thickness) of the

aluminum sheeting .

Circuit
The circuit (Fi g. 1) is conventional. One 1St ,
triode connected, serves as an oscillator in the
transmit position and as a self-quenched supefregenerative detector when receiving. The other
1St is used ns a modulator and audio amplifier.
I n the receive position the small " AC-DC" choke
provides the plate load for the audio tube.
During transmission it functions as a H eising
modulation choke.
011(' improvement over \Y6T\\' U s rig is the
push-to-talk switch. Since no r.f. appears at the
switch, almost any type will do, provided it does
not take up too much room, and in the rig described was made up from some old Yaxley
switches. Xo battery switches are needed since
the power plu~ is removed when the unit is not
in use. Details 011 the coils and condenser are
given in the circuit diagram and parts list. Thoro
is nothing unusual ahout the transceiver transformer. ..-\ midget intcrstuge transformer with an
additional winding of 30 to 50 turns of Xo. 2S
wire will work \ 'CI")" satisfactorily.

12

Fig. 3. A lot 01 ham radio clammed into

nine inches 01 space with a plolessio nal louch

CO

MATTER

OF

TIME

Translating Local, Zone, Standard,

Daylight and War Times into GMT
for Ham Working and Logging

LAWRENCE LeKASHMAN. W210P

average a mateur in t he United

States must confino his operat ing to available
hou rs of leisure, the DX st at ions cannot be expected to he t ransmitt ing at any and a ll hours of
t he day. Thus it follow. that the best hours to
work any part icular foreign country a re t hose
which coincide with t he leisure hours at the DX .
stat ion. For example, when it is 10:00 P.::\1.
East ern ,r U
TT ime, it is -t :oo .A .~I. Brit ish \r ar
Timc--a might y IK){)T hour to expect many of the
English stations to be operat ing. Normally t here
is 5 hou rs difference in t ime between t he east
coast and t he United Kingdom. T oday , however,
the PH..st coast is O il war time (plus 1 hour) and
the United Kingdom is Oil double war ti me (plus
2 hou rs) maki ng a diffe rence of 0 hours. On t he
other hand, if the English hams are looking for
United Stutes west coast contacts, the hou r of
4 :00 A..:\I. in Brit ia n, corresponding to 7 :00 P .~l.
Pacific Wa r T ime, would be ideal. (' Ve refe r to
War Time as 11 matter of expediency. It demonst rntcs the idea . Naturally, there a re no QSOs
ur Time." )
during
One of t he confusing th ings in DX work is the
difference in fime-e-especialiy when expressed in
terms of local hou r only. T he adopt ion of the
Greenwich Civil T ime (GCT ) system would
simplify the problem to a Kn'at degree. T he radio
a mateur is primarily concerned with four kinds
of tunc-c-Grccnwich Civil Time, standard time,
zone time, and daylight and war saving t ime, the
latter two being considered together.
Greenwich Civil Time or Greenwich Mean
T ime (G:\lT) , as it is sometimes called, is used
almost exclusively for navigation tables, for
checking time 011 aircraft or shipboard, and anywhere else where 8 standard is required. On a
plane flying three hundred miles-per-hour from
[ew York to Loudon, it would be virtually impossible to keep au intelligible set of records in
zone time, since it would be constantly changing.
U8T AS Til E

""r

J uly, 1945

Time :r.one. described in a polar diagram . Eastern Stand ard Time i. 75 degree. and five ho urs west of G ree nwich

Starting out on GCT, there is always an immediat e point of reference.

N uvlguriou tables and charts are tabulated in
such a way that infommt ion may be found for
any insta nt of GIT'Cn\\;ch Civil Time. Obviously,
it would be impractica l to tabulate all these data
for each meridian of the world , and so the zero
degree merid ian of Greenwich, Engla nd , is chosen
as standard. Since Green wich is on the 0 degree meridian, its local civil time, standard time,
and zone time are all identical. GCT is often referred to as "universal time" because time in
most parts of the world is derived from GeT,
which thus serves as a standard for the times of
different places.

Twen :y-fo ur-ho ur Ti me

GCT is expres,..ed from 0 hour to 21 hour. Since
the everyday clocks and watches in this country
are marked only up to ]2 hOUTS, a Greenwich
Civil Time of more than 12 hours, for example IS

13

when you return to you r start ing poi nt. I n going

around t he world , t he dat e must be cha nged enroute on crossing t he 180th m eridian, by subtmc ting cue day from t he date when sai ling (,3.. .tward , or addi ng one day when sailing west ward .
T he instant of GCT noon is the only t ime d uring
a day t hat the snme date prevails throughout t he
world .

Zone Time
E..nch of the time zones is 15 degrees wide.
making t he total of 21 zones. T he first t wo Z0I1(',8
of 15 degrees has t he 0 degree meridian, Green-

...

Clossing the Intern.dional Date Line. Tr....el ing cast, subtract one day. Going west, add a day-Courte&y AAF

hours , ca nnot be indicated direct ly except on

special ti me pieces. I n t he instance of IS hou rs,
the Iace of t he regular clock would read 6 hou rs.
In ad d it ion, t he clock does not give the Greenwich <I:1t (', which may be the same as t he local
dat e. or the d ay before or after. T here need be
no trouble or ambiguity if the rules of time are
carefully applied , bearing in mind t hat cont inuous practice and daily usc is the only way t o
be come fam iliar with GCT.
Zone t ime is derived directly from GCT . If
you st art at II ~in..n place, and travel around the
world ell..st ward , 8c t t j n ~ yo ur wat ch one hour
nhead for every Jb-dcgrec (24 hours for 360
degrees) chunge in longitude as you should do,
when you get buck at your starting point , you
will find that you are one day ahead of t he day
t here . If you travel westward , instead of eastward , then you will be one day beh in d the date

II

"
" I
I

Il I

II

II

Twenty-lour-hour time if standard in parts of Europe.

Above is a conventiona l twelve-ho ur d ial with an
inner circle adding up to twenty-lour-hour time

-Courtesy AAF

14

' AClf lC :

II.' :-.-.

: .:

~ -.'

,,
,

Time zones in the U. S. A . Local time may differ

from the four standard times-Courtesy AAF

wich , as 11 bisecting line. Traveling east , the

zones nrc plus. Traveling west, t he zones a rc
minus. It is important to remember the GCT
hour is t he same all over the world. B ut the zone
or "st andard" time is local.
I n the Un ited St ates local civil timc prevails
in belts or zones extending as n early as practicable, 7.~ degree s on either side of a "st undnrd"
meridian, making each zone 15 d egrees wide.
Such time is design ated "stan dard time." " 'ith
the meridian of Greenwich taken as t he init ial
start ing po int , ot hers a re assigned at every 15
degrees of longitude. Thus in the United States
t he standard meridians are the 75th, OO1h, 1O.')t1l ,
and 120th west , and in Alas ka. the 135th , 150th
and 165th west. A ll the people of the same mcridian, regardless of the latit ude, have the same
time.
The local civil time of the 75th meridian is
called Eastern Standard T ime. Similarly, that
of the lOath meridian is Central Standard T ime,
etc. E ast ern Standard T ime (75t h meridian
t ime) differs fro m Pacific Standard Time (l 2Ot h
meridian) hy 3 hours because the two sta ndard
meridians differ hy 45 degrees of longitude. PST
is 3 hours behind EST beca use the sun, our timekeeper, rises in t he east, and thus becomes
visible in Xcw York 3 hours before it rises in
San Francisco, which is west of Xew York. For
the sa me reason, the sun crosses Xew York 's
meridian about 3 JIOUrs before crossing San

co

Francisco's. I n other words, when it is noon in

New York it is 9:00 A . ~1. in San Francisco.

Civil Time
T he local civil times of two places differ as
their exact longitudes. T heir sta nda rd t ime varies
ns t he longitudes of t heir st andard meridians.
This sim ply meum; t hat standard time inva riably
differs by one or more whole hours, since the
sta nd ard meridian!'! arc always one ho ur apa rt in
longitude. For exa mple, local civil t ime, between
New York ami San Francisco, which are 48 d egrees 30 m inutes apart in longit ude, wou ld ditTer
by 3 hours and 14 minutes.
)Iany irregularities have crept in, as communities decided to keep the standard time of some
large city nearby. D aylight and \Var Saving time
have introduced furt her complicat ions. Duri ng
t he spring and su mmer months, when there are
more hours of daylight than of darkness, many
localities adj ust their st a nda rd time so us to
" seve" or ut ilize daylight to the greatest extent,
by advancing clocks ami wat ches at a specified
t ime, so that t hey keep t he ti me of t he next

standard meridian eastward. During the daylight-saving time period, Xew York City which
usually kct,p.-; Eastern Standard (75t h meridian)
time, keeps 60th meridian standard time instead.
Wnr Time in the United States has added an
hour to the standa rd time of each zone ro wha t
WM formerly 9:00 P .~l. Eastern Standard Ti me
becomes 10:00 P.~I. Eastern war Time. E ngland
has double war t ime, or two h OUf8 " off" their
st andard ti me . Thus 0800 GCT is 8 :00 A .~1.
throughout the Brit ish Isles. However, dou ble
war time makes 0800 GCT act ually equal to
10:00 A .~l. during t he present emerge ncy.
A very few communities prefer t o be precise,
and ditTer from GCT by the exact la titude and
longitude. An example of t his would be t he city
of Stephenville in Newf oundland, which is minus
2)1 hours from GCT on their local time. T hus
when it is 1900 GCT it is 1630 hours , or4 :30 I'. ~l.
Stephen ville Wa r Time. Stephenville is located
in approximately the center of the fourt h time
zone west of the G reenwich meridian, giving them
a precise t ime zone of minus 372, but t hey have
[Conlinutd on pag' 881

" Time and Date " peeel illustrates the function of the International Date Line. This device demonstrates tha t
croning the Internation al Date Line does nol change watch time--only calendar date.
ICollr~sy AA.f', Tecnnicai Aid. DitoiaionJ

TIME AND DATE

INTERNATIONAL

w
c

IBo

DATE LINE

13S

::J

oE

TO KI 0

-C)

o
90 Z
-=
TI B ET o
--i

o
..I

90

0W

0E

NEW'~-'

'-

ORLEANS

U')

4S

-,

oW/

RIO DE JANI ERO

GREENWICH OOENGLAND

4S

oE

WESTERN

U.s.s.R.

UARTZ
RICHARD E. NEBEL, W2DBQWLNB

TypicalTfinish ing position . Op erator is using surface

gro und iro n alloy lap instead o f glass. Motor-driven
ed ging lap may be seen at right. Rack at left holds
frequency standard, test oscillator and inte rpo lation
oscillator.

C RYSTAL finishing is a sk illed art and , like comparable techniques, mastery can only be atta ined through extensive prncti r-e. However ,
t he situat ion is somewhat altered in the case of an
amateur radio st at ion owner, primarily int erested
i ll turning out a crystal for UI'C in his own transmitter, I n practica lly all instances he will start
wit h a manufactured crystal t hat he wishes to up
ill frequency-perhaps a kilocycle or even a few
hundred. If the crystal used was mude by a
re put able con cern it ca n be a..ssumed to he a perfeet cryst al. It must be kept ill mind t hat the instunt it is ground on its major faces or edges; even
the sligh test bit, it is 110 Ionoer a fi1lishecl crystal.
lt becomes a "blank" . Of course, it may n ot. have
been harmed in the least hut it ca nnot be regarded as a finished crystal unless t he proper
equi pment is a vailab le to check its operat ion and
prove it to be " fin ishe d." T he lack of this type of
equipment has been one of the serious drawbacks
in amateur crystal-grinding experiments.
III attempt ing t o move t he frequency of a
crystal wit h no erysta l-Ii nishing experience, the
odds arc agai nst t he ham 's success. If the crysta l
stops osci llat ing complet el y, t he loss is his alone.
H owever. if it seems to oscillate fai rly well, he will
probably lise it in h is t rnnsmit tcr-c-but perhaps
wit h n il unstable signal, off-frequency operat ion,
etc. Itr-usons of economy dict ate t hat t he amateur

16

Little d e tail ed information has been pub lished

describ ing methods employed in fin ishing qu artz
crystals, whic h desiderata have give n rise to th e
im pression amo ng m ~ny a mate urs that the menulecture rs have been hoarding state secrets. HOwe
ever, the main reason why such data have no t bee n
a bunda nt is the fact that cry stal grind ing is a job for
the e xpert. Post-war consid eration s have altered
the picture to some exte nt, a nd we consider
W2DBO 's article one of the most informative CO
has been privileged to publish .

usc t he crystal, if he possibly cun, ove n if it

oscillates poorly, and an noys the frat ernity in
gene ral. T he m anu fact urer m akes every effort t o
tum out as perfect a cryst al as the development of
the art will permit , and t akes pride in t he q uality
of his product.
H is understandable rel uctance t o have someone wit h no experience and inadeq uat e eq uipment
attem pt t o regrind one of his crystals, bungle the
job a nd replace the crystal in t he holder bearing
his name, is one of t he reasons why cryst al-grinding inform at ion has not been morc generally
circulated .

War Surplus Stocks

However, war brings many ch anges and it is
the writer's b elief that t he amateur sh ould he
sbovvn how he can sh ift the frequency of a quartz
cryst al by a desired and reas onable amount. M any
thousands, perhaps millions, of quartz cryst als
will be available from military surplus afte r t he
war. The largest part of t hese will undoubtedly
gravit ate to the h am bands.
The majority will be kilocycles distant Irom'thc
amateur allocations . However, nppreclnt ing'[the
tenacity of purpose and pioneerin g spirit. of the
radio amateu r, the "Titer (an amateur himself)
decided it would do n o good to tell t he ha m he
could not successfu lly regrind a crysta l. H e'd t ry

co

CRYSTAL FINISHING
FOR HAMS

it nnywny; and so with tongue-in-check, the folluwing infonnat ion is presented. T he met hods,
implcnu-nts and equ ipment are ndn pted c!'pcdally to utnuteur use and arc not to he construed
ns rcprcsouting those employed in mat'S production, outside of incidental similarities.

Test Oscillator
The ma in requi rement of a crystul frum the
umutcu r viewpoin t is activity. Tem perat ure coefficient is iruportu nt but it is assumed that a
crvstul of low drift cut is at hand. It is further
a........umcd that a perfect crystal is used to begin
with-that is, one with high activity, free from
all olect ricul and mecbnnicnl flaws and with its
freque ncy stumped un the holder. Th e activitv
of a crystal is a tneusurc of its ftntuoss. T he h igher
the frequen cy (the th inner t he crystal) t he lr-ss
Ull C' \"('IlIH'S." cnn lw tolerated if t he crystal is to
come up to standard activity. T he word "standan i" is used relatively a... there is no general
stundnrd for all quartz oscillators. T he military
seta a cortnin stnndurd for 11 type and frequency
of crystnl taking into considerat ion .only the
cha racteristics pceuliur to t he piece of equ ipment
ill wh ich the crystal hi to be used .
For amateur usc u compromise standard of uctivity may be determined with the test oscillator
diagrammed in Fig. 1. I t is important that the
component values used be exactly as specified if
the instrument iJ5 t o be of value as a standard.
Table] indicates t he nceept ubl e maximum uud
minimum milllunuuct cr readi ngs for t he various
frequency rnuges . M uximum values are read with
the load condenser, GIl set for minimum capacity.
M inimum values are read with CI set at maximum capacity. It is important to note that, as CI
is slowly rot ated fro m nurx imutn to minimum
capacity, the met er reading (relative activi ty]
should increase evenly and smoothly. D ips or
hesitation at any point ind icates the generation of
spurious frequencies due to uneven or nonparallel surfaces, or coupling of other modes of
vibration in the plate. Surface trouble is remedied
Jul y, 19 4 5

by (nee grinding (which raises tho frequency ), and

thc latter offoct by edgt, uriudi ng . 1'1)(' uppurent
performance of a crystal in the transm itter osci llator stage i:ol an inadequate indieutiou of its
aetivity. AI..-o the rectified grid current of the following buffer stngc is by no means a satisfuctorv
criterion, especially if the crvstul oscillator i:-:
keyc I.
T he test oscillator shown in F ig. 1 is of the
Pit' IT C t ype. This is part icula rly suitable for a
stuudard that is to cover a wide ru nge of frequencies n:-: there arc no tuning controls. i\ tunedplate oscillator would require a separate cnlibration curve of activity for each runge due to the
varying LI C ratio between extremes. However,
the Pierce oscillator will make t he frequency of
thc cryst al a ppear higher t han it actually is in u
t u ned circuit, so t he final freq uency mu st be
measured in the oscillator stage of the transmitter. Use the test oscillator for aclil'ily checks
and the transmitter oscillator for final [requencu
determination. T he Frequency 11('('(1 be measu red
in t he t ransmitter only when t he crystal reaches II
point a bout one kilocycle below the desired frequency as measured in t he t est oscillator.
D etermining Crystal Cuts
It is important to know the cut of a crystal in
order to finish it with the proper contours for
greatest activity. P rovided t he frequency is
k nown it is u sim ple matt er to determi ne t.he cut
by calculat ion. E very cut has a t h ickness factor
which, di vided by the thickness, will yield t he
frequency or, conversely, divided by the Ireqncncy will yield the thickness. Table Ll shows
the thickness factor k for the AT and HT cuts
us ' \'(,11 as for the X eud Y cuts of pre-war vintage
whi ch t hc a mateur may attempt to regrind.

Equipme nt a nd M aterials
Tools and materials are as important as the
necessary knowledge to accomplish thc desired
results . All of the following items should be pro-

17

r----------~~ ~ -

~.

cured before any attempt is made to regrind a

platc :1. A sta ndard l-1" or 1" micrometer reading in
thousandths and equipped uith a lock 80 that
the spindle may be locked in posit ion.
t . .A few pieces of plale glass, not less than 34"
thick (preferably thicker) and anywhere
from four to Seven or eight inches square.
S. A small amount of #6f.YJ silicon carbide
grain (ca rboru ndum) .
4. A few sheets of carborundum waterproof
paper, # 400.\.
5. A few ounces of carbon tetrachloride
(Carbona) .
6. A pair of small t weezers.
7. Lint-free cloths.
8. Some small scraps of window glass.
In addit ion, a large bowl or basin of water is required as well &0; a small dish to hold the car-

Cr:

6J5GTIG

RFC!

c,

R,

Ch

Col

VR-I0 5

c,

Fi, . 1. Test oscillator for crystals-with power sup ply

Rl -100 o hm s,

1h watt

Ri - 30,OOO ohms, Yt watt

R3-3000 ohms, 10 Witts, wire-wound
CI-35 ~Jdd , va,iabl.
(2-.005 J,!fd, mia
(3-.005 pld, mica
(4-8 J.lfd 450 working volts, d.e.
(5-8 p.ld 450 work ing volts, d.c.
T-250-0-250, 5 and 6.3 volb
CH-2 H fih~r choke
RFCl-12 turns 14 wire, 1A. inch insideT d iameter,
_ spaced_Vi .d~ ~e~te r wire and .ir.w;,::o,::":::n,::d,,,
_

RFC2-2.5_M.,tl.chok. .
M-o-l ma meter t

18

METER REA DING METER R(ADING

AT C I MIN.

AT Ct MA X.

1.0
'0
0.95

0.8

1700 - 3000

3000 - 4000
4 0 0 0 - .55 00
5500- 6500
650 0 - 7 5 0 0

0. 75

0.0
0.4
0 .2

O.s

0.8

Teble 1. Activity readings in lesl cscilletcr

horund um. The window glass is cut into sma ll

pieces exactly the size of the crystals to be ground
-one piece for each size. These glass pieces are
kn own as "protectors." The thick plate glass
pieces are called " laps." The waterproof paper is
cut into pieces about three or four inches square
and the silicon carbide grain is mixed with water
to fonn a thick paste. All of this material, along
with a communicat ions receiver, the test oscillator, t ransmitter and frequency-measuring ap.paratus, comprise the crystal-finishing layout,
and, if you 're game, we're now ready to start. T he
method described below can only be general as
we do not know the type or size of crystal, its Irequency or how far it is to be moved. It is recommended that initial attempts be made with low.
frequen cy crystals in the largest size available.
Fini. hi ng Procedure.

RFCI

80

FREQ .
RAN GE -KC/S

_.

_~_
OJ _

T Il(' method by which a crystal may be moved

a ki locyc le or t wo is so simple t hat t he reader may
question the above list of materials. It should be
kept in mind, however, t hat the basic purpose of
t his paper is to describe a method whereby " warbaby" crystals can be converted to ham use, a nd
in only fa few cases will t hese be within one or t wo
kilocycles of t he amateur bands. T hey may be
hundreds and even thousands of k ilocycles too
low-and in such instances the recommended inventory represents an absolute minimum.
Before be ginning operat ion on any cryst al it is
suggested that it be put in t he t est oscillator and
t he rending noted. This reading will probably be
quite low in accordance wit h T able I , if t he
crystal is of the amateur type produced before
the war. T here are numerous reasons for this,
chiefly aging and the accumulation of forei gn
matter over u long period of non-usc..Just to become familiar with the effect foreign matter can
have on the erystul, d ismount it from the holder
anti, grasping it in the tweezers, immerse the
crys tal in t he carbon-tot and sha ke it around a
bit. Grasp it in a differe nt positi on and repeat
the operat ion. DI)' it qu ickly on one of the
cloths, being careful not to touch any part of the
crystal with the fingers except t he edges. Then
replace it in t he holder and recheck t he acti vity .
I n most cuses you " ill be very much surprised .
Performing this operat ion a number of times wit h
various crystals will help develop t he " feel" for
ha ndling them . The above procedure wit h the

co

F ll T = K
WHE RE
F

FREO. IN KC/S

T = THI CKNESS IN INCHES

K = T HICKNESS fACTOR I.. CO NST"NT\

CUT

AT

66 . 2
10 0 .0
11 2 . 6
77. 0

BT
X
y

Iff
I_

th at is, convex. I
~ li g'h t ly lower or co

cut, the center mu st be

0('.

Using the Micromete,

To become !Ofieien
r
t in the lIse~ t1H'
erometer, i.~s
t.{ri)tl(1i('c~ )i . l'hi,
II
also 3cqumT11..vo w1..I1HJ sn(liAlf,
: -r tncrciully fini~h('d plat e. Hold the crys tal on the
Table 2. Thickn ess factor and fo ranvil of t he micrometer und close t he spindle 80
mula for determ in ing crystal cuts
t hat it clamps t he cryst al very light ly. T hen
carbon-t ot is the cleaning: method referred t o tighten t he lock. T here should be j ust enough
herea fter \"" hCHCYCr we say " clean the cryst ul."
prl'~~~ so t hat t he crystal will not fall out of it s
T o begin with, let us mov e an SO-met er cryst al 0\4 ctrif.,"4Q but not enough to prevent slid ing it
a few kilocy cles. Immerse a piece of the water- about wit h t he fi ngers. The spindle may be adproof paper iu wat er and st ick it on one of t he justed slight ly, even wit h t hc lock Oil. By slid ing;
glass laps. Place t he cryst al 0 11 the surface of t he the crystal around it will be found to be loose in
pape' and with t he fi nger in t he cent er of th~T2tl'l'\')sp(~g~ l~tiglrlllA'I-I;'Il"l!IJt,e t ight spots
cryst al nuuut ummg slight pressure, move It "orrour~e lI}{h~t e rlat l rlc crysla~' IS t hicke r at
about three inches. T hen r inse t he crvet ul in. lilA T.n Jil3110iiHJ UlG1:IiJ:'!.tIllWIdJT/iU,nee in thickbowl of water, d ry it on a clot h ami replace in ness of a few hund red-thousandt hs of an inch can
holder. Check frequency and acti vity. Be sure be det ected, but t he " fed " can only be acq uired
t o keep track of which side of .t he cr.Y~~ ,!w~1t:~ ~1i,thJ-Hf~~ .. '.:~;: ..... :_ ~ I
ab rased and work only on that SIde . R~~1 11.n:Jt~-l!iIi-~H;fb~er~~rtJ~~}~~gJii~_lJ.H!.jl~~Ht~i.~
.
operation until the frequer:ey is only, !l lf!'~~~VIt7;l~fBt~~ro ~ tJ'~~~~f-11#\~~t.t1e:)!r~tJ~~~'P~11~~'~!! oath
drcd cycle. below that desired. If t?~:HC!lcltr '~ jf,;;!.ac,:,:ll O.nl"lril'~ h!~~,!:c(jl!lpJtliJI;sijOlh'l\~_ 'the
not np to pa, It should be possible t o l'!reru",:,! bYc;.iL,)Vl)frprMlp'~j",ilib~,1Y~) ld.!lf!~!':fle~fuIlooa.s
edge grinding, as described later. .:p'hefr(,t1~on,for j-:;.J.lie ;~r~rcn~i?i f~;1iJ!. !AILgrmliit)g ~t 4~'Q.ej~ the
stopping a bit low in frequel1cy :.~ ! !~t:th~-e-d~~;~:?\!lfi!!~n('O;-tti~ }'f f~~f(.rrt<:t~_~~~i~JQ~~ed
grinding also may affect t he fr~~~ov";'JfJ~~!1S~~;~ J~&~ r'4!be r~JWlf'ti~#sh m rrtl Of ,j er nc 6~ ce
ti vity is sat isfactory, clca.$~.yi~,f[~l}!taU~ii"(t;!:i _Ut~jJ,
-~.
r.
measure the frequency t o s i it..it_ \"~' raised b,Q;l7:': :r l fft:!~
I
ft:~ ~-i3-::'
EX AMPLE : "3~ IOKC/S
K ~3 S I 0 11

T. OI811 '''' C H[ S
. 0 18t ", 88 , 2
C IlYST" L IS " T CU T

rtf" . -:

tj.:-.-

paper should properly fi.ri..i:;liit~;:\Oril:reii>6ricrlce:. .~!~~1: ". T.~:J;

I
can teach t he amou~ pJ.nb~a.s~iiD1 ~~_'ifr~~r~t ." , : t~
j
f' ~~
necessa ry to accolllp~n;;H}~ :d~l.I~~'~i5u.~ti~'J 'I(.
::::r-.: ~OS
After a nu mber ?fJ"llbU~?~)ff;tbfcJ!sfHl il:'
jf 'i
WIll take on a poh:J..4lld ~~~!ll;~-,'llJ,~~\ ' \l"Ill bey'/.
,
noted t hat t he frcqucn{f\"';Ja ~moYe{t,less ' ahd less l;
wit h each trea1;_Z#jiiW~ ~~~1l~stiVJ~~f)~!,t'h{~ ~ l.
.
where t he slIja~~l'J:!.tEi..;-l~t?14~~~t!~:L ,t !J!~%,.
'
queue)' call n9.zf ~nge-l ~-::E~15q~1 ~~~~fc;.., hO~' :j'-:':,
.7'
.,.,
t:
hard the phi~;Js_-!~t;~~I~;rh ..~~~pc~m~~;p.- IHlS.. L -o:;r' ..;..~ ._loH
_'/. ,fi T- ', - .'-:...J:. _ f>: 8
not be en ~f;CU.~~l:g,:~~I!.c1!b"e1r~~ be&l}ucc!!lcd_ ... V. r,iou~ types of cryst.l unib/~ some' of whichI:ray
with the-:cry~~il gcijing 'Qut: rj(:ttuc~nIY nn .iJl:< come , Into ~ th e hams' p,o.ssession af~.er , the i,:"a.~ i In
fin itc~iin '!L qu:m ti~y':of:'qU~rli~~ arr,_ '15f~rrino'ca the c:nter , back~:o und; IS " raw mot?e~J~rystal
~rom-the);' l r.(a.co:..by~ ~h~::;m:c~h~_ "'.hi~I\~m o~lIlt is so that it can be recognized. Polish ed fac('ii~lso
IS, a:l)ra~~L~ ("Ye~j~-~Q:~hc ori~llt1~:n:to~rs_ a~e ,lIo!. ~ increase activity a bit and minimize aging't:tr'iet s .
dlst:!I~~ :~.B.r polislll llJ!;:OIHJ; f8~ to t he) IIDlt t he - ~\ bit of toe silicon carbide grain is smeared oyer
frequellcy , ri~ e:l l1 ~qol~blc~ -:~): ~nsh ing the one of the JaI~ and a glass protector the , sj ~e of
other face. 1 fie . ~~ucncy-!!hlfL t~t can be, at- . the cryst alis grou nd OIl one fac e by placing,it on
t aine~~'y, :tl!is m~t~I(j(n.lI;::pc!f<ls:On:thc cut .o~ the _ the lap and wit h t he finger in the: ceI~tei dee:ys~al ~1~Jt~]rcqueney . , As a ro~gl! approxrmu- "scribing " figure eight" pat terna.. .Be sur'Q plent y
t lO1),J foiiy klloe.n~k'S.:~nn -l.H; .. f(moy~od at seve n of water is. used with the abrasive. ' T lui- promegacycles. C.AUTlPX~~~~!j the 'paper u'et.
teeter is treated t his way t o provide a 'ground sur" e can , now turn our vuttention't
to crysta l face t o which the. cr 'vstnl
will ad here. ..(Wit h/ .both
,
-'-'-'1
, '
grind ing whe re it is necessary t o move a cryst al, the prot ect or and the crystal washed-and d ried,
say, 1\"'0 hundred-kilocycles. H ere the cut of the t he t ip.of the ' t ongue is 't ouched "to t.h . ground
crvsrnl must fi rst be 'determined. For greatest surface of the protector and t o the reference face
ai,t i vit y J hc c,~ntyu~:tp{ ttl _AT , UJ i and Y cut~ tffet hr c~.Y~t~1. I~l~~cr~stal is s~d on the protf Ctor
SflOU)d be sliglltly rligher iu the ('cnter of the pfat t:', - - - (Continued on page 54 ]

-:* ,. , " '-I

JUly, 1945

PARALLEL
RESISTANCE

CHART

C. J. MERCHANT
Brush Development Co.

THIS CHART GIVES CONSTANT PERCENTAGE ERROR

WITHIN 1% FOR THE RESULTANT PARALLEL RESISTANCE

R,
10 .
9

8'
7
6

5
4

7 8 9 10

40 50 60 iU 60 90 100

R,

CO

20

ANTENNAS

BENT

Modifying the Horizontal Half-Wave

Radiator Where Space Is Limited

DAVID M. SANDERS, W2HSY

T
o

MANY

AMAT E UItS,

especially those livBenl anlenn will worSe and work well-e-elten without any apparent rhyme
ing in the city, the
or reeson. The worst we ever saw wa com promis. between 4 hair..pin and
erec tion of a suitable
w8.h-dric, Itlung in .o me mcmory-.dcFyinlj manna between the 98'49an tenna presents a
and house . t W-4DVO.WLRB, Tampa, Florid.. W. doubt if ny part of
maj or problem. P utthis slcy-hook-or-by.aook was more than 25 'cct above ground . It wa'
t ing u p a half-wave
cnd..f.d on 80, 40 and 20 metc", and the sh.c5t: . IS so pl.stered with
a ntenna in limited
a rd. that h.lf the r.di.tion went into the thumb t.cksl-Ed.
space is often impossible. Wh ere sufficient
room (or a horizontal
straight wire is not available, a compromise Th. Half-Wavo Ant.nna
radiation system can be used . I t is not claimed
The fundamental antenna is a st raight wire
that t he com promise will be as efficient as un one-half wave long electrically. T he formu la
antenna constructed " accordi ng to Hoyle," but
for calculat ing such an antenna il'l if inte lligently considered and built, good res ults
. r )
~ 68 ,OO()
can be expected.
Lengt II (10 cet .
Before erecti ng a n antenna in restricted space
freque ncy (m kilocycles)
it is well to conside r first. some fund ament al The antenna can be coupled to the transmitter
nutennu characteristics. Alm ost anythi ng con- a t either end of the wire, which is known II.'! voltnected to a transmitter will radiate some energy. ugc feed, or curren t-fed to the center. In both
E ven a dummy aerial or a very short piece of cases, as a characteris tic of t he half-wave antonwire will radiate sufficient energy to be picked up nn, maximum volt age occurs at eit her end or the
at n near-by locution. T he main differences be...
wire -a nd the current is maximum at the venter.
t ween antennas arc efficiency and radiation pat- Theoretically, maximum radiation occurs at the
tern . For the ham without the room, the rudia- point of the most current. It is therefore imtion pattern will usually huvc to be what it turns
portant in any nntenna system to have the point
out, but the efficiency can be worked on and in
of maximum current (t he ce nter in the inst unce
most ca...ses made reasona bly good.

~ '"

. I"

!),, -~

HAI.FWAVE ANTENN A

B
HALF WAVE

FOLDED

Filj . 1 . the half-wave antenna , with the prelerred d imensions lor Foldinlj. Half the horir:ontal space is saved

J uly, 1945

Filj . 2. Current Feed to the bent half

wave antenna . K~ep the center in the clear

21

If the bent antenna suggested will not fit into

.!."

Fis. 3. End or voltage feed an . Iso

be employed with the bent entenna

of t he half-wave) as much in the clear as possible.

Should the point of maximum a ntenna current
be d ose to surrounding objects, much of the
radiation is absorbed nnd If'SS energy "ill be
available for its intended work.

The Bent Antenna

A half-wave bent antenna cnn be a pproximately as efficient as a st raight wire and abo have
about the same radiation pattern. Where space
"ill not permit a st raight half-wave wire this is
probably the most efficient type of antenna that
can be constructed.
Generally, the best method of " folding" the
wi re is to la-nd both ends down , leaving the
center sect ion stra ight and horizontal. The bent
antenna should be one-half wave long overall
with the end s bent down. The folded ends arc
('a<'ll nn e-q uarter of the total length (or 78 W:l\'Clength) leaving th e center sect ion a quarter wa ve
(Fig. 1). It can be seen that this antenna will
only require half the horizontal space of a halfwave st ra ight wire. Since this is a h alf-wave
a nteu uu, maximum current " ill occ ur in t he
center WhN(' the win' is stra ight a nd horizontalt hus the simila rit y of radiation patterns of t he
stra ight a nd bent a ntennas.
The t ransmitter ca n be connected to this
antenna in Ill))' of the conventional met hods
(Fig,~ . .. and .1.) It may be possible to conserve
more space by using end-Iecd-c-i.e., connecting
the t ransmitter to one end of the radiator.
lOll

20'

SCllT ....(.. ,

Fig. 4. The fold in g or b ending pattern act ua lly

used at station W2 HSY-with good results

22

the available space, then the ends or the whole

wire can be fold ed to conform with condit ions .
However, t he radiation pattern will m ost likely
be different and the efficiency may suffer as well,
due to probable cancellat ion of radiation lobes .
Bu t in any ease it would be difficult to p red ict
thc radiat ion pnttem and only experimentat ion
with nny set-u p would determine it.
In general, when bend ing an antenna, kee p the
center po int of the half-wave wire straight and
horizontal and as much in the clear as poe... ible.
Avoid sharp curves and d o not fold the antenna
back on itself and run po rt ions of t he wire parallel
and d ose together. These precautions sho uld
be heeded to prevent field cancellation . The
fields around two parallel a-c lines tend to ca ncel
each other. If the half-wave antenna is st rung
out and then back on itself, this paralic] condit ion
will exist with limited radiation. As the two
free ends arc spread apart, cancellat ion becomes
less and tess. In some C8& "8 of bend ing an

.~+----- ~---'>' ,.. I!

, .~-"

Fi,.5. Radiation pattern of the W2H~Y bent

antenna as indicated by numerous

asos

antenna, it might happen that radiation lobes

would be additive instead of su bt ractive with
somewhat the effect of a directional antenna .
Only experimentat ion with a given case will
determine its characterist ics, and if found undesirable a nother method of foldin g t he a ntenna
must be t ried.

Antenna at W2HSY
T he writer's interest in bent antennas was the
result of living in-an apartment where there was
not space for a conventional 40 m eter h alf-wa ve
wire in a straight line. E ven a Marconi antenna
was considered out, due to the ground connection.
.-\. 66-foot wi re (Fig. 4) w as finally stru ng ou t and
with t wo bends in it to squeeze into t he back
yard. T he antenna was coupled directly to the
transmitter, Musing feeders would have required
additional and unavailable space in this ease.
The bending was as follows: From transmitter
northerly 6 feet to first bend; thence 20 feet westerly to the second bend: and finally 40 feet southwesterly. Xcwhere could any literature be
found un the behavior of such a radiator-c-whicht
(Continued on poge 4t1J'

(0'

RADIO AMATEURS '

WORKSHEET
No.2.

SUPER-REGENERATIVE RECEIVERS

ASU PE R-REGE~ER..\TIVE

recei ver is one in which

t he regeneration is va r ie d in s u c h manners
that the circuit is rendered oscillatory and 1l0Iloscillatory periodically. Consider the circuit of
Fig. 1, which is a Hartley oscillator. Now, t he
coupling between t he t wo sections of the ta nk
coil may be reduced un til , for a given plate
voltage, the circuit docs not oscillate. And for 8
given coupling, the plate voltage may be reduced

until no oscillation occurs. The effect of Increesing the plat e volt age or cou pling ca n be considered

equivalent to introducing a negative resistance

into the tank ci rcuit. Now, t he t uned circuit can
be considered as having fo r a ny given freq uency ,
a finite positive resist ance. T his is not constant
under all cond itions , however, due to the effect
of the t ube . T o some degree t he positive resist ance of t he circuit of F i g. 1 is a fu nct ion of t he
cu rrent flowing in the circuit .

, --{-- ---

Figure 1

T he negative resistance introduced int o t he

circu it by regeneration subt racts d irectly fro m
t he posit ive resistance of t he circuit. Thus, if t he
positi ve resistance of the circuit is 10 ohms and
2 ohms of n egative resistance is introduced into
t he circuit t he net or effective resistance will be
S ohms. T he negative resistance may be less t han,
equal to, or greater t hu n t he finite positive resistnncc. If t he net resistance is positive and a
voltage is sud denly im pressed 011 the circuit the
current flowing in t he circuit as a result will be
directly proport ional to the impressed voltage and
inversely p roport ional to t he net or effective rcsistance. who the voltage is removed the oscillations will be dumped out ut a rate determined
by the effective resistance of the circuit. See

F19.

c.oo... .
~ .....

zero . If a voltage is suddenly impressed on the

tank circu it , t he cu rrent in t he circu it will build
up at a rate di rectly proportional to t he induced
voltage, and t o t he sq uare root of t he ratio of
t he tank circuit ca pacitance, to t he tank circuit
ind uctance. w hen the im pressed vo ltage is removed the tank circuit will cont inue to oscillate
at t he amplitude at which the im pressed vo ltage
WM removed.
T heoretica lly , if t he impressed
voltage were not removed t he cu rrent would cont inue to build up to infi nit e amplitude. Actuall y
it would build u p until Iimited by t he tube which
would exert more dampi ng M the am plitude of
the oscillations increase. See Pig. 3.
If a voltage is impressed 0 11 t he ta nk circuit
t he net resistance of which is negati ve, t he current
st arts at a value det ermined by the q uotient of
the impressed voltage and t he circuit resistance,
and theoretically bui lds up to infinity irrespective
of when or whether t he ind uced voltuge is removed. See Fi g. 4. P ractically , the current in
Super- Reoenerat.we
Circ uil

,,
Audio Amp"''''

0._

OSCilla tor

"'~ .

If the negative resistance introduced by re~cn('ration is equal to the positive resist a nce of
t he t ank circuit, the effective resistance will be

July, 1945

Figure 5

23

QUENCH
FREQUENCY

_EFFECTI v E
RESIST...NCE
OF T ...NIl.
CI RCUIT

O~T;;'";;'-==:;:'

ece.c

=--

UP
r: -:;.;-~< ,
DUE TO ... P _ I
-Pl.IC ...TION
OF SIGN ...l . - J

-~

.L

N O Rt.I ...l.
POSI TIVE
RESIS T...NCE
OF' T ...NIo(
CIRCU IT

......- 8 UIL D UP OF
~/
OSC ILl. ...T ION
DUE TO N OISE

...MPLITUDE OF
OS C Il.l. ...TION OF T... ,..1l. CIR C UIT

Figure 6

the tank circuit will build up until limited to

~(JIIll' finite value by the dumping of the tube.
The super-regenerative circuit takes udvant uj.W of this situa tion by increasing and decreusinl!; the plate voltuge (or by other means) so that
tilt' effective resistance of the tank circuit is first
uvgutive, then positive. This can be accomplished hy introducing a low-frequency os..cillation in the plate circuit of the super-regeneration
tube . Thi... oscillation is commonly called the
quench Irequcnr-y. S -c F ig. 5 .
TIll' qIH'IH'h frt-quency is generally above the
uudibl e f:lII1!;P a III I below the signal Irequcnr-y.
As the posit in' half cycle of the quench oscillator
ill('rt':I~t'S tht' plate vul tuge of the super-toV:('Jl(' ratin~ cin-uit , the effect ive resista nce of t he
ta nk circu it dccreuses t hrough zero to a ucgutive
\'1I111f'. Oscillutiou then builds lip in the tank
circuit as shown in Pig. ,"j or Fig. 4. when the
positive peuk of tilt' quench Frequency is passed,
th.. plate voltage of the super-n-generative circuit
starts to d('('r(,ll~' :lIHI eventually drop,.. to a value
at wl~i('h the effevtive resistance of the tank circuit becomes positive 31)(1 the oscillation is
d:lI11IH"d out. Then follows the negative halfeyr-h- of the IItH'Il('h frequency, reducing the plate
vultuge of the super-regenerative circuit still
furt IH'r and t IH' process starts over aguin.
If no signal is fNI into t he circuit, t he thermal
noise of the tnuk circuit or shot effect from the
tube will shock the tank circuit, sturting oscillation which gives rise to the "characteristic
noise" of super-regenerative rrcclvers. When
the ta nk circuit effective resistance is zero or
negutive, the sensitivity of the receiver is very
gn-ut. as is the selectivity. AI":l result, the l'.'UCcession of wnve trains introduced above nil
audible rate /o!:i\'f's rise to a series of high sensit ivity periods producing what appears to be a
cout lnuous noise. This cycle of events is pict ured
in Fi g, 6, in which it is shown that the oscillation
builds up when the effective resistance of thc

24

tank circu it is sufficiently nr-ar zero. The b uildup of oscillation does not start instantaneously,
hut builds up in aceorduncc with the constants
of the tank circuit.
If a signal is applied which is of higher amplitude than the noise of the tank circuit [i.e.,
thermal noise} or shot effect , then the oscillations
sta rt more promptly and build up at the same
rate as if no signal had been uppliod . This is
illustrated hy the dotted line in Fig. fl . In general the stronger t he signal the 1'00llN the buildup process O('('UI"S . Since thermal noise and shot
effect nrc random in nature and the desired signal
is (or should be) at the resonant Irequeucy of the
ta nk circuit and is continuous in nature, the noise
is masked hy the signal and is not hoard while
the signal cont rols the oscillations of the tank
circuit. The build up caused by the signal is
exceptional. The curves of Fig. 6 sh ow that the
signal ndvauccs the point at which oscillations
st a rt while the decay of oscillation is the same
whether signal is present or not, awl thut decay
is independent of the st rength of the siguul .
The Flewelling circuit. which is sometimes
called the self-quenching type of supcr-reueuerative circuit docs not employ a separate quench
oscillator, This circuit quenches by properly
proportioning the grid condenser and grid leak
(H and C of Fig. 5) to obtuin interrupted oscillation. The Flewelling circuit is somewhat more
critical to adjust than those employing a separate
quench oscillator, but it is also much simpler and
employs fewer components. The quench Irequcucy of the Flewelling circuit is a function of
t he signal am plitude uud is variable in operat ion
rat her t han constant us contrasted with t he type
employing; a separate quench oscillator. Pi g. 7
illustrates one fonn of the Flewelling circuit.
In general, it is considered good practice to
Ul'C a relatively low quench frequency, say 20 to
50 kc. ) lost investigators have reported that low
quench frequencies require less quench oscillator
power, yield better sensitivity, reduce undosired responses, and make for a more stnblc circuit. It is usually preferable to use a high Q tank
circuit rather than to overcome the effect of a
high ION) ta nk circuit by increased regene ration .

~J---r=;---Jrn---=
Figure 7

Audio Amplm.,

co

A SIMPLE
CONVERTER
FOR
F -M RECEIVERS
This con ver ter en a b les pre-war f-m r eceivers~to:br in g
in programs on the newly:assi gned f-m frequencies

ENGINEERING DEPT. , HALLICRAFTERS,COMPANY

co x V E R T E R des ie ncd to permit t he

reception of F:\ l sta tions in the proposed
new baud between S4 a nd 102 megacycles on
pre-wllr F :\ I receivers which were built for the
old band of 42 to .12 me, was recently demonst rat ed by the Hulllerufters' Company. The
use of this converter will prevent obsolescence
of pre-war sets in the event of 11 change of }<')(
frequ encies. Because amateurs are among the
largest group of pre-war F ~l set owners, and beC3 U~ the converter may read ily be modified
for other home upplirnt ions, this is of special
interest to C Q readers.

I
Ch.usis . view of
single-tube ee e-

July, 1945

vertee

The single t ube converter is designed for use

in primary service a reas where signal st re ngt h is
hi~h and the principal considerations are appearance and convenience. It is small enough to go
inside t he cabinet of pract ica lly any F ) l receiver
and will not interfere in uny way with normal
operat ion. A swit ch 0 11 the front panel of the
receiver pcnnits the conve rter to be connected
or disconnected and selects the two frequency
ranges, 84-92 me a nd 93- 102 m e. All tuning is
done with the regular receiver d ial. During the
period when the F)l stations arc being changed
over to t he new freq uencies, 3. receiver provided
with t his converter will be able to bring in stutions in both the new and old hands by me rely
switching the converter in or out.
This inexpensive converter uses a single 7~7
dual triode. The inpu t circuit is a band -pass
filter which permits a pproximately eq ua l guin
over the range to be covered ; the oscillator is
operated at a fixed frequency, and the 1".:\1 receiver is used as a variable frequency iJ. Two
settings of the oscillator nud band-pas s filter
input are provided so that the 1"::\1 receiver which
was only designed to cover a band of {) me can
cover the new 18 me band bet ween 84 and 102
me in two ranges.
A t hree-position switc h is provided by which
t he converter may he removed fro m t he circuit
for normal operation or may be set for either of
the two_ranges 84-92 me a nd 93-102 me. T his

25

L ~ f t ~ . p~ri m ~ n t .l
model of sin91 ~-tube
converter . nd (ri ght)
converter

meunted

in c.binet of console
receiver

converter cun be mounted inside practically any

PM receiver. All t hut is necessary is to drill one
hole in t he panel for the runge switch, mount the
converter inside on its bracket, insert the power

cable adapter plug under one of the receiver 's

output tu bes, und connect t he converter to t he
antenna and t he input binding posts of the recerver,

to
OUTQUT

F IrI RECEIVER
ANT CC'NoECTIQNS

7N7

r,

2-30
lJ,"fd

3JOMltl rd

JJOO

0"',

....,.
2 -30

"... .

.0 / ""d

- ;

100

"""''1r----,

.. 7.000

""-

e-sc
M...rd. - -

f 6V6. 6F6. 6K61

ADAPTOR SOCKE r
WHICH
IN TO
F M RECEiVER ,

- J>.

uas

"
PiN NUMBERS

Circuit di.gr.m for H.llia.Ftcrs converter. Followi ng

l.1-Wound on 1ft" form
Primary, 3% turns, tapped 1 turn from bottom
Secondary, 2 1h turns tapped 1 1;" turns from bottom T2-Wound on 1ft" form

26

arc

the coil specificatio ns:

Primary (left side)-4 turns

Secondary-21/t turns
Tide:ler-1% turns
T3 -Twisted pair No. 36 SCE, 2 " lo ng

co

.;

UP TO THE MINUTE TECHNICAL BULLETINS

Now available from coast to coast at Nariona! Union Distributors, is this big book of N. U . Service Engineering Bulletins.
It is loaded with timely technical lips, rrouble-shooring short cuts and
service suggestions, prepared by top notch N. U. engineers with all the
newest radio facts at their finger tips. And all so easy to get at-arranged
o n handy separate bulletin sheets covering one subject at a time.
A ready reference file of N. U. Service Engineering Bulletins is now
o n hand a t your Na tional U n io n Distributor. You are invited to refer
to it regul arly. Bulletins in whi ch you are particularly inreresred, may be
obtai ned FREE from four N. U . Distributor. Nationai Union Radio
Corpore rion, Newark 2, N. J.

e N, U. 7A4 as a h igh freq uency o scillato r

. 3 8 7/ 129 1 Vhra hi Kh frequency do uble triode
3 5Z 5 fi lame nt burnouts
A simple Lokral to Octal
ada pter
Tube subsuturiou d ata for
2 58 5
Re pl acements for special
purpose t ubes

After the War, MORE than Before!

N ATI O N AL UN ION
RADIO TU BES AND PARTS
27

July, 1945

SHOCK-PROOF
MOUNTINGS
How to Shock... Mount Your Apparatus
Fig. 3. Sheck-mc uet ed sub.chusis showing cut-out,
h.rdware Ind shock mounb fastened to subchanis

L. W. LAWRENCE

il OCK ~I 0 UNT I I'll G is top-notch protection

(or precision equipment. Shock mo unting
improves the stability of YltOs ; it can be
used to isolate circuits; it is a necessity in mobile
or good portable equ ipment-anti best of a ll it
is simple !1lul inexpensive to install. Two
methods of mounting equipment to minimize
shock or vibration are illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5.
I llust rutcd in Fig. 1 is a simple suspended
plat e which hus served admirably at \\'~ GJ R .

small enough to grip the bolt snugly are now rare.

T wo methods of overcoming this problem are
illustrated. In Fig. 3, it will be observed t hat
t here are what a ppear to be white centers in t he
rubber grommets. Actuall y these a re wooden
fillers which arc a medium force fit-that is,
they fit tightly, but do not push the grommet out
of its normal shape.

In fact, t he same principle hns been applied

T he second solut ion to securing proper size

grommets is to usc sponge rubber, wh ich hus
excellent shock-absorbing qualities. The par~
t icular square pieces shown in the photographs
were cut (rom the end of a pre-war kneeling pad.
The use of a shock -mounted sub-elm..,...is as
shown in Pig. 4 is sligh tly more eomplicnted .
The advantages gained from the additional work
may no t be justified in every ca.se, but in some
types of const ruct ion, such u..s an electron cou pled
oscillator, it is more easily adapted t han the flat
plat e.
Iii design ing eq uipment which will incorporate
shock-mounted sub- pa nels or chassis, ce rtain busie
precaut ions should IlC observed. If a tuned
circuit 011 the sub-panel is connected to the front
panel with a solid shaft, the rigidity of the shaft
will det ract from the effect iveness of t he shoc k
mount. In aU cuscs involving shaft extension, a
flexible coupling should he used.
If the circ uit cal ls for a common ground, a

commercia lly for protec ting precision crystal

circuits. Dimensions, materials, and. tolerances
are restricted only by the muteriuls 0 11 hand.
A cut-ou t of the desired size is made in the
chu.......is. A fla t plate, somewhat larger than the
opening is then mounted and held by the four
studs detailed in Fig. '2. In both shock mountings illustrated, clastic stop nut!'! arc used to
finish otT the mounting bolts. They huve t he
advautnge of holding in place whether they a re
drawn up tightly or not. I n t he event elast ic
stop nutss are not available, a standard hex nut
may he subst it uted . However, a cut or la p
should be mnde on the bottom of t he holt to
muke certain the nut cannot work loose and fnll
free.
Rubbe r is used to provide resiliency to shock
and vibration. In Fig:. ... , a rubber grouu net , as
thick as obtainable, serves as the shock absorber.
Unfortunately, such grom mets with a center hole

SHOCK MOUNT - - _,<-

-:;:---....,=,.-_

Sponge Rubber Substitute

...,

(SEE FIG.2)

:,
,,
,,

,,

(--:~::.~~~.=-=.=.~-~-=.=t==2~?
,

"'",ELASTIC STOP NUT

,r

r
r

,,,
,

-- CHASSIS

PlATE ON WHICH COMPONENTS ARE MOUNTED

NOTE.

NUT I S HOT Dlf AWN

liP TI GHT. ALLOW

5 0llllE

PLA "

Fig. 1 (left). Suspended plate method of aprl yi ng

shock mountin g a nd (Fig. 2, above), detail 0 sluds
used in this mo unting

co

28

Ei"'A( l QOOT lubn ill

.,,, pli}i" JtA~ 0/
W6 X A O trJ"JM;/ttr,
HolI, u...oJ

At Don Lee Hollywood Station KTSL

using EIMAC TUBES since 1938
\\urk o n eele..-ision station W6XAO
(Co mmercia l station KT SL) began in
No..'e m be r 1930 ; and thirteen mon ths
l at e r, Dec. 23. 1931 , it was o n the air
on the ult ra high frequencies, t he first
present day television to operate on

schedule. Today the station occupies

elaborate coppe r sheathed studios
which stand 1700 fee t above H o llywood wi th an antenna on a 300 -foot
tower.

T .. .

~_

... .. R~' s

~~tI,

. ,,,1

H.'
.'It
~.nnrtl, ,,
""'.1
tli .....- , ... " ~
/ ''',r ,.1"

f " /u;. " l ,.. "

Wr it. , . , yo...

~. p,

' 1I 6X

0.

o f Elut ic
f~. - a'" poe- booklet t..n" ill....
trClted _ oY. ,i" ll ' h. ' ....d. _ ..'.I, .f
EIKtr."ia 0 ...:1 _lOy of itl I",pon o,,'
op~ ;coti ..... I" 10,_,,'1 10 1>9"0 8 .

The program log shows almost ever)'

t)'pe of p resentation . H ig h est in interest and achievement are t h e remote
p ick-ups and special even t broadcasts
made simultaneously or recorded on
film for release later. Stud io p resentarions, especially tho se directed to w ar
activieies. have become a d uration standard.

be in daily schedule i mmediately after

t he war. Mr. lubcke sap : "We h a ve
bee n using: Eimac tubes in our re levisian transmi tter since abou t 1938 . . .
\X'e have fo und them good a nd reliable
performers .. . t hei r desig n is such th at a
favorable rati o of power ourput to rube
and ci rcuit capaci tance is obtained . ..
we look forward to using new Eimac
tubes which may be for thcoming:'
H ere again is a statement from a
leader in t h e field. which offers clear
evidence t h at Eimac tubes a re first
choice of lead ing electronic engineers
throughour th e w orld.

Fol/ou' IIH Itad$ 10

.
....
.......

U nder t h e di rec tio n o f H arry R .

Lu bck e, telev ision statio n K T SL will

"-

fU I"

1M."'

I fTlL 'UUOUGM .
s M.t. . Aw
S"'... . '-tH.
..... "
t " 1 S ,",... C. lit
111 "'It ...... ' lty. Ut...
h,.rt A"'" I ' NI.' & Ke.... . Jell ca., St., "'. 'NMh.c. 11. C.lil U. S. A.

July, 1945

29

fl('xibl(' 1":1I111111...;t bo ru n between the suh-chn..;,...; j..;

und main ch:t..;s is. AU lends between the t WI)
chassis must I~ sufficient ly 101l~ to a llo w freedom
of action. F rom act ual experience at \\':{lUP
it has:beell found that it is a good idea to provide
(':l....ily removable connect ions on the sub-elm....... iwhich a re independent from t he mniu ehassi... .
"

Wl'Rt WOllND

'RtS1STO'RS
J
Fig . 4 . M~thod or iso lating vibrator powt:r supply o f
a pcrteble betterv-cp ereted communications receive r

tHoR t tOlLS

This is not a lways practical and eac h spec ific

application of shock mounting presents its o wn
1'1'01,1/'111.

ELECTRICAL REACTANCE
CORPORATION

Pe wee- Peck Mounting

F RAN K L "' N V L L E, N. Y.
g

Here's How

You Can Get and Hold that

BETTER RADIO JOB!

.

,,dw;f'fll 'ru;n i" ,: i.'i fJrf'I Jflr;lI 11 o"If'r ,"I f o r l!o fJf /-l' tI." j ll Jl
rmliu j o Int - Will" S O T l 'O lJ:"
Today. radio .JOBS nre m an y- but rad io
CAREE HS arc few! Xow is the time for
y ou to equip yourself with t he necessa ry
t echnica l tralninJ! to q ualify for an impor ta nt e ngineering posit ion wit h a secure
post-war fut ure.
XOW whe n ind uat rv n eeds men, is the
time for ) ' OU to investigate CREl career
training. Your radio expe rience backed by
modern C UE I technical training will equip
you to share ill the good-pay ing jobs that
await trained men . . . anti to make good in
the important positions that lead to post -war
careers with security anti happiness!

Cllf."

WR ITE TODAY ! If you. ere a

prof lunal or amat eur radioman
and " 'ant to make more moneylet U8 prove to ~'OU ,u' have som ethine you need to qualif~' for the
better job ~pJ>Ortuniti~ Ihat ean
be vvure, To Mlp us intelligently
answer your inqui ry - please st.ate
briefly your education , r adio experience and preaent position.

CAPITOL
ENGINEERING
De p r , C-7. 3 224 IMh S t.

x. W "

Since t here are relat ively few connections to he

made between t he pOWl'!' supply a nd the main recolver unit , a l" i n ~l(' screw-t ype terminal st rip i,.
ad(qllat p. T o remon' thf' ent ire !lOWf' r su pply
SHOCK

MOUNTED CHASSIS
... ..lr..
" BOl.TED OR RI VETED
~

"WASHER

.J.... RUBBER

,,,
,,
,

- - WASHER

"'~E L A S TIC
STOP NUT

______ __ _ _ .JI

MAIN

~T

/sPONGE RUBBER

CHASSI S

Fi g. 5. Details on shock mo ur.t

fOf

sub-chassis

the four shock-mount studs are loosened and four

terminal connections removed.

T he detail sketch. F ig. oj . of the sub-chassis

R A D I 0

INSTITUTE
W a h lnltto n 10.

n.c ,

30

T he shock-mou nted ch assis in Fig. 4. is for a

vi brator type power sup ply of a portable bnt.t eryope ra ted communicat ions receiver. T his layou t.
hns I lt'PII utili zed to isolate t he power sup ply fro m
t ill' n-coivcr and st ill retain a compact design .

shock mount can also be applied \\"11'n- an entire

unit is to he shock mounted . An example of thi wo uld be a receiver or transmitter built in tilt"
conventional manner and shock mounted otT the
floor boards in un automobile truck. I n C:1:"(";
where equipment wi ll he su bject to mo re severe

co

IT'S FUN to live and work in MI. CARMEL, ILL.

J ohnny Beauch am p, a s upe rvisor a t th e
:\Jeissn cr factory in :\It. Carmel, is typical of
Xleissncr's precision-d . The camera ha s recorded J ohnn y's day . . . a com b inat ion of
work a nd pla y that's a b ig rea son for the
high quality you'll find in Meissn er product s
- " precision-built by precision-d."

ApnCIs another of Johnny's hobbits. He and ot he r members o f

.\f cissner 's precision-rl ha ve organized the Xl t , Ca rme l
Flying CJulJ, built a ha ngar, laid o ut the fiel d. H ere a
group listens to a studen t being briefed before the t akeo ff.
Herl's 1Dhnny at work. He's "tops" with subord inates because h e's never t oo bu sy to give
the oth er fellow a "lift" . . . h elp make the
job ea sie r.

like mosl fathers. John ny find s the baby more interesting than a
t ender morsel of ch icken. Aft er dinn er, J ohnny m a y go
back t o the plan t t o wor k out t he following da y's schedule.
A five-minute walk II noon takes J ohnn y home for
lu nch. Usua lly Con nie S ue. hi s c-yea r-ol-I
daughter, m eet s h im at th e corner. J ohn ny
own s his o wn bu nga low in this attractive section of :\It. Carmel.

There's I smile on his face

ashe ll~ ...cs t he fac troy
a t -l p. m., but s m iles
are t he r ule, precision.
el . . . t en mi nu tes

July, 19 45

la t er he's r ead y t o
apply Xl eissn er p recision t o the golf ga me
t h at h a s w on hi m
se vera l t rop hies.

"Slop Up" Old Recei,en!

T he se ),reiS9nl'r Perroearr
I. F. inpu t and output
t ra nsrc rme rs are getting t op
resulra in stepping up perIormance of old worn receivere, Special powdered
iron core permits higher '.Q"
with a resul ta nt increase in
Bt'lectivity and gain . now
avaf la b fe (o r fr e q u e n c y
range 12 7206. Ask (or numbera 16-5128 input, 1 ~5 , JO
o c t put , List $2 .!O each.

M.AN UFA CTURING COMPA NY . M.T. CARMEL. IL L

ADJ:UCED ElECTRO.l/e
RESE.JRCII ./.f'D .IlU /'F.ICTURC

Export Dit'ision:5 Warren st., Ne-.tJ York; Czhl~: S;monl,id

31

punishment t han in average fixed operat ion . due

consideration must be given t o the physical size
of the entire mount-including the bolts. Several rubber grommets can he used toget her for
increased resiliency. Sufficient cleara nce must
he allowed from t he floor, or the uni t will strike it
(luring normal disturbances. Care in building
equipment mechanically sound, and then providing the added protection of shuck mounting,
will pay dividends in more reliable, trouble-free
operat ion of your gear.

Ham lest
The Xorth Shore Radio Club of Long Island

Amerlea' s o utstan di ng "radio

ma n's rad io." Available for Immed iate delhery 011 priority.
Wrlte tor rull details toda)'!
These Items Extl uslve at Leo' s
44 Page Radio Parts rl )'er. FREE
Tube and Circuit Book 10c
Giant Rad io Reference Map . 1Se
Hand)' Tube-Base Cjlleulat ar .25c
Add ress l ee, Oe:rt, CQ}
Callndl 811111s, lowl

*
All phases of

RADIO DESIGN
PRODUCTION and
OPERATIONS are
Covered by

Subscribe Now.
Subscription
Price:
$3.00 per rear
in U.S.A. $4.00
elsewhere.
" RADIO" is
fir st choice of
ra dio-electro nic
engineers.

RADIO MAG AZINES, Inc., 342 Madison Ave., N.Y.C.

32

will sponsor the first " H nmfest" t o be held in

Greater Xcw York since the war on Friday evening, August '24t h, at the Community Gardens
Ballroom, 2V>-.'32 J ama ica Avenue, Queens Village, Long Island , New York, it wns announced
today by John DiBlasi , president of the club.
This will be good news to radio amateurs in
the Greater New York area, since the word
"Humfest" is the signal for all who follow urnate ur radio as an avocat ion to get t ogetherconvention-like-for the purpose of discussing
their mutual interests and having a good time
in general. The fraternal spirit of radio "hams"
is an institution in itself and t he pursuing oC this
hobby by the legions of radio amateurs has been
directly responsible for many of the major developments in the art of radio communications.
T he "Humfest " ,,;11 be open to all radio
utunteurs in the Greater New York and Long
Island areas .
While the " Hnmfest" program for August
24th will feature uno prominent speaker on
" What the II ams have done in the w ar Effort
and what t hey can expe ct Post-War", the evening's program will be mostly informal and will
include ent erta inment , movies, door prizes and
an opportunity for all interested in t he art to get
t oget her for exchange of ideas.
All rad io amateurs are welcome at the " Hamfest " and ticket s, nominal in price (50c), arc
availabl e at Greater Xew York radio st ores
dealing in anurt eur radio equipment, from Xorth
Shore Radio Club members, and at the door.

NEW PRODUCTS
VOMAX
.A new completely universal vacuum-t ube voltohm-millinmeter is announced by the ~ lc:\ lurd o
Silver Com pany, H artford, Connecticut. Known
as HVO:\l A....'X", it possesses a number of novel
and original featu res, A total of 12 d-e voltage
rang-es cover .05 through 3{x)() volts - at the
input resistance of 50 and 125 megohms. Six

co

n-o voltage ranges cover .05 t hro ugh 1200 volts,

all effective at 6.6 megohms an d 8 J.l J.lf. input
load ing. Three of t hese ranges a rc calibrated -10
through + 50 db for power out put Il1eaSUrCIUentB.
Six direct current ranges facilitat e measurements
from 50 microamp e res th rough 12 amperes. Six
zero-left resistances ran ges cover 0 .2 ohms
t hrou gh 2000 megohms. Const ruction is rugged

scales on t he 4% " meter as a resu lt of a newlydeveloped order of linearity between successive

scales for t his type of instrument. All circuits
are d ua l-t ube, automatically balanced against
line voltage va riat ion and t ube agi ng; T he removable d iode r-f probe makes possible accurate
r-f voltage measurements.

MATTER OF TIME
[Continu<d f rom page 15J

and d ecisively high q ualit y, nil switches being

cera mic, tube soc kets u.h. I. X2B , panel of 3/32"
alum inum , etc.
It is stuted that a ll usual grid-and
gus-current
.
problems have been eli minated. A-c response is
rated flat to 5% over t he range of 20 cycles to
above 100 megacyc les. One zero-set knob
serves for all rungcs, and need be set but once
for all 39 ranges . This multitude of usable
ra nges and func tions requires only five d ifferent

added an hour to their standard t ime to gain additional d aylight.

Kn owing t he lon gitude of a place, the t ime at
anot her place of known longitude may be found
as follows : T o t he t ime of t he first plat e apply t he
longitude difference, expressed in t ime units (15
degrees equals 1 hour) . Add if the first place is
westward , subt ract it if eastward . The result will
he t he local t ime at the second place. R emember
t hat the t ime at the cnstcrn place will he later
than a t t he western place.

Time and Longitude '

As a furth er illustrat ion , assume st at ion A is

at longitude 72-00' ,,~ ; st at ion B a t 46-00' \V.
T he difference in longit ude is 26 _0' degrees ,
which, ex pressed 3.8 time units, is one ami eleven
fifteen ths, or, since t he zone system avoids fra ctious, except in special cases, t wo hOUfS . If the

Fo r mor e rho n a y e ar OX C.ysla!l

have b e e n au roma ri<;a ll y d e e p
eTc hed by a ne w p ro c.e ss. Bolh
the method an d ma ch,nes we re
perfecte d b y o x Eng ine e rs so
,ha r a ll OX Xksts can ha ve the

nih d e g re e of liab ility a nd en.

dura nce nece ssa ry to wa rtime
opera ria n
Th ink a b ou t o x }'ro d.,d s lo r your
ne w rece ive rs an d IrOOi mitre rs.

July, 1945

33

One Central Source

FOR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
PARTS AND EQUIPMENT
C nttra ll zed Mre a rc today '.
l ari!' e u
and
m o at
c omple t t'
a toe ka o f p at U a n d e quipme n t

under o ne r oof.

Thb

mean a

f . stea t I C'O'Jce o n . u p p lles l or

production . ra dio rai nlnr. re.ear c h a n d maJ o r e D. nce.

A. aoo n at . ",.n.hl e fo r ddllan

u se. All iN be-co m e. a

MJ u r c c

for

cl!'n tral

n allicr.hcr. .

Na-

d onal. H a m m . r l u o d . and o t her

well-known c omm u nication r e ceive'n . T hc.c r e c e iv e ... a rc n o w
ava lla b l e o n p r opl:'r priorit y .

BUYING
GUIDE
A ...o ilab le

on Requ e't
W,i'e lor i"

~u. 'R4~ 4,..( e ~

Allied Radio Corp. :

\ !33

~~~~ ~1~~:"t~5~~~._C~ago './

One of the fln.,t commercial or amateur buga

available. Chrome finished bo.e and .up.'. ' r u c' u re. Springs mad e of Iected blu e .prlng
. ' 1for ,,"Iform p.,'ormonce ln all keys. Nin e
points of adJultment to Iult th e malt critical
t o uch. fully adlultoble. Sliver contacts 3 / 16"
d iameter.
MODEL C, Sl 0 S'UD KEY SI...llo r '0 o bove e-.cepl th.
blll. i, Bottleohip "roy .... rin~. fiAiIh. Amo l_ Net Prlc. $ 6.7 S

, local t ime at A is 9 :30 P.~L, local time at B,

whi ch is west of A, is 9:30- 2= 7:30 P .)l.
Another case : sta t ion C is at 12-3.1)' E . Station
Di. i1-l6' w, which place it is I1 :30P.~ 1. By
adding the values , we ~et t he difference in longitude. ' Ve must travel to 0 and back to 12-3.~' E.
If the sun should exceed 180 degrees it is necessa ry to subt ract 180 degrees. I n t his instance it
is 84_2 1', and in time u nits G hou rs. T he time
11 :30 P.::\1. plus Ghou rs, (since we are going from
wr-st to cast ) means the local hour at st at ion C
is 5 :30 ..L~l. T here is also a change in day, the
easterly st at ion being the Inter date . It is import ant t o avoid confusing the changes in date
as a res ult of a change in st andard time as compared with GeT.

W otch Your Dote

At midnight local time in XYC, which is al-o

midnight (or the entire zone, t he calendar date
changes . However, since X YC is located in zone
5, five h ours behind GCT, if we a rc working on a
GCT system, the calendar dat e changes at i :OO
P.)1. Eastern Standard Time. This actually presents no problem jf the records are kept consta ntly on the 24 hour GCT b asis. When you advise a stat ion of a schedule at 2230 GCT )lay
Hth. t here is less chance of confusion than to say
5:30 P .) 1. EST :\lny Ll th , since it may be a
different dat e at the ot her st at ion on the zone
svstem
.

T o summarize and nttr-mpt to elimiuute any

confusion, remember these salient facts. T he
Green wich Ciril T ime hour i... the same nil over the
world at any instant of tlmo. Stmulanl T im e and
ZtnlC T ime nrc almost inva ria bly the sa me. Each
time ZOIl' is I;i d('J!:J'('{':-' in width , extend ing i 3r2
d ewe<':" 0 11 either side of tho sta ndard meridian.
T he plus zones run we-t of the G reenwich
meridian, t he minus ZO I)(':-, run cast of t he Greenwich meridian . GCT is converted into sta nd a rd
time by ad ding or subt ract ing the zone time
differen ce from t he ZN O Greenwich meridian .
Daylight and W ar Smi ng time means the addition
of one or more hours to standard ti me.
T o avoid any posr..ihility of error in comput ing
differences of time, a simple diagram should be
used . Reference to a map will :-:CI"\"C :1.8 well . For
IOC:11 stutiou use. t horo should IX' 110 more difficult v t hun followiu n t he present system . Operati ng pleasure will he mat erially increased
when you ca n tell a fellow " Q RX unt il 15-45"
without another thought of d ates, .-\.:\1. or P .:\1.

CRYSTAL FINISHING
[ConlinUd from pout 191
and squeezed with the fingers when in position,
I t!will be fou nd t hat thev sti ck together tightly
provided thl'y were !loth clea n before the tongue

34

co

was applied. (T his muy not he the most sanitary

method hut a more convenient one is hard to
fiudl ) T he purpose of the protector is t o keep the
cryst al fia t when grind ing . If j ust t he finger was
used, hollows might be ground because even
q uart z (especia lly u thin crystal) venus. T he protector, however, will not prevent t he faces from
he in g ground out of pa rallel , due t o the d ifficulty
of apply ing fin ger pressure to t he exact center of
t he protector a nd of describing ex actly uniform
patterns in t he grinding operation.
After a short grind on the la p (which has been
wet by apply ing some water with the fi nger .
rubbing it arou nd until t he ahrusivc grain is in

ENGINEERS! DRAFTSMEN!
ACCOUNTANTS! STUDENTS!

IIRDER TI/IJAY/S~KW

MUlTI

. ~.
z.

.'-"

.""" .

Nole Ibese B NEW fealures:

In ad d ition to ha ving All the values of the ordinary
slid e -rul e. the ne w Multi-Slide Rule ha s:

1.
2.

Typical manufactured crystal unit-Th is mod el emplo ys

a quart:r. p late app ro ximate ly .750" )( .850", precision
variable air-gap assemblYf and is th e prototype of
Signal model 0(.9, used extensi vely in freque ncy
meter SCR. 211 , where high precision is mandatory.

com plete suspens ion) t he crystal and prot ector

are se parated, washed , dried and t he crystal is
a gain checked for frequency and activit v . Xo
co nce rn need be shown if the act iv ity has dropped
a." is probable. The mi crometer is now PlHployed an d t he high corners or a rcus arc marked
with penc il on t he side of t he crystal being
ground . It is again re placed on t he protector a nd
ground, slight pressure being a pplied to t he spots
or sides t hat were found to be high. The object
is t o kee p the crystal as fla t a nd parallel as po.."sible . The extent of each grind will ha ve t o hp

July, 1945

Four-place LOGARITHM TABLE

SIGNS and LIMITS of VALUE auumed b y
trigonometric functions

3.

Table of NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC fUNC .

TIONS

4.
S.
6.
7.

Table of TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE

8.

Tabl e of SLlDIRULE SETTINGS

Table of GENERAL EQUATIONS
Long list of common
FORMULAE

MATHEMATICA L

DECIMAL e q ui v a l e n t s of a fractio n

CleOf ,leg lbl e pt' lnt Tou gh, du'obie for lon g w eo,
$l :r.e 10" x 4 " Fits 3 . , ln g blnd e, . In ca,e. _ Full

Instruction' TRANSPARENT PLASTIC INDICATOR

STANCOR n ow offers t h e entire ele ct ronicind1Utry Ih.
new Multi-Slide Ru le . Firat developed for our o wn u.N.
it i s today made available t o 1111 . . G re atly simpWie s
c a lculation of unlimited r a n'1e c d probleme... A ge nuin.
profeSSional r u le - n ot a t o y . .. Thi s r ule is obtainabl.
O NLY THROUGH STANCOfl JO BBEFIS . PLEASE 00
NOT ORDER DIRECf. S yc u r Ie ea l directory f or the
n am. o f the Stanc es jobber in your c it y 0 Ij. wri t. for h is
name . Prtee of Stenc or Multi.Slide Ru l. : une Dolla rl the biq q e . t ehde-rule bar9aln e ve r oUe r ed- 1I eervtce to
t he trade by StaDc or.
STANDARD TRANSFORMER CORPORA TlON
1.500 N. Halsted St.
Chicago 22, III.

ORDER FROM

STANCOR JOBBER
35

determined by ex perience. T he slower t he better

RADIO AND
ELECTRONIC

at first.

Proceed with Cautianl

As t he frequency comes within about 25 kilocycles of the target, ext reme caution m ust be exercised - not that caut ion shouldn't he continually practiced. T he plate should now be made as
parallel as possible, taking only t he slight est
gri nd at each operat ion. The gri nd may consist
of placing the fi nger on the protector over a high
spot and perhaps pushing t he crystal forward on
the la p only a distance of one i nch, If t he sides and
corners seem to be comparat ively even but t he
midd le is high, th c center can he reduced by
grinding on the edge of the lap (with about onethird of the crystal hanging off), describing tiny
circles find reversing t he position of t hc cryst al
every few revo lutions. As noted before, the
cent er must be kept slightl y high for AT, BT and
Y cuts. To pu t thc hollow cent PI' in X cuts the
crysta l is ground cxtcusivclv on the edge of the lap
us out lined above. If necessa ry it may be hollowed
by oecusionally dispensing; with the protect or and
grinding with a fairly heavy fin ger in the center
of the crystul. The correct contou rs can be att ained only with experience .

EQUIPMENT - DEVICES

~~St[9j
-----Distributor s - - - -.., SPRAGUE CONDENSERS
SYLVANIA TUBES
CENTRA LAB CONTROLS
STANCOR TRANSFORMERS
UTAH SPEAKERS
INTER-COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
SHURE MICROPHONES
CETRON ELECTRONIC TUBES
BURGESS BAITERIES
TRIPLEIT METERS
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRONIC
DEVICES

*R
FO

*PROMPT
* * EFFICIENT
* * SERVI
* *CE

WRITE - PHONE -'- WIRE

Radio Electronic Sales Co.

46 Chandler St., Worcester, Mass.

Phon. 49200

~~~~~~Great

Edge Grinding

Time Saver

I-Iere's something you ne ed every da y

in your work. Easy t o operate. Solves

many problems for you in a jiffy_ We're

offering it Free to radiomen,electronic
engineers an d others in the business.
AHach coupon to your leHerhead.

BURSTEIN-APPLEBEE CO.

;i)\
~~:(~~~~~N~':~~~~o.:-_
....1
co.
I
I

, URSTEl NAPPLEBEE
1012 McGEE, KANSAS CITY 6, MO.

I1

Send me FREE Color Code and Ohms l aw Cal-

culator alo ng with lat est catalog.

I am
S TATE CO NNECTIO N I N INDUSTRY

NAME
/ AD DRESS

L~~
36

I
I
I

I
I
I

~~~ __

The readi ng wilt probably vary at every test of

crystal activity. At t imes t he crystal may st op
oscillating altogether. Provided the plat e is
maint ained flat and parallel, it can be made to
oscillat e again by grinding the edges. The explanation of the t heory behi nd thi s is quit e complex. Briefly, any crystal ca n oscilla te by U numher of different modes. For example, it migh t
oscillate at a low frequency determined by its
length or by its width . When t he freq uency of its
thickness dimension (the one in which we a rc interestcd ) equals one of t he harmonies of a low
frequency mode, certain ph cuotuenu take place
which interfere with oscillat ion. Thus by changing t he length or width we shift the low frequency
harmonic out of the range of t he thickness frequency. T his is accomplished hy cc! J!:e grinding
which, without extensive muthemutieul com putat ion , is more or less a hit-and-miss proposition.
It is accomplished commercially hy a newly
evolved system called prcd imcnsioni ng.
One glnss lap should he kept for ('li Ke grind ing
only. A small amount of Carborundu m paste is
placed on the lap, spread around, and the crystal
is held lightly bet ween the fi ngers eud beveled at
various angles to it s faces . This ma y he done on
all eight edges 0 1' only t wo ut a time. I n t he latter
case adjacent edges should he ground, testi ng for
activity between each grind. " 'hen the act ivity
is in t he neighborhood of that shown in Tnblo I ,
the frequency is measured, and, if not high

co

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of CQ by Subscribing NOW
Due to pape r restrictions, CO will
not be sold on newsstands for the
duration . A selected list of Ham' Distributors will have a limited numb e r
of copies on sale at 25c each.

. lourno\

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1\1e 1\0u\0

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CQ-RADIO MAGAZINES , INC.

342 MADISON AVE. , NEW YORK 17, N. Y.

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Sirs: H ere is my 0 check (or 0 money order) for S

12 lu ults $2.50-2 4 issu es $4.-36 issues $5.

C.IL............ .... ..............................

Subscriber's N am e (print carefully)

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'--- - _.- - -- --July, 1945

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- -- - - - - - - - - - - 37

W ~ are

proud of the splendid showing our

amateur friend s and old customers are making
today. We will be rudy to serve you again u

soon I S you ere th rough with your job and we are

th rough taking care of military requirements.

May we have. happy re unio n soo n.

SEATTLE RAD IO SU P P LY, INC.

2117 Second A ve
Seattle 1, Wash.
Phone: Seneca 2345

In th e Ho ck )' .M o u n t a in Hegiull
i t'!'i

Radio &TelevisionSupply Co.

808 EUCt lIJ An~"l;E, I' VEll tO, COLO.
" /f .- Jon "luJH

It,

or it e.m', H Jwd t

_'II p i it Pltonl! 5719"

ELECTRON IC SPECIALISTS
S in c e 19Z1

FORT ORAN GE RAOIO OISTRI BUTI NG COMPANY

Fo,nu:,ly
Ul\C LE I>.... VE S RAI)IO SHACK

356 Broadway

Albany 7, New York

Ph o n ee r 32109

3 2100

euuugh. fac(' grindi ng i ~ con t in ued . When thc

frr-q uem-y a PJlr():H'IIt'~ a few kilocy cles of t hat desired . it may 1)(' !If':-o t to fi nish with t he wa t erproo f
paper. Sh ould the nctivity d ro p between UIlY of
the-e fini sh ~r i Il d .... e(lgl' gri l ulin~ m ust 1)(' ros sru-d to ill order to hri uu it u p before the next
fur-c grind .
O n p:lfx'r t ilt' p ro('f':';'; up ponrs t o I H~ cut und
dried . Ar-t uully it i:", ve ry tedious awl pnt icnce
t he o nly q ualifk-ntion tha t will s urmount uri-ing
obstacles. W it h ~C Jl IH ' r-rystul s u great deal of
('d ge grinding lIIay 1)(' m'eessnry-r-in o t her cu-es
only a lit t lo. It mny he )J('ceSS:1ry to d o som e
st raight l'd ge g;ri udillg particularly if t hr- lx- vel s
br -comu t oo se ve ro. III uuy ruse edg;e grind ing
will uot bring up thr- m-tivity of a crys ta l that is

is

out of tru e. The

Jl tf/t c.~

//Ili xt he jtai and parallel.

The higher till' frt'qtu'HI'y , the more d iffi cul t it

t.c.OIll'1' to keep them thi .. way.
I n refcn-tu-e to T a ble I, it must II(' kept in mind
t ha t the value eivcn art' only a p p roxim a t e uud
are avcruaed fo r the difforcnt :-;i zf":' of crystals.
Houghly , It t the low Irequetu-ies larzc eryst uls
will have much more ar-tivity than small om.....
This should ul-o hold true a t the high frequ encies
but t he stut em r-n t IIIU.... t 1)(' modified considerably
d ue t o the greater ditlir-ulry e nco u n tered in keepinJ,!; a large cry.. . tul flut , us it become- thinner,
compared with a :-o m:1I1 01 1(' . T he amateur will
find that comprumisex must nccc...urily be' made
throughout t he r'u tiru p rnt(,ss .
It m ust he ('lII phasized ugnin t ha t t his m otbod
has lx-cn evolved strictly fo r umuteu r upplir'n tion
a nd in 1Il 0~ t pa rt is 1I0 t reprcscnt ut ive of the
methods elllploytd in modern eumm erc inl q ua rt z

crystal production.
Rad ion ic ', Catalog No. 26
li. II hard -f a -g e' ,gd io portd Helps
y ou fi ll y ou, r adio Clnd e lec t r o n ic
~, .

All

pel'"

ANTENNA

or. available for

[Continued from page 9)

immedia te shipm.nt - All Of. highesl

q uol ity. - All Of .u:eplionol ",olues.
SEND TODAY fO R YOUR
f REE COPY 10 RSD 6

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Address ChangesSubscribers to CO sho uld notify our

Circulation Dep't. at least 3 weeks
in advance regard ing any change in
address. The Posl OHice Dep't. does
no t forward ma,uines se nt to a
wron, ...ddress unless yo u pay ad di tional poslaj! e. W e cannot dupl icate
copies of CO sent to your old address.
CO Circulation Dep't.

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38

RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.

l.-

341 Madison Ave.N ewYork 17,NY.

--'

venter. Various sp:H'ing wu.. . tried between the

antenna.... and the refh-ctors, hut it Wit:' found to
make hut little ('l mllJ,!;p Hill! the optimum point
was found to he ju.. . t about four Ieet .
A . . im ple method of vut tiug the pi pe to t he
desired lengt h i.. . t o r u n a string arou nd t he co rn -et
point and t hen follow the st ring wit h a colored
cruyou . The crayon line is then cut. with /1 hacksa w. It is a good idea not to saw nil the way
through until n fairly deep line hu.... bee cu t
dear around the pipe. Fol lowing the cutting,
it is d esirable to paint ti ll' rough ('dJ';eH with sevoral coats of ~()otl varnish, especially if the pipes
a rc to be used o ut d oors. The hands which hold
the pipes to t he en.... HIlCIHI)(r:-; a rc m ade from
" st ra pping" p rocurable in rolls from t he plumbing-supply house. As it i:", not ga lva nized,
several coats of varnish should he applied.
T he wooden cross-memb ers 1IS('(1 in our set-up

co

Toke the ca se of J ohn Smit h, a verage

American :
For o ver three years n ow, he's been
buying W ar Bonds. Putting a way a good
c h u n k o f his ea r n ings , re gularly.
He's accumulating money.
N ow s u ppose everybody in the P a yroll
Plan d ocs what John Smith is d oing.
Suppose you multiply J ohn Smith b y
26 million.
What do you get?
Why - you get a whole cou ntry tha t's
j ust li ke J ohn S m ith! A solid . strong,
heal thy , p rosperous America where e very-

bod y can work and ear n a nd li ve in peace

a nd co m fo r t when t his war is d one .
F or a cou n t ry can't help being, as a
whole , just wha t its people a re ind iv id u a lly!
If e no ugh .Iohn S m it hs a re sou ndtheir cou n t ry's got to be !
The kind o f fu t u re that America will
have- t hat you a nd you r fa m ily will
ha ve - is in you r hands .
R ight now , you ha ve a grip o n a wonderful futu re. D on ' t let loose of it for a
second .
Hang onto your War Bonds I

8UY ALL THE 80H OS YOU aAN

KEP ALL THE BONOS YOU BUY

CO Magazine
This is an official U. S. Treasury:advertisement-prepared under auspices of T reasury Department
and W ar Advertising Council

J ul y, 1945

39

a rc 1" X 1/1 redwood. T he sag, which may luot od in till' phot os, has no bearing on the perfortuu nt-e of the array, hut if it were to he used
out of doors , it would he a good idea to make' the
('ro:":-'-IIII'IIlIH'~ not )(,:,:-, than 2" x 2". Larger 2"
x -1" sproudors, set ill all upright position, would
1)(' better.
TIl(' insulators, for ut tuching the line between
t111' four ek-nn-nts of the antenna proper, W('J'{!
made from t ho rt-gulur polysty rene spreaders,
formcrlv u~1 for a f{~()..ohm transmission line.
For ('O!;IIl"(tion between the elements, number 14
tinned copper win', spacrd two inches and transIX)";NI a:, shown in Figft. .1 und 4. was used .
III pax..inc, it lHay 1M' of interest to note that
our pa rticula r lx'am was rotary and t hat Vi
d('~J'{"(':-' of 1I1"l' resulted i ll the signal level dropping
from S!) to Si, while a change of :m dcgl"f'('s rod uecd it to SH; .1;; degn"t'S to S-t ; 00 degrees, to
Sa und I~O dl 'gf('(':' to zero.

IConlinU<d from page lSj

perhaps W: IS part of the fun in trying it. \Yhile

this untt-nuu WIlS not qu ite :-:0 successful as II
conventional hulf-wu vc of a 10('uI ham who
worked more stn t r-s than I with all ident ical
transmit ter. it wa., certainly better than no ne
(proha bly sup erio r 10 a Xlnrcuni) and resulted ill
rua ny eu joyalJlt' (lSO:-,.
The rudintinn pn tteru plotted ill Fig . 5 gives un
idr -u of how it actually worked out. However, as
t he Canndlun und others were ofT the air at that
time (ill tH.tt ) ti ll' northerly and easterly lobes
lIlay IJt somewha t small er than complete field
measurcn u'u tx would show.

"N:;th:;n-;'''(;0-;''; - - - - - - - -,

In
it's

SAN FRANCISCO RADIO & SUPPLY CO .

Public Addr~ss Equipm~nt

Short~Weve Recei vers & Tr. nsmitten

H eadq uerten For Amete ur Redic Supplies

20 Yun Dependabl e Service.

I
I

~2~0~ ~8~ ~,:,rIc~I!.:..Sa..:. ~r=i~c:",2':":e~....:

r

CLASSIFIED ADS
Ad"erll. in.. In lhi. Mel lon mu.l pertain t o amateur
Of' e . peri rne n l a llon r adio a cU" IUe. .
R.t_lOe. per
wo rd per In.erUon. Remlt t .nce i n full mu.t aCcom pa n y co p ,.. N o ency Dr t erm o r ca.h d lac:oun la
allowed.
No d l.plaJl: o r .pedal t y polTaph ica l a d
.. t u p . a llowed . "CQ ' d ~ n ot CUara n t_ a ny produc t o r _ "Ie. a d "ertl_d In t h e C laulfied Section.

WHEN Amateurs are on th e air a~ai n there will be a complete line of James Knigh ts Precision Crysta ls for eve'!
Amateur acn vir y. The James Knights Company. San ..
wich, Illinois.

40

ALLIED RADIO COR POR AT IO N

34
Ham Part. e nd Equipmt'nl
BULEY ELECTRI C COM P AN Y .......... .......... . I
QuerU C rt:. t. l.
BuRSTEI NAPPLEBE E CO
36
H am Part. and Equipmt'nt
CAP ITOL RADI O ENGINEER ING INSTITtrrE
30
Educetion,al
COR N ELL MARITIME PRESS .................... .. ..
Publication.
C R YST AL PRODUCTS CO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C ry. t. l.
OX CR YSTAL CO
33
C ry. tal.
EITEL-McCULLOUGH. INC
29
Electronic Tuba
ELECTR ICAL REACTANCE CO R P . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
c::;.~ci to r.

BENT ANTENNAS

Advertising Ind ex

ELECTRONI C LABORATOR IES

.
Comm unica tio na Equipment
ELECTRONI C S P EC IALT I ES MFG. CO
*
SlRial Auembli"
GEN
AL ELECTRON ICS. IN C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *
El ect ro nic Tube.
FT. OR ANGE RAD IO DI ST. CO
36
H am Part. and Equipment
HALU CRAFTERS CO
2
Tran.mitter. a nd Reeeivee e
HAMMARLUND MANUFACTUR ING CO. INC . . Cove r 3
Com munica tion. f.<:Iuip_ment
McELROY MANUFACTUR ING CO R P . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . 40
Tele.phic Appa rat u.
McGRA -H ILL BOOK CO
Book.
M cMURDO S ILVE R CO
6
T elt Equipment
MEASUREMENTS COR PORAT ION
Cover 1
In.t ru ment. and Te.t f.<:I uipment
MEISSNER MANUFo\CTVR ING CO
] 1
Elect sonic Equipment
NATI ONAL CO M PAN Y
Receives nd H.m Equipment
NATIONAL UNI ON RADIO CORP
27
Radi...EIO"Ctronic Tu bes
RADI O AND TELEV IS ION S UPPLY CO
36
H a m Pa rle a nd f.<:Iui pment
RADI O ELECTRONfc SALES CO
36
Ham Part. and Equipment
RADI O MFG . ENGINE.E.R.S. INC.
Cover 2
Commu nica tio n. Equipment
RADI O SI IAC K
H am Partnd f.cJuipment
RADI O WIRE TELE:V ISI ON. I NC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
H am Part nd Equipment
RADIO NI C EQUIPMENT CO
38
I-I.m Pa 1t. a nd f.cJ ui pme nt
RAYTHEON MANUFACTUR ING COR P
Electronic Tuba
SAN FRANCI SCO RADIO &. SUP P LY CO
40
H.m Parla a nd Equi~ment
SEATILE RAD IO S UP P LY. INC
36
Ham Perla .nd Equipment
SOLA R CAP AC ITOR SALES COR P . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ..
Capaci tor.
STANDARD TRANSFORMER COR P
]'j
Tran.former.
SUN RADI O 6; ELECTRONI CS CO
Ham Part. and Equipment
S YLVAN IA ELECTR IC PRODUCTS. INC.
1
Electronic Tuhe-a
TELEGRAPH APPARATUS CO. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 31
S peed Key
U N IVERSAL M ICROPHONE CO

Micr ophones
WHOLESALE RADI O LABORATORIES
32
Ham Part. and Equipment
WILEY &. SONS. INC. JO HN .. . ...... .. . ....... .. . ...
Book.
--The amount of epeee CQ allot. to adverti.e.. i. rn.t rieted due
to the paper . hort. ce. An a.tt'ri.k ( *) . ppearinc ah er an ad
vertiaer. name indica t" that no advertiaoement a ppear. in the
euerenr i..ve,

co

I WRoTE

I I-IAMMAQLUND ~

- Wi-N oO~'r'fOU
TELL n-lEM WH~T

AWAY

'Iou HAVE IN MIND

'IUU,I -mIN\(
I'llPO ITRI6HT

fOQA POSTWAR

R16 '?

. , :

" -~

"

..

"

!
"

WRIT E NO\Vl Y ou' ve had four years to dream abou t

a n ew tra nsm itter o r a n ew receiver. T ell u s just what
you think it should be a nd what it shou ld d o. W e've had
fo u r addi tional years o f e nginee rin g a n d research durin g
which w e have bet ter eq u ip ped o u rselves to b ring you
the fi ne st in com m u nicat io ns e q u ipm e n t.

Send your suggestions to "Postwar Development"

Desk 10
I

THE HAMMARLUND MFG, CO., INC., 460 W. 34 TH ST., N. Y. C.

ESTABLISHED 191 0

MANUFACTURERS OF PRECISIO N COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

MOOU 62
VACUUM TUIE VOLTMETER
MOOU 71-1 SfANO

T...o fr.quency l o ..d. b.'

o la

O SI GN A L GENnA TO.

100 volh AC. DC o..d Rf

15 o ..d 2 50 .... gacy<:l

MOOU 71 SQUAll WAVl GENnATOR

MODEl Sf U.tH. RADIO NOISE

AND fiElD STRENGTH METER

5 la 100,000 cycl
10; ; Ral. <4 0 0 volT. p.r ...icracOII d

lS 10 15 0 .... i acycl

M O OU 65-1
STANO A . O SIGN A L GENERATOR

M ODEl 10
STANDAR D SI GN A L GENERATOR

7510 30.000 kilocyd

M .O .P...... IOO"" Mod"lat;oft

:2 10 <4 00
AM a ..d P

MODEL 79-1 PULSE GENERATOR

5010 100.000 cycle .

0.5 la 4 0 ...~d pul wid'"

gacycl
Mod"lation