Bio PDF
Bio PDF
Biology (56)
Std. XI and XII
Introduction
Higher secondary is the most crucial stage
of education because at this juncture specialized
disciplines of science are introduced. The
present syllabus reinforces the concepts
introduced in lower classes. Recently, the
science of biology has undergone a paradigm
shift that has transformed it from a collection
of loosely related facts into a modern applied
science.
Living organisms exhibit extremely
complex functional system. Organisms seldom
occur as isolated individuals. They are organized
into populations and biological communities.
Organisms, communities, ecosystems and
environment constitute unique set of natural
resources of great importance.
Knowledge of biology helps us to
understand a common thread which holds all
these components together. Understanding of
biology will help in the sustainable development
of the environment and will also ensure the
existence of earth with all its amazing diversity.
This syllabus is designed to prepare
students for various examinations conducted at
state and national level. Hence it has been
prepared in accordance with the guidelines
shown in the final version of common core
syllabi of COBSE, Delhi. Accordingly some
additional topics from state Board syllabus
have been deleted whereas the lacking topics
have been added. The entire unit Ecology and
Environment has now been added under
Botany and Zoology sections.
Objectives
The prescribed syllabus is expected to
Promote the inherent skill of observation.
Assist to understand the underlying
principles of biological sciences and
thereby develop scientific attitude towards
biological phenomena.
Help students to understand the functioning
of organisms.
Make students aware of issues of global
importance.
Guide students to perform easy
experiments for better understanding of
biological principles and to develop
experimental skills required in practical
work.
Create awareness about the contribution
of biology to human welfare.
Std. XI
Section I - Botany
Unit 1 Diversity in Living World:
Chapter 1- Diversity in organisms :
1. Diversity in living organisms-Brief idea.
2. Systematic and binomial system of
nomenclature - meaning of the terms
taxonomy, systematics, classification and
nomenclature, Need of classification.
Three domains of life, Concept of
species.
Taxonomic hierarchy with examples.
Binomial nomenclature explanation,
significance and examples.
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3.
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Std. - XI
Section II Zoology
Unit 1 Diversity in Living World
Chapter 8 - Kingdom Animalia
1. Salient features of major phyla under
kingdom Animalia. Classification of
following phyla with three to five salient
features and two examples of each
category: Porifera, co elenterata
ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinodermata and Hemichordata.
Classification of phylum chordata upto
class level with three to five salient features
and two examples of each category:
Urochordata,
Cephalochordata,
Cyclostomata,
Chondrichthyes,
Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and
Mammalia.
2. Zoological parks and Museums - General
idea with list.
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iv) Respiratory
disordersAsthma,
Emphysema and occupational lung
diseases.
Chapter 14 - Human skeleton and
Locomotion:
Brief account of human skeleton:
A] Axial Skeleton
B] Appendicular Skeleton
(Details to be dealt with the relevant
practical)
Types of joints - synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.
Types of diarthroses - ball and socket,
hinge, condyloid, pivot, saddle and gliding
joints.
Types of Movement- Ciliary, Flagellar,
Muscular
Mechanism of muscle movement:
Contractile proteins and Muscle
contraction. Skeletal and muscular
disorders Myasthenia gravis,
Osteoporosis, arthritis, muscular dystrophy
tetany and gout.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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Blood Vessels.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.
Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart
beat. Cardiac output, Regulation of
cardiac activity.
Blood related disorders: Hypertension,
coronary artery disease, angina pectoris,
and heart failure.
ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea):
Composition of lymph and its functions.
Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation
Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism.
Excretory System.
Composition and formation of urine.
Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation.
Regulation of kidney function: reninangiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor,
ADH and Diabetes inspidus, role of
other organs in excretion.
Disorders; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney
stone (renal calculi). Transplantation.
Uraemia, nephritis.
Chapter 17- Control and Co-ordination
Nervous System
Structure and functions of brain and
Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and
ANS.
Transmission of nerve impulse.
Reflex action.
Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory
perception, general idea of other sense
organs.
Endocrine System
Endocrine glands
Hormones and their functions
Mechanism of hormone action.
Hormones as messengers and regulators.
Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
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Common
disorders
(Dwarfism,
Acromegaly,
cretinism,
goiter,
exopthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus,
Addisons disease)
Std. XII
(Upgraded) Biology Practicals
Experiments
1.
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2.
3
4
5.
6.
7.
mammal).
8. Study of V.S. of blastula through permanent
slide.
9. To study prepared pedigree charts of
genetic traits such as rolling of tongue,
Blood groups, widows peak, colour
blindness.
10 To identify common disease causing
organisms like Plasmodium, Entamoeba,
Ascaris and ring worm through permanent
slides or specimens. Comment on
symptoms of diseases that they cause.
11 Study of animals found in xeric (desert)
and aquatic conditions with respect to
their morphological adaptations. (Two
animals each)