Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested

The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S.
Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:
Document Title:
Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law

Enforcement Officers Arrested
Author(s):
Philip Matthew Stinson, Sr., J.D, Ph.D., John

Liederbach, Ph.D., Steven P. Lab, Ph.D., Steven
L. Brewer, Jr., Ph.D.
Document No.:
249850
Date Received:
April 2016
Award Number:
2011-IJ-CX-0024
This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice.
To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this federally
funded grant report available electronically.
Opinions or points of view expressed are those

of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
the official position or policies of the U.S.
Department of Justice.
POLICE INTEGRITY LOST: A STUDY OF

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS ARRESTED
Final Technical Report
Award Number: 2011-IJ-CX-0024
National Institute of Justice
Office of Justice Program
U.S. Department of Justice
Principal Investigator:
Philip Matthew Stinson, Sr., J.D, Ph.D.
Telephone: 419-372-0373
E-Mail: stinspm@bgsu.edu
Co-Investigators:
John Liederbach, Ph.D.
Telephone: 419-372-1053
E-Mail: jlieder@bgsu.edu
Steven P. Lab, Ph.D.
Telephone: 419-372-2326
E-Mail: slab@bgsu.edu
Consultant:
Steven L. Brewer, Jr., Ph.D.
Telephone: 724-983-2954
E-Mail: slb64@psu.edu
Criminal Justice Program
Department of Human Services
College of Health & Human Services
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, OH 43403-0148
http://www.bgsu.edu/policeintegritylost
January 2016
This project was supported by Award No. 2011-IJ-CX-0024, awarded by the National Institute of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not
been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
1
ABSTRACT
There are no comprehensive statistics available on problems with police integrity, and no
government entity collects data on all criminal arrests of law enforcement officers in the United
States. Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers with the
general powers of arrest. These crimes can occur while the officer is either on- or off-duty and
include offenses committed by officers employed by state and local law enforcement agencies.
This study provides a wealth of data on a phenomena that relates directly to police integrity
data that previously did not exist in any useable format.
The first goal of the study is to determine the nature and extent of police crime in the
United States. The objective for this goal is to determine the incidence and prevalence of
officers arrested. A second goal is to determine what factors influence how an agency responds
to arrests of its officers. Objectives for this goal are to determine whether certain factors
influence agency response and employment outcomes: (a) severity of crimes for which officers
are arrested; (b) level of urbanization for each employing agency; (c) geographic location for
each employing agency; (d) length of service and age of arrested officers; and, (e) criminal case
outcomes. A final goal is to foster police integrity by exploring whether officer arrests correlate
with other forms of police misconduct. Objectives for this goal are to determine whether
arrested officers were also named as a civil defendant in any 42 U.S.C. 1983 federal court
actions during their careers, and to inform practitioners and policymakers of strategies that will
better identify problem officers and those at risk for engaging in police crime and its correlates.
The advent of nationwide, objective, and verifiable data on the law-breaking behavior of
sworn officers and provides potential benefits to law enforcement agencies that connect the
technical expertise of researchers to criminal justice policymakers and practitioners. These data
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provide direct guidance in three areas. First, the study provides agencies information on the
types of crime that are most frequently perpetrated by police officers. Second, the research
provides information on the relationship between police crimes and other types of misbehavior
that collectively comprise the problem officer. Third, nationwide data on police crimes and the
manner in which arrested officers are organizationally sanctioned provides points of comparison
for law enforcement agencies that confront these problems, as well as information on the degree
to which law enforcement agencies tend to sanction or ignore certain crimes committed by
officers.
This is a quantitative content analysis study of archived records reporting several
thousand arrests of police officers during the years 2005-2011. The primary information source
is the Google News search engine and its Google Alerts email update service. Chi-Square was
used to measure the statistical significance of the association between two variables measured at
the nominal level. Cramers V was utilized to measure the strength of the Chi-Square
association. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to determine which of the predictor
variables are statistically significant in multivariate models. Classification tree analysis was
utilized to uncover the causal pathways between independent predictors and outcome variables.
The Google News searches resulted in the identification of 6,724 cases in which sworn
law enforcement officers were arrested during the years 2005 through 2011. The cases involved
the arrests of 5,545 individual sworn officers employed by 2,529 nonfederal state and local law
enforcement agencies located in 1,205 counties and independent cities in all 50 states and the
District of Columbia. The findings indicate that nonfederal law enforcement officers were
arrested nationwide during 2005-2011 at a rate of 0.72 officers arrested per 1,000 officers, and at
a rate of 1.7 officers arrested per 100,000 population nationwide.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................14
The Problem of Police Crime ..................................................................................14
The Purpose of the Study .........................................................................................16
Research Design.......................................................................................................17
Findings....................................................................................................................21
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................25
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................29
Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................33
Literature Citations and Review ..............................................................................41
Statement of Rationale for the Research ..................................................................60
METHODS ........................................................................................................................65
Coding and Content Analysis ..................................................................................65
Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................69
Strengths and Limitations ........................................................................................72
RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................76
Part I: Full Police Crime Data Set Models...............................................................76
Part II: Sex-related Police Crime Data Set Models ...............................................104
Part III: Alcohol-related Police Crime Data Set Models .......................................124
Part IV: Drug-related Police Crime Data Set Models............................................139
Part V: Violence-related Police Crime Data Set Models .......................................151
Part VI: Profit-motivated Police Crime Data Set Models ......................................167
Part VII: Employing Law Enforcement Agencies of Arrested Officers ................177
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CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................188
Discussion of Findings...........................................................................................189
Implications for Policy and Practice ......................................................................199
Implications for Further Research .........................................................................207
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................210
DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS...........................................................232
Publications ............................................................................................................232
Presentations ..........................................................................................................235
TABLES ..........................................................................................................................229
Table 1 Arrested Officers and Agencies .............................................................238
Table 2 Most Serious Offense Charged ..............................................................239
Table 3 Victim Characteristics............................................................................240
Table 4 Police Crime Arrest Cases: Bivariate Associations of Conviction ........241
Table 5 Police Crime Arrest Cases:
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction ................................................244
Table 6 Police Crime Arrest Cases: Bivariate Associations of Job Loss ...........245
Table 7 Police Crime Arrest Cases:
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss....................................................249
Table 8 Police Crime:
Bivariate Associations of Sex-related Arrest Cases...............................................250
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Sex-related Arrest Cases ..........................254
Bivariate Associations of Alcohol-related Arrest Cases ........................................255
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Alcohol-related Arrest Cases ...................259
5
Bivariate Associations of Drug-Related Arrest Cases ...........................................260
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Drug-related Arrest Cases ........................263
Bivariate Associations of Violence-related Arrest Cases ......................................264
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Violence-related Arrest Cases ..................268
Bivariate Associations of Profit-motivated Arrest Cases ......................................269
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Profit-motivated Arrest Cases ..................273
Table 18 Civil Rights Litigation as a Correlate of Police Crime:
Bivariate Associations of Being Named as a Party Defendant
Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 at Some Point during
Law Enforcement Career .......................................................................................274
Table 19 Logistic Regression Model Predicting Being Named
as a Party Defendant in a Section 1983 Action at Some Point
during Law Enforcement Career ............................................................................277
Table 20 Arrested Officers and Agencies in Sex-related Cases .........................278
Table 21 Most Serious Offense Charged in Sex-related Cases ..........................279
Table 22 Victim Characteristics in Sex-related Cases ........................................280
Table 23 Bivariate Associations of Conviction in
Sex-related Arrest Cases ........................................................................................281
Table 24 Sex-related Arrest Cases:
Table 25 Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in
6
Table 27 Bivariate Associations of Child Victims in
Logistic Regression Model Predicting Child Victims ...........................................287
Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases .....................................................................288
Table 30 Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases:
Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases .....................................................................290
Table 32 Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases:
Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases......................................................................292
Table 34 Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases:
Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases......................................................................294
Table 36 Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases:
Table 37 Arrested Officers and Agencies in Alcohol-related Cases ..................296
Table 38 Most Serious Offense Charged in Alcohol-related Cases ...................297
Table 39 Victim Characteristics in Alcohol-related Cases .................................298
Table 40 Police DUI Arrest Cases: Incident Events ...........................................299
Table 41 Police DUI Arrest Cases: Drug-related ...............................................300
Alcohol-related Arrest Cases .................................................................................301
Table 43 Alcohol-related Arrest Cases:
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Alcohol-related Arrest Cases .................................................................................303
Table 45 Alcohol-related Arrest Cases:
DUI Arrest Cases ...................................................................................................306
Table 47 DUI Arrest Cases:
Table 48 Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in DUI Arrest Cases ....................308
Table 49 DUI Arrest Cases:
Table 50 Arrested Officers and Agencies in Drug-related Cases .......................310
Table 51 Most Serious Offense Charged in Drug-related Cases ........................311
Table 52 Specific Drugs......................................................................................312
Table 53 Victim Characteristics in Drug-related Cases ......................................313
Table 54 Patterns of Drug-related Police Corruption .........................................314
Table 55 Drug-related Arrest Cases:
CART Model Predicting Patterns of Corruption ...................................................315
Drug-related Arrest Cases ......................................................................................316
Drug-related Arrest Cases ......................................................................................318
Table 60 Arrested Officers and Agencies in
Violence-related Cases...........................................................................................320
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Table 61 Most Serious Offense Charged in
Table 62 Victim Characteristics in
Violence-related Arrest Cases................................................................................323
Table 64 Violence related Arrest Cases:
Violence-related Arrest Cases................................................................................327
Table 66 Violence-related Arrest Cases:
Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases................................................331
Table 68 Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases:
Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases................................................333
Table 70 Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases:
Table 71 Arrested Officers and Agencies in
Profit-motived Cases ..............................................................................................336
Table 72 Most Serious Offense Charged in
Profit-motivated Cases ...........................................................................................337
Table 73 Victim Characteristics in Profit-motivated Cases ................................338
Profit-motivated Arrest Cases ................................................................................339
Table 75 Profit-motivated Arrest Cases:
Profit-motivated Arrest Cases ................................................................................342
9
Table 77 Profit-motivated Arrest Cases:
Table 78 200 Largest State and Local Law Enforcement
Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011
(Sorted by # of Full-Time Sworn Personnel) .........................................................345
Table 79 Nonmetropolitan State and Local Law Enforcement
(Sorted Alphabetically by Agency Name) .............................................................351
Table 80 Primary State Police Agencies in Study:
Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011
Table 81 Sheriffs Offices in Study:
Table 82 County Police Departments in Study:
Table 83 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study:
Table 84 Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in
Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011
FIGURES .........................................................................................................................403
Figure 1 Police Crime Arrest Cases:
CART Model Predicting Conviction .....................................................................403
Figure 2 Police Crime Arrest Cases:
CART Model Predicting Job Loss .........................................................................404
Figure 3 Police Crime:
CART Model Predicting Sex-related Arrest Cases ...............................................405
CART Model Predicting Alcohol-related Arrest Cases.........................................406
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CART Model Predicting Drug-related Arrest Cases .............................................407
CART Model Predicting Violence-related Arrest Cases .......................................408
CART Model Predicting Profit-motivated Arrest Cases .......................................409
Figure 8 CART Model Predicting Being Named as a
Party Defendant in a Section 1983 Action at
Some Point during Law Enforcement Career ........................................................410
Figure 9 Sex-related Arrest Cases:
CART Model Predicting Child Victims ................................................................413
Figure 12 Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases:
CHAID Model Predicting Conviction ...................................................................414
Figure 13 Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases:
Figure 14 Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases:
CHAID Model Predicting Conviction ...................................................................416
Figure 15 Driving-While-Female Arrest Cases:
CHAID Model Predicting Job Loss .......................................................................417
Figure 16 Alcohol-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 17 Alcohol-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 18 DUI Arrest Cases:
Figure 19 DUI Arrest Cases:
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Figure 20 Drug-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 21 Drug-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 22 Violence-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 23 Violence-related Arrest Cases:
Figure 24 Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases:
Figure 25 Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases:
Figure 26 Profit-motivated Arrest Cases:
Figure 27 Profit-motivated Arrest Cases:
APPENDIX A: Employing Law Enforcement Agencies:
Rates of Officers Arrested Sorted by # of Full-Time Sworn Personnel ..........................430
Appendix A-1 Nonmetropolitan State and Local Law Enforcement
(Sorted by # Full-Time Sworn Personnel) .............................................................430
Appendix A-2 Primary State Police Agencies in Study:
Appendix A-3 Sheriffs Offices in Study:
Appendix A-4 County Police Departments in Study:
Appendix A-5 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study:
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Appendix A-6 Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in
Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011
APPENDIX B: Employing Law Enforcement Agencies:
Rates of Officers Arrested Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers ........................................482
Appendix B-1 200 Largest State and Local Law Enforcement
(Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers) .......................................................................482
Appendix B-2 Nonmetropolitan State and Local Law Enforcement
Appendix B-3 Primary State Police Agencies in Study:
Appendix B-4 Sheriffs Offices in Study:
Appendix B-5 County Police Departments in Study:
Appendix B-6 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study:
Appendix B-7 Special State & Local Law Enforcement
APPENDIX C: Employing Law Enforcement Agencies:
Rates of Officers Arrested Sorted by Rate per 100,000 Population ................................540
Appendix C-1 200 Largest State and Local Law Enforcement
(Sorted by Rate per 100,000 Population) ...............................................................540
Appendix C-2 Nonmetropolitan State and Local Law Enforcement
13
Appendix C-3 Primary State Police Agencies in Study:
Appendix C-4 Sheriffs Offices in Study:
Appendix C-5 County Police Departments in Study:
Appendix C-6 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study:
Appendix C-7 Special State & Local Law Enforcement
APPENDIX D: State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies:
Police Crime Arrest Cases ...............................................................................................598
APPENDIX E: Entity Relationship Diagram of
Stinsons Police Crime Database .....................................................................................669
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study is a quantitative content analysis of archived news articles and court records
reporting on the arrest(s) of law enforcement officers in the United States from 2005-2011.
Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers given the general
powers of arrest at the time the offense was committed. These crimes can occur while the officer
is on or off duty and include offenses committed by state, county, municipal, tribal, or special
law enforcement agencies. Police crimes damage the occupational integrity of police, the
organizational legitimacy of the employing agency, and the overall authority and legitimacy of
the law enforcement enterprise. Three distinct but related research questions are addressed in
this study. First, what is the incidence and prevalence of police officers arrested across the
United States? Second, how do law enforcement agencies discipline officers who are arrested?
And, third, to what degree do police crime arrests correlate with other forms of police
misconduct?
The Problem of Police Crime
Surprisingly little is known about the crimes committed by law enforcement officers, in
part because there are virtually no official nationwide data collected, maintained, disseminated,
and/or available for research analyses. Researchers have utilized other methodologies to study
police misconduct and crime in the absence of any substantive official data, including surveys,
field studies, quasi-experiments, internal agency records, and the investigative reports of various
independent commissions delegated to report on this phenomenon within particular jurisdictions.
These methodologies have thus far failed to produce systematic, nationwide data on police
crime.
15
The lack of data on police crime is clearly a problem, since the development of strategies
to mitigate police crime in the least requires that they be documented and described in some sort
of systematic and generalizable manner. From an organizational perspective, more
comprehensive data could provide comparisons among agencies on rates of police crime, and
subsequently contribute to the development and implementation of policies to deter police crime
and lessen damage to police-community relations in their aftermath. From a scholarly
perspective, the collection, analysis, and dissemination of more comprehensive police crime data
could instigate studies designed to identify significant correlates, explore relationships between
police crimes and more general forms of police deviance, and provide information on how police
culture and socialization potentially contribute to the problem. Scholars have yet to fully pursue
these and other important issues associated with the problem of police crime because we lack
any sort of comprehensive data on the types of crime that police commit and how frequently they
commit them.
The current study demands a conceptual framework that reflects both the broad range of
offenses committed by law enforcement officers and the generalized nature of our research
questions. Thus, the finding of the current study are organized within a conceptual framework
that incorporates five key types of police crime:
Sex-related Police Crime
Alcohol-related Police Crime
Drug-related Police Crime
Violence-related Police Crime
Profit-motivated Police Crime
16
The study is organized around these five types of police crime. We provide data pertinent to the
three broad research questions within each area, as well as additional data that further describes
the nature and character of police crime both in general and within each of the five types. The
conceptual framework serves to organize data that describes a phenomenon that encompasses a
wide range of criminal behavior. The framework also allows for the presentation and discussion
of data specifically focused on answering the stated research questions; but also, the wealth of
data collected on police crime as part of this project that does not readily fit under one or more of
the specific research questions.
The Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the current research project is to promote police integrity by gaining a
better understanding of police crime and agency responses to officer arrests. The study provides
a wealth of data on a phenomena that relates directly to police integritydata that law
enforcement executives did not previously have access to because they did not exist in any
useable format. The first goal of this research is to determine the nature and extent of police
crime in the United States. A second goal of this research is to determine what factors influence
how a nonfederal law enforcement organization responds to arrests of officers. A third and final
goal of the research is to foster police integrity by exploring whether police crime and officer
arrests correlate with other forms of police misconduct.
The purpose for the current study evolved from long-standing obstacles associated with
the collection of data on police crime. The underlying reasons for the current study reflect the
ongoing lack of empirical data on the crimes committed by law enforcement officersa
situation that relates directly to the limitations of previous methodologies used to collect data on
the phenomenon. Researchers have resorted to a variety of methodologies to learn more about
17
the nature and extent of police misconduct, corruption, or crime. Empirical scholarship has
usually incorporated one or more of the following: (a) officer surveys, (b) agency records, and
(c) sociological field studies. Studies that utilize one or more of these methodologies have
clearly contributed to the knowledge base on police crime, but the methodology used in the
present study offers clear advantages in terms of both the scope and quality of potential data on
police crime.
Research Design
Data for the current study were collected as part of a project designed to locate cases in
which sworn law enforcement officers had been arrested for any type of criminal offense(s).
Data were derived from published news articles using the Google News search engine and its
Google Alerts email update service. Google Alerts searches were conducted using the same 48
search terms developed by Stinson (2009). The Google Alerts email update service sent a
message each time one of the automated daily searches identified a news article in the Google
News search engine that matched any of the designated search terms. The automated alerts
contained a link to the URL for the news articles. The articles were located, examined for
relevancy, printed, logged, and then scanned, indexed, and archived in a digital imaging database
for subsequent coding and content analyses. The present study focuses on the identification and
description of the cases in which police officers were arrested during the years 2005-2011.
Content analyses were conducted in order to code the cases in terms of (a) arrested
officer, (b) employing nonfederal law enforcement agency, (c) each of the charged criminal
offenses, (d) victim characteristics, (e) organizational adverse employment outcomes, and (f)
criminal case dispositions. Each of the charged criminal offenses was coded using the data
collection guidelines of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) as the coding
18
protocol for each criminal offense category (see U.S. Department of Justice, 2000). Fifty-seven
criminal offenses are included in the NIBRS, consisting of 46 incident-based criminal offenses in
one of 22 crime categories as well as 11 additional arrest-based minor criminal offense
categories. In each case every offense charged was recorded on the coding instrument as well as
the most serious offense charged in each police crime arrest case. The most serious offense
charged was determined using the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) crime seriousness hierarchy
(see U.S. Department of Justice, 2004). An additional eight offenses were added following an
earlier pilot study (see Stinson, 2009) because police officers who were arrested often were
charged with criminal offenses not included in the NIBRS (e.g., online solicitation of a child,
indecent exposure, official misconduct / official oppression / violation of oath, vehicular hit-andrun, perjury / false reports / false statements, criminal deprivation of civil rights).
The primary unit of analysis in this study is criminal arrest case. One of the primary
issues in coding was differentiating between arrest cases with multiple victims and officers who
were arrested on multiple occasions within the study years 2005-2011. Arrest incidents that
involved multiple victims with corresponding criminal charges were assigned an individual case
for each respective victim. Additionally, law enforcement officers who were arrested on
multiple occasions had an arrest case generated in the project database for each respective arrest.
Cases were also coded on Stinsons (2009) typology of police crime, which posits that
most crime committed by police officers is alcohol-related, drug-related, sex-related, violencerelated, and/or profit-motivated. The types of police crime are not mutually-exclusive
categories. Rather, each type of police crime is coded as a dichotomous variable because crimes
committed by officers often involve more than one type of police crime. Additionally, cases
were coded for the presence of police sexual violence and/or driving while female encounters.
19
Police sexual violence is operationalized as those situations in which a female citizen
experiences a sexually degrading, humiliating, violating, damaging, or threatening act committed
by a police officer through the use of force or police authority (Kraska & Kappeler, 1995, p.
93). Driving while female is operationalized as instances where a police officer stops a female
driver under the pretext of an alleged traffic violation and then abuses the power and authority of
his position to take advantage of a vulnerable motorist (Walker & Irlbeck, 2002, 2003). In some
cases, driving while female encounters escalate into sexual harassment, sexual assault, and in
rare instances, forcible rape.
Secondary data were employed from the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement
Agencies (CSLLEA) (U.S. Department of Justice, 2008) to ascertain demographic data including
the number of full-time sworn personnel and part-time sworn personnel employed by each
agency where arrested officers served. County and independent city were used to verify location
of arrested officers employing law enforcement agencies, as well as for use as a key variable to
merge other data sources into the projects master database and data set. The U.S. Department of
Agricultures (2003) county-level urban to rural nine-point continuum scale was used to measure
rurality. Population data from the U.S. Census Bureaus decennial census in years 2000 and
2010 were utilized for county, independent city, and state populations.
Analytic procedures were undertaken to ensure reliability of the data. An additional
coder was employed to independently code a random sample of five percent of the total number
of cases in the study. Intercoder reliability was assessed by calculating the Krippendorfs alpha
coefficient across 195 variables of interest in this study on a random sample (n = 290, 4.3%) of
the cases in the study (N = 6,724) (see Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007). The Krippendorfs alpha
coefficient (Krippendorfs = .9153) is strong across the variables in this study. The overall
20
level of simple percentage of agreement between coders across all of the variables in this study
(97.7%) also established a degree of reliability well above what is generally considered
acceptable in content analysis research.
Chi Square was used to measure the statistical significance of the association between
two variables measured at the nominal level. Cramers V measures the strength of that
relationship with values that range from zero to 1.0 and allows for an assessment of the
importance of the relationship. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to determine which
of the predictor variables are statistically significant in multivariate models. Stepwise logistic
regression models are appropriate where the study is purely exploratory and predictive.
Classification tree analysis was utilized as a statistical technique to uncover the causal pathways
between independent predictors and various outcome variables of interest, including job loss, and
conviction. This is an exploratory study because little is known empirically about police crime
arrests and the specific factors responsible for conviction and job loss subsequent to the arrest of
a sworn law enforcement officers.
Strengths and Limitations
The news search methodology utilizing the Google News search engine and the Google
Alerts email update service provided an unparalleled amount of information on police crime
arrests at law enforcement agencies across the United States. The Google News search engine
algorithm offers some clear advantages over other aggregated news databases and the
methodologies employed by previous studies that used news-based content analyses to document
cases of sex-related police misconduct. The Google Alerts email update service provides the
ability to run persistent automated queries of the Google News search engine and deliver realtime search results.
21
There are four primary limitations of the data. First, this research study includes every
case known to the research team of a nonfederal sworn law enforcement officer who was
arrested during the years 2005-2011. Thus, this study is a census of the universe of police crime
arrest cases identified through our search methodology. We do not purport to include every
single instance of a law enforcement officer being arrested. Second, our research is limited by
the content and quality of information provided for each case. The amount of information
available on each case varied, and data for several variables of interest were missing for some of
the cases. Third, the data are limited to cases that involved an official arrest based on probable
cause for one or more crimes. We do not have any data on police officers who engaged in
criminal activity if their conduct did not result in an arrest. Fourth, we note that these data are
the result of a filtering process that includes the exercise of discretion by media sources in terms
of both the types of stories covered and the nature of the content devoted to particular stories.
Despite the noted limitations, the use of news articles as the primary data source is a long
established method of analyzing deviant/illegal police behavior (see, e.g., Lawrence, 2000;
Lersch & Feagin, 1996; Rabe-Hemp & Braithwaite, 2013; Ross, 2000).
Findings
Findings from the study provide three general observations about the nature of police
crime overall. First, police crimes are not uncommon. The study identified 6,724 arrest cases
from 2005-2011 involving 5,545 sworn law enforcement officers. The arrested sworn law
enforcement officers were employed by 2,529 state and local law enforcement agencies located
in 1,205 counties and independent cities in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Sworn law
enforcement officers were arrested at a rate of 0.72 per 1,000 officers and 1.7 per 100,000 of the
population nationwide. Second, police crime is an occupationally-derived phenomenon. Police
22
work is conducive to all sorts of criminal behavior, largely because of plentiful opportunities
provided by the nature of the work and police-citizen interactions. Third, police crime is
complex and multivariate. Police crime can be alcohol-related, drug-related, sex-related,
violence-related, or profit-motivated. These five types of police crime are not mutually
exclusive, and there are numerous significant predictors of (a) each type of police crime, (b)
adverse employment outcomes, and (c) criminal case dispositions. Distinctions between on- and
off-duty police crime are often difficult to make. Aside from these general observations, the
findings can be summarized in terms of both the full data set and the five types of police crime.
The most common most serious offense charged in the cases overall were simple assault
(13%), driving under the influence (12.5%), aggravated assault (8.5%), forcible fondling (5.2%),
and forcible rape (4.8%). Slightly more than one-half of the cases (54%) ultimately resulted in
job loss for arrested officers. The factors that influence whether an arrested officer will be
criminally convicted or lose his or her job are numerous and complex, and include both legal
factors (e.g., most serious offense charged) and extralegal factors (e.g., age, years of service as a
sworn law enforcement officer, relationship of victim to the arrested officer). In terms of case
outcomes, the events of job loss and criminal conviction are not isolated. Job loss provides a
context for the incidence of criminal conviction and vice versa. The number of cases and
officers arrested in terms of the five types of police crime were as follows:
Sex-related police crime included 1,475 arrest cases of 1,070 sworn officers
Alcohol-related police crime included 1,405 arrest cases of 1,283 sworn officers
Drug-related police crime included 739 arrest cases of 665 sworn officers
Violence-related police crime included 3,328 arrest cases of 2,586 sworn officers
Profit-motivated police crime included 1,592 cases of 1,396 sworn officers
23
The two most important points in regard to the sex-related crimes include the serious
nature of these events and the prevalence of relatively young victims. Serious cases of police
sexual violence are not isolated events. The study identified a total of 422 forcible or statutory
rapes, 352 cases of forcible fondling, and 94 sodomy arrest cases. Children seem to be
particularly vulnerable to law enforcement officers who perpetrate sex crimes. Almost one-half
of the known victims were children, and the second-most commonly occurring category in terms
of the victim's relationship to the arrested officer was an unrelated child. Arrested officers were
criminally convicted on at least one charge in four-fifths (80%) of the sex-related cases in which
conviction data were available. The simple odds of job loss are 2.8 times greater if the arrested
officer was ultimately convicted of a sex-related crime.
Job loss in the aftermath of being arrested for an alcohol-related police crime is tied to
organizational characteristics of an arrested officers employing state or local law enforcement
agency. Arrested officers employed by law enforcement agencies with 1-99 full-time sworn
personnel lost their jobs in less than half (44.6%) of the alcohol-related cases, and officers
employed by agencies with 100 or more full-time sworn personnel lost their jobs in less than
one-third (29.8%) of the alcohol-related cases.
Sworn law enforcement officers engaging in drunk driving is a major problem and
concern. There were 960 cases of police DUI (driving under the influence) arrests. These police
DUI arrest cases largely provide examples of officers who have lost their exemption from law
enforcement. That is to say, state and local sworn law enforcement officers do not typically
arrest other sworn law enforcement officers, especially for drunk driving. In many of the police
24
DUI arrest cases in this study, however, the drunk driving officer did something in terms of the
incident events that led to being arrested. For example, many of the police DUI arrest cases
involved traffic accidents (51%) often resulting in victim injury (24.1%) or fatalities (4%).
Arrested officers are known to have lost their jobs as sworn law enforcement officers in less than
one-third (29.8%) of the police DUI arrest cases.
Drug-related crime by sworn law enforcement officers tends to spawn all sorts of other
kinds of police misconduct and police crime. Personal use of drug does not seem to be the
primary problem in drug-related police crime. Drug-related police crime often involves drug
trafficking, facilitation of the drug trade, and shakedowns of citizens most often associated with
the trade of cocaine and crack. Taken together, cocaine and marijuana account for over one-half
of the drug-related police crime arrest cases. Well over one-half of the drug-related police crime
arrest cases were also profit-motivated police crime.
Policing is often violent. A major problem identified in this study, however, is officerinvolved domestic violence. There were 961 cases of officer-involved domestic violence.
Approximately one-third of the cases involving a sworn law enforcement arrested for officerinvolved domestic violence are known to have resulted in the arrested officer losing his or her
job as a result of the arrest. When the victim is currently involved (i.e., current spouse, current
boyfriend/girlfriend), the arrested officer is less likely to be convicted than when the victim is
somebody else in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. The simple odds of an officer
losing his or her job after being arrested for a crime relating to officer-involved domestic
violence are greater when the relationship with the victim is more distant. Serious concerns
25
regarding compliance with the gun and ammunition prohibitions of the Lautenberg Amendment
(1996) to the Federal Gun Control Act of 1968 for persons convicted of qualifying crimes of
domestic violence are raised by officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases in this study.
There is no exception to the gun prohibition in the federal statute for sworn law enforcement
officers who have been convicted of qualifying misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence.
Most of the profit-motivated crimes occurred at the street-level and involved patrol
personnel. These crimes are more like street crimes than white collar crimes. The most common
most serious offense charged in the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases were unclassified
thefts (16%), false pretenses (theft by deception) (12.5%), drug offenses (11.9%), robbery (6.4%)
thefts from buildings (5.8%), and extortion or blackmail (5.3%). More than two-thirds of the
sworn law enforcement officers arrested for profit-motivated crime lost their jobs (67%) and
more than half of the profit-motivated arrest cases resulted in conviction (57.4%). The single
largest predictor of job loss in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases is when the profitmotivated crime is also drug-related.
Conclusion
Cases in which sworn law enforcement officers act as criminalswhether dealing drugs,
or driving drunk, or sexually molesting a vulnerable citizenstrike a direct blow to the law
enforcement enterprise and the essence of what it means to be a law enforcement officer: protect
and serve. These cases threaten to undermine public trust in both the authority and legitimacy of
state and local law enforcement organizations, and the work of law-abiding sworn officers who
go about their job selflessly, efficiently, and professionally every day. Police crime as a topic
26
worthy of empirical study however is not clearly understood, and would probably best be
described as untapped or at the very least not sufficiently explored.
The contrast between the topic's substantive weight and comparatively light coverage
within the scholarship is mostly due to an absence of suitable data. The traditional sources of
data and methods of study, whether official statistics, self-report surveys, or direct observations,
either do not exist in any usable format or are ill-equipped to identify, count, or provide the basis
for empirical analyses of instances in which police perpetrate crimes themselves. These cases
have thus far escaped large-scale empirical scrutiny, but they are intrinsically newsworthy
events. Those in the news media need to identify stories that will be of interest to their audience,
and cases of police crime typically include storylines that are clearly newsworthy. This project
utilized a methodology designed to capitalize on the newsworthy character of police crime,
identify these events, and subject them to analyses that have thus far been impossible. Given the
previous unavailability of data and the relative absence of empirical studies dedicated to the
topic, our work should be considered exploratory. The primary aim was to uncover cases of
police crime arrests and to provide the basis for what we hope will become an important
contribution to the establishment of a more substantive and useful line of research on the topic.
Implications for Policy and Practice
The findings of the current study have several direct implications for policy and practice
in state and local law enforcement agencies. First, employing law enforcement agencies should
have written policies to compel mandatory disclosure whenever a sworn officer is arrested for a
crime, as well as whenever a court issues an order of protection against a sworn officer. Second,
it is imperative that employing law enforcement agencies implement a policy of conducting
annual criminal background checks of all current sworn personnel to ascertain if any sworn
27
officer has been arrested or convicted of any crime. The practice of conducting annual criminal
background checks on every sworn law enforcement officer employed will ensure compliance
with the gun and ammunition prohibition provisions of the Lautenberg Amendment (1996) to the
federal Gun Control Act of 1968. Third, law enforcement agencies should have written policies
in place regarding standard agency responses to when a sworn law enforcement officer is
arrested, and the policy should address procedures for both situations where a sworn officer
employed by that agency is arrested as well as when the agency effectuates the criminal arrest of
a sworn law enforcement officer employed by some other law enforcement agency. Finally,
many arrested officers experience an unraveling of their lives, and mental health problems can be
present in some instances. Early intervention and warning systems should be utilized to track
instances of officers being arrested and officers should be referred to employee assistance
programs when appropriate.
28
Acknowledgements
Adam Watkins provided statistics expertise. Hannah Brewer, Michael Buerger, Melissa
Burek, Chris Dunn, Judith Leary, and Brooke Mathna provided technical expertise. Dan Lee,
Dennis Giever, Paul McCauley, and David Myers offered early encouragement.
The following graduate student research assistants at Bowling Green State University
worked on this project: Evin Carmack, Paige Crawford, Jacob Frankhouser, Maria Gardella,
Breanne Hitchens, Jessica Kirkpatrick, Krista Long, Matthew Roberts, Dennis Roehrig, Andrew
Rudnik, Adam Sierra, Scott Stevenson, Erin Thomson, Natalie Todak, Georgianna Whitely, and
Mallorie Wilson.
The following undergraduate student research assistants at Bowling Green State
University also worked on this project: Christy Adams, Warifa Azeez, Joelle Bridges, Zachary
Calogeras, Vincent Crews, Natalie DiChiro, Charles Eberle, Rachel Fettinger, Madeline Fisher,
Joanna Hanson, Breanne Hitchens, Ryan Hunter, Tanya Korte, Theresa Lanese, Mariah Lax,
Raven Ory, Tiffany Pleska, Ashley Roberts, Taylor Szalkowski, and Mallorie Wilson.
This project was made possible through the guidance of Chief Information Officer John
Ellinger and assistance from numerous Information Technology Services staff at Bowling Green
State University, including Adam Arthur, Chad Brandeberry, Kyle Butler, Patrick Enright, Chad
Fletcher, Michael Good, Danee Gunka, Lauren Hall, Matthew Haschak, Katrina Horvath, Margo
Kammeyer, Clinton LaForest, Bridget Place, Nick Rodgers, Thomas Shuman, Andries Smith,
Chris Wammes, and Deb Wells.
29
INTRODUCTION
Police crimes are those crimes committed by sworn law enforcement officers who are
given the general powers of arrest at the time the offense was committed. These crimes can
occur while the officer is either on- or off-duty and include offenses committed by officers
employed by state, county, municipal, tribal, or special law enforcement agencies. Anecdotes
and journalistic investigations indicate that police officers commit various criminal offenses
including larceny/theft, drug trafficking, driving while intoxicated, domestic assault, and
predatory sex offenses (see, e.g., Kappeler, Sluder, & Alpert, 1998). Further evidence of the
crimes committed by police is also contained in the reports of several independent commissions
on police misconduct (Knapp Commission, 1972; Mollen Commission, 1994; Pennsylvania
Crime Commission, 1974).
The occurrence of police crime should be a concern to police executives, scholars, and
the general public. Police crimes damage both the occupational integrity of police and the
legitimacy of the employing police agency. But, surprisingly little is known about the crimes
committed by law enforcement officers. There are no comprehensive statistics available on the
phenomena, and no government entity collects data on criminal arrests of police officers in the
United States (Anechiarico & Jacobs, 1996; Barak, 1995; Kane, 2007). There have been very
few studies that provide specific data on the nature and prevalence of police crime. Reiss' (1971)
classic field research found that officers commonly engaged in on-duty crime, mostly bribetaking and petty thefts; but, no other large-scale observational studies attempt to determine the
prevalence of police crime. Scholars have instead been more likely to broach the topic within
the context of more general studies on police corruption or misconduct (Fyfe & Kane, 2006).
Some studies use officer surveys to identify police attitudes toward misconduct or to measure
30
their propensity for criminal behavior under particular scenarios, but these methods are unlikely
to produce valid data on actual police crime because police tend to maintain a code of silence or
provide socially desirable responses to sensitive questions in regard to their own criminal
behavior and/or the criminal behavior of fellow officers (Fishman, 1978; Maguire & Mastrofski,
2000; Maguire & Uchida, 2000).
The lack of statistics and empirical studies on police crime is problematic. First, more
comprehensive data could be used to develop policies to deter police crimes and/or mitigate
damage to police-community relations in their aftermath. Second, data on the correlates of
police crime could provide information on the relationship between police crime and more
general forms of police deviance including corruption, discrimination, and other forms of abuse.
Third, an expansion of this line of research would provide information on the role of police
culture and socialization processes, particularly if these data include both on-duty and off-duty
crimes committed over the course of the career. Scholars have yet to fully pursue these
questions because we lack any sort of comprehensive statistics on the types of crime committed
by police and when and how often they commit them. These exploratory data are necessary to
advance the understanding of police crime.
This study is a quantitative content analysis of archived records consisting of news
articles and court records reporting the arrests of police officers during the years 2005-2011. The
overall purpose of the study is to identify and describe crimes committed by police officers.
Three distinct but related research questions guide this research study. First, what is the
incidence and prevalence of police officers arrested across the United States? Second, how do
law enforcement agencies discipline officers who are arrested? And, third, to what degree do
police crime arrests correlate with other forms of police misconduct?
31
The research questions relate to different aspects relevant to the study of police crime and
police integrity more generally. The crimes committed by police officers that are identified and
described in this study encompass the broad nature of crime in general and range from the
mundane to the most serious, a situation that reflects what Ross (2001) observed as the
multidimensional character of police crime. The wide array of criminal offenses committed by
police officers also obviously varies in terms of the research questions identified above,
including the frequency with which they occur, the frequency and types of discipline imposed,
and the degree to which they are associated with other forms of misconduct.
The study of off-duty police misconduct and crime has been complicated by a debate on
whether these concepts include acts committed while an officer is technically off-duty. Several
policing scholars emphasize the occupational origins of police crime and focus on those acts that
occur on-duty under the guise of police authority (Barker & Carter, 1994; Foster, 1966;
Stoddard, 1968) and during the course of an officers normal work activities (Barker, 1978;
Ross, 2001). Kappeler et al. (1998) argue that many off-duty crimes should not be considered
police crimes because they do not involve some aspect of an officers occupational position to
carry them out. This situation begs questions as to whether off-duty misconduct arises from
specialized law enforcement training, skills, and knowledge, or even prevailing occupational
norms that may serve to legitimize such behavior.
Fyfe and Kane (2006) make a compelling case for the inclusion of off-duty acts in their
study of career-ending police misconduct, an argument that also applies to police crimes. First,
the job provides officers unique criminal opportunities that can be taken advantage of either onor off-duty. Second, police officers are more likely to engage in either on- or off-duty crimes in
part because they believe their status as sworn law enforcement officers affords them some
32
degree of exemption from prosecution (see Reiss, 1971; Stinson, Liederbach, Brewer, & Todak,
2014). Third, most jurisdictions grant full law enforcement powers to off-duty sworn law
enforcement officers and permit them to carry service weapons. These factors make it difficult
to distinguish between on- and off-duty police behavior because the knowledge, gun, and badge
that comes with being a police officer often facilitates the off-duty crimes of police officers
(Mollen Commission, 1994, p. 30). Other studies have raised concerns about the off-duty guninvolved misconduct of sworn officers (e.g., Commission to Combat Police Corruption, 1998a,
2001a, 2001b, 2010; Fyfe, 1980, 1987, 1988; Kane & White, 2009; Stinson, Liederbach, &
Freiburger, 2012).
The current study demands a conceptual framework that reflects both the broad range of
offenses committed by law enforcement officers and the generalized nature of our research
questions. Thus, the contents of our report are organized within a conceptual framework that
incorporates five key types of police crime:

The remainder of this report is organized around these five key types. We provide data
pertinent to the three broad research questions within each area, as well as additional data that
further describes the nature and character of police crime both in general and within each of the
five types. The conceptual framework serves to organize data that describes a phenomenon that
encompasses a wide range of criminal behavior. The framework also allows for the presentation
33
and discussion of data specifically focused on answering the stated research questions; but also,
the wealth of data collected on police crime as part of this project that does not readily fit under
one or more of the specific research questions. The latter part of this section introduces the
problems associated with these different types of police crime in sequence. Likewise, the
Literature Citations and Review section of the report presents overviews of the relevant research
literature organized in terms of the five key types of police crime. The Findings portion of this
report also incorporates the same conceptual framework and organizing themes. The final
section of the report discusses our findings and implications of the study both within and across
the key types of police crime.
Statement of the Problem
Scholars have struggled with the task of measuring police integrity because there are
virtually no official nationwide data collected, maintained, disseminated, and/or available for
research analyses (see, e.g., Anechiarico & Jacobs, 1996; Collins, 1998; Kane, 2007; Klockars,
Kutnjak Ivkovic, Harver, & Haberfield, 1997; Kutnjak Ivkovic, 2003; Sherman & Langworthy,
1979; Stinson, Liederbach, & Freiburger, 2010). Complicating the matter is the reality that
police officers are largely exempt from law enforcement because there is a reluctance to enforce
the law against fellow officers (Klockars, Kutnjak Ivkovic, & Haberfield, 2006; Reiss, 1971).
As a result, researchers have resorted to a variety of methodologies in their efforts to learn more
about the nature and extent of police crime, corruption, and misconduct. These include surveys
(e.g., Barker, 1978; Greene, Piquero, Hickman, & Lawton, 2004), quasi-experiments (e.g., Fyfe
& Kane, 2006; Kane & White, 2009, 2013), sociological field studies (e.g., Reiss, 1971;
Sherman, 1978), investigation reports of independent commissions (e.g., Christopher
Commission, 1991; Knapp Commission, 1972; Mollen Commission, 1994; e.g., Pennsylvania
34
Crime Commission, 1974), analyses of internal agency records (e.g., Fyfe & Kane, 2006; C. J.
Harris, 2009, 2011a, 2011b, 2012; Kane & White, 2009, 2013; Liederbach, Boyd, Taylor, &
Kawucha, 2007), and analysis of criminal justice system records (e.g., Collins, 1998; Kutnjak
Ivkovic, 2005).
These various methodologies have thus far failed to produce systematic, nationwide data
on police crime. These lines of literature do make clear, however, that the phenomenon covers a
wide range of criminal behavior that is difficult to generalize. Ross (2001) was among the first
to recognize the multidimensional nature of police crime. He developed a taxonomy that in part
distinguished the phenomenon in terms of four bipolar distinctions of police criminality.
Likewise, Stinson (2009) developed a typology of police crime as a means to both organize data
on the wide range of acts committed by police officers and to distinguish various types of police
crime. Stinsons typology of police crime is incorporated in the current study. The section
below includes a statement of the problem associated with the five types of police crime
including: (a) sex-related police crime, (b) alcohol-related police crime, (c) drug-related police
crime, (d) violence-related police crime, and (e) profit-motivated police crime.
The Problem of Sex-related Police Crime
Sex-related police crimes encompass a continuum of acts ranging from less serious forms
of sexual misconduct to more egregious cases that involve violence, including acts that have
been referred to in the research literature as police sexual violence (Rabe-Hemp & Braithwaite,
2013). Police sexual violence has been defined to include acts that are officially recognized and
involve violence or the use of police force (Maher, 2003). Police sexual violence occurs when
the victim experiences sexually degrading, humiliating, violating, damaging or threatening acts
committed by a police officer through the use of force, fear, intimidation, or police authority
35
(Kraska & Kappeler, 1995, p. 93). Less serious forms of sexual misconduct include acts
whereby a police officer uses his or her position to initiate or respond to some sexuallymotivated cue for the purpose of sexual gratification (Maher, 2003, p. 357).
Opportunities for sex-related police crime abound because officers operate in a low
visibility environment with very little supervision. The potential victims of sex-related police
crime include criminal suspects but also unaccompanied victims of crime (Rabe-Hemp &
Braithwaite, 2013). Cases of sex-related police crime often do not involve direct forms of
violence, because police may be able to perpetrate these crimes on the basis of threats or other
forms of intimidation given their position of authority. Police sexual misconduct and cases of
police sexual violence are often referred to as hidden offenses, and studies on police sexual
misconduct are usually based on small samples or derived from officer surveys that are
threatened by a reluctance to reveal these cases. Rabe-Hemp and Braithwaite (2013) recently
identified the need for national level studies on the phenomenon.
The Problem of Alcohol-related Police Crime
A second type of police crime explored in this study is alcohol-related police crime. In
August 1998, the (New York City) Commission to Combat Police Corruption released a
comprehensive report on the misconduct of New York Police Department (NYPD) officers. The
Commission found that a significant number of cases arose out of misconduct that occurred
while the officers were off-duty. A large number of the misconduct cases analyzed by the
Commission to Combat Police Corruption involved off-duty officers who were intoxicated
(Commission to Combat Police Corruption, 2004). The most prevalent charges in these cases
were driving under the influence and cases where officers had consumed enough alcohol to be
considered unfit for duty. The Commission to Combat Police Corruption report indicates the
36
magnitude of alcohol-related problems among NYPD officers and suggests that these problems
primarily involve both the off-duty consumption of alcohol and cases involving police officers
who drive drunk, a phenomenon we refer to as police driving under the influence (DUI).
Following the outline of the Commissions findings, this report describes the problem of alcoholrelated police crime in two parts: (a) police crimes that involved the consumption of alcohol, and
(b) police crimes that specifically involve cases of police DUI.
One problem for scholars interested in the study of alcohol-related police crime stems
from the fact that much of itor at least many of the most visible cases of alcohol-related police
crimeseems to occur while police are technically off-duty (Commission to Combat Police
Corruption, 2004). Virtually all of the existing data on off-duty police misconduct and crime
describes the misbehavior of NYPD police officers. The data are based on either the findings of
independent commissions designed to investigate the city's unique cycle of police scandals or
published research derived from a data set on career-ending misconduct among NYPD officers
from 1975 to 1996 (Fyfe & Kane, 2006; Kane & White, 2009). The existing line of research
provides coverage on the off-duty misbehavior of NYPD officers, but the absence of data on the
phenomenon as it occurs elsewhere raises legitimate concerns in regard to generalizability. The
current study provides much needed data on the alcohol-related police crimes perpetrated by offduty police officers as these crimes occur nationwide.
Police DUIor cases in which police are arrested for crimes associated with driving
while intoxicatedcomprises the second part of our description of alcohol-related police crime.
Drunk and/or impaired driving is unquestionably an enormous societal concern (Commission to
Combat Police Corruption, 2009; Shults, Beck, & Dellinger, 2011), and evidence from anecdotes
and journalistic investigations demonstrate that some police drive while impaired themselves
37
(e.g., Castaneda, 2008; Davis, 2008; Fazlollah, 2001, 2003). Aside from anecdotes and the
reports of local journalistic investigations however, there are no systematic data on the problem
of police DUI's. There are no official statistics on the number of officers arrested for DUIrelated offenses, and only one study provides data that describe cases involving police who drive
impaired on a national scale (see Stinson, Liederbach, Brewer, & Todak, 2014). Additional data
are clearly necessary to understand and mitigate the problem.
The Problem of Drug-related Police Crime
A third type of police crime explored in this study is drug-related police crime. Police
scandals during the last two decades of the twentieth century exposed dramatic cases of drugrelated corruption in several major American cities. A report of the United States General
Accounting Office (1998) outlined several different drug-related corruption scandals across the
United States during this period. The most widely-recognized scandals occurred in Miami
(Sechrest & Burns, 1992), Los Angeles (Los Angeles Police Department, 2000), and New York
City (Baer, Jr. & Armao, 1995). The scandals within the NYPD gained particular notoriety
because of both the visibility of the NYPD and the egregious crimes perpetrated by the involved
officers. Investigations into the NYPD scandal discovered widespread drug-related corruption
including police who burglarized drug dens, trafficked in stolen drugs, and robbed drug dealers
and their customers (Baer, Jr. & Armao, 1995).
Twenty years ago the Mollen Commission (1994) highlighted the role of cocaine and
crack markets in the production of drug-related police corruption in New York City. Whereas
previous scandals usually arose within the context of payoffs tied to gambling or prostitution
rackets, the Commission described how the burgeoning narcotics trade had become the source
for more aggressive, extortionate, and often violent corruption that parallel[ed] the violent
38
world of drug trafficking (Baer, Jr. & Armao, 1995, p. 76). The Mollen Commission revealed
how drug corruption tends to instigate various forms of misconduct and in some cases violent
crimes perpetrated by police, at least as these cases unfolded within the largest police agency in
the nation during the 1980s and 1990s. The patterns identified by the Mollen Commission
suggest the need for more recent data to explore the incidence of drug-related police crime since
the 1990s, and the degree to which drug-related police crime occurs within agencies across the
nation.
The Problem of Violence-related Police Crime
A fourth type of police crime explored in this study is violence-related police crime.
Crimes committed by police officers are by their nature special and deserving of scholarly
attention because the law affords police unique rights and responsibilities, including the legal
authority to use coercive force and access to weapons not available to ordinary citizens. The
police are afforded unique opportunities for misconduct and crime that potentially involve
violence including the excessive and/or illegal use of violence against criminal suspects and
other citizens. This report describes the problem of violence-related police crime in two parts:
(a) police crimes involving violence, and (b) cases in which police are arrested for crimes
associated with domestic and/or family violence.
Police use of physical force is synonymous with police violence. Sherman (1980) defines
police violence as behavior by any officeracting pursuant to their authority and/or power as a
sworn law enforcement officerthat includes any use of physical force (including, but not
limited to, the application of deadly force), whether justified or unjustified, against any person.
Many acts of police violence are never brought to the attention of law enforcement authorities
and never disclosed to the public.
39
A second aspect of the problem of violence-related police crime involves what is
commonly referred to as officer-involved domestic violence (Blumenstein, Fridell, & Jones,
2012; Gershon, 2000; Johnson, 1991; Johnson, Todd, & Subramanian, 2005; Sgambelluri, 2000;
Stinson & Liederbach, 2013; Wetendorf, 2000). The movement to recognize officer-involved
domestic violence gained momentum through the last two decades; and, incorporates provisions
of the 1994 Violence Against Women Act that defined domestic violence as a national crime
problem and the 1996 enactment of the Lautenberg Amendment to the federal Gun Control Act
(18 U.S.C. 925) prohibiting individualsincluding police officersfrom owning or using a
firearm if they have been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence (Lonsway &
Harrington, 2003). In 1999, the International Association of Police Chiefs promulgated a model
policy on the handling of officer-involved domestic violence cases and described domestic
violence in police families as a problem that exists at some serious level and deserves careful
attention (International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2003, p. 2). These and other initiatives
have worked to establish officer-involved domestic violence as an important issue for police
scholars and executives as well as the general public; but, there is still a lack of empirical data on
the phenomenon.
The Problem of Profit-motivated Police Crime
Profit-motivated police crime involves officers who use their authority of position to
engage in crime for personal gain (see, e.g., Kane & White, 2009, 2013; Stinson et al., 2010;
Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2012; Stinson, Todak, & Dodge, 2013). The Mollen Commission
(1994) noted that greed is the primary motive behind corruption-based police crime. This is
likely true in the traditional conceptualization of police corruption in the context of, for example,
an officer accepting a bribe as payoff to refrain from law enforcement. It is less clear, however,
40
when an officer while either on- or off-duty sells drugs, shoplifts, commits burglaries or
robberies, or engages in acts of insurance fraud. Fyfe and Kane (2006) recognized this
conceptual problem andin labeling their reconceptualization as profit-motivated police
misconducturged future policing scholars and police administrators to rethink the notion of
police corruption because police corruption is not as easy to define as we formerly may have
believed (Fyfe & Kane, 2006, p. xv). Carter (1990a, 1990b) also conceptualized drugmotivated police corruption as characterized by a profit-driven cycle as one of two behavioral
motivations. Stinson (2009) adopted profit-motivated police crime as the fifth type of police
crime and noted that it is consistent with Ross (2001) taxonomy of police crime.
41
Literature Citations and Review
Our review of the relevant research literature proceeds from the general to the specific.
First, we cover scholarship relevant to the conceptualization of police crime. These studies
provide definitions for the focus of our research and an identification of the features that
distinguish the phenomenon from the more general topics of police deviance, police misconduct,
or police corruption. This part of the review also outlines studies that describe and specifically
measure the more general forms of police deviance. These studies provide data on behaviors that
sometimesbut not alwaysinvolve specific violations of the criminal law by police officers.
The second portion of the review covers research literature more relevant to each of the five key
types of police crime outlined in the preceding section of the report.
The Conceptualization of Police Crime
The study of police crime has thus far been hampered by a degree of conceptual
confusion, mostly due to the tendency of police scholars to consider crimes perpetrated by
officers within studies focused on the more generalized topics of police corruption, deviance, or
misconduct. A quick review identifies the myriad of terms used to define each of these distinct
topics. Wilson (1963) defines police criminality as illegally using public office for private gain
without the inducement of a bribe, whereas acts of corruption do involve the acceptance of bribes
(p. 190). He further distinguishes police criminality and corruption from brutality, which
includes mistreating civilians or otherwise infringing their civil liberties (p. 190). Punch
(2000) distinguishes crimes committed by criminals in uniform from acts of police
misconduct, which involve violations of administrative rules that are typically investigated and
sanctioned internally by the police organization (pp. 302303). Ross (2001) provides a
multidimensional taxonomy of police crimes based in part on whether the act was (a) violent, (b)
42
motivated by profit, and/or (c) perpetrated on behalf of the individual or the organization.
Sherman (1978) focuses on corruption as a form of organizational deviance, and does not
distinguish between police corruption and police crime.
Scholars have tended to consider acts of law violation together with other forms of police
deviance that do not involve specific violations of the criminal law, as well as those whose legal
status as crimes tends to shift over time, such as bribery (see, e.g., Anechiarico & Jacobs, 1996,
pp. 67). Fyfe & Kane (2006) point out that the various forms of police deviance are not
mutually exclusivesome forms of corruption and misconduct are police crime and all forms of
police crime constitute misconduct. Crimes, however, that do not involve the misuse of
authority cannot be defined as acts of corruption (Fishman, 1978). The distinction among the
various forms of deviance is that all police crimes involve a violation of criminal statutes and are
subject to criminal prosecution, but not all acts of police corruption or misconduct violate
criminal laws (Wilson, 1963). The conceptual confusion stems largely from the failure to
distinguish specific violations of the criminal law whether or not they constitute an abuse of
authority. The current study focuses on crimes committed by police officers that involved an
arrest on at least one criminal charge to avoid this confusion and focus scholarly attention on
behaviors that have thus far remained invisible to researchers because they have often been
lumped together with more general acts of corruption, deviance, and/or misconduct (Box, 1983;
Jupp, Davies, & Francis, 1999; Kutnjak Ivkovic, 2005).
Most of what we know about police corruption and other forms of police deviance is
from the investigations of independent commissions in the wake of police scandals including the
Knapp Commission (1972) report, the Pennsylvania Crime Commission (1974) report, and the
Mollen Commission (1994) report. These investigations were not designed to investigate police
43
crimes per se, but their findings in regard to corruption and other forms of misconduct shed some
light on the crimes committed by officers. The commissions collectively demonstrated a
problem that went well beyond the usual claim that police deviance is limited to a few rotten
pockets of morally deficient officers, but their findings supplied only limited information on the
true nature and extent of crimes committed by officers (Sherman, 1974, p. 7; Skogan & Frydl,
2004).
The Knapp Commission (1972) acknowledged that bribe-taking and petty thefts were
pervasive. The investigation also identified small groups of officers referred to as meat-eaters
who spend a good deal of their working hours aggressively seeking out situations they can
exploit for financial gain, including gambling, narcotics, and other serious offenses (p. 65).
Twenty years later, the Mollen Commission recognized a shift in the nature of corruption
primarily characterized by serious criminal activity closely associated with the drug trade,
including wide-scale drug abuse and trafficking among officers (Mollen Commission, 1994, p.
17). The trend was closely tied to an explosion of crime opportunities provided by open-air
markets for crack cocaine that sprouted during the early 1990s.
Researchers have used police agency records to study officer misconduct that in some
cases includes specific violations of the criminal law. Fyfe and Kane (2006) studied the careerending misconduct of a sample of 1,543 New York City Police Department officers employed
during the period 1975 through 1996 (see also Kane & White, 2009, 2013). They identified
eight separate categories of career-ending misconduct, and found that officers commonly
engaged in several different types of profit-motivated crime including bribe-taking, grand
larceny, insurance fraud, burglary, petit larceny, receiving stolen property and welfare fraud.
44
Officers also engaged in a wide variety of crimes while they were off-duty, including domestic
violence, driving while intoxicated, bar fights, and sexual offenses.
Discussions on the conceptualization of police crime lead naturally to debates on
appropriate responses to the phenomenon including various forms of organizational and courtbased dispositions. There is a limited body of empirical evidence in regard to factors that
influence the imposition of organizational sanctions in cases of career-ending police misconduct
based on the study of a sample of 1,543 NYPD officers employed from 1975 through 1996 (Fyfe
& Kane, 2006; Kane & White, 2009, 2013). The research demonstrated that the NYPD was
more likely to terminate employment in cases of serious misconduct where there was evidence
that an officer violated the criminal law and/or a major administrative policy. The NYPD
commonly used suspension(s) to respond to less serious forms of misconduct. The best
predictors of career-ending police misconduct were disciplinary and reliability problems at
previous jobs, prior criminal involvement, and the mean number of complaints against an
individual officer per year. Overall, the imposition of some form of organizational discipline
was most likely in cases where officers: (a) exhibited serious behavioral problems, and (b)
violated rules that conflicted with the proper functioning of the organization (Kane & White,
2013, p. 163).
The existing research on organizational dispositionsbased almost exclusively on the
experience of NYPD officersremains difficult to interpret in regard to generalizability and how
police agencies nationwide respond to cases of police misconduct. The logical source of data on
organizational dispositions are agency records and personnel files; but, these data are not
commonly made available to researchers, the media, or the public. Kane and White (2013)
summarize some more general limitations associated with the use of agency records in the study
45
of organizational responses to police misconduct. These data are in some ways inherently biased
since they largely represent the organizational perspective on the process of discipline. Agency
records also commonly present an incomplete picture of the disciplinary process. For example,
police organizations often suggest resignation as an alternative to termination for officers
involved in serious forms of misconduct, a situation that threatens the validity of data based
exclusively on the final documented organizational disposition of these sorts of cases. Problems
associated with generalizability and an overall dearth of data are exacerbated in regard to the
issue of legal rather than organizational dispositions. We are aware of no existing studies
focused on the legal disposition of police crime cases in terms of the imposition of adverse
employment outcomes aside from those derived from data collected as part of the current project
(e.g., Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2013, 2012; Stinson, Brewer, Mathna, Liederbach, &
Englebrecht, 2014; Stinson & Liederbach, 2013; Stinson, Liederbach, Brewer, & Mathna, 2014;
Stinson, Liederbach, Brewer, & Todak, 2014; Stinson et al., 2010; Stinson, Todak, & Dodge,
2015; Stinson, Reyns, & Liederbach, 2012; Stinson & Watkins, 2014). One primary goal of this
project is to describe and analyze the organizational and legal disposition of cases of police
crime, including officers arrested for crimes that related to sex, alcohol, drugs, violence, and/or
were profit-motivated.
In Garrity v. New Jersey (1967) the United States Supreme Court discussed the
difference between adverse employment actions in the nature of disciplinary investigations
against officers for police misconduct and initiation of criminal proceedings against a police
officer for the same underlying event. The Court held that a police officer is required to answer
questions truthfully in internal disciplinary investigations where the officer would be subject to
termination for failing to answer the questions, but that statements made in that context by a
46
police officer cannot then be used in any criminal proceeding against the officer because the
statements were coerced. As a result, many investigations into police misconduct that potentially
involve police crime are stymied because a decision must be made by police administrators
whether to (a) elect to gather information by questioning an officer in a disciplinary matter, or
(b) forego any questions of an officer administratively and proceed with a criminal investigation
against the officer. If the second option is elected, then the officer would be entitled to the right
against self-incrimination that is afforded to any suspect or defendant in a criminal investigation
pursuant to the Courts holding in Miranda v. Arizona (1966). In some instances, law
enforcement agencies simply allow an officer to resign in lieu of initiation of criminal
proceedings against a sworn officer as an effort by the agency to quietly resolve a matter without
public disclosure of police misconduct.
Review on Sex-related Police Crime
The first type of police crime explored in this study is sex-related police crime.
Scholarship on the topic has been comparatively sparse. Early studies focused broadly on
behaviors that constituted police sexual misconduct and acts such as on-duty consensual sex
between officers and female adult citizens. Barker (1978) surveyed police officers who indicated
that consensual sex on-duty was quite prevalent, especially in patrol cruisers. Sapp (1994)
provided data derived from in-depth interviews of police. The study included qualitative
sometimes luriddescriptions of seven different forms of police sexual misconduct, including
cases wherein police spent entire shifts seeking opportunities to view unsuspecting females
partially clad or nude, the sexual harassment of crime victims and criminal suspects, and sexual
contacts between officers and underage females. Some of the behaviors described within the
47
Sapp study clearly involved sexual coercion rather than consensual sex between police and
willing citizens.
Kraska and Kappeler's (1995) exploratory study on police sexual violence incorporates a
wide continuum of behaviors that range from comparatively unobtrusive forms of sex-related
misconduct (e.g. voyeurism and other invasions of privacy) to obtrusive forms of sexual violence
(e.g. sexual assault and rape). Kraska and Kappeler study the phenomenon within the context of
existing police scholarship and scholarship derived from the feminist literature that more clearly
defines police sexual violence as a form of gender bias and the systematic differential treatment
of females in the criminal justice system. They identified 124 cases of police sexual violence
through both published news reports and federal lawsuits arising under 42 U.S.C. 1983
involving police accused of sexual misconduct. Close to one-third of the cases (30%) identified
involved rape and/or sexual assault. More than one-half of the cases involved strip searches.
Published news reports tended to identify more serious forms of police sexual violence, while
cases that involved strip searches and less serious acts were more likely to be identified through
the federal lawsuit data. Cases of police sexual violence were widely dispersed geographically,
and Kraska and Kappeler (1995) suggest that the cases identified in their study were likely the
tip of the iceberg (p. 97). They indicated that the organizational and occupational culture of
policing provides officers ample opportunity to engage in sex-related misconduct and crime, and
note the obstacles to reporting these forms of misconduct confronted by victims including the
fear of retaliation and forms of secondary victimization similar to that experienced more
generally by victims of sexual assaults (see, e.g., LaFree, 1989).
More recently, Maher provided data on police sexual misconduct derived from surveys of
both officers (Maher, 2003) and police chiefs (Maher, 2008). Surveys of officers demonstrate
48
that they believe less serious forms of sexual misconduct occur frequently, and are facilitated by
the opportunity structure provided by the job. The majority of officers indicated that they had
not been pressured to engage in acts of sexual misconduct, but, they were unlikely to report less
serious forms of the phenomenon. Surveyed police chiefs believed that less serious forms of
sexual misconduct were common and serious forms of sexual misconduct and crime were rare.
The data suggest that most police agencies do not have any written policies that expressly
prohibit sexual misconduct (Maher, 2008). Walker and Irlbeck (2002) describe cases that they
refer to as "driving while female," wherein police initiate bogus traffic stops to harass,
intimidate, and/or sexually assault female motorists.
Rabe-Hemp and Braithwaite (2013) recently published a study focused on police sexual
violence and the problem of officer shuffle, wherein police involved in various forms of sexual
misconduct and crime escape punishment and maintain their law enforcement career through
employment with another police agency. Data were derived through a content analysis of
published newspaper accounts of police sexual violence from 1996-2000. They identified 106
cases of police sexual violence. Close to one-half (41.5%) of the cases involved repeat police
perpetrators. Repeat offenders were more likely than first time offenders to victimize juveniles.
Review on Alcohol-related Police Crime
The second type of police crime covered in this study is alcohol-related police crime.
This report describes the problem of alcohol-related police crime in terms of both the off-duty
consumption of alcohol and the phenomenon of police DUI. As we previously described,
virtually all of the existing empirical data on off-duty police misconduct describes the
misbehavior of NYPD officers primarily through the reports of the Commission to Combat
Police Corruption (1998b, 2004). The Commission recommended specific policies designed to
49
mitigate problems associated with off-duty alcohol abuse, including provisions to expand the
definition of unfit for duty to include intoxicated off-duty officers and prohibitions against
carrying an off-duty weapon while intoxicated (Commission to Combat Police Corruption,
1998b). Fyfe and Kane's (2006) classification of police misconduct includes driving while
intoxicated within the category of off-duty public order crimes, but they do not provide specific
data that distinguishes misconduct that includes the abuse of alcohol. Kane and White (2009)
provide several descriptions of cases that involved intoxicated off-duty officers engaged in bar
fights, drunk driving, and personal disputes.
Despite the findings of Kane and White (2009), the lack of existing scholarship on
alcohol-related police misconduct and crime is even more acute in the specific case of police
DUI. Reviews of the empirical literature failed to uncover any scholarly research specifically
focused on the phenomenon of police DUI other than the research by Stinson, Liederbach,
Brewer, and Todak (2014) using data from the current study on police crime. Some recent
evidence indicates that officers and agencies often minimize or ignore the problem of impaired
driving among police. A Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) survey reported that over one-third of
responding state and local police agencies would consider police applicants with a prior DUI
conviction (Reaves, 2012). Additionally, a majority of officers responding to a survey on police
integrity said they would not report a fellow officer who had a minor traffic accident while
driving under the influence of alcohol (Klockars, Kutnjak Ivkovic, Harver, & Haberfield, 2000).
Recent journalistic investigations in Milwaukee (Barton, 2011), Denver (McGhee, 2011), and
New York City (Paddock & Lesser, 2010) reported disturbing cases in which police found to
have driven drunk were either not arrested and/or otherwise minimally punished.
50
Scholars have long recognized the existence of alcohol-related problems in policing and
have identified factors that seem to promote excessive drinking among police (Dietrich & Smith,
1986; Dishlacoff, 1976; Hurrell, Jr. et al., 1984; Violanti, Marshall, & Howe, 1985). Violanti et
al. (2011) group these factors in terms of (a) officer demographics, (b) stress, and (c) police
culture. Excessive alcohol consumption is certainly due at least in part to demographics and the
over-representation of young males among police officers, in particular patrol officers. Men are
more likely to have problems with alcohol than women, and alcohol use disorders are most
prevalent among 18-24 year-olds (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2008).
Age and gender have also been specifically correlated with drinking and driving. Alcohol
dependence at the age of 21 has been found to significantly predict persistent driving while
drinking episodes (Begg, Langley, & Stephenson, 2003) and young adult males have been found
to be significantly more likely to engage in driving while drinking than other cohorts (Chou et
al., 2006).
There is an extensive line of research on how stress may influence excessive drinking
among police. Abdollahi (2002) provides a comprehensive overview of this literature in terms of
factors that include (a) intra-interpersonal stressors, (b) job-related stressors, and (c)
organizational stressors. Violanti et al.'s (2011) survey of police found that stress derived from
failed interpersonal relationships increased the likelihood of hazardous drinking behavior,
especially among male officers. A number of studies attribute excess alcohol consumption to the
failure to properly cope with stress that is related more specifically to the job, including those
derived from a perceived lack of organizational support and problematic encounters with citizens
(Anshel, 2000; Ayres, Flanagan, & Ayres, 1992; Kohan & OConnor, 2002). Leino et al. (2011)
recently explored how job-related exposure to violence and the absence of adequate debriefing
51
procedures may increase levels of drinking among police. Swatt, Gibson, and Piquero (2007)
utilize Agnew's general strain theory to explain how anxiety/depression mediate the relationship
between work-related strain and drinking prevalence among police officers.
Studies focused on the drinking behavior of police also underscore the impact of police
culture. Police culture has been referred to as essentially a drinking culture that often includes
frequent social interactions that involve the consumption of alcohol (Violanti et al., 1985).
Various occupational factors have been found to increase the risk of alcohol and drug problems
(Fennell, Rodin, & Kantor, 1981; Hingson, Mangione, & Barrett, 1981). Indeed, Macdonald,
Wells, and Wild (1999) specifically found that the existence of a drinking subculture at work was
associated with the development of alcohol problems. Lindsey and Shelley (2009) found that
police officers most at risk for drinking problems admitted that fitting in was the primary reason
they engaged in alcohol consumption. Officers may also be discouraged from reporting problem
drinking or drunk driving among fellow officers in order to uphold other widely-recognized
values shared among police including secrecy and solidarity (Banton, 1964; Skolnick, 1994).
Review on Drug-related Police Crime
The third type of police crime covered in this study is drug-related police crime. This
line of research covers three relevant issues including (a) the etiology of drug-related
misconduct, (b) the classification of drug-related misconduct, and (c) the prevalence of drug use
by police. Police scholars typically attribute drug-related corruption to factors associated with
the organization of police work and the occupational culture of police. Stoddard (1968)
emphasizes the role of police culture and the nature of police work in the causation of what he
referred to as blue coat crime. Kraska and Kappeler (1988) underscore the prevalence of on-thejob opportunities for patrol officers to become involved in the drug trade in some fashion,
52
including lack of direct supervision, drug availability, and exposure to drug users and dealers.
The report of the General Accounting Office (1998) highlights the influence of deviant police
subcultures that both promote drug corruption and protect police who adhere to deviant
subcultural norms such as secrecy, loyalty, and cynicism about police work and the criminal
justice system. Carter and Stephens (1994) view substance abuse as primarily a job-related
condition among police, particularly those working undercover vice in drug-infested beats (p.
107).
Carter (1990b) provides the most often cited classification scheme for drug-related
corruption. His typology identifies two forms of drug corruption. Type 1 or traditionallyconceptualized drug corruption involves officers motivated by illegitimate goals including
personal profit. This form of drug corruption includes the extortion and robbery of drug dealers
and the acceptance of bribes to protect them. Type 2 drug corruption is comprised of officers
motivated by organizationally-derived legitimate goals ostensibly tied to the arrest and
conviction of dealers and users. This form of drug corruption includes perjury, violations of
criminal procedure, and the planting of criminal evidence. Aside from its utility as an
organization scheme, Carter's typology demonstrates how the drug trade tends to give rise to
many different forms of police crime. The drug trade provides opportunities for personal gain
through payoffs, shakedowns, robberies, and opportunistic thefts, as well as types of misconduct
tied to drug enforcement goals and violations of the rights of criminal defendants including
perjury and the planting of evidence. Officers who are recreational drug users expose
themselves to street-level dealers and associated manipulation and coercion (Kappeler et al.,
1998). Carter's (1990b) conclusions about the impact of these markets on the nature of police
corruption closely mirror those of the Mollen Commission (1994) by noting that the nature of
53
corruption has changed, particularly with respect to police drug users, the emergence of crack
houses as easy targets, and the frustration with drug-law enforcement associated with the
extraordinarily high volume of drug traffic (Carter, 1990b, pp. 9697).
Very little is known about the prevalence of drug use among police officers
(Mieczkowski, 2002). Kraska and Kappeler (1988) provide what is widely-cited as the only
empirical description of on-duty drug use by police through their study of one medium-sized
police agency. They found that 20% of the officers used marijuana on duty at least two times per
month, and that 10% had used other non-prescribed controlled substances while on duty,
including hallucinogens, stimulants, and/or barbiturates. The study provides initial evidence to
suggest that the problem of on-duty drug use by police is not limited to large urban departments,
although data derived from a much larger sample of agencies is needed to assess the prevalence
of drug use among police across various types of jurisdictions.
Official drug tests provide another source of data on the degree to which police use drugs,
but most of this evidence describes testing results from a single agency, and no entity collects
comprehensive data on the number of police who test positive overall. One journalistic
investigation reported a 1.1% failure rate (75 officers) among Boston Police Department police
tested from 1999-2006, as well as the failure of 14 Los Angeles Police Department officers drug
tested from 2000-2006. Over 81% of the positive tests in Boston involved the use of cocaine,
and police executives indicated that they believed cocaine had surpassed marijuana as the drug of
choice among police (Smalley, 2006). More recent data derived from self-report surveys of
officers in a single agency in Australia suggest that police use a wider variety of drugs including
marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, heroine, ketamine, and non-prescribed steroids
(Gorta, 2009).
54
Lersch and Mieczkowski (2005a) report results of drug tests conducted in a large police
agency in the Eastern United States in which very few officers tested positive (~ .005%).
Scholars often point out, however, that official drug tests are likely influenced by (a)
announcement effects and the fact that officers employed by these agencies are aware of
testing protocols (Lersch & Mieczkowski, 2005a, p. 292), and (b) the method of drug testing.
Cocaine is the most frequently detected drug based on hair analysis, and marijuana is the most
frequently detected drug based on urinalysis (Lersch & Mieczkowski, 2005a; Mieczkowski,
2002; Mieczkowski & Lersch, 2002).
Review on Violence-related Police Crime
The fourth type of police crime explored in this study is violence-related police crime.
According to Sherman (1980), police use of physical force is synonymous with police violence,
defining police violence as behavior by any police officeracting pursuant to their authority
and/or power as a sworn law enforcement officerthat includes any use of physical force
(including, but not limited to, the application of deadly force), whether justified or unjustified,
against any person. Based on Shermans definition, explanations for police violence in the
existing literature have been quite varied (e.g., Alpert & MacDonald, 2001; Garner, Maxwell, &
Heraux, 2002; Griffin & Bernard, 2003; Lersch & Mieczkowski, 2005b; Manzoni & Eisner,
2006; Terrill & Mastrofski, 2002; Terrill, Paoline, & Manning, 2003; Terrill & Reisig, 2003).
Stinson, Reyns, and Liederbach (2012) use data from the current study to identify and describe
cases that involve the criminal misuse of conductive energy devicespurportedly a less-thanlethal alternative to firearmsso studies that describe the factors that influence police use of
force more generally during citizen encounters seem particularly relevant.
55
Police scholars have examined the factors that influence the use of force more generally
since the 1960s, and quantitative studies have focused on the relationship between police force
and a wide range of predictors including situational, individual, organizational, and communitylevel variables. Overall, virtually all studies that compare situational factors to others such as
officer, organizational, and community-level factors have found that situational factors exert the
most powerful influence on the decision to use coercive force (Skogan & Frydl, 2004). Police
are more likely to resort to violence in encounters that include physically aggressive suspects and
citizens who resist officer attempts to control the situation. Researchers have most often
investigated the influence of situational factors in cases that involve the use of deadly force by
police (e.g., Alpert & Smith, 1999; Binder & Scharf, 1982; Blumberg, 1983; Fyfe, 1981). This
line of research has primarily emphasized the direct relationship between the level of situational
risk faced by an officer and the specific decision to employ deadly force. Situational risk refers
to the immediate scenario within which police must decide to shoot or not shoot. Did the suspect
assault the police? Was the suspect armed? Did the suspect shoot at police? These situational
factors appear to explain the use of deadly force more directly than other variables. Terrell's
(2003) research based on observational data suggests that situational factors are also the primary
determinants of the use of non-deadly force by police. He examined the relationship between
five levels of suspect resistance (none, passive, verbal, defensive, and active), and four levels of
non-lethal force (none, verbal, restraint, and impact) and found that force levels were
significantly related to levels of suspect resistance.
The review to this point has outlined prior research that examines the general use of
police force and its predictors, whether situational, individual, organizational, and/or communitylevel factors. Distinctions as to whether the use of police force in a particular case will be
56
defined as justified or excessive or perhaps even criminal are subjective and are made
case-by-case based largely on the discretionary decisions of actors within the criminal justice
system, including police and prosecutors. Most states provide guidelines for the police use of
force in existing criminal codes, and local prosecutors may choose to prosecute police who
engage in behavior that violates the criminal law. The level of force used to complete an arrest
or otherwise protect public safety must be commensurate with the crime committed and
proportionally related to its necessity (Cheh, 1996; Klockars, 1996). Police officers who use
excessive levels of force may be criminally prosecuted for a range of offenses including
homicide, manslaughter, and assault. Comprehensive statistics on the criminal prosecution of
police are generally neither maintained nor available to scholars or the public, so an empiricallybased identification of the specific factors that distinguishes cases on the basis of whether force
was justified or criminal is not currently possible. One primary goal of the this project is to
utilize media-based data in order to identify and describe cases of violence-related police crime
that are distinguished by the fact that they involved the criminal arrest of a police officer(s) and
were thus defined by the system as criminal, at least prior to the adjudication phase of the case.
This type of police crime also incorporate cases that involve police arrested for crimes
associated with domestic and/or family violence, a phenomenon increasingly referred to in the
research literature as officer-involved domestic violence. There have been very few empirical
studies designed to estimate the prevalence of officer-involved domestic violenceall of them
based on self-administered surveys of police and/or their spouses. Johnson (1991) reported that
40% of responding officers admitted that they had behaved violently toward their spouse at least
once during the previous six months, and 20% of the spouses in a concurrent survey reported that
their spouse had abused either them or their children in the previous six months. Neidig, Russell,
57
and Seng (1992) and Neidig, Seng, and Russell (1992) reported that 41% of responding male
officers admitted that at least one incident of physical aggression occurred in their marital
relationship during the previous year, and 8% of those reported the occurrence of severe
physical aggression including choking, strangling, and/or the use or threatened use of a knife or
gun (Neidig, Russell, et al., 1992, p. 32). Reported rates of officer-involved domestic violence
are highest among officers who are currently divorced or separated from their spouses.
The literature on officer-involved domestic violence is filled with anecdotes that
underscore the occupationally-derived etiology of violence within police families. Factors
associated with police culture and the job that have been discussed within the context of officerinvolved domestic violence include: (a) violence exposure, (b) authoritarianism, and (c) problem
drinking. Researchers suspect higher rates of domestic violence among police most exposed to
work-related violence based on studies that document a relationship between violence exposure
and the personal well-being of police officers; and, the research literature on the relationship
between work and family and the possibility of spillover effects (Johnson et al., 2005; Mullins &
McMains, 2000). Officer surveys identify violence exposure as one of the most significant
work-related stressors for police (Gershon, 2000), and studies based on clinical trials describe
links between police stress and poor family functioning (Neidig, Russell, et al., 1992). Police
training in authoritarian styles and the regular exercise of coercive force may influence marital
interactions and promote domestic and/or family violence (Greene-Forsythe, 2000; Johnson,
1991; Johnson et al., 2005; Sgambelluri, 2000).
Police are trained to exert power and use coercive force to accomplish their goals and
gain compliance from citizens (Bittner, 1978; Skolnick, 1994). The regular exercise of coercion
and authoritarianism may spillover to the home in cases where police treat family members as
58
criminal suspects. Johnson (1991) identified a link between authoritarian spillover and high
levels of strain in police families; and, Johnson et al.'s (2005) survey of police indicates that
authoritarian spillover mediates the relationship between exposure to violence on the job and
domestic violence among police. Problem drinking is another aspect of the work-family
spillover that may contribute to the incidence of violence in police families. The research that
associates officer-involved domestic violence with problem drinking cite many of the same
occupationally-derived factors covered in the previous section on alcohol-related police crime
including (a) intra-interpersonal stressors, (b) job-related stressors, and (c) organizational
stressors.
Much of the remaining research literature on officer-involved domestic violence focuses
on the unique vulnerabilities of domestic violence victims in police families and factors that
conspire to discourage exposure of these crimes and contribute to the hidden nature of the
problem. While scholars have long demonstrated that victims of domestic and/or family
violence are often reluctant to officially report these crimes, the fact that perpetrators of officerinvolved domestic violence are police themselves creates particular problems and barriers to
reporting. First, they must consider the fact that perpetrators possess and are trained to use lethal
weapons. Second, police perpetrators are likely to know the location of domestic violence
shelters and have professional experience that can be used to manipulate the system and shift
blame to the victim (Gershon, 2000; National Center for Women & Policing, 2005). Third,
decisions to report incidents of officer-involved domestic violence are also likely influenced by
the cultural values of secrecy and loyalty, wherein police (and their families) are expected to
never blow the whistle and expose police perpetrators (Johnson et al., 2005; Shernock, 1995,
p. 623). Fourth, domestic violence victims in police families also may be concerned about
59
consequences associated with provisions of the Lautenberg Amendment (1996) that prohibit
police from owning or using a gun if they are convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence.
Review on Profit-motivated Police Crime
The Mollen Commission (1994) found that greed is the primary motive behind police
crime that constitutes corruption. This is true if police corruption is conceptualized in the
traditional context of acts such as accepting bribes to refrain from law enforcement. It is,
however, less clear whether officers who perform robberies or burglaries, shoplift, sell drugs, or
engage in welfare or insurance fraud during their off-duty time are engaging in a variety of
police corruption (Fyfe & Kane, 2006, p. xv). Fyfe and Kane (2006) reconceptualized these
actions as profit-motivated misconduct and noted that police corruption is not as easy to
define as we formerly may have believed (p. xv). Similarly, Carter (1990b, pp. 8990)
conceptualized police corruption as being characterized by a profit-driven cycle. The
classification of some police crime as profit-motivated is also found in Ross (2001) taxonomy of
police crime, where the second of four dichotomous distinctions is between economicallymotivated and noneconomically-motivated police behavior (p. 184).
Using the same data set as Fyfe and Kane (2006), Kane and White (2013) explored the
nature of the career-ending police misconduct in the NYPD and found that the profit-motivated
cases (N = 387) included bribe-taking (18.6%), grand larceny (17.1%), insurance fraud (8.6%),
burglary (7.3%), petit larceny (7.3%), receiving stolen property (3.9%), government fraud
(3.1%), gratuities (2.6%), gambling (1.8%), illegal operation (1.8%), and other profit-motivated
misconduct (27.4%) such as extortion, robbery, abusing official resources (p. 73, Table 4.2).
60
Stinson and colleagues found that profit-motivated police crime is a quantifiable variable
that helps explains the nature of police crime across the life course of officers law enforcement
careers in a variety of contexts at nonfederal law enforcement agencies across the United States.
Whereas less experienced police officers are more likely to commit violent crimes, those officers
who commit profit-motivated crimes are more likely to be experienced officers late in their
policing career and more likely to be supervisors and/or administrators (Stinson et al., 2010).
Likewise, crime by policewomen is most often profit-motivated (Stinson, Todak, et al., 2013).
Crime by school resource officers typically is not profit-motivated police crime (Stinson &
Watkins, 2014). Profit-motivated police crimes are more likely to be committed while on-duty
and less likely to be committed while an officer is off-duty (Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2012).
Statement of Rationale for the Research
The purpose of the current research project is to promote police integrity by gaining a
better understanding of police crime and agency responses to officer arrests. The study is
providing a wealth of data on a phenomena that relates directly to police integritydata that
police executives did not previously have access to because they did not exist in any useable
format.
The first goal of this research is to determine the nature and extent of police crime in the
United States. Objectives for this goal are to: (a) identify and describe the incidence of officers
arrested during each year in the study period; and (b) identify and describe the prevalence of
officers arrested over the course of the study period.
A second goal of this research is to determine what factors influence how a police
organization responds to arrests of officers. Objectives for this goal are to: (a) identify, describe,
and analyze the severity of crimes for which police officers are arrested and determine whether
61
severity of crime influences employment outcomes; (b) identify and analyze the level of
urbanization for each employing police organization by using a 9-level urban-to-rural continuum
scale to determine whether an agencys degree of urbanization or rurality influences agency
response and employment outcomes; (c) identify and analyze the geographic location (region,
division, and state) for each employing police organization to determine whether geographic
disparity influences agency response and employment outcomes; (d) identify and analyze length
of service and age of arrested officers to further investigate whether age in years and/or years of
service influence agency response and employment outcomes; and (e) identify and analyze
criminal case outcomes for each officer arrested to determine whether this factor influences
agency response and employment outcomes.
A third and final goal of the research is to foster police integrity by exploring whether
police crime and officer arrests correlate with other forms of police misconduct. Objectives for
this goal are to: (a) identify and analyze whether the arrested officers in our database were also
named individually as a defendant in any federal court civil actions pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983
during the life course of their law enforcement careers; and (b) inform police practitioners and
policymakers of strategies derived from the projects findings that could improve early
intervention systems and other internal controls to better identify problem officers and those at
risk for engaging in police misconduct including engaging in police crime creating potential
agency exposure to civil liability and its correlates.
The rationale for the current study evolved from long-standing obstacles associated with
the collection of data on police crime. The underlying reasons for the current study reflect the
ongoing lack of empirical data on the crimes committed by policea situation that relates
directly to the limitations of previous methodologies used to collect data on the phenomenon.
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Researchers have resorted to a variety of methodologies to learn more about the nature and
extent of police misconduct, corruption, and/or crime; but, empirical scholarship has usually
incorporated one or more of the following: (a) officer surveys, (b) agency records, and (c)
sociological field studies. Studies that utilize one or more of these methodologies have clearly
contributed to the knowledge base on police crime, but the methodology used in the present
study offers clear advantages in terms of both the scope and quality of potential data on police
crime. The first part of this section provides a brief overview of those limitations by method.
This overview is followed by a concise description of the advantages of our methodology. These
advantages provide the basis of and rationale for our research on police crime.
Limitations of Surveys, Agency Records, and Field Research
Surveys have been perhaps the most commonly utilized method to collect data on the
closely related problems of police corruption and police misconduct. Since the phenomena of
police crime, police corruption, and police misconduct are analogous and sometimes
overlapping, some survey research does provide limited insight into the measurement of police
crime. There are two primary limitations associated with the utilization of surveys in regard to
the study of police crime, corruption, and misconduct. The first problem relates to gaining
access to police organizations to collect data on these issues. Researchers have long reported
problems in gaining access and maintaining access to law enforcement agencies for research
purposes (see, e.g., Kutnjak Ivkovic, 2005; Lundman & Fox, 1978, 1979), so researchers have
been afforded comparatively few opportunities to openly ask police officers about their
perceptions of or tolerance for various forms of misconductlet alone their perpetration of
actual criminal behavior (Barker, 1978; Kutnjak Ivkovic, 2003). In fact, none of the survey
research reported in the literature directly measures police crime. Rather, the studies measure
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correlates of police crime and tend to indicate the level of tolerance for such misconduct within
some police agencies (see, e.g., Fishman, 1978). The second limitation of surveys in regard to
the study of police crime involves validity and problems associated with the propensity to
provide socially desirable responses to inquiries about misconduct, wrongdoing, and/or criminal
behavior. There are some indications that police administrators and other police personnel may
be less than truthful in responding to surveys by exaggerating (Maguire & Uchida, 2000). There
are obvious problems associated with asking police officers to complete questionnaires with
items on the nature and extent of police offending, because it is widely assumed that officers will
maintain a code of silence and fail to disclose the nature and extent of police crime through a
survey format (Fishman, 1978).
Researchers have also utilized agency and other official records to study issues associated
with police misconduct, corruption, and crime. This line of research includes numerous crosssectional studies based on small single agency samples of police officers. More recently, Fyfe
and Kane (2006) provide longitudinal data on the misconduct and crime of police based on
official agency records derived from the NYPD. The NYPD data compared the personal and
career histories of all 1,543 NYPD officers who were involuntarily separated from the NYPD for
cause from 1975 to 1996 with a random sample of their police academy classmates. The study
methodology offers unique opportunities to describe and measure police misconduct and crime
from single agencies over comparatively long time periods. Studies based on agency records
have two primary limitations. First, similar to officer surveys, these data require difficult to
obtain access to a police organization. Most police agencies are obviously reluctant to disclose
official records of officer misconduct and crime to researchers. As a result, studies based on
agency records almost invariably describe the misbehavior and crime of officers from a single
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police agency, a situation that leads to issues in regard to the generalizability of studies based on
data from a single police agency. A second limitation of using agency records is that they result
from a filtering process within the organization that created the records. That is to say, agency
records are the version of events from the perspective of the organization.
Reiss' (1971) classic research on the behavior of police officers in Chicago, Boston, and
Washington DC stands as the only published study that utilized field observations to specifically
describe various forms of police misconduct and crime. Reiss found that roughly 20% of
observed police engaged in on-duty crime, not including assaults and syndicated crime. Most of
the observed police crime was limited to thefts. Large scale observational studies of police are
costly and difficult to conduct, so only a small number have been completed (Bayley &
Garofalo, 1989; see, .e.g., Black & Reiss, 1967; Frank, Novak, & Smith, 2001; Liederbach,
2005; Liederbach & Frank, 2003; Mastrofski et al., 1998). Small scale observation studies are
nonsystematic and often involve ride-along observations in one single agency. Field
observations are also limited by the danger of reactivity, wherein officers may alter their
behavior because of the presence of a civilian observer. Reactivity poses clear problems in the
collection of observational data on police misconduct, corruption, and/or crime.
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METHODS
Data for the current study were collected as part of a project commenced in the year 2004
designed to locate cases in which sworn law enforcement officers had been arrested for any type
of criminal offense(s). Data were derived from published news articles using the Google News
search engine and its Google Alerts email update service. Google Alerts searches were
conducted using the same 48 search terms developed by Stinson (2009). The Google Alerts
email update service sent a message each time one of the automated daily searches identified a
news article in the Google News search engine that matched any of the designated search terms.
The automated alerts contained a link to the URL for the news articles. The articles were
located, examined for relevancy, printed, logged, and then scanned, indexed, and archived in a
digital imaging database for subsequent coding and content analyses. The present study focuses
on the identification and description of the cases in which police officers were arrested during
the years 2005-2011.
Coding and Content Analysis
Content analyses were conducted in order to code the cases in terms of (a) arrested
officer, (b) employing nonfederal law enforcement agency, (c) each of the charged criminal
offenses, (d) victim characteristics, (e) organizational adverse employment outcomes, and (f)
criminal case dispositions. Each of the charged criminal offenses was coded using the data
collection guidelines of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) as the coding
protocol for each criminal offense category (see U.S. Department of Justice, 2000). Fifty-seven
criminal offenses are included in the NIBRS, consisting of 46 incident-based criminal offenses in
one of 22 crime categories as well as 11 additional arrest-based minor criminal offense
categories. In each case every offense charged was recorded on the coding instrument as well as
66
the most serious offense charged in each police crime arrest case. The most serious offense
charged was determined using the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) crime seriousness hierarchy
(see U.S. Department of Justice, 2004). An additional eight offenses were added following an
earlier pilot study (see Stinson, 2009) because police officers who were arrested often were
charged with criminal offenses not included in the NIBRS (e.g., online solicitation of a child,
indecent exposure, official misconduct / official oppression / violation of oath, vehicular hit-andrun, perjury / false reports / false statements, criminal deprivation of civil rights).
The primary unit of analysis in this study is criminal arrest case. One of the primary
issues in coding was differentiating between arrest cases with multiple victims and officers who
were arrested on multiple occasions within the study years 2005-2011. The remainder of this
paragraph presents hypothetical situations to demonstrate the unit of analysis in this study.
Assume, for example, that an officer was arrested for assaulting his wife. That is coded as one
arrest case (arrest case #1). If the same officer was again arrested a week later for violating an
order of protection (arrest case #2) that was issued by a court judge following the officers first
arrest, the second arrest was treated as a separate case in this study. If that same officer was
arrested a few months later for drunk driving, that too was recorded as a new arrest case (arrest
case #3). The officer was suspended from his employment immediately following his arrest for
DUI. For the purposes of this hypothetical, assume that the same officer was acquitted at trial in
all three of those arrest cases (that is, arrest case #1, arrest case #2, and arrest case #3) and
returned to duty as a police officer. Two years later, lets assume that the same officer was
arrested for sex crimes involving a 14 year-old victim (arrest case #4) and 15 year-old victim
(arrest case #5). Further assume that the officer was convicted in the case involving the 14 yearold victim (arrest case #4), and the charges were dismissed by the prosecutor in the criminal case
67
involving the 15 year-old victim (arrest case #5). Following the officers conviction (in arrest
case #4), the officer was fired from the police department. By coding each arrest case separately,
the criminal case dispositions in each case as well as the adverse employment actions attached to
each arrest case can be documented for analysis.
Cases were also coded on Stinsons (2009) typology of police crime, which posits that
most crime committed by police officers is alcohol-related, drug-related, sex-related, violencerelated, and/or profit-motivated.1 The types of police crime are not mutually-exclusive
categories. Rather, each type of police crime is coded as a dichotomous variable because crimes
committed by officers often involve more than one type of police crime. In a case where an
officer was arrested and charged with the forcible rape of a female motorist during a traffic stop,
for example, the case would be coded in this study as both sex-related and violence-related.
Additionally, cases were coded for the presence of police sexual violence and/or driving while
female encounters. Police sexual violence is operationalized as those situations in which a
female citizen experiences a sexually degrading, humiliating, violating, damaging, or threatening
act committed by a police officer through the use of force or police authority (Kraska &
Kappeler, 1995, p. 93). Driving while female is operationalized as instances where a police
officer stops a female driver under the pretext of an alleged traffic violation and then abuses the
power and authority of his position to take advantage of a vulnerable motorist (Walker & Irlbeck,
2002, 2003). Walker and Irlbeck (2002) conceptualized the problem of driving while female as a
parallel to the problem of racial profiling of African-American motorists often referred to as
driving-while-black (cf. D. A. Harris, 1997, 1999). In the context of driving while female
encounters, an officer typically asks for sexual favors in exchange for dropped charges or in lieu
A sixth type of police crime not yet explored is revenge-motivated police crime.
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of being taken to jail in a forced quid pro quo. In some cases, driving while female encounters
escalate into sexual harassment, sexual assault, and in rare instances, forcible rape.
Cases were coded on numerous variables relating to police DUI arrest cases (see Stinson
et al., 2010), off-duty police crimes (see Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2012), drug-related police
crimes and drugs of abuse (see Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2013), and officer-involved domestic
violence (see Stinson & Liederbach, 2013). Cases were also coded to assess each arrested
officers history of being named as a party-defendant in federal civil rights litigation pursuant to
42 U.S.C. 1981 (asserting a denial of equal rights under the law), 42 U.S.C. 1983 (asserting a
civil rights deprivation under the color of law), and 42 U.S.C. 1985 (asserting a conspiracy to
interfere with civil rights). The master name index in the federal courts Public Access to Courts
Electronic Records (PACER) system to search and cross-reference the names of each arrested
officer in our database to measure official capacity civil rights litigation as a correlate of police
misconduct. Data from PACER were also recorded on civil actions removed from state trial
courts to a United States District Court pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. 1441 (removal
of civil actions).
Secondary data were employed from the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement
Agencies (CSLLEA) to ascertain demographic data including the number of full-time sworn
personnel and part-time sworn personnel employed by each agency where arrested officers
served. There are 52 agencies included in this study that were not listed in the 2008 wave of the
CSLLEA. County (and independent city) five-digit FIPS identifier numbers were used to verify
location of arrested officers employing law enforcement agencies, as well as for use as a key
variable to merge other data sources into the projects master database and data set. The U.S.
Department of Agricultures (2003) county-level urban to rural nine-point continuum scale was
69
used to measure rurality. Population data from the U.S. Census Bureaus decennial census in
years 2000 and 2010 were utilized for county, independent city, and state populations.
Reliability
Analytic procedures were undertaken to ensure reliability of the data. An additional
coder was employed to independently code a random sample of five percent of the total number
of cases in the study. Intercoder reliability was assessed by calculating the Krippendorfs alpha
coefficient across 195 variables of interest in this study on a random sample (n = 290, 4.3%) of
the cases in the study (N = 6,724) (see Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007). Krippendorfs alpha is
often recognized as the standard reliability statistic for content analysis research (Riffe, Lacy, &
Fico, 2005). The Krippendorfs alpha coefficient (Krippendorfs = .9153) is strong across the
variables in this study (see Krippendorff, 2013). The overall level of simple percentage of
agreement between coders across all of the variables in this study (97.7%) also established a
degree of reliability well above what is generally considered acceptable in content analysis
research (see Riffe et al., 2005).
Statistical Analysis
Chi Square is used to measure the statistical significance of the association between two
variables measured at the nominal level. Cramers V measures the strength of that relationship
with values that range from zero to 1.0 and allows for an assessment of the actual importance of
the relationship (Riffe et al., 2005, p. 191). Stepwise binary logistic regression is used to
determine which of the predictor variables are statistically significant in multivariate models.
Stepwise logistic regression models are appropriate where the study is purely exploratory and
predictive (Menard, 2002). This is an exploratory study because little is known empirically
about police sexual misconduct arrests and the specific factors responsible for conviction and/or
70
job loss subsequent to the arrest of a police officer for sex-related crimes. Summary statistics are
also reported for evaluation of regression diagnostics and each logistic regression model.
Classification tree analysisalso known as decision treesis utilized as a statistical
technique to uncover the causal pathways between independent predictors and one of Stinsons
(2009) types of police crime versus other types of police crime, job loss, and conviction. This
approach moves beyond the simple one-way additive relationship of linear statistical models by
identifying the hierarchical interactions between the independent predictors and their
compounding impact. Classification trees examine the entire data set and produce a graphical
output that ranks the variables by statistical importance. The most influential variable is
represented at the top of the tree (known as the root node). This variable is used to split the data
in a recursive manner through the creation of subsets into the lower branches of the tree.
Variable selection and splitting criteria are driven by the algorithm of the tree program. Decision
tree techniques have received attention due to their ability to handle interaction effects in data
without being bound to statistical assumptions (Sonquist, 1970). Classification tree analysis has
been used to examine police practices including career-ending police misconduct (Kane &
White, 2013), police drug corruption arrests (Stinson, Liederbach, et al., 2013), fatal and nonfatal
incidents involving conductive energy devices (White & Ready, 2009), and police drunk driving
(Stinson, Liederbach, Brewer, & Todak, 2014). This study utilizes two decision tree predictive
analytic algorithms: Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Chi-Square Additive
Interaction Detection (CHAID).
CART is a classification procedure that produces a binary decision tree and restricts
partitioning at each node to two nodes, thus producing binary splits for each child node
(Dension, Mallick, & Smith, 1998). Breiman, Friedman, Olshen, and Stones (1984) CART
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algorithm uses an extensive and exhaustive search of all possible univariate splits to determine
the splitting of the data for the classification tree. Partitioning will continue until the algorithm is
unable to produce mutually exclusive and homogenous groups (Death & Fabricius, 2000;
Dension et al., 1998). After creating an exhaustive tree, CART will prune nodes that do not
significantly contribute to overall prediction.
The CHAID algorithm differs from other classification tree algorithms through the
inclusion of multiple measurement levels for the independent variables. The algorithm can
compute nominal, ordinal, and interval levels for both independent and dependent variables.
Therefore, the independent variables can have different levels of measurement. If a ratio level
variable is included in the analysis, the program will convert the variable into a categorical
variable. Kass (1980) was concerned with the computation time when running decision trees and
therefore, created his algorithm with time in mind (Wilkinson, 1992). He created an algorithm
that partitioned the data in a timely manner without losing its ability to uncover interactions and
lose predictive power. Because of this, computation time is saved and CHAID can search
through large data sets to produce T without adding significant computation time.
The CART algorithm was primarily used in this study because it fit our problems and
produced optimal decision trees for most of the models by minimizing the generalization error
(see, e.g., Rokach & Maimon, 2005, p. 167). CHAID was selected for a few decision tree
models due to CARTs inability to partition the data. Since CART only produces binary splits
certain subsets of data are unable to be partitioned into an interpretable tree. The CHAID
algorithm conducts exhaustive searches of the data, which allows smaller data sets to be
partitioned into trees.
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The predictive power of logistic regression and classification tree models is assessed
through the area under the curve (AUC) component of the receiver operating characteristic
(ROC). The AUC assesses the predictive accuracy of a statistical model and serves as the
preferred method for assessing and comparing models (Bewick, Cheek, & Ball, 2004; Dolan &
Doyle, 2000). The ROC curve considers the sensitivity versus 1- specificity, a representation of
the true positive rate versus the false positive rate (TPR vs. FPR). The curve is displayed
graphically by plotting the true positive rate (TFP) on the y-axis and the false positive rate (FPR)
on the x-axis. ROC curves are interpreted through the AUC, a score that ranges from zero to
one. A straight line through a ROC curve is the equivalent of 0.5 and suggests that the model is
no better at prediction than flipping a coin. A score of one indicates that the model is able to
accurately predict all cases. The AUC is interpreted as a proportional reduction of error (PRE)
2
measure of explained variation by calculating RROC
2( AUC .5) (Menard, 2010).
Strengths and Limitations

The news search methodology utilizing the Google News search engine and the Google
Alerts email update service provided an unparalleled amount of information on police crime
arrests at law enforcement agencies across the United States. The Google News search engine
algorithm offers some clear advantages over other aggregated news databases and the
methodologies employed by previous studies that used news-based content analyses to document
cases of sex-related police misconduct. The Google Alerts email update service provides the
ability to run persistent automated queries of the Google News search engine and deliver realtime search results. The Google News search engine draws content from more than 50,000 news
sources (Bharat, 2012) and allows for access to a larger number of police misconduct cases than
would be available through other methods (Payne, 2013).
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There are four primary limitations of the data. First, this research study includes every
case known to the research team of a nonfederal sworn law enforcement officer who was
arrested during the years 2005-2011. Thus, this study is a census of the universe of police crime
arrest cases identified through our search methodology. We do not purport to include every
single instance of a law enforcement officer being arrested. Second, our research is limited by
the content and quality of information provided for each case. The amount of information
available on each case varied, and data for several variables of interest were missing for some of
the cases. This is especially true for victim-related variables in this study as news organizations
generally do not report the names and other personally identifiable information (e.g., victim age,
relationship to the accused) of rape victims (Denno, 1993). Third, the data are limited to cases
that involved an official arrest based on probable cause for one or more crimes. We do not have
any data on police officers who engaged in criminal activity if their conduct did not result in an
arrest. Finally, we note that these data are the result of a filtering process that includes the
exercise of discretion by media sources in terms of both the types of stories covered and the
nature of the content devoted to particular stories (Carlson, 2007). Ready, White, and Fisher
(2008), however, found that news coverage of officer misconduct is consistent with official
police records of these events. Research also suggests that police agencies are not especially
effective at controlling media accounts of officer misconduct (Chermak, McGarrell, &
Gruenewald, 2006). Despite the noted limitations, the use of news articles as the primary data
source is a long established method of analyzing deviant/illegal police behavior (see, e.g.,
Lawrence, 2000; Lersch & Feagin, 1996; Rabe-Hemp & Braithwaite, 2013; Ross, 2000).
Efforts were made to minimize the limitations inherent in utilizing open source
information for data collection and quantitative analyses. Online news sources were limited to
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the news articles published by reputable news sources. We did not rely on blog entries and other
self-published information. Whenever possible data sources were triangulated for each instance
where an arrest case of a sworn law enforcement officer was reported. Triangulation included
reliance on multiple published news articles, videos from television news programs, and online
criminal court records. Efforts were made to verify case information by at least two separate
sources whenever possible.
As LaFree and Dugan (2007) noted, even with data triangulation there are two serious
drawbacks in use of open source data culled from online news sources. First, news reporting on
police crime is inherently biased toward publication of only the most newsworthy forms of crime
by sworn law enforcement officers. In some instances arrests of officers were not reported in the
news, because the arrestees employment as a law enforcement officer was unknown to news
reporters. Indeed, sometimes the only aspect making an arrest newsworthy is the fact that a law
enforcement officer was arrested. Second, our database lacks information on many aspects of
the crimes reported in online open source news publications. There is a lack of uniformity from
article to article and across the census of articles collected about each case and arrest. There was
journalistic consistency whereby news articles typically included some or all of the following
data: name of the officer arrested, officers employer, officers age and years of service as a
sworn law enforcement officer and types of criminal offense(s) charged. Often times the
information regarding crime victims in these cases were vague, typically to protect the identity of
victims of domestic violence or sexual assault, and when the victim was a child. News articles
as a primary source of arrest data is merely a substitute for better data sources that either do not
exist or are not readily available to researchers. There are no official data collected, tabulated,
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archived, or published that would provide the same level of information as analyzed in this
study.
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RESULTS
The results of the study are organized in seven parts. Part I presents the full police crime
data set models. Part II presents the sex-related police crime data set models. Part III presents
the alcohol-related police crime data set models. Part IV presents the drug-related police crime
data set models. Part V presents the violence-related police crime data set models. Part VI
presents the profit-motivated police crime data set models. Part VII presents the employing law
enforcement agencies in terms of rates of police crime per agency, per 1,000 officers, and per
100,000 population.
Part I: Full Police Crime Data Set Models
The Google News searches resulted in the identification of 6,724 cases in which sworn
law enforcement officers were arrested during the time period January 1, 2005, through
December 31, 2011. The cases involved the arrests of 5,545 individual sworn officers employed
by 2,529 nonfederal state, local, and special (e.g., school district police, college/university police,
park police, and constables) law enforcement agencies located in 1,205 counties and independent
cities in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.2 Of these, 674 (12.1%) of the officers have
more than one case (although X = 1.21, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .870) because they have
had more than one victim (one criminal case per victim) and/or were arrested on more than one
occasion.
More than half of the criminal cases resulted in the arrested officer losing his or her job
(n = 3,628, 54.0%) as a result of being arrested. The known final adverse employment outcomes
include cases where no adverse action was taken against the arrested officer (n = 868, 12.9%),
cases where the officer was suspended from their job (n = 2,228, 33.1%) as a sworn officer for a
Cities in the Commonwealth of Virginia are not in counties. The cities of Baltimore, Maryland, St. Louis,
Missouri, and Carson City, Nevada, are also independent cities that are separate from counties.
77
period of time, cases where the officer resigned (n = 1,709, 25.4%), and cases where the officer
was terminated (n = 1,919, 28.5%). Less than half of the police crime arrest cases resulted in
known criminal conviction (n = 2,846, 42.3%) on at least one offense charged against the
arrested officer.
Arrested Officers, Employing Law Enforcement Agencies, and Criminal Offenses Charged
Table 1 presents information on the arrest cases in terms of the arrested officers and their
employing nonfederal law enforcement agencies. Most of the cases involve male officers (n =
6,357, 94.5%). The modal category for known officer age at time of arrest is 36-39 years of age
(n = 1,081, 16.1%). The youngest officer(s) were age 19 at time of arrest, and the oldest
officer(s) were 79 years old ( X age = 37.34, Mdn age = 37, Mode age = 39, SD = 8.576 years).
The modal category for known years of service at time of arrest is three to five years (n = 954,
14.2%). Most of the cases involve police employed in a patrol or other street-level rank such as
nonsupervisory officers, deputies, troopers, and detectives (n = 5,464, 81.3%). Other arrest cases
involve line and field supervisors (n = 881, 13.1%) (i.e., corporals, sergeants, and lieutenants), as
well as police managers and executives (n = 379, 5.6%) (i.e., captains, majors, colonels, deputy
chiefs and chief deputies, and chiefs and sheriffs). More than half of the arrest cases involve
crimes that were committed while an officer was on-duty (n = 3,931, 58.5%). Two-thirds of the
cases (n = 4,447, 66.1%) involve arrests made of officers by a law enforcement agency other
than the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency.
Most of the arrest cases involve sworn officers employed by municipal police
departments (n = 4,915, 73.1%) or sheriffs offices (n = 1,109, 16.5%). Arrested officers were
also employed by primary state police agencies (n = 269, 4.0%), county police departments (n =
226, 3.4%), special police departments (n = 174, 2.6%) (e.g., park police departments, school
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district police departments, college/university police departments, etc.), or other nonfederal law
enforcement agencies (n = 31, 0.4%) (e.g., constable agencies, tribal police departments, and
regional police departments). The modal category for agency size by number of officers
employed is 1,000 or more full-time sworn officers (n = 1,857, 27.6%) and zero part-time sworn
officers (n = 5,008, 74.5%). Most of the arrested officers were employed by a law enforcement
agency located in a nonrural metropolitan county (n = 5,711, 84.9%). The employing agencies
are located throughout the United States, including in Southern states (n = 2,906, 43.2%),
Northeastern states (n = 1,430, 21.3%), Midwestern states (n = 1,380, 20.5%), and Western
states (n = 1,008, 15.05%).
Table 2 presents the cases in terms of the most serious offense charged. There are 61
separate offense categories represented as the most serious offense charged in the arrest cases in
years 2005-2011. Most common as the most serious offense charged in a case are simple
(misdemeanor) assault (n = 877, 13.0%), driving under the influence (n = 841, 12.5%),
aggravated (felonious) assault (n = 572, 8.5%), forcible fondling (n = 352, 5.2%), forcible rape
(n = 322, 4.8%), and drug offenses (n = 308, 4.6%). Other noteworthy crimes that were the most
serious offense charged in cases include murder and nonnegligent manslaughter (n = 125, 1.9%),
burglary (n = 112, 1.7%), robbery (n = 109, 1.6%), thefts from buildings (n = 103, 1.5%),
statutory rape (n = 100, 1.5%), extortion and blackmail (n = 95, 1.4%), forcible sodomy (n = 94,
1.4%), obstruction of justice (n = 93, 1.4%), pornography and obscene material (n = 86, 1.3%),
and criminal deprivation of civil rights (n = 84, 1.2%).
Victims of Police Crime
Table 3 presents information on the characteristics of the victims in police crime arrest
cases in years 2005-2011. Over half of the known victims of police crime are female (n = 2,246,
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33.4%, valid 61.2%). The modal category for victim age is 25-32 years old (although X age =
24.16, Mdn age = 20, Mode age = 15, SD = 14.134 years). Victim age is missing data in a large
number of cases (n = 4,876, 72.5%). In many cases (n = 2,142, 31.9%) we were able to
determine if the victim was an adult (n = 3,051, 45.3%, valid 76.5%) or a child (n = 939, 14.0%,
valid 23.5%) but were unable to determine the exact age of a victim. The youngest victims were
infants under the age of one year old (n = 10, 0.1%, valid 0.5%) and the oldest victims were age
92 (n = 4, 0.1%, valid 0.2%).
The relationship of the victim and the arrested officer could not be determined in a large
number of arrest cases (n = 2,790, 41.5%). Many of the known victims are adult strangers or
nonstranger acquaintances (n = 2,237, 33.3%, valid 56.9%) or a child unrelated (n = 673, 10.0%,
valid 17.1%) to the arrested officer. Other victims are a current spouse (n = 346, 5.1%, valid
8.8%), former spouse (n = 68, 1.0%, valid 1.7%), a current girlfriend or boyfriend (n = 202,
3.0%, valid 5.1%), a former girlfriend or boyfriend (n = 136, 2.0%, valid 3.5%), or a child or
stepchild of the arrested officer (n = 177, 2.7%, valid 4.5%). The victims in some of the arrest
cases are also police officers (n = 229, 3.4%, valid 5.8%). In those cases where the victim was
also a police officer, most of the crimes occurred while the officer who was arrested was off-duty
(n = 179, 78.2%), where 2 (1, N = 3,967) = 30.746, p < .001, V = .088.
Predicting Conviction
Bivariate analyses were conducted as part of the regression diagnostics and to assess the
associations between various independent variables and the dependent predictor variables of
interest. Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at the p < .05 level for 90
independent variables, individually, and the dependent variable, criminal conviction on any
offense charged. See Table 4. The strongest bivariate predictors of an officer being convicted
80
on any offense charged are (a) most serious offense charged, where 2 (67, N = 3,934) = 394.757,
p < .001, V = .317; (b) age of the victim, where 2(1, N = 3,934) = 110.509, p = .005, V = .305;
and (c) victims relationship to the arrested officer, where 2(1, N = 3,934) = 114.234, p < .001, V
= .219.
Multivariate analyses were conducted to further investigate the relationship between the
outcome variable, criminal conviction on any offense charged, and various predictor variables.
Table 5 presents a backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting criminal
conviction on any offense charged. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent
variables revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated with each other.
Multicollinearity is not a problem in the model as indicated by no tolerance statistics below .575
and no variance inflation factors exceeding 1.386. A Durbin-Watson score of 1.754 indicates
that there is no autocorrelation in the model. Regression results indicate that the overall model
of 16 predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between officers who were convicted on
any offense charged and officers who were not convicted on any charge. The model correctly
2
classified 71.2% of the cases (AUC = 718, 95% CI [.697, .740], RROC
= .436). Wald statistics
indicate that all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict conviction versus
nonconviction.
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of criminal case outcomes.
Twelve independent variables in this model predict when an officer is more likely to be
convicted of a crime. For example, the simple odds of an officer being convicted on any offense
charged are 13 times greater if the arrest case involved a drug shakedown, controlling for all
other variables in the model. The simple odds of an officer being convicted are 6.9 times greater
if the arrest case was officer-involved domestic violence and the victim died of the injuries,
81
controlling for all other variables in the model. Also, the simple odds of an officer being
convicted are about 1.9 times greater if the officer was arrested for driving under the influence
while driving a personally-owned vehicle, controlling for all other variables. Four independent
variables in the model predict when an officer is less likely to be convicted of any offense
charged in their arrest case. Among these, for every one step increase in an arrested officers
rank at time of their arrest, the simple odds of conviction go down by 9.2%, controlling for all
other variables in the model. The simple odds of conviction go down by 29% if an officer was
suspended from his or her law enforcement job following their being arrested. Also, the simple
odds that an arrested officer will be convicted go down by 38.8% if the officer was arrested for a
crime related to officer-involved domestic violence and the victim suffered nonfatal injuries.
Decision trees were used to derive the casual pathways between independent predictors
and the case dispositions using the CART algorithm. The CART analysis includes a total of
3,934 cases. Figure 1 presents the results of this analysis. The tree had an overall classification
2
= .388) and selected the variable most
score of 74.6% (AUC = .694, 95% CI [.676, .713], RROC
serious offense charged as the splitting criterion. Officers who were charged with offenses
scores over 18 were convicted of a crime in 77.8% of the cases (node 2). In contrast, officers
who were charged with offenses scores equal to or less than 18 were convicted in 53.9% of the
cases (node 1). The second tier of the decision tree includes four additional splits in the data.
Node 2 is further separated by the variable most serious offense charged; these scores are all
greater than 18. Officers who received an offense score between 19 and 68 were convicted of a
crime in 80.4% of the cases. Officers who had a score above 68 were only convicted in 63.7% of
the cases.3
3
The numerical scoring for this variable (V183, most serious offense charged) is misleading to the extent that the
categorical variable was created by taking the 65 dichotomous offense variables (V15 through V80) and making a
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Node 1 was further separated by the variable victims relationship to the offender. In the
cases where victims were a stranger or an unrelated child the officers were convicted in 60.3% of
the cases. In cases that involved victims who were a current spouse to the offender, relative,
child or stepchild, current and or former boyfriend/girlfriend, the officers were convicted in
43.4% of the cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers three through five:
gender of the victim, geographic division, victims relationship to the offender, state, profitmotivated versus other crime type, and age categorical.
Predicting Job Loss
The next set of models predict job loss after an officer has been arrested for committing
one or more crimes. At the bivariate level, Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at
the p < .05 level for 120 independent variables, individually, and the dependent variable job loss.
See Table 6. The job loss variable is a binary variable that was created by recoding the variables
for involuntary termination (V100)that is, an officer was firedand resignation (V101)that
is, an officer quit his or her job as a sworn officerafter being arrested. The recoded
dichotomous variable for job loss is coded as 0 = kept job, and 1 = lost job. Cases where we
were unable to determine the final adverse employment outcome were coded as 0 = kept job. As
such, for this dichotomous recoded variable the absence of information as to an officer having
lost their job was treated as if the officer kept their job after being arrested for some criminal
offense(s).4 The strongest bivariate predictors of an officer losing their job as a sworn law
new 65-category variable for the most serious offense charged in each case. Since the research assistant coders were
already familiar with the specific offenses (that is, V15-V80), we continued to use the labels of 15-80 for the 65
offense categories in V183.
4
The research interest with this variable is in sworn law enforcement officers who lost their jobs (either through
involuntary termination or voluntary resignation). A coding protocol decision was made to focus on what our data
would support, which is job loss. We operationalize kept job as those cases where the arrested officer is not known
by us to have lost their job. Data collection efforts on this variable often resulted in missing data from the open
source information because in many jurisdictions final adverse employment outcomes are treated as confidential
personnel records.
83
enforcement officer following a criminal arrest are (a) most serious offense charged, where 2 (1,
N = 6724) = 752.849, p < .001, V = .335; (b) age of victim, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 111.533, p
= .008, V = .247; and (c) victims relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) =
173.685, p < .001, V = .210.
Table 7 presents a backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting job
loss. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent variables revealed that none of
the variables in the model were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a
problem as indicated by no tolerance statistics below .592 and no variance inflation factors
higher than 1.689. There is no autocorrelation in the model as measured by the Durbin-Watson
score of 1.646. Logistic regression results indicate that the multivariate model of 11 predictors is
statistically reliable in distinguishing between officers who kept their jobs after being arrested
and officers who lost their jobs after being arrested, although the model only correctly classified
2
= .276). Wald statistics indicate that
68.7% of the cases (AUC = .638, 95% CI [.625, .652], RROC
all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict whether an officer lost their or
kept their job subsequent to being arrested.
Predictors of the final adverse employment outcomes are aided by interpretation of the
odds ratios. Seven of the independent variables in the model predict when an officer is more
likely to lose their job after being arrested. The simple odds that an officer will lose their job
(through either involuntary termination or voluntary resignation) are approximately 2.5 times
greater if the arrested officer has been sued in federal court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983
(deprivation of rights under color of law) at some point during his or her law enforcement career.
The federal civil rights civil action(s) may or may not be related to the underlying incident(s)
leading to an officers criminal arrest, and the federal lawsuit(s) may have been filed before
84
and/or after an officers date of arrest. The type of crime(s) for which an officer was arrested
impacts on job loss. For example, the simple odds that an officer will lose their job are 1.3 times
greater if the offense was a sex-related crime. Similarly, the simple odds that an officer will lose
their job increase by 73% if the crime involved police sexual violence. Likewise, the simple
odds that an officer will lose their job increase by about 54% if the arrest case is alcohol-related.
Four of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when an officer
is more likely to keep their job in the aftermath of being arrested. Adverse employment
outcomes short of termination predict the final adverse employment outcome. If an officer was
suspended from their job after being arrested, then the simple odds of losing their job go down
by 61.5%. Likewise, the simple odds of an officer losing their job after being arrested decrease
by 65.4% if the officer was reassigned to another position within the employing law enforcement
agency after being arrested. Two variables related to the nature of the incident resulting in an
officers arrest also predict that an officer will not ultimately lose their job as a sworn law
enforcement officer as a result of being arrested. The simple odds that an officer will lose their
job decrease by 48.8% if the crime involves family violence. As to drug offenses, the simple
odds that an officer will lose their job decrease by 95.6% if the criminal case involves marijuana.
Figure 2 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 6,724 arrest
cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 71.0% (AUC = .766, 95% CI [.754, .777],
2
RROC
= .532) and selected the variable sex-related police crime versus other police crime as the
splitting criterion. Officers who were involved in sex-related cases (node 1) lost their job in
72.1% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were involved in a criminal case that was not sexrelated (node 2) lost their job in 48.9% of the cases.
85
The sex-related cases in node 1 were partitioned by the variable officer was suspended for
a period of time. Officers who had been previously suspended lost their job in 66.3% of the
cases and officers who were not previously suspended lost their job in 82.1% of the cases. The
cases that were not sex-related in node 2 were partitioned by the variable profit-motivated police
crime versus other crime. Officers who were involved in a profit-motivated case lost their job in
67.7% of the cases and officers who were not involved in a profit-motivated case lost their job in
40.9% of cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers three through nine:
internal versus organization, geographic division, state, official capacity versus individual
capacity, age categorical, victims relationship to the offender, driving under the influence,
urban/rural continuum, years of service categorical, part-time sworn personnel, drug-related
police crime versus other crime, officer was reassigned to another position in the agency, age of
the victim, full-time sworn personnel, and gender of the victim.
Predicting Sex-related Police Crime
In this section, models predict sex-related arrest cases versus other types of arrest cases.
Preliminarily, at the bivariate level, Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at the p <
.05 level for 117 independent variables and the dependent variable, sex-related arrest cases
versus other types of crimes. See Table 8. The strongest bivariate predictor of sex-related police
crime is the most serious offense charged, where 2 (63, N = 6,724) = 5322.861, p < .001, V =
.890, indicating that there is a very high correlation between outcome variable (sex-related police
crime arrest cases, which is a true dichotomy) and the predictor variable (most serious offense
charged, which is a categorical variable with up to 65 levels of offenses). The most serious
offense charged variable was coded based on the hierarchy of offenses in the Uniform Crime
Reports. The very high bivariate correlation here is because the second most serious offense on
86
the UCR hierarchy is rape, and rape is the most serious offense charged (n = 322, 21.8%) within
the sex-related arrest cases (N = 1475). Other strong bivariate associations of sex-related police
crime arrest cases include (a) age of the victim, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 592.004, p < .001, V
= .566; (b) relationship of the victim to the arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 3,934) = 909.238, p
< .001, V = .481; (c) years of difference in age between the arrested officer and their victim,
where 2 (103, N = 6,724) = 1,406.902, p < .001, V = .457; (d) gender of the victim, where 2 (1,
N = 3,668) = 651.711, p < .001, V = .422; and (e) child victims, where 2 (1, N = 3,990) =
684.979, p < .001, V = .414.
Moderate bivariate associations of sex-related arrest cases include (a) driving while
female encounters, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 587.698, p < .001, V = .296; (b) citizen complaint
as the method of crime detection, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 520.439, p < .001, V = .278; (c)
profit-motivated police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 492.036, p < .001, V = .271; (d)
violence-related police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 357.899, p < .001, V = .231; and (e)
alcohol-related police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 260.078, p < .001, V = .197.
A backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting sex-related police crime
arrest cases versus other types of police crime arrest cases is presented in Table 9. Bivariate
correlations computed for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that none of
the variables were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as
indicated by no tolerance statistics below .312 and no variance inflation factors higher than
3.207. The Durbin-Watson score of 1.643 indicates that there is no autocorrelation in the model.
Regression results indicate that the overall model of 14 predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between sex-related police crime arrest cases and police crime arrest cases
involving other types of crime. The model correctly classified 88.7% of the cases (AUC = .939,
87
2
95% CI [.931, .947], RROC = .878). Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables
in the regression model significantly predict sex-related police crime arrest cases.
Interpretation of odds ratios provides context for prediction of sex-related police crime
arrest cases. Five of the independent variables in the model predict sex-related police crime
arrest cases versus other types of police crime arrest cases, four of which are interpreted in the
sentences that follow. Duty status predicts sex-related police crime. The simple odds that an
arrested officers case involves a sex-related offense increase by 57% if the officer was on-duty
at the time of commission of the crime(s) charged. The method of crime detection also predicts
sex-related arrest cases. The simple odds that an officers arrest is sex-related are approximately
6.2 times greater is the method of crime detection is a citizen complaint, controlling for all other
variables in the model. Since sex crimes are typically committed out of public view it makes
sense that the primary method of crime detection for sex crimes is by way of a citizen complaint
as opposed to other methods of crime detection.
Two predictors involve characteristics of the victim of an officers sex-related arrest case.
The simple odds that the victim is a child are 5.6 times greater if the arrest case is sex-related
versus some other type of crime. The relationship of the victim to the arrested officer also
predicts sex-related police crime arrest cases versus other types of police crime arrest cases.
Victim relationship is an eight category variable, and the precise interpretation is difficult in a
logistic regression model. Literally, the simple odds that an officers arrest case is sex-related go
up by 40.7% for every one unit increase in victim relationship (but this is a nominal-level
measure and the practical interpretation is lacking). In other words, the likelihood of a police
crime arrest case being sex-related increases as you move from the victim being a spouse,
through other levels of relation, toward victims who are strangers or nonstranger acquaintances.
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Ten of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict that a police
crime arrest case will be some type of crime other than a sex-related one. For example, the
simple odds that an arrest case is sex-related decrease by 96.9% if the victim is male. Family
violence cases are typically not also sex-related crimes. The simple odds that a crime is sexrelated decrease by 73.3% if the crime involves family violence. Also, the simple odds that a
crime is sex-related decrease by 77% if the arrest case is officer-involved domestic violence
where the officer is accused of using his hands/fists as a weapon. Alcohol-related or profitmotivated police crime arrest cases are not typically also sex-related crimes. The simple odds
that an arrest case is sex-related decrease by 75.4% if the case is alcohol-related, whereas the
simple odds that an arrest case is sex-related decrease by 88.6% if the case is profit-motivated.
Finally, the simple odds of an arrest case being sex-related decrease by 51.5% if the arrested
officer has been sued in federal court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 at some point during his or
her law enforcement career.
Figure 3 presents the results of predicting sex-related cases versus other crime types and
included a total of 6,724 arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 89.6%
2
(AUC = .895, 95% CI [.884, .907], RROC = .790) and selected the variable victim age
(categorical) as the splitting criterion. Cases that involved the victims from the age of birth to 19
(node 1) were sex-related 68.4% of the time and cases that involved victims 20 years or older
(node 2) were sex-related in only 14.7 % of the cases.
The victim age categories in node 1 were partitioned by the variable gender of the victim.
Cases that involved a female victim were sex-related 84.2% of the time and cases that involved
male victims were sex-related in only 34.1% of the cases. The victim age categories in node 2
were partitioned by the variable driving while female encounter. Cases that stemmed from
89
driving while a female encounter were sex-related 95.7% of the time and cases that did not
involve a female encounter were only sex-related in 12.3% of the cases. The tree also included
the following variables in tiers three through five: victims relationship to the offender and
alcohol-related versus not alcohol-related.
Predicting Alcohol-related Police Crime
The next set of models predict alcohol-related police crime arrest cases versus other types
of police crime arrest cases. Table 10 presents statistically significant Chi-Square bivariate
associations at the p < .05 level for 116 independent variables and the dependent variable,
alcohol-related arrest cases versus other types of arrest cases. The strongest bivariate predictor
of alcohol-related police crime arrests is the most serious offense charged, where 2 (63, N =
6,724) = 3906.421, p < .001, V = .762. This very strong bivariate association is likely due to
alcohol-related incidents typically falling within relatively few offense categories (e.g., driving
under the influence, public drunkenness, disorderly conduct, etc.) for a large number of the
alcohol-related arrest cases. Other moderate bivariate associations of alcohol-related police
crime arrest cases include (a) duty status, where 2 (1, N = 6724) = 630.074, p < .001, V = .306;
(b) victim age, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 172.884, p < .001, V = .306; and (c) individual versus
official capacity, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 619.269, p < .001, V = .303.
Table 11 presents a backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting
alcohol-related police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the
independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated
with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no tolerance statistics below
.392 and no variance inflation factors higher than 2.552. The Durbin-Watson score of 1.612
indicates that there is no autocorrelation in the model. Logistic regression results indicate that
90
the overall model of 17 predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between alcoholrelated police crime arrest cases and police crime arrest cases involving other types of police
crime. The model correctly classified 88.1% of the cases (AUC = .802, 95% CI [.781, .823],
2
= .604).
RROC
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of alcohol-related police crime
arrest cases. Seven of the independent variables in the model predict when an arrest case is more
likely to be alcohol-related. Two of these predictors are independent variables relating to the
underlying nature of the criminal behavior. The first relates to drug usage. The simple odds that
an officers arrest case will be alcohol-related are 5 times greater if the arrest incident involves
marijuana. This can be explained to the extent that imbibing in alcoholic beverages and smoking
marijuana often co-occur in social settings. The second relates to sexual violence. The simple
odds that an officers arrest case will be alcohol-related are 1.6 times greater if the incident also
involves police sexual violence. This specific finding is counterintuitive for two reasons. First,
police sexual violence invokes some aspect of an officers official status as a sworn law
enforcement officer and most of the police sexual violence arrest cases involved on-duty (n =
516, 82.8%) criminal behavior, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 481.979, p < .001, V = .268. Second,
most of the alcohol-related arrests in this study occur off-duty (n = 1,235, 87.9%). Events
occurring in the aftermath of an officers commission of criminal offense(s) also predict alcoholrelated police crime. The simple odds that an officers arrest case will be alcohol-related are
approximately 1.2 times greater if there an ensuing scandal or cover up of the incident at the law
enforcement agency employing the arrested officer.
Ten of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when it is
unlikely that an officers arrest case will be alcohol-related. Alcohol-related crimes by police
91
officers tend to occur off-duty. The simple odds that an officers arrest case will be alcoholrelated decrease by 91.9% if the officer was on-duty when the crime occurred. Interestingly,
although acts of police sexual violence predict alcohol-related crime arrests, that is not the case
for other types of sex-related crime or violence-related crime. The simple odds that an officers
arrest case will be alcohol-related decrease by 74.3% if the crime is sex-related. Similarly, the
simple odds that an officers arrest case will be alcohol-related decrease by 29.7% if the crime is
violence-related. Finally, crimes by police officers involving child victims are typically not
alcohol-related offenses. The simple odds of an officers arrest case being alcohol-related go
down by 73.4% if the victim of the crime is a child.
Figure 4 presents the results of predicting alcohol-related cases versus other crime types
and included a total of 6,724 cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 89.3% (AUC
2
= .802) and selected the variable internal crime versus
= .901, 95% CI [.893, .910], RROC
organizational crime as the splitting criterion. Cases that involved a crime by the organization
against the officer (node 1) were alcohol-related 98.6% of the time and cases that internal crimes
against the organization (node 2) were alcohol-related in only 18.3 % of the cases.
A crime by the organization against the officer (node1) was a terminal node and was
unable to be partitioned further. Crimes by the officer against the organization in node 2 were
partitioned by the variable duty status. Cases that involved off-duty officers at the time of the
offense were alcohol-related 26.7% of the time and cases that involved on-duty officers were
alcohol-related in only 6% of the cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers
three through ten: age of victim, profit-motivated versus not profit-motivated, violence-related
versus other crime type, official misconduct / official oppression / violation of oath, sex-related
92
versus other crime type, internal versus organizational, drug-related versus other crime type,
false report / false statement, and method of crime detection: citizen complaint.
Predicting Drug-related Police Crime
The models in this section predict drug-related police crime arrests versus other types of
police crime arrest cases. Table 12 presents statistically significant Chi-Square bivariate
associations at the p < .05 level for 88 independent variables and the dependent variable, drugrelated arrest cases versus other types of arrest cases. Here again, the strongest bivariate
predictor of drug-related police crime arrests is the variable most serious offense charged, where
2 (63, N = 6,724) = 3127.330, p < .001, V = .682. Many, but not all, of the drug-related cases
include specific drug offenses (coded as V23 in this data set), which explains this very strong
bivariate correlation. Other moderate bivariate associations of drug-related police crime arrest
cases include (a) profit-motivated police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 580.101, p < .001, V =
294; (b) violence-related police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 331.322, p < .001, V = .222; (c)
age of the victim, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 140.050, p < .001, V = .275; and (d) officerinvolved domestic violence resulting in fatal injuries to a victim, where 2 (1, N = 3,840) =
3.840, p = .050, V = .240.
Table 13 presents a backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting drugrelated police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent
variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated with each other.
Multicollinearity is not a problem in this model as indicated by no tolerance statistics below .662
and no variance inflation factors higher than 1.512. The Durbin-Watson score of 1.654 indicates
that there is no autocorrelation in the model. Logistic regression results indicate that the overall
model of ten predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between drug-related police
93
crime arrest cases and police crime arrest cases involving other types of police crime. The model
2
correctly classified 97.9% of the cases (AUC = .645, 95% CI [.622, .668], RROC
= .290).
Odd ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of drug-related police crime arrest
cases. Nine of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when an arrest
case is more likely to be drug-related. Three other types of police crime also predict drug-related
police crime arrests. The simple odds that an arrest case will be drug-related are 36.7 times
greater if the crime is also profit-motivated. This finding suggests that much of the drug-related
police crime involves the drug trade. Some drug-related police crime, however, is not related to
the drug trade. For example, the simple odds that an arrest case will be drug-related are 3.6
times greater if the crime is also alcohol-related. Likewise, the simple odds that an officers
arrest case will be drug-related is about 3 times greater if the crime is also sex-related. Several
of the predictors of drug-related police crime are specific criminal offenses. The simple odds
that an arrest case will be drug-related are 15.7 times greater if the officer is charged with
perjury, false reports, or false statements. Similarly, the simple odds that an officers arrest case
will be drug-related are 12.3 times greater if the officer is charged with obstruction of justice.
Two specific sex-related criminal offenses also predict drug-related police crime. The simple
odds of an officers arrest case being drug-related are 9.4 times greater if the officer is charged
with pornography or obscene materials. Also, the simple odds that an arrest case will be drugrelated is 2 times greater if the officer is charged with forcible rape. One other predictor is
noteworthy in that the simple odds of an officers arrest case being drug-related are 3.7 times
greater if an arrested officers arrest case involves a DUI-related traffic accident.
Figure 5 presents the results of predicting drug-related cases versus other crime types and
included a total of 6,724 cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 89.6% (AUC =
94
2
.862, 95% CI [.849, .876], RROC
= .724) and selected the variable profit-motivated versus other
types of police crime as the splitting criterion. Cases that were profit-motivated (node 1) were
drug-related 27.5% of the time and cases that were not profit-motivated (node 2) were drugrelated in only 5.9 % of the cases.
The not profit-motivated cases (node 1) were partitioned by the variable violence-related
police crime versus other crime. Cases that were not violence-related were drug-related 12.8%
of the time and cases that were violence-related were drug-related in only 1.5% of the cases. The
profit-motivated cases (node 2) were partitioned by the variable weapons law violation. Cases
that involved officers who had a weapons law violation were drug-related 55.5% of the time and
cases that did not involve a weapons law violation were drug-related in only 24.9% of the cases.
The tree also included the following variables in tiers three through six: age of victim, sexrelated versus other crime type, method of crime detection: citizen complaint, state, and gender
of victim.
Predicting Violence-related Police Crime
The models in this section predict violence-related police crime arrest cases versus other
types of police crime arrest cases. Bivariate Chi-Square associations are statistically significant
at the p < .05 level for 131 independent variables and the dependent variable, violence-related
arrest cases versus other types of arrest cases. See Table 14. As in previous prediction models,
the strongest bivariate predictor of violence-related police crime is the most serious offense
charged, where 2 (63, N = 6,724) = 4883.929, p < .001, V = .852. This indicates a very high
correlation between the outcome variable, violence-related arrest cases, and the predictor
variable, most serious offense charged. A large number of the violence-related arrest cases
involve a relatively small number of offense categories for the most serious offense charged
95
variable (e.g., aggravated assault, simple assault, murder and nonnegligent manslaughter,
forcible rape, etc.). Strong bivariate associations of violence-related police crime arrest cases
include citizen complaint as the method of crime detection, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 1327.054,
p < .001, V = .444. Moderate associations of violence-related arrest cases include (a) years
difference in victim age, where 2 (103, N = 6,724) = 879.176, p < .001, V = .362; (b) age of the
victim, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 166.314, p < .001, V = .300; and (c) victim relationship to the
arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 3,934) = 206.633, p < .001, V = .229.
A backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting violence-related police
crime arrest cases versus other types of police crime arrest cases is presented in Table 15.
Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that
none of the variables were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem
as indicated by no tolerance statistics below .471 and no variance inflation factors higher than
2.123. Autocorrelation is also not a problem in the model as indicated by the Durbin-Watson
score of 1.608. Logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of 11 predictors is
statistically reliable in distinguishing between violence-related police crime arrest cases and
other types of police crime arrest cases. The model correctly classified 83.4% if the cases (AUC
2
= .688). Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent
= .844, 95% CI [.826, .862], RROC
variables in the logistic regression model significantly predict violence-related police crime
arrest cases.
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of violence-related police crime
arrest cases. Five of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when a
police crime arrest case is more likely to be violence-related. Six of the independent variables
predict when a police crime arrest case is less likely to be violence-related. Some interesting
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patterns emerge. For example, the simple odds that an officers arrest case will be violencerelated increase by 5.8% for every one year increase in the officers age at time of arrest. On the
other hand, the simple odds that an officers arrest case will be violence-related decrease by
3.9% for every one year increase in years of service as a sworn officer at time of arrest.
Although at first glance this seems counterintuitive, it is easily at least partially explained by
noting that not all police officers start their law enforcement careers at the same age. Many
violence-related instances of police crime come to the attention of law enforcement authorities
through citizens. The simple odds of an officers arrest case being violence-related are almost
1.3 times greater if the method of crime detection is a citizen complaint. Most violence-related
police crime is not also profit-motived, as the simple odds that an officers arrest case will be
violence-related go down by 98.2% if the crime is also profit-motivated.
Figure 6 presents the results of predicting violence-related cases versus other crime types
and included a total of 6,724 cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 84.6% (AUC
2
= .764) and selected the variable citizen complaint as the
= .882, 95% CI [.874, .891], RROC
method of crime detection as the splitting criterion. Cases that involved a citizen complaint
(node 1) were violence-related 68.1% of the time and cases that did not involve a citizen
complaint were only violence-related in 22.9% of the cases.
Cases that involved citizen complaints in node 1 were partitioned by the variable profitmotivated police crime versus other types of crime. Cases that were profit-motivated were
violence-related 16.9% of the time and cases that were not profit-motivated were violencerelated in 76.8% of the cases. Cases that did not involve a citizen complaint in node 2 were
partitioned by the variable victim age (categorical). Cases that involved crimes from 12-15
years of age were violence-related in 15.8 of the cases and for age birth to 11 and 16 or older
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were violence-related in 74% of the cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers
three through five: driving under the influence, drug-related crime versus other crime type,
intimidation, and victims relationship to the offender.
Predicting Profit-motivated Police Crime
In this section, models predict profit-motived police crime versus other types of police
crime arrest cases. Table 16 presents statistically significant Chi-Square bivariate associations at
the p < .05 level for 127 independent variables and the dependent variable, profit-motivated
police crime arrest cases versus other types of arrest cases. As in the other models using the full
data set in this study, there is a very strong correlation between the variable most serious offense
charged and the dependent variable. At the bivariate level for the association between the most
serious offense charged and profit-motivated arrest cases, 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 4449.343, p < .001,
V = .813. Other strong to moderate bivariate associations of profit-motivated police crime
include (a) duty status, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 633.147, p < .001, V = .307; (b) age of the
victim, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 211.386, p < .001, V = .338; (c) violence-related police crime,
where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 1280.268, p < .001, V = .436; (d) drug-related police crime, where 2
(1, N = 6,724) = 580.101, p < .001, V = .294; (e) alcohol-related police crime, where 2 (1, N =
6,724) = 498.804, p < .001, V = .272; (f) official capacity, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 540.962, p <
.001, V = .284; and (g) sex-related police crime, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 492.371, p < .001, V =
.271.
Table 17 presents a backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting profitmotivated police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent
variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated with each other.
Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no tolerance statistics below .362 and no
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variance inflation factors higher than 2.790. The Durbin-Watson score of 1.776 indicates that
there is no autocorrelation in the model. Logistic regression results indicate that the overall
model of ten predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between profit-motivated police
crime arrest cases and police crime arrest cases involving other types of crime. The model
2
= .740).
Prediction of profit-motivated police crime arrest cases are explained through

interpretation of odds ratios. Five of the independent variables in the model predict when an
officers arrest is more likely to be profit-motivated police crime versus other types of police
arrest cases. The simple odds of a case being profit-motivated are 4.9 times greater if the crime
came to the attention of law enforcement by a citizen complaint. These are not the types of
crimes found on patrol by the police. More often than not profit-motivated police crime is crime
that occurs while on-duty. The simple odds that an arrest case will be profit-motivated are 1.5
times greater if the crime occurred while on-duty. Profit-motivated police crime predicts when
an arrested officer is at risk of being sued in his or her official capacity for civil rights violations.
Specifically, the simple odds that an arrest case will be profit-motivated are 4.2 times greater if at
some point during an officers law enforcement career he or she was named as a party-defendant
in a federal court civil action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1985 for a conspiracy to interfere with civil
rights. Children are rarely the victim of profit-motivated police crime as the simple odds go up
by 7.9% for every one year increase in the age of the victim at time of an officers crime
commission. Two independent variables in the model predict when a police crime arrest case is
less likely to be profit-motivated. Profit-motivated police crime is rarely sex-related or violencerelated. The simple odds of a profit-motivated police crime arrest case decrease by 90.4% if an
officers arrest case is sex-related and decrease by 94% if it is violence-related.
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Figure 7 presents the results of predicting profit-motivated crime and included a total of
6,724 police crime arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 88.6% (AUC =
2
.908, 95% CI [.900, .917], RROC
= .816) and selected the variable violence-related police crime
versus other crime as the splitting criterion. Cases that were violence-related (node 1) were
profit-motivated 4.9% of the time and cases that were not violence-related (node 2) were profitmotivated in 42% of the cases. The cases that were violence-related in node 1 were partitioned
by the variable drug-related police crime versus other types of crime. Cases that did not involve
a drug crime were only profit-motivated 2.5% of the time and cases that involved a drug crime
were profit-motivated in 63.6% of the cases. Cases that were not violence-related in node 2 were
further partitioned by the variable victim age. Cases that involved victims from birth to the age
of 20 were only profit-motivated 2.9% of the time and cases that involved victims older than 20
years old were profit-motivated in 47% of the cases. The tree also included the following
variables in tiers three through four: gender of victim, alcohol-related crime versus other crime
type, and sex-related crime versus other crime type.
Predicting Federal Civil Rights Litigation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983
The final area of prediction using the full data set for model building examines arrested
officers who have also at some point in their law enforcement career been sued in federal court at
least once pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983. Table 18 presents statistically significant Chi-Square
bivariate associations at the p < .05 level for 96 independent variables and the dependent
variable, arrested officer named as a party defendant in a federal civil action pursuant to 42
U.S.C. 1983 at some point during career. The strongest bivariate predictors of Section 1983
litigation are several other caused of action, including (a) 42 U.S.C. 1997 (civil plaintiff is an
institutionalized person) civil defendant, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 1247.262, p < .001, V = .431;
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(b) 42 U.S.C. 1985 (conspiracy to interfere with civil rights) civil defendant, where 2 (1, N =
6,724) = 632.692, p < .001, V = .307; and (c) 42 U.S.C. 1981 (equal rights under the law) civil
defendant, where 2 (1, N = 6,724) = 435.624, p < .001, V = .255. Civil rights litigation
originally filed by a plaintiff in a state trial court and later removed by defense counsel to a
federal district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1441 is also a strong bivariate predictor, where 2 (1,
N = 6,724) = 1192.487, p < .001, V = .421.
Other moderate bivariate associations of Section 1983 federal court civil actions are (a)
age of victim, where 2 (79, N = 1,848) = 159.139, p < .001, V = .293; (b) officers years of
service at time of arrest, where 2 (43, N = 4,780) = 250.387, p < .001, V = .229; (c) the state
where the officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (50, N = 6,724) =
346.944, p < .001, V = .227; and (d) the most serious offense charged, where 2 (63, N = 6,724) =
320.050, p < .001, V = .218.
A backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting arrested officers being
named as a party defendant in federal civil rights litigation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 at some
point during their policing career is presented in Table 19. Bivariate correlations computed for
each of the independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly
correlated with each other. None of the tolerance scores in the regression model are below .334
and no variance inflation factors are above 2.995, indicate that multicollinearity is not a problem.
The Durbin-Watson score of 1.580 indicates that there is no autocorrelation. Binary logistic
regression results indicate that the overall model of 16 predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between arrested officers who were sued in federal court pursuant to Section 1983
and those arrested officers who never have been named as a party defendant in Section 1983
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federal civil rights litigation. The model correctly classified 76.4% of the cases (AUC = .743,
2
95% CI [.723, .764], RROC
= .486).
Fourteen of 16 independent variables in the binary logistic regression model predict when
an arrested officer is likely to be named as a party defendant in a 42 U.S.C. 1983 federal court
civil action at some point during his or her career as a sworn nonfederal law enforcement officer.
Many of the federal court civil actions analyzed in this research study had nothing to do with the
incident for which an officer was arrested. Some of the civil litigation occurred years or even
decades prior to an officer being arrested for some crime(s). In other instances federal civil
rights litigation directly arose out of the same operative facts as in an officers criminal case.
Federal civil rights civil actions often include averment of more than one cause of action
in the complaint filed in a federal district court. In many instances, the officers in this study were
sued more than once for a variety of civil rights causes of action. Here, the simple odds that an
arrested officer will be named as a party defendant in Section 1983 civil litigation are 51.5 times
greater if the same officer has been named as a defendant in a civil action pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
1981 for denial of equal rights under the law.
The simple odds that an officer will be sued in their official capacity pursuant to Section
1983 are about 2 times greater if the officer was on-duty at time of committing the crime(s) for
which they were arrested. The longer an officer has been employed by a law enforcement
agency, the more likely they are at risk of being sued in their official capacity in a federal court
civil rights civil action. The simple odds of being named in a Section 1983 civil action increase
by 6.9% for every one year increase in years of service at time of arrest. There is often collateral
damage to others in an officers employing law enforcement agency as indicated by the odds
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being 9.7 times greater that an officer will be sued under Section 1983 if the officers supervisor
was disciplined and/or reassigned as fallout from the arrest of the subordinate officer.
The nature of the criminal offenses in an officers arrest case provide context for
predicting when an officer is likely to be sued in a Section 1983 civil action. The simple odds of
being named as a party defendant in a Section 1983 civil action at some point during an officers
law enforcement career are 1.1 times greater if an officer is arrested for kidnapping or abduction,
one time greater if charged with a crime involving family violence, 6.4 times greater if arrested
for crime involving cocaine, 1.54 times greater if arrested for a crime stemming from a driving
while female encounter, and go up by 99.8% if arrested for murder or nonnegligent
manslaughter.
Figure 8 presents the results of predicting a 42 U.S.C. 1983 civil defendant included a
total of 6,724 arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 78.2% (AUC = .722,
2
= .444) and selected the variable official capacity versus individual
95% CI [.708, .737], RROC
capacity as the splitting criterion. Arrested officers who were acting in their individual capacity
during commission of the crime for which they were arrested (node 1) were named as party
defendants in federal court Section 1983 civil actions at some point during their law enforcement
careers 16.7% of the time. Arrested officers who were acting in their official capacity during
commission of the crime for which they were arrested (node 2) were named as party defendants
in federal court Section 1983 civil actions at some point during their law enforcement careers
32.4% of the time.
The criminal cases where an officer was acting in an individual capacity (in node 1) were
partitioned by the variable years of service. Officers who has served as a sworn officer seven
and one-half years or less at time of arrest were named as Section 1983 civil defendants at some
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point during their career in 11.3% of the criminal cases, whereas officers who had served more
than seven and one-half years at time of arrest were named as Section 1983 civil defendants at
some point during their law enforcement career in 20.6% of the criminal cases. Criminal cases
that involved officers operating in their official capacity (in node 2) were further partitioned by
the variable violence-related police crime versus other types of crime. As to the violence-related
criminal cases, 43.8% of the cases involved arrested officers who at some point during their
law enforcement career were sued in federal court pursuant to Section 1983, but only 22.9% of
the cases that were not violence-related involved an officer who was at some point named as a
federal court Section 1983 civil defendant. The tree also included the following variables in tiers
three through ten: geographic division, rank, most serious offense charged, state, discussion of an
agency scandal/ cover up, years of service, years of service, age of victim, type of agency, and
urban/rural continuum.
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Part II: Sex-related Police Crime Data Set Models
There are 1,475 cases in the data set where sworn law enforcement officers were arrested
for sex-related crimes during the years 2005-2011. The sex-related police crime arrest cases
involve 1,070 individual officers employed by 795 nonfederal state, local, special, constable, and
tribal law enforcement agencies located in 550 counties and independent cities in 48 states (all
except Maine and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia. Of these, 191 of the arrested officers
have more than one case ( X = 1.38, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = 1.288) because they have
more than one victim (one criminal case per victim) and/or were arrested for a sex-related crime
on more than one occasion during the study period years.
The majority of sex-related police crime arrest cases involve an officer who is known to
have ultimately lost their job (n = 1,063, 72.1%) as a sworn officer after being charged with one
or more crimes. The known final employment outcomes in the sex-related arrest cases include
those in which there was no known adverse employment action taken against the officer (n = 96,
6.5%), cases resulting in the officer only being suspended for a period of time (n = 316, 21.4%),
cases in which the officer was separated through voluntary resignation (n = 505, 34.2%), and
those cases in which the officer was separated through involuntary termination (n = 558, 37.8%).
More than half the sex-related police crime arrest cases resulted in criminal conviction (n = 791,
53.6%, valid 80.2%) on one or more offenses charged, however the final criminal case
disposition is unknown (n = 489, 33.2%) in one-third of the sex-related arrest cases.
Officers Arrested for Sex-related Police Crime, Offenses Charged & Employing Agencies
Table 20 presents information on the sex-related arrest cases in terms of the arrested
officers and their employing nonfederal law enforcement agencies. Almost all of the sex-related
arrest cases involve male officers (n = 1,467, 99.5%) who were arrested. The modal category for
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known officer age at time of arrest for sex-related cases is 36-39 years of age (n = 261, 17.6%).
The youngest officer arrested for a sex-related crime was age 19 at time of arrest, and the oldest
arrested officer was 74 years old ( X age = 37.88, Mdn age = 38.00, Mode age = 39, SD = 8.636
years). The modal category for known years of service at time of arrest for a sex-related crime is
3-5 years ( X years of service = 9.81 years, Mdn = 8.00 years, Mode = 2 years, SD = 7.650
years). Most of the sex-related arrest cases involve sworn officers employed in patrol or streetlevel nonsupervisory positions, including officers, deputies, troopers, and detectives (n = 1,221,
82.8%). Almost half of the sex-related arrest cases involves sex crimes that occurred while onduty (n = 682, 46.2%). The majority of the cases (n = 919, 62.3%) involve arrests made by some
law enforcement agency other than the department where the arrested officer was employed.
Most of the sex-related arrest cases involve sworn officers employed by municipal police
departments (n = 1,040, 70.5%) or sheriffs offices (n = 280, 19.0%). Officers arrested for sexrelated crimes were also employed by primary state police agencies (n = 61, 4.1%), county police
departments (n = 30, 2.0%), or other types of nonfederal law enforcement agencies (n = 64,
4.4%). The modal category for agency size by number of full-time sworn personnel is 1,000 or
more sworn officers (n = 349, 23.6%). Most of the employing law enforcement agencies were
located in a nonrural metropolitan county or independent city (n = 1,229, 83.3%). The
employing agencies are located throughout the United States, including in Southern states (n =
658, 44.6%), Western states (n = 316, 21.4%), Northeastern states (n = 259, 17.6%), and
Midwestern states (n = 242, 16.4%).
Table 21 presents the sex-related arrest cases in terms of the most serious offense
charged. There are 40 separate offense categories represented as the most serious offense
charged in sex-related police crime arrest cases during the years 2005-2011. Most common in
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the sex-related cases as the most serious offense charged are forcible fondling (n = 352, 23.9%),
forcible rape (n = 322, 21.8%), statutory rape (n = 100, 6.8%), unclassified sex crimes (n = 98,
6.6%), forcible sodomy (n = 94, 6.4%), pornography and obscene material (n = 86, 5.8%),
intimidation and harassment (n = 52, 3.5%), online solicitation of a child (n = 44, 3.0%), and
prostitution (n = 42, 2.8%).
Victims of Sex-related Police Crime
Victim characteristics in sex-related police crime arrest cases in years 2005-2011 are
presented in Table 22. Victim information is particularly difficult to ascertain from news reports
and even official court records (when available) in criminal cases involving sex offenses. For
example, exact victim age is unknown (n = 661, 44.8%) due to missing data. We were, however,
able to determine whether the victim of a sex-related case was a child (birth to 17 years of age)
or an adult (ages 18 and older). Almost half of the known victims are children (n = 721, valid
52.4%). Most of the victims of sex-related police crime arrest cases are either an unrelated child
(n = 527, valid 39.3%) or an adult who is a stranger or nonstranger acquaintance (n = 658, valid
49.1%).
Predicting Conviction in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The regression models in this section predict criminal conviction on any offense charged
in sex-related police crime arrest cases. Conviction data are available on two-thirds (n = 986,
66.8%) of the sex-related arrest cases. Of those sex-related cases with known criminal case
outcomes, most of the officers arrested for sex-related crimes were convicted (n = 791, 80.2%)
on at least one criminal offense charged against the arrested officer. Bivariate associations are
presented in Table 23. Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at p < .05 for 23
independent variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any offense charged. There are
107
four bivariate associations of moderate strength as indicated by Cramers V scores for the
statistically significant Chi-Square associations. They are age of the victim, where 2 (50, N =
541) = 86.980, p = .001, V = .401; the State where the arrested officers employing law
enforcement agency is located, where 2 (48, N = 986) = 80.347, p = .002, V = .285; years of
service at time of arrest, where 2 (34, N = 820) = 52.020, p = .025, V = .252; and victims
relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 905) = 36,740, p < .001, V = .201.
conviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of
the independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated
with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no tolerance scores below
.905 and no variance inflation factors above 1.105. The Durbin-Watson score is 1.587 and
indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem. Logistic regression results indicate that the
overall model of four predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between conviction and
nonconviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases. Wald statistics indicate that all of the
independent variables in the binary logistic regression model significantly predict conviction in
sex-related police crime arrest cases. The regression model correctly classified 83.7% of the
2
= .346).
cases (AUC = .673, 95% CI [.621, .725], RROC
Context for prediction of conviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases is provided
by interpretation of odds ratios. The greatest predictor conviction is being charged with
pornography and obscene material offenses. The simple odds of conviction in sex-related police
crime arrest cases are 4.6 times greater if the arrested officer is charged with crimes involving
pornography and obscene material. Job loss also predicts conviction in sex-related cases as the
simple odds of conviction are 4.2 times greater if the final adverse employment action against the
108
officer is job loss through either involuntary termination or voluntary resignation. Officers
arrested for sex-related crimes involving a child are more likely to be convicted than officers
whose victims are adults. The simple odds of conviction are 1.1 times greater in sex-related
police crime arrest cases where the victim is a child. Years of service at time of arrest is also a
slight predictor of conviction. The simple odds of conviction in sex-related police crime arrest
cases goes up by 5.8% for every one year increase in years of service at time of arrest.
Figure 9 presents the results of predicting conviction and included a total of 986 arrest
2
= .424) and selected the variable job lost as the splitting criterion. Officers who had lost
RROC
their job (node 1) were convicted in 83.8% of the cases. In contrast, officers who kept their job
(node 2) were convicted in 63.6% of the cases. The officers who lost their job in node 1 were
partitioned by the variable victims relationship to the offender. Cases that involved a victim
who was an unrelated child, a child or stepchild of the offender or former boy/girlfriend of the
offender had a conviction rate of 91.3%. In contrast, cases that involved a victim who was a
current spouse, other relative of the offender, stranger to the offender, current boy/girlfriend of
the offender, or ex-spouse of the offender had a conviction rate of 63.6%. The officers who kept
their job subsequent to being arrested in node 2 were partitioned by the variable age of victim.
Officers were convicted 56% of the time when the victim was 19 years of age or older and were
convicted 72% of the time when the victim was younger than 19 years of age. The tree also
included the following variables in tiers three: state, years of service, and rank.
Predicting Job Loss in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
This section presents the regression models predicting job loss as the final adverse
employment action taken against an officer following his or her arrest for a sex-related police
109
crime. Chi-Square associations are presented in Table 25. Bivariate associations are statistically
significant at the p < .05 level for each of 35 independent variables and the dependent variable,
job lost. There are, however, only four bivariate associations of moderate strength as indicated
by the Cramers V scores for the statistically significant Chi-Square statistics. They are the year
when the officer was arrested, where 2 (6, N = 1,475) = 135.487, p < .001, V = .303; the State
where the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (48, N =
1,475) = 111.725, p < .001, V = .275; years of service at time of arrest, where 2 (36, N = 1,195)
= 62.775, p = .004, V = .229; and officer age at time of his or her arrest, where 2 (46, N = 1,397)
= 68.062, p = .019, V = .221.
loss in sex-related police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the
independent variables in the regression model indicate that none of the variables are highly
correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem in the model as indicated by no
tolerance scores below .649 and no variance inflation factors above 1.541. The Durbin-Watson
score of 1.634 indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem. Logistic regression results suggest
that the overall model of nine predictors is statistically reliable for sex-related police crime arrest
cases in distinguishing between officers who kept their jobs after being arrested and officers who
lost their job. Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the model
significantly predict job loss in sex-related police crime arrest cases. The regression model
2
= .544).
Interpretation of odds ratios provides context for prediction of job loss in sex-related
police crime arrest cases. Six of the independent variables in the logistic regression model
predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as a sworn law enforcement officer
110
after being arrested for a sex-related police crime. The single largest predictor of job loss in sexrelated criminal cases is conviction on at least one of the charged offenses. The simple odds of
job loss are 2.8 times greater when the officer is convicted of a sex-related crime. Characteristics
of the sex-related crimes also predict job loss. Sex-related crimes are committed by officers both
on- and off-duty. The simple odds of job loss are 1.4 times greater if the sex-related crime was
committed by an officer in his or her official capacity as a sworn law enforcement officer.
Similarly, the simple odds of job loss are 1.7 times greater if the sex-related crime(s) for which
an officer was arrested involved a driving while female encounter. Officers arrested for sexrelated police crimes are prone to commit other types of police misconduct; the simple odds of
job loss are 1.2 times greater if at some point during the officers career he or she was named as
a party defendant in federal civil rights litigation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983. Some of the
predictors in the model show when an officer is less likely to lose his job as a sworn law
enforcement officer subsequent to an arrest for committing a sex-related crime. Older officers
are less likely to lose their jobs; the simple odds of job loss go down by 3.5% for every one year
increase in the officers age at time of arrest. Oddly, the simple odds of job loss decrease by
85.5% if the sex-related crime for which the officer was arrested also involves marijuana.
Figure 10 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 1,475 arrest
2
= .572) and selected the variable year of arrest as the splitting criterion. Officers who were
RROC
arrested before 2007 (node 1) lost their job in 55.5% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were
arrested after 2007 (node 2) lost their job in 82.7% of the cases. The officers arrested prior to
2007 in node 1 were partitioned by the variable officer was suspended. Officers who had been
previously suspended lost their job in 43.2% of the cases and officers who had not been
111
suspended lost their jobs in 73% of the cases. The officers arrested after the year 2007 in node 2
were partitioned by the variable criminal conviction. Officers who were convicted lost their jobs
in 84.9% of the cases and officers who were not convicted lost their job in 71.3% of cases. The
tree also included the following variables in tiers three through five: being named as a 42 U.S.C.
1983 civil defendant (at some point during an officers law enforcement career), urban/rural
continuum, geographic division, state, method of crime detection, citizen complaint as method of
crime detection, the number of part-time sworn personnel employed by the arrested officers
employing law enforcement agency, and the number of full-time sworn personnel employed by
the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency.
Predicting Child Victims in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The next set of regression models predict child victims in sex-related police crime arrest
cases. Bivariate associations are presented in Table 27. Chi-Square calculations are statistically
significant at p < .05 for 54 independent variables and the dependent variable, child victim
(where adult victim = 0 and child victim = 1). Three of the bivariate associations are strong as
indicated by Cramers V scores where V > .40. They are crimes committed in the arrested
officers official capacity, where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 330.080, p < .001, V = .490; duty status at
time of commission of the crime, where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 323.355, p < .001, V = .485; and
crimes that are acts of police sexual violence, where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 290.300, p < .001, V =
.459. The bivariate associations of adult versus child victim are of moderate strength in 14
instances, including among others, statutory rape, where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 179.498, p < .001, V
= .361; the criminal offense of official misconduct, official oppression, or violation of oath,
where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 161.527, p < .001, V = .342, and driving while female encounters,
where 2 (1, N = 1,377) = 142.850, p < .05, V = .322.
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A backward stepwise logistic regression model predicting child victims in sex-related
police crime arrest cases is presented in Table 28. Bivariate correlations computed for each of
the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the variables are
highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no tolerance
scores below .449 and no variance inflation factors above 2.229. The Durbin-Watson score of
1.664 indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem. Logistic regression results indicate that the
overall model of 20 predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between sex-related police
crime arrest cases with adult victims and sex-related police crime arrest cases with child victims.
2
=
The model correctly classified 85.9% of the cases (AUC = .920, 95% CI [.902, .938], RROC
.844). Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the logistic regression
model significantly predict child victims in sex-related police crime arrest cases.
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of child victims in sex-related
police crime arrest cases. Eight of the 20 predictors in the logistic regression model indicate
when the victim of a sex-related police crime arrest case is more likely to be a child than an
adult. Certain types of sex crimes tend to involve child victims. The simple odds of the victim
being a child are 2.9 times greater if the arrested officer is charged with crimes involving
pornography and obscene material. Similarly, the simple odds of the victim being a child are 2.2
times greater if the arrested officer was charged with an unclassified sex crime (that is, a sexrelated criminal offense not specifically included in the coding protocol for this study) such as
promoting the sexual performance of a child, child enticement, corruption of a minor, or sexual
coercion. Crimes involving fondling often involve a child victim; the simple odds of the victim
being a child are 2.4 times greater if the arrested officer is charged with offenses relating to
forcible fondling. The gender of the victim also predicts child victims. The simple odds that the
113
victim is a child are more than five times greater if the victim is male. Sex-related police crime
arrest cases are more likely to result in a criminal conviction if the victim is a child; the simple
odds of the victim being a child were 1.2 times greater if the arrested officer is convicted on at
least one offense charged. Finally, the simple of odds of the victim being a child increased
17.2% if the crime for which an officer was arrested involved family violence.
Some of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when the
victim is less likely to be a child. The victims of sex-related police crime arrest cases are less
likely to be a child in cases where the arrested officer is employed by a large police department
in a metropolitan (that is, urban or suburban) county or independent city. The simple odds of the
victim being a child decrease by 17.7% for every one unit increase in the size of the arrested
officers employing law enforcement agency (on a ten-point scale) based on the number of sworn
personnel. Likewise, the simple odds of a child victim decrease by 17.6% for every one unit
increase in rurality (on a nine-point scale) based on the population of the county where the
arrested officers employing agency is located. Duty status at time of commission of the crime
for which an officer was arrested also predicts whether the victim of a sex-related police crime
arrest case is an adult or child. The simple odds of the victim being a child decrease by 83.4% if
the arrested officer was on-duty when the crime for which he was arrested was allegedly
committed. The on-duty sex-related crimes of the arrested officers are more likely to involve an
adult victim if the offenses are also violence-related crimes. For example, the simple odds of the
victim being a child decrease by 62.7% if the crime is an act of police sexual violence. The odds
ratios are similar if the arrested officer is charged with aggravated assault, kidnapping,
abduction, or false imprisonment, or intimidation / harassment in sex-related police crime arrest
cases.
114
Figure 11 presents the results of predicting child victims for the sex-related cases and
included a total of 1,377 police crime arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of
2
79.8% (AUC = .835, 95% CI [.814, .857], RROC
= .670) and selected the variable official capacity
versus individual capacity as the splitting criterion. Officers operating in their individual
capacity (node 1) had child victims in 72.8% of the cases. In contrast, officers operating in an
official capacity (node 2) had child victims in 23.9% of the cases. The officers who were
operating in an individual capacity (node 1) were partitioned by the variable
kidnapping/abduction. Cases involving a kidnapping or abduction had child victims in 14.3% of
the cases. Cases that did not involve a kidnapping or abduction had child victims in 76% of the
cases. The officers who were operating in an official capacity (node 2) were partitioned by the
variable gender of victim. Cases that involved a female victim were also child victims in 19.4%
of the cases and cases with a male victim were also a child victim in 66.2% of the cases. The
tree also included the following variables in tier three through five: indecent exposure, violencerelated crime versus other crime type, driving while female encounter, state, and urban/rural
continuum.
Predicting Conviction in Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases
This section presents regression models that predict criminal conviction on any offense
charged in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving police sexual violence. Conviction
data are available in more than two-thirds (n = 431, 69.3%) of the police sexual violence cases.
In the police sexual violence cases with known criminal case dispositions, the majority of the
arrest cases resulted in criminal conviction (n = 345, valid 80%) on at least one offense charged
against the arrested officer. Bivariate associations are presented in Table 29. Chi-Square
associations are statistically significant at p < .05 for 13 independent variables and the dependent
115
variable, conviction on any offense charged. Only three of the bivariate associations are of
moderate strength as indicated by Cramers V scores. They are job lost, where 2 (1, N = 431) =
22.139, p < .001, V = .227; victims relationship, where 2 (6, N = 427) = 20.988, p = .002, V =
.222; and year of arrest, where 2 (6, N = 431) = 18.185, p = .006, V = .205.
conviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving acts of police sexual violence.
Bivariate correlations computed for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that
none of the variables were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem
as indicated by no tolerance scores below .983 and no variance inflation factors above 1.018.
Autocorrelation is not a problem as indicated by the Durbin-Watson score of 1.562. Logistic
regression results indicate that the overall model of four predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between conviction and nonconviction in police sexual violence arrest cases.
Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict
conviction in police sexual violence arrest cases. The binary logistic regression model correctly
2
= .422).
classified 80.8% of the cases (AUC = .711, 95% CI [.647, .774], RROC
Interpretation of the odds ratios provide context for prediction of criminal conviction in
police sexual violence arrest cases. Three of the four independent variables in the regression
model predict when conviction is more likely. Here again, sex-related arrest cases involving a
child victim are more likely to result in the arrested officers criminal conviction. The simple
odds of conviction are 2.7 times greater if the victim of a sex-related arrest case involving police
sexual violence is a child. The type of sex offense predicts whether an officer arrested for acts of
police sexual violence will be convicted of a crime. The simple odds of conviction are 2.1 times
116
greater if the officer was arrested for forcible sodomy. Conversely, the simple odds of
conviction decrease by 54.1% if the officer was arrested for forcible fondling.
Figure 12 presents the results of predicting conviction in police sexual violent arrest cases
and included a total of 431 police crime arrest cases. The CHAID tree had an overall
2
classification score of 80.0% (AUC = .680, 95% CI [.615, .746], RROC
= .360) and selected the
variable job lost as the splitting criterion. Officers who had kept their job (node 1) were
convicted in 56.4% of the cases. In contrast, officers who lost their job (node 2) were convicted
in 83.5% of the cases. The officers who kept their job in node 1 were not partitioned by another
variable. The officers who lost this job in node 2 were partitioned by the variable forcible
fondling. Cases that did not involve forcible fondling resulted in conviction in 88.3% of the
cases and cases that involved forcible fondling resulted in conviction in 77.2% of the cases. The
tree also included the variable adult victim versus child victim in tier 3.
Predicting Job Loss in Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases
Regression models predicting job loss as the final adverse employment outcome taken
against an officer following his or her arrest for sex-related crimes involving acts of police
sexual violence are presented in this section. Chi-Square associations are presented in Table 31.
Bivariate associations are statistically significant at p < .05 for each of 28 independent variables
and the dependent variable, job loss. Six of the bivariate associations are of moderate strength as
indicated by the Cramers V scores for the statistically significant Chi-Square statistics. They are
the State where the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2
(45, N = 622) = 78.683, p = .001, V = .356; years of service at time of arrest, where 2 (29, N =
495) = 61.583, p < .001, V = .353; year of arrest, where 2 (6, N = 622) = 60.900, p < .001, V =
.313; internal crime against the organization, where 2 (1, N = 622) = 60.900, p < .001, V = .290,
117
conviction, where 2 (1, N = 431) = 22.139, p < .001, V = .227; and years of service (categorical
variable), where 2 (10, N = 622) = 25.372, p = .005, V = .202.
A backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting job loss in cases
involving acts of police sexual violence is presented in Table 32. Bivariate correlations for each
of the independent variables in the regression model indicate that none of the variables are highly
correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem in the model as indicated by no
tolerance scores below .966 and no variance inflation factors above 1.035. The Durbin-Watson
score of 1.562 indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem in the model. Logistic regression
results indicate that the overall model of six predictors is statistically reliable for cases of police
sexual violence in distinguishing between officers who kept their job after being arrested and
officers who lost their job. Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the
binary logistic regression model significantly predict job loss in sex-related police crime arrest
cases involving acts of police sexual violence. The regression model correctly classified 89.5%
2
= .470).
of the cases (AUC = .735, 95% CI [.651, .819], RROC
Context is provided for prediction of job loss in sex-related arrest cases involving police
sexual violence through interpretation of odds ratios. Four of the independent variable in the
logistic regression model predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as a sworn
officer after being arrested for a sex-related crime involving an act of police sexual violence.
Conviction predicts job loss in police sexual violence arrest cases. The simple odds of job loss
are 4.7 times greater if the officer is convicted of at least one criminal offense charged in the case
involving police sexual violence. Predatory behavior in police sexual violence arrest cases also
predicts job loss. The simple odds of job loss are 2.2 times more likely if the police sexual
violence arrest case also involves a driving while female encounter. Police sexual violence cases
118
are crimes against persons and rarely, if ever, constitute an internal crime against the
organization or a crime by the organization against the officer. As such, the simple odds of job
loss increase by 29.7% if the crime involving police sexual violence is neither an internal or
organizational crime. The simple odds of job loss in police sexual violence arrest cases increase
by 89.4% for every one unit categorical increase in the number of part-time sworn officers
employed by the same law enforcement agency as the arrested officer. Two of the independent
variables in the model predict when an officer is more likely to keep his or her job after being
arrested for a crime involving police sexual violence. The longer an officer has been employed
the less likely they are to lose their job. The simple odds of job loss in police sexual violence
arrest cases go down by 23% for every one unit (three year) categorical increase in years of
service at time of arrest. The years of service categorical variable groups years of service in
three-year increments. Also, the simple odds of job loss in police sexual violence arrest cases
decrease by 91.8% if the arrested officer is also charged with a weapons law offense.
Figure 13 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 622 cases.
2
=
The tree had an overall classification score of 84.1%, (AUC = .794, 95% CI [.748, .840], RROC
.496) and selected the variable year of arrest as the splitting criterion. Officers who were
arrested before the year 2007 (node 1) lost their job in 60.2% of the cases. In contrast, officers
who were arrested after the year 2007 (node 2) lost their job in 86.4% of the cases. The officers
arrested prior to the year 2007 in node 1 were partitioned by the variable suspended for a period
of time. Officers who had been previously suspended lost their job in 48.4% of the cases and
officers who had not been suspended lost their jobs in 76.8% of the cases. The officers arrested
after the year 2007 in node 2 were partitioned by the variable criminal conviction versus
nonconviction. Officers who were convicted lost their jobs in 89.4% of the cases and officers
119
who were not convicted lost their job in 72.1% of cases. The tree also included the following
variables in tiers three through four: geographic division and state.
Predicting Conviction in Driving While Female Police Crime Arrest Cases
Driving while female encounters are those incidents where a police officer initiates a
bogus traffic stop to harass, intimidate, and/or sexually assault female motorists. The regression
models in this section predict conviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving
driving while female encounters (N = 174). Criminal case final disposition data are available in
a majority of the driving while female cases (n = 126, 72.4%). Of those cases with known
criminal case outcomes, most of the officers were convicted (n = 103, valid 81.7%) on at least
one criminal offense charged against the arrested officer. Bivariate associations are presented in
Table 33. Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at p < .05 for 18 independent
variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any offense charged. The bivariate
association for conviction and the number of full-time sworn officers employed (categorical) is
strong, where 2 (9, N = 126) = 22.232, p = .008, V = .420. There are eight bivariate associations
of moderate strength: age (categorical), where 2 (8, N = 126) = 18.588, p = .017, V = .384; year
of officers arrest, where 2 (6, N = 126) = 14.407, p = .025, V = .338; alcohol-related police
crime arrest cases, where 2 (1, N = 126) = 9.895, p = .002, V = .280; burglary, where 2 (1, N =
126) = 9.101, p = .003, V = .269; internal versus organizational crime, where 2 (1, N = 126) =
7.204, p = .007, V = .239; sexual assault with an object, where 2 (1, N = 126) = 6.081, p = .014,
V = .220; rank by function, where 2 (1, N = 126) = 5.769, p = .016, V = .214; and, forcible
fondling, where 2 (1, N = 126) = 5.277, p = .022, V = .205.
Table 34 presents a backward stepwise logistic regression model predicting conviction in
sex-related police crime arrest cases involving driving while female encounters. Bivariate
120
correlations computed for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that none of
the variables were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as
indicated by no tolerance scores below .962 and no variance inflation factors above 1.040. The
Durbin-Watson score is 1.700 indicating that autocorrelation is not a problem in the model.
Logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of five predictors is statistically
reliable in distinguishing between conviction and nonconviction in sex-related police crime
arrest cases involving a driving while female encounter. Wald statistics indicate that all of the
independent variables in the binary logistic regression model significantly predict conviction in
driving while female encounter cases. The regression model correctly classified 85.7% of the
2
= .662).
cases (AUC = .831, 95% CI [.741, .921], RROC
Context for prediction of conviction in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving
driving while female encounters is provided by interpretation of odds ratios. Two of the
independent variables in the model predict when the odds of conviction increase. The simple
odds of conviction in driving while female encounter arrest cases is 3.2 times greater if the
arrested police officer has been sued in federal court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 (civil action
for deprivation of rights) at some point during his or her law enforcement career. Driving while
female encounter arrest cases involve crimes against a person and do not involve crimes against
the organization or crimes by the organization against the officer. This is demonstrated where
the simple odds of conviction increase by 23% if the driving while female encounter arrest case
involves a crime against a person and is neither an internal or organizational crime. The other
three independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when the odds of conviction
decrease in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving driving while female encounters. The
simple odds of conviction in driving while female cases decrease by 87.1% if the officer is
121
charged with the criminal offense of sexual assault with an object. Similarly, the simple odds of
conviction decrease by 73.4% in driving while female cases if the arrested officer is charged with
the criminal offense of forcible fondling. Additionally, the simple odds of conviction in driving
while female encounter arrest cases decrease by 93.3% if the crime is also alcohol-related.
Figure 14 presents the results of predicting conviction and included a total of 126 cases.
2
The tree had an overall classification score of 81.7% (AUC = .736, 95% CI [.637, .835], RROC
=
.472) and selected the variable year of arrest as the splitting criterion. Officers who were
arrested in the year 2005 (node 1) were convicted in 66.7% of the cases. Officers who were
arrested during years 2006-2011 were convicted in 90.1% of the cases. The officers who kept
their job, in node 1, were not partitioned by another variable. The officers who lost their jobs, in
node 2, were partitioned by the variable 42 U.S.C. 1983 civil defendant at some point during an
officers law enforcement career. Cases that did not involve an officer who had been named as a
party-defendant pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 in a federal court civil rights lawsuit (at some point
during his or her law enforcement career) resulted in conviction in 81.6% of the cases. In
contrast, cases that involved an officer who had at some point been sued pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
1983 resulted in conviction in 97.7% of the cases.
Predicting Job Loss in Driving While Female Police Crime Arrest Cases
This section presents the regression models for predicting job loss as the final adverse
employment actions taken against an officer following his arrest for a sex-related police crime
arrest case involving a driving while female encounter. Chi-Square associations of job loss are
presented in Table 35. Four of the bivariate associations of job loss are strong as indicated by
the Cramers V score > .400. They are: the State where the officers employing law enforcement
agency is located, where 2 (33, N = 174) = 53.896, p = .012, V = .557; victim age difference,
122
where 2 (28, N = 174) = 51.795, p = .004, V = .546; officers years of service, where 2 (22, N =
144) = 42.173, p = .006, V = .541; and age, where 2 (33, N = 168) = 47.043, p = .054, V = .529.
There are also five bivariate associations of job loss that are of moderate strength: victim age
(categorical), where 2 (7, N = 174) = 22.217, p = .002, V = .357; year of arrest, where 2 (6, N =
174) = 15.536, p = .016, V = .299; rank, where 2 (4, N = 174) = 14.145, p = .007, V = .285;
internal versus organizational crime, where 2 (1, N = 174) = 13.514, p < .001, V = .279; and,
indecent exposure, where 2 (1, N = 174) = 12.402, p < .001, V = .267.
loss in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving driving while female encounters. There
are only two independent variables in the model predicting job loss. Neither of the independent
variables are highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem, but the
tolerance scores and variance inflation factors = 1 for both independent variables in the model.
Autocorrelation is not a problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 1.587. Logistic
regression results indicate that the overall model of two predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between cases where officers who lost their jobs and officers who kept their jobs
after being arrested for sex-related police crimes involving a driving while female encounter.
Wald statistics indicated that the independent variables in the model significantly predict job
loss. The regression model correctly classified 93.3% of the cases (AUC = .766, 95% CI [.671,
2
= .532).
.860], RROC
Context for prediction of job loss in sex-related police crime arrest cases involving
driving while female encounters is provided by interpretation of odds ratios. The cases involving
driving while female encounters are crimes against persons. The simple odds of job loss go up
by 42.9% in driving while female encounter arrest cases when the underlying nature of the crime
123
is not an internal crime against the organization nor a crime by the organization against the
officer. The difference in age between the age of the arrested officer and the age of the victim
also predicts job loss in these cases. The simple odds of job loss in sex-related police crime
arrest cases involving driving while female encounters go down by 6.9% for every one year
increase in the difference in age between the age of the arrested officer and the age of the victim.
Figure 15 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 174 arrest
2
= .552) and selected the variable internal crime versus organizational crime as the splitting
RROC
criterion. Officers who committed an internal crime or crime against the organization (node 1)
lost their job in 73.4% of the cases. In contrast, officers committed a crime against a person
(node 2) lost their job in 93.7% of the cases. The officers who committed either an internal
crime or crime against the organization in node 1 were partitioned by the variable victim age
difference. Cases that involved a victim age difference that was unknown resulted in job loss in
84.6% of the cases. In contrast, cases that involved a known victim age difference (that is, the
difference in years between the age of the arrested officer and the age of the victim) resulted in
job loss in 51.9% of the cases. The officers who committed crimes against a person in node 2
were partitioned by the variable official misconduct. Officers who were not charged with the
crime of official misconduct lost their jobs in 97% of the cases and officers who were charged
with the crime of official misconduct lost their jobs in 86.2% of the cases.
124
Part III: Alcohol-related Police Crime Data Set Models
There are 1,405 cases in the data set where sworn officers were arrested for alcoholrelated crimes during the years 2005-2011. The alcohol-related police crime arrest cases involve
1,283 individual officers employed by 814 nonfederal state, local, special, constable, and tribal
law enforcement agencies located in 564 counties and independent cities in all 50 states and the
District of Columbia. Of these, 81 of the arrested officers had more than one case ( X = 1.10,
Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .452), because they had more than one victim (one criminal case
per victim) and/or were arrested for an alcohol-related crime on more than one occasion during
the study period years.
More than one-third of the alcohol-related arrest cases involve an officer who is known to
have lost his or her job (n = 533, 37.9%) subsequent to being arrested. The known final
employment outcomes in the alcohol-related arrest cases include those in which there was no
known adverse employment action taken against the arrested officer (n = 260, 18.5%), cases
resulting in the arrested officer being suspended for a period of time (n = 612, 43.6%), cases in
which the arrested officer was separated through voluntary resignation (n = 263, 18.7%), and
cases in which the arrested officer was separated through involuntary termination (n = 270,
19.2%). Relatively few of the alcohol-related DUI arrest cases are known to have resulted in
criminal conviction (n = 492, 35.0%, valid 75.2%) on at least one criminal offense charged
against the arrested officer.
Included in the alcohol-related police crime arrest cases are 960 driving under the
influence (DUI) arrests during the years 2005-2011. The alcohol-related police DUI arrest cases
involve 924 individual officers employed by 621 nonfederal state, local, special, constable, and
tribal law enforcement agencies located in 464 counties and independent cities in all 50 states
125
and the District of Columbia. Of these, 27 of the arrested officers had more than one alcoholrelated DUI case ( X = 1.04, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .256), because they had more than
one victim (one criminal case per victim) and/or were arrested for an alcohol-related DUI on
more than one occasion during the study years while employed as a sworn law enforcement
officer.
Less than one-third of the officers arrested for DUI are known to have lost their job (n =
303, 31.6%) after being arrested. The known final employment outcomes in the alcohol-related
DUI arrest cases include those cases in which there was no adverse employment action taken
against the arrested officer (n = 202, 21.0%), cases resulting in the arrested officer being
suspended for a period of time (n = 455, 47.4%), cases in which the arrested officer was
separated through voluntary resignation (n = 167, 17.4%), and those cases in which the arrested
officer was separated through involuntary termination (n = 136, 14.2%). Less than one-third of
the alcohol-related DUI arrest cases resulted in criminal conviction (n = 303, 31.6%, valid
80.2%). The final disposition in the criminal cases is unknown (n = 582, 60.6%), however, in
many of the DUI cases.
Officers Arrested for Alcohol-related Police Crime, Offenses Charged & Employers
Table 37 presents information on the alcohol-related arrest cases in terms of the arrested
officers and their employing nonfederal law enforcement agencies. The majority of the alcoholrelated cases involve male officers (n = 1,314, 93.5%) who were arrested. The youngest officer
arrested for an alcohol-related crime was age 20 at time of arrest, and the oldest arrested officer
was 66 years old ( X age = 36.70, Mdn age = 37.00, Mode age = 38, SD = 8.379 years). Most of
the alcohol-related arrest cases involve sworn officers employed in patrol or street-level
nonsupervisory positions, including officers, deputies, troopers, and detectives (n = 1,138,
126
81.0%). Most of the alcohol-related cases involved crimes committed while the officer was offduty (n = 1,235, 87.9%). The majority of the alcohol-related cases involve arrests made by some
other law enforcement agency (n = 1,009, 71.8%) and were not arrests made by the agency
where the arrested officer was employed.
Most of the alcohol-related arrest cases involve officers employed by municipal police
departments (n = 1,028, 73.2%) or sheriffs offices (n = 214, 15.2%). Officers arrested for
alcohol-related crimes were also employed by primary state police agencies (n = 74, 5.3%),
county police departments (n = 54, 3.8%), special police departments (n = 24, 1.7%), tribal
police departments (n = 7, 0.5%), or other types of nonfederal law enforcement agencies. The
modal category for agency size by number of full-time sworn personnel is 1,000 or more sworn
officers (n = 399, 28.4%). Most of the employing law enforcement agencies were located in a
nonrural metropolitan county or independent city (n = 1,212, 86.3%). The employing law
enforcement agencies are located throughout the United States, including in Southern states (n =
548, 39.0%), Midwestern states (n = 358, 25.5%), Northeastern states (n = 309, 22.0%), and
Western states (n = 190, 13.5%).
Table 38 presents the alcohol-related arrest cases in terms of the most serious offense
charged. There are 38 separate offense categories representing the most serious offense charged
in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases during the years 2005-2011. Most common are DUI
(n = 817, 58.1%), simple assault (n = 149, 10.6%), aggravated assault (n = 103, 7.3%), weapons
law violations (n = 47, 3.3%), forcible fondling (n = 27, 1.9%), disorderly conduct (n = 27,
1.9%), murder and nonnegligent manslaughter (n = 26, 1.9%), forcible rape (n = 26, 1.9%), and
destruction of property / vandalism (n = 23, 1.6%).
127
Victims of Alcohol-related Police Crime
Table 39 presents victim characteristics in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases
during years 2005-2011. Many of the arrest casesincluding most of the DUI cases not
involving traffic accidents and injuriesdo not involve crimes with victims. Where victim
information is relevant and available in alcohol-related arrest cases, the victims are most often
female (n = 263, valid 52.1%) and adults age 18 or older (n = 495, valid 87.8%). Most of the
known victims are either strangers to the arrested officer or nonstranger acquaintances (n = 382,
valid 69.1%). Sometimes alcohol-related police crime arrest cases involve victims who are also
police officers (n = 58, 4.1%, valid 10.4%).
Incident Events in Police DUI Arrest Cases
Table 40 presents the DUI arrest cases in terms of DUI event incidents and
characteristics. Some of the arrest cases involved officers who were DUI while actually on-duty
in a police vehicle (n = 42, 4.4%), in a police vehicle while out of the officers jurisdiction (n =
28, 2.9%), or off-duty in a take-home police vehicle (n = 78, 8.1%). Some of the arrest cases
involved officers who refused to perform field sobriety tests (n = 81, 8.4%) when stopped for
suspicion of DUI and/or refused to consent to a blood-alcohol content (BAC) test (n = 195,
20.3%). Many of the police DUI arrest cases involved traffic accidents (n = 492, 51.2%), often
resulting in victim injuries (n = 231, 24.1%) and fatalities (n = 39, 4.1%). Some of the DUIrelated traffic accidents happened when an intoxicated officer flipped his or her car (n = 33,
3.4%) or crashed into another vehicle causing the other vehicle to flip (n = 4, 0.4%). Some
inebriated officers fled the scene (n = 103, 10.7%) after being involved in a DUI-related traffic
accident, and many of those officers were subsequently criminally charged with vehicular hitand-run (n = 76, 7.9%). A few of the officers were involved in a DUI-related traffic accident
128
while attempting to flee and evade the police (n = 10, 1.0%). Other officers were arrested for
DUI after causing a traffic accident while driving in the wrong direction on a roadway (n = 17,
1.8%) or denied being the driver after being involved in a DUI-related traffic accident (n = 12,
1.3%). Several of the traffic accidents involved an officer who was drunk while driving a
motorcycle (n = 15, 1.6%). A few of the DUI-related traffic accidents occurred while the drunk
officer was also engaged in family violence (n = 10, 1.0%)
Drugs in Police DUI Arrest Cases
Although there is a separate part reporting drug-related arrest cases, police DUI arrest
cases that are drug-related (n = 49, 5.1% of the DUI cases) are reported in this section. The
specific drugs involved in the drug-related DUI arrest cases are presented in Table 41. The most
common drugs include other depressants (that is, depressants other than GHB and
benzodiazepines, such as Ambien) (n = 15, 30.6%), oxycodone (n = 8, 16.3%), cocaine (n = 5,
10.2%), hydrocodone (n = 4, 8.2%), other narcotics (e.g., fentanyl, Demoral, methadone,
Darvon, etc.) (n = 4, 8.2%), benzodiazepines (n = 4, 8.2%), amphetamine / methamphetamine (n
= 3, 6.1%), and marijuana (n = 3, 6.1%). The drug-related DUI arrest cases include officers
arrested for DUI while on-duty (n = 16, 32.7%), although the majority of the drug-related DUI
cases involved an arresting agency that was not the officers employer (n = 34, 69.4%).
Predicting Conviction in Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The regression models in this section predict criminal conviction on one or more offenses
charged against an arrested officer in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases versus
nonconviction on any offense charged. Bivariate Chi-Square associations are statistically
significant at p < .05 for 25 independent variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any
offense charged. See Table 42. There are two bivariate associations of moderate strength as
129
indicated by Cramers V scores. They are the state where the arrested officers employing law
enforcement agency is located, where 2 (48, N = 654) = 95.625, p < .001, V = .382; and victims
relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 331) = 23.297, p = .002, V = .265.
conviction in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each
of the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the variables
were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no
tolerance scores below .849 and no variance inflation factors above 1.177. Autocorrelation is
also not a problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 2.027. Logistic regression results
indicate that the overall model of six predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between
conviction in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases and nonconviction in alcohol-related
police crime arrest cases. The model correctly classified 77.0% of the cases (AUC = .688, 95%
2
= .376). Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the
CI [.641, .734], RROC
binary logistic regression model significantly predict conviction in alcohol-related police crime
arrest cases.
Context for prediction of conviction in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases is
provided by interpretation of odds ratios. Four of the independent variables in the model predict
when conviction in alcohol-related cases is more likely than not. The simple odds of conviction
in an alcohol-related arrest cases are 2.6 times greater if the arrested officer was arrested for DUI
while driving a personally-owned vehicle (that is, not a police vehicle). The simple odds of
conviction in alcohol-related arrest cases increase by 78.1% if the officer was arrested by a law
enforcement agency that is not his or her employing agency. The simple odds of conviction in
alcohol-related police crime arrest cases are two times more likely if the crime(s) for which the
130
officer was arrested is also sex-related. Final adverse employment outcomes also predict
conviction in alcohol-related arrest cases. The simple odds of conviction in alcohol-related arrest
cases are 1.5 times greater if the arrested officer ultimately loses his or her job as a sworn law
enforcement officer after being arrested. Two of the independent variables in the model predict
when conviction in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases is less likely to occur. The simple
odds of conviction in an alcohol-related case go down by 93% if the crime(s) for which the
officer was arrested involved a driving while female encounter. The simple odds of conviction
in alcohol-related arrest cases goes down by 63.8% if the crime(s) for which the officer was
arrested constituted officer-involved domestic violence where the officer used his or her hands or
fist as a weapon.
Figure 16 presents the results of predicting conviction and included a total of 654 police
crime arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 76.8% (AUC = .721, 95% CI
2
= .442) and selected the variable victims relationship to the offender as the
[.673, .768], RROC
splitting criterion. Cases that involved victims who were a stranger, unrelated child, ex-spouse,
former boy/girlfriend, or a child/stepchild (node 1) received convictions in 77.5% of the cases.
In contrast, cases that involved victims who were a current spouse, current boy/girlfriend, or
relative of the offender (node 2) received convictions in 54.7% of the cases. Cases in node 1
were further partitioned by the variable job lost. Officers who had not lost their job were
convicted in 71.3% of the cases and officers who had lost their job were convicted in 83% of the
cases. Cases in node 2 were not further partitioned. The tree also included the following
variables in tiers three through four: state and geographic division.
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Predicting Job Loss in Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The next set of models predict job loss in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases. ChiSquare bivariate associations presented in Table 44 are statistically significant at p < .05 for 53
independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss. The strength of the statistically
significant bivariate association is weak in 50 of the 53 predictors of job loss in alcohol-related
arrest cases. There is a moderate bivariate association in the alcohol-related cases between job
loss and each of the following three independent variables: the difference in years between the
age of the arrested officer and the victim, where 2 (67, N = 1,405) = 125.538, p < .001, V = .299;
the state where the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (50,
N = 1,405) = 106.935, p < .001, V = .276; and, victim age (categorical), where 2 (9, N = 1,405)
= 59.634, p < .001, V = .206.
loss in the aftermath of an officers arrest for an alcohol-related crime. Bivariate correlations
computed for each of the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that
none of the variables in the model were highly correlated with each other. None of the tolerance
statistics were below .806 and none of the tolerance statistics were above 1.240. The DurbinWatson score of 1.782 indicates that there is no autocorrelation in the model. Logistic regression
results indicate that the multivariate model of seven predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between officers who kept their job as a sworn law enforcement officer after being
arrested for an alcohol-related crime and those officers who lost their job as a sworn officer
subsequent to being arrested through either voluntary resignation or involuntary termination as a
final adverse employment outcome. The logistic regression model correctly classified 71.6% of
2
= .322). Wald statistics indicate that all of the
the cases (AUC = .661, 95% CI [.620, .702], RROC
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independent variables in the binary logistic regression model significantly predict whether an
officer will keep or lose his or her job as a sworn law enforcement officer after being arrested for
an alcohol-related crime.
Context for prediction of job loss in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases is provided
by interpretation of the odds ratios in the binary logistic regression model. Five of the seven
independent variables in the model predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as
a sworn officer after being arrested for an alcohol-related crime. The simple odds of job loss in
alcohol-related arrest cases are 5.5 times greater if at some point during the officers law
enforcement career, the officer was named as a party-defendant in a civil rights lawsuit that was
originally filed in a state trial court and removed by the civil defendant to a United States District
Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1441. If the alcohol-related crime for which an officer was
arrested is also violence-related, then the simple odds of job loss are 1.4 times greater than if the
officers alcohol-related crime was not also violence-related. Similarly, the simple odds of job
loss are 2.5 times greater if an officer was arrested for an alcohol-related crime that was also sexrelated. Duty status also predicts job loss in alcohol-related police crime arrest cases, as the
simple odds of job loss are 1.9 times greater if the officer was arrested for an alcohol-related
crime that occurred while the officer was on-duty. As with many of the other prediction models,
conviction predicts job loss. The simple odds of job loss in alcohol-related arrest case are 1.6
times greater if an arrested officer is ultimately convicted of at least one of the criminal offenses
for which they were prosecuted in a criminal court. Two of the independent variables in the
logistic regression model predict a decrease in the likelihood of job loss following an arrest for
an alcohol-related police crime. If an officer was reassigned from one position to another
position in the officers employing law enforcement agency subsequent to being arrested for an
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alcohol-related crime, then the simple odds of job loss decrease by 84.9%. Also, the method of
crime detection predicts job loss in alcohol-related arrest cases, as the simple odds of job loss
decrease by 65.1%.
Figure 17 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 1,405 cases.
2
=
.420) and selected the variable sex-related crime versus other crime type as the splitting criterion.
Officers who were not involved in a sex-related case (node 1) lost their job in 35.5% of the cases.
In contrast, officers involved in a sex-related case (node 2) lost their job in 75.6% of the cases.
The officers who were convicted in node 1 were partitioned by the variable number of full-time
sworn personnel. Officers in police departments from 1-99 sworn officers lost their job in 44.7%
of the cases and officers in departments from 100-1000+ sworn officers lost their job in 29.8% of
the cases. The cases in node 2 were not partitioned further. The tree also included the following
variables in tiers three through five: organization versus against citizenry, victim age categorical,
years of service categorical, geographic division, case disposition, officer was convicted of a
crime, and state.
Predicting Conviction in Police DUI Arrest Cases
This section includes regression models predicting criminal conviction in an arrest case
on at least one offense charged against an officer arrested for driving under the influence (DUI).
Bivariate Chi-Square associations presented in Table 46 are statistically significant at p < .05 for
22 independent variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any offense charged. The
statistically significant bivariate association is strong for the State where the arrested officers
employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (46, N = 378) = 85.253, p < .001, V =
.475. The statistically significant bivariate association is moderate for Geographic Division,
134
where 2 (8, N = 378) = 25.595, p = .001, V = .260, as well as Geographic Region, where 2 (3, N
= 378) = 18.376, p < .001, V = .220. The statistically significant bivariate associations are weak
for each of the other 19 independent variables and the dependent variable.
conviction in police DUI arrest cases. Bivariate correlation computations for each of the
independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were highly correlated
with each other. None of the tolerance scores were below .936 and none of the variance inflation
factors were above 1.068, indicating that multicollinearity is not a problem in the model.
Autocorrelation is not a problem as indicated by the Durbin-Watson score of 2.155. Binary
logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of six predictors is statistically reliable
in distinguishing between conviction and nonconviction in police DUI arrest cases. The model
2
= .410). Wald
statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the logistic regression model
significantly predict conviction in police DUI arrest cases.
Interpretation of the odds ratios provide context for prediction of conviction in police
DUI arrest cases. Two of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when
conviction is more likely than not in police DUI cases. The simple odds of conviction are 1.3
times greater if the arrested officer was involved in a DUI-related traffic accident resulting in his
or her arrest. Once again, job loss predicts conviction, as the simple odds of conviction are 1.4
times greater if the arrested officer ultimately loses his or her job as a final adverse employment
action in the aftermath of being arrested for DUI. The four other independent variables in the
model predict when criminal conviction in a police DUI arrest case is less likely to occur. If an
officer arrested for DUI was also charged with a liquor law violation, then the simple odds of
135
conviction on at least one criminal offense charged decreased by 94.5%. The simple odds of
conviction decreased by 61.3% if the officer was acting in his or her official capacity as a sworn
law enforcement officer when arrested for DUI. In cases where an officer denied driving after
being involved in a DUI-related traffic accident, the simple odds of conviction decreased by
94.3%. In some instances, officers who were arrested for DUI refused to submit to a bloodalcohol content (BAC) test. The simple odds of conviction decreased by 53.9% when an officer
arrested for DUI refused to submit to a BAC test.
Figure 18 presents the results of predicting conviction and included a total of 390 cases.
2
=
The tree had an overall classification score of 80.3% (AUC = .747, 95% CI [.684 .809], RROC
.494) and selected the variable geographic division as the splitting criterion. Cases from East
North Central, West North Central, and East South Central geographic divisions (node 1) had
convictions in 92.6% of the cases. In contrast, cases from New England, South Atlantic, Pacific,
Middle Atlantic, Mountain, and West South Central divisions (node 2) had convictions in 72.6%
of the cases. The cases in node 1 were not partitioned further. The cases in node 2 were
partitioned by the variable state. Cases in Massachusetts, Florida, South Carolina, North
Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, Texas, New Hampshire, Oregon, New
Mexico, Connecticut, and Montana had convictions in 55.7% of the cases. Cases in California,
New York, New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia, Colorado, Arkansas, Nevada, Maryland,
Georgia, Maine, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Oklahoma, Hawaii, Delaware, Vermont, and the District
of Columbia had convictions in 88.1% of the cases. The tree did not have any additional
variables.
136
Predicting Job Loss in Police DUI Arrest Cases
The next set of models predict job loss in police DUI arrest cases. Chi-Square bivariate
associations presented in Table 48 are statistically significant at the p < .05 level for 29
independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss. There is a moderate bivariate
association between job loss and each of the following three independent variables: the State in
which the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (50, N =
960) = 107.344, p < .001, V = .334; the difference in years between the age of the arrested officer
and the age of the victim, where 2 (54, N = 960) = 80.423, p = .011, V = .289; and, Geographic
division, where 2 (8, N = 960) = 38.273, p < .001, V = .200.
A backward stepwise binary logistic regression model predicting job loss in police DUI
arrest cases is presented in Table 49. Bivariate correlations computed for each of the
independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the variables in the
model were highly correlated with each other. None of the tolerance scores were below .841 and
none of the tolerance scores were above 1.190, indicating that multicollinearity is not a problem.
The Durbin-Watson score of 1.975 indicates that there is no autocorrelation in the model. Binary
logistic regression results indicate that the multivariate model of eight predictors is statistically
reliable in distinguishing between officers who kept their jobs and officers who lost their jobs
after being arrested for DUI. The logistic regression model only correctly classified 66.9% of
2
= .436). Wald statistics indicate that all of the
the cases (AUC = .718, 95% CI [.666, .770], RROC
independent variables in the logistic regression model significantly predict whether an officer
will keep or lose his or her job after being arrested for DUI.
Interpretation of odds ratios provides context for prediction of job loss as a final adverse
employment action against an officer after being arrested for DUI. Six of the independent
137
variables in the logistic regression model predict when an officer is more likely than not to lose
his or her job after being arrested for DUI. The simple odds of job loss are 7.5 times greater if an
officer was involved in a DUI-related traffic accident after driving in the wrong direction on a
roadway. If an officer was charged with murder or nonnegligent manslaughter in a DUI arrest
case, the simple odds of job loss are 2.5 times greater. The simple odds of job loss are 1.9 times
greater if the officer was acting in his or her official capacity when arrested for DUI. If the DUI
arrest case incident was also violence-related, then the simple odds of job loss are 1.4 times
greater. Here again, conviction predicts job loss, as the simple odds of job loss are 1.3 times
greater if an officer arrested for DUI was ultimately convicted of one or more criminal offenses
arising out of the incident. Experienced police officers are more likely to lose their jobs after
being arrested for DUI than are inexperienced officers, as the simple odds of job loss increased
by 4.3% for every one unit categorical (3 year) increase in years of service at time of arrest. Two
of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when job loss is less likely
to occur subsequent to an officers arrest for DUI. The simple odds of job loss decreased by
13.8% for every one unit categorical increase in the number of full-time sworn personal
employed by the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency. Some law enforcement
agencies require their officers to be available at all times, 24/7. The simple odds of job loss
subsequent to an officers off-duty DUI arrest decreased by 89.5% if the officers employing
agency requires 24/7 availability.
2
= .358) and selected the variable geographic division as the splitting criterion. Officers
RROC
from New England, West North Central, South Atlantic, and Mountain division states (node 1)
138
lost their job in 41.8% of the cases. In contrast, officers from East North Central, Pacific, Middle
Atlantic, West South Central, and East South Central divisions (node 2) lost their job in 25.7% of
the cases. Cases in node 1 were partitioned by the variable state. Officers from Minnesota,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Maryland,
Wyoming, Maine, Iowa, Kansas, Delaware, Idaho, and Nebraska lost their job in 19.8% of the
cases. Officers from Massachusetts, Florida, South Carolina, Colorado, Georgia, New Mexico,
North Carolina, Virginia, Arizona, South Dakota, New Hampshire, Missouri, District of
Columbia, Utah, and Vermont lost their job in 48.5% of the cases. Cases in node 2 were
partitioned by the variable state. Officers from; Illinois, Texas, Michigan, Tennessee,
Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, and Alabama lost their job in 37.4% of the cases. Officers from Ohio,
Indiana, California, New York, Louisiana, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Kentucky, Washington,
Arkansas, Oregon, Mississippi, Alaska, and Hawaii lost their job in 18.4% of the cases. The tree
also included the following variables in tiers three though five: age (categorical) and state.
139
Part IV: Drug-related Police Crime Data Set Models
The data set includes 739 cases in which sworn law enforcement officers were arrested
for drug-related crimes during the time period January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2011.
The drug-related arrest cases involve 665 individual sworn officers employed by 432 nonfederal
state, local, special, constable, and tribal law enforcement agencies located in 323 counties and
independent cities in 45 states and the District of Columbia (all except Alaska, Maine, Montana,
North Dakota, and Vermont). Of these, 44 (6.6%) of the arrested officers have more than one
case ( X = 1.11, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .724) because they have more than one victim
(one criminal case per crime victim) and/or were arrested for a drug-related crime on more than
one occasion.
The majority of drug-related arrest cases involved an officer who is known to have
ultimately lost their job (n = 520, 70.4%) as a sworn law enforcement officer as a result of being
arrested. The known final employment outcomes in the drug-related cases include those in
which there was no known adverse employment action (n = 64, 8.7%), where the officer was
suspended (n = 155, 21.0%) for a period of time, where the officer was separated through
voluntary resignation (n = 220, 29.8%), and those cases where the officer was separated through
involuntary termination (n = 300, 40.6%). Approximately two-thirds of the drug-related police
crime arrest cases resulted in a criminal conviction against the arrested officer (n = 485, 65.6%)
on at least one offense.
Officers Arrested for Drug-related Police Crime, Offenses Charged & Employing Agencies
Table 50 presents information on the drug-related arrest cases in terms of the arrested
officers and their employing nonfederal law enforcement agencies. Most of the drug-related
cases involve male officers (n = 701, 94.9%). The modal category for known officer age at time
140
of arrest is 36-39 years of age (n = 136, 18.4%). The youngest officer was age 20 at time of
arrest, and the oldest officer was 76 years old ( X age = 37.18, Mdn age = 36, Mode age = 28,
SD = 8.182 years). The modal category for known years of service at time of arrest is three to
five years (n = 116, 15.7%). Most of the drug-related arrest cases involve sworn officers
employed in patrol or street-level rank including nonsupervisory officers, deputies, troopers, and
detectives (n = 629, 85.1%). Other drug-related cases involve arrested line and field supervisors
(n = 74, 10.0%) (i.e., corporals, sergeants, and lieutenants), as well as police executives and
managers (n = 36, 4.9%) (i.e., captains, majors, deputy chiefs and chief deputies, and chiefs and
sheriffs). Well over half of the drug-related arrest cases involve crimes that were committed
while on-duty (n = 444, 60.1%) working in official capacity as a sworn officer. Many of the
drug-related cases (n = 527, 71.3%) involve an officer who was arrested by a law enforcement
agency other than the arrested officers employing nonfederal law enforcement agency.
Most of the drug-related arrest cases involve sworn officers employed by municipal
police departments (n = 527, 71.3%) or sheriffs offices (n = 139, 18.8%). Officers arrested for
drug-related crimes were also employed by primary state police agencies (n = 23, 3.1%), county
police departments (n = 25, 3.4%), special law enforcement agencies (n = 20, 2.7%), constable
agencies (n = 4, 0.5%), and a tribal police department (n = 1, 0.1%). The modal category for
agency size by number of sworn officers employed is 1,000 or more full-time sworn officers (n =
236, 31.9%) and zero part-time sworn officers (n = 551, 74.6%). Most of the officers arrested in
drug-related criminal cases were employed by a law enforcement agency located in a nonrural
metropolitan county or independent city (n = 611, 82.7%). The employing law enforcement
agencies are located throughout the United States, including in the Southern states (n = 346,
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46.8%), Northeastern states (n = 154, 20.8%), Midwestern states (n = 145, 19.6%), and Western
states (n = 94, 12.7%).
Table 51 presents the drug-related cases in terms of the most serious offense charged.
There are 37 separate offense categories represented as the most serious offense charged in drugrelated police crime arrest cases during the years 2005-2011. Most common in the drug-related
cases as the most serious offense charged are drug offenses (n = 308, 41.7%), robbery (n = 60,
8.1%), driving under the influence (n = 38, 5.1%), unclassified theft/larceny offenses (n = 33,
4.5%), theft from a building (n = 28, 3.8%), and burglary (n = 26, 3.5%).
Specific Drugs and Classes of Drugs in the Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
Table 52 presents information on the specific drugs as well as classes of drugs in the
drug-related police crime arrest cases from years 2005-2011. In some cases it was not possible
to determine specific drugs, or even classes of drugs, involved in the criminal behavior resulting
in an officers arrest for a drug-related crime. All classes of commonly abused drugs are found,
except inhalants, in the drug-related police crime arrest cases, including stimulants (n = 308,
41.7%), narcotics, (n = 197, 26.7%), cannabis (n = 177, 24.0%), depressants (n = 45, 6.1%),
anabolic steroids (n = 44, 5.9%), and hallucinogens (n = 23, 3.1%). Some of the drug-related
arrest cases involve two classes of drugs (n = 105, 14.2%), three classes of drugs (n = 22, 3.0%),
or four classes of drugs (n = 13, 1.8%).
Twenty specific drugs were mentioned in the case article narratives and/or court records
of drug-related arrest cases analyzed in the current study. The most common drugs in these
cases are cocaine (n = 233, 31.5%), marijuana (n = 177, 24.0%), oxycodone (n = 89, 12.0%),
hydrocodone (n = 69, 9.3%), crack (n = 58, 7.8%), amphetamine and methamphetamine (n = 53,
7.2%), heroin (n = 50, 6.8%), unclassified narcotics (n = 29, 3.9%), anabolic steroids not
142
including testosterone (n = 29, 3.9%), unclassified depressants (n = 26, 3.5%), benzodiazepines
(n = 19, 2.6%), and testosterone (n = 17, 2.3%). Some of the drug-related arrest cases involve
four or more specific drugs (n = 22, 3.0%), three specific drugs (n = 35, 4.7%), two specific
drugs (n = 136, 18.4%), or one specific drug (n = 415, 56.2%). In some drug-related cases it was
not possible to determine any specific drug (n = 131, 17.7%).
Victims of Drug-related Police Crime
Victim characteristics in drug-related police crime arrest cases in years 2005-2011 are
presented in Table 53. Victim information was not ascertainable in many of the drug-related
police crime arrest cases. As such, missing data limits the findings as to victims of the drugrelated cases. Over half of the known victims of drug-related police crime are male (n = 57,
52.3%). The modal category for known victim age is 20-24 (n = 8). Most of the known victims
were adults (n = 129, 90.2%) and almost none of the victims of drug-related police crime were
also known to be police officers (n = 4, 2.9%). The relationship of the victim and the arrested
officer could not be determined in most of the drug-related arrest cases (n = 601, 81.3%). Of
known victims, most are strangers or nonstranger acquaintances (n = 112, 81.2%) to the arrested
officer.
Predicting Patterns of Drug-related Corruption in Police Crime Arrest Cases
Table 54 presents patterns of drug-related corruption in police crime arrest cases during
the years 2005-2011. The arrested officers were charged with drug-related crimes that involved
a variety of recognized patterns of drug corruption, including drug trafficking (n = 299, 40.5%),
personal use of drugs (n = 235, 31.8%), crimes that facilitate the drug trade (n = 172, 23.3%),
drug-related shakedowns and thefts (n = 171, 23.1%), drug thefts from police evidence rooms (n
= 60, 8.1%), drug-related falsification (n = 58, 7.8%), forged prescriptions (n = 33, 4.5%),
143
planting evidence (n = 33, 4.5%), and crimes that involve sexually-motivated drug corruption (n
= 25, 3.4%). Drug-related shakedowns included thefts from street-level drug dealers (n = 75),
thefts during warrantless searches (n = 69), thefts during traffic stops of cars and from drug
couriers (n = 58), off-duty robberies (n = 35), illegitimate raids and searches (n = 33), and
shakedowns and thefts during dispatched calls for service (n = 16). Some of the drug-related
police crime arrest cases did not involve any patterns of drug corruption (n = 59, 8.0%). The
largest number of the drug-related cases included one pattern (n = 316, 42.8%) or two patterns (n
= 192, 26.0%) of drug corruption. A smaller percentage of the cases involved three patterns (n =
72, 9.7%), four patterns (n = 56, 7.6%), or five or more patterns (n = 44, 5.9%) of drug
corruption criminal activities.
Some of the drug-related police crime arrest cases also involved other types of police
crime, including those that are also profit-motivated (n = 438, 59.3%), violence-related (n = 132,
17.9%), alcohol-related (n = 38, 5.1%), and/or sex-related (n = 37, 5.0%). Many of the drugrelated police crime arrest cases also involve at least one other type of police crime (n = 513,
69.4%).
CART procedures were utilized to identify the causal pathways between the statistically
significant variables to create classification estimates for six of the most prevalent forms of
misconduct including drug trafficking, the three most prevalent types of theft/shakedown, drug
use, and facilitation of the drug trade. Cocaine was the strongest predictor for three of the six
decision trees where specific drugs were the independent variables. The CART analysis also
identified numerous other drugs that all significantly contributed to classification estimates
beyond the splitting criterion. The following drugs were represented in nodes below the splitting
criterion: hydrocodone, heroin, marijuana, crack, anabolic steroids (other than testosterone),
144
phencyclidine and analogs, oxycodone, and cocaine. The CART models presented in Table 55
had varying levels of predictive power AUC of .685 to .792. The models that examined drug
trafficking and facilitation of the drug trade had poor predictive power. In contrast, the models
that examined various forms of theft/shakedown had the highest levels of predictive power. The
tree predicting theft/shakedowns of street level dealers had the highest predictive power (AUC =
2
.792, 95% CI [.740, .844], RROC
= .584). Cocaine was identified as the strongest predictor and,
therefore, was selected as the splitting criterion for the data. The remaining branches of the tree
were based on the responses to the splitting criterion. Marijuana and heroin were statistically
significant, but only in cases where cocaine was present.
A second set of decision tree analyses predicted the various patterns of corruption using
drug classes instead of specific drugs is also presented in Table 55. Stimulants were selected as
the splitting criterion, and were the strongest predictor for facilitation of the drug trade, drug
trafficking, and shakedowns and thefts from car stops and drug couriers. Narcotics were the
strongest predictor for drug use. Cannabis were the strong predictor for shakedowns and thefts
from warrantless searches/seizures and street level dealers. CART trees that utilized drug classes
as predictors had a large range of predicted power. The tree predicting facilitation of the drug
trade had a low AUC score of .654, suggesting that the tree is barely able to predict 50% of the
cases correctly. The trees predicting the specific types of shakedowns each have AUC scores
that exceed 0.75. The strongest tree predicted thefts/shakedowns from street-level dealers based
on cannabis as the strongest predictor and splitting variable (AUC = .755, 95% CI [.697, .814],
2
= .510).
RROC
145
Predicting Conviction in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The regression models in this section predict criminal conviction on one or more offenses
charged in drug-related police crime arrest cases versus nonconviction on any offense.
Conviction data are available on approximately three-fourths of the drug-related cases (n = 562,
76.0%). Of those, most of the officers arrested in a drug-related case were convicted (n = 485,
valid 86.3%) on at least one criminal offense charged in the case. Bivariate Chi-Square
associations are statistically significant at the p < .05 level for 28 independent variables and the
dependent variable, conviction on any offense charged. See Table 56. There are four bivariate
moderate associations as indicated by the Cramers V scores for the statistically significant ChiSquare statistics. They are victim relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (6, N = 129) =
15.398, p = .017, V = .345; the state where the arrested officers employing agency is located,
where 2 (43, N = 562) = 65.220, p = .016, V = .341; the number of years difference in age
between the arrested officers age at time of arrest and the age of their victim, where 2 (25, N =
562) = 63.847, p < .001, V = .337; and, the age of the victim (in a categorical age recoded
variable), where 2 (9, N = 562) = 47.832, p < .001, V = .292.
conviction in drug-related police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for each of
the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the variables
were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no
tolerance scores below .928 and no variance inflation factors above 1.077. Autocorrelation is
also not a problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 1.799. Logistic regression results
indicate that the overall model of five predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between
conviction in drug-related police crime arrest cases and nonconviction in drug-related police
146
crime arrest cases. The model correctly classified 85.3% of the cases (AUC = .849, 95% CI
2
[.761, .937], RROC
= .698). Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the
binary logistic regression model significantly predict conviction in drug-related police crime
arrest cases.
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of conviction on one or more
criminal offenses charged in drug-related police crime arrest cases. The simple odds of
conviction are 3.5 times greater if the officer ultimately loses their job as a sworn law
enforcement officer subsequent to an arrest for a drug-related crime. Conversely, the simple
odds of conviction decrease by 87.3% if the officer was suspended from their job as a sworn law
enforcement officer after being arrested in a drug-related criminal case. If an officer is charged
with obstruction of justice in a drug-related criminal case, the simple odds of conviction decrease
by 81.8%. It is possible in drug-related cases where an officer is charged with obstruction of
justice that criminal courts are skeptical of the officers criminality.
The relationship of the victim in a drug-related police crime arrest case also impacts on
whether an arrested officer will be convicted of at least one criminal offense charged in the case.
The simple odds of conviction increase by 60.1% for every one step increase in our categorical
variable of victim relationship. In that eight-category variable, 1 = victim is current spouse of the
arrested officer, and 8 = stranger or nonstranger acquaintance to the arrested officer. Thus, an
officer is more likely to be convicted in a drug-related police crime arrest case the more distant
the relationship is between the arrested officer and their victim in a drug-related crime. The
simple odds of conviction decrease by 9.1% for every one step increase in the categorical age of
the victim in a drug-related police crime arrest case. That is to say, generally, as victim age goes
147
up, the likelihood of conviction of one or more criminal offenses charged in a drug-related police
crime case goes down.
2
= .520) and selected the variable officer was suspended as the splitting criterion. Officers
RROC
who had been previously suspended (node 1) were convicted in 80.9% of the cases. In contrast,
officers who were not previously suspended (node 2) were convicted in 48.9% of the cases. The
officers who had been previously suspended in node 1 were partitioned by the variable job loss.
Officers who lost their job were convicted in 85.7% of the cases and officers who did not lose
their job were suspended in only in 67.9% of the cases. The officers who had not been
previously suspended in node 2 were partitioned by the variable profit-motivated police crime
versus other crime. Officers who were involved in a profit-motivated case were convicted in
96.4% of the cases and officers who were not involved in a profit-motivated case were convicted
in 86.1% of cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers two through four:
stimulants, arresting agency, drug/narcotic violation, and drugs: selling, dealing, or trafficking.
Predicting Job Loss in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
In this section, the models predict job loss in the drug-related police crime arrest cases.
More than two-thirds of drug-related arrest cases are known to have resulted in the arrested
officer losing his or her job (n = 520, 70.4%) as a sworn law enforcement officer subsequent to
being arrested. Chi-Square bivariate associations are statistically significant at the p < .05 level
for 41 independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss. See Table 58. The strength of
the statistically significant bivariate association is, however, weak in 38 of the 41 predictors.
There is a moderate association that is statistically significant between job loss and officers age
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at time of arrest, where 2 (45, N = 739) = 62.818, p = .041, V = .303; year of officers arrest
(during the study period of officers who were arrested during the years 2005 through 2011),
where 2 (6, N = 739) = 56.885, p < .001, V = .277; and, difference in years between the age of
the arrested officer at time of arrest and the age of the victim in a drug-related police crime arrest
case, where 2 (26, N = 739) = 39.386, p = .045, V = .231.
loss subsequent to an officers arrest for a drug-related crime. Bivariate correlations computed
for each of the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the
variables in the model were highly correlated with each other. None of the tolerance statistics
are below .892, and none of the variance inflation factors are higher than 1.121, indicating that
multicollinearity is not a problem. The Durbin-Watson score of 1.791 indicates that there is no
autocorrelation in the model. Logistic regression results indicate that the multivariate model of
nine predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between officers who kept their job after
being arrested for a drug-related crime and officers who lost their jobs after being arrested
through either involuntary termination or voluntary resignation. The model correctly classified
2
all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict whether an officer lost or kept
their job as a sworn law enforcement officer after being arrested for a drug-related police crime.
Predictors of the final adverse employment outcomes in the drug-related police crime
arrest cases are aided by interpretation of the odds ratios. Five of the independent variables
predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as a sworn law enforcement officer
after being arrested for a drug-related crime. The simple odds of job loss are 5.6 times greater if
the arrested officer has been sued (at some point during their law enforcement career) in a state
149
court for civil rights violations and the civil action was removed from state court to a federal
district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1441 because the lawsuit raised a federal question. These
are cases where a cause of action arose under 42 U.S.C. 1983 (civil action for deprivation of
civil rights under the color of law) that were originally filed in a state trial court and later
removed by defense counsel to a United States District Court because the claim involves a
federal statute or constitutional tort. Almost one-third of the drug-related police crime arrest
cases (n = 232, 31.4%) involve an officer who has been sued in federal court pursuant to 42
U.S.C. 1983 at some point during their police career. The class of drug involved in the arrest
case also impacts on the final adverse employment outcome (job loss). The simple odds of job
loss are almost 3.3 times greater if the drug-related police crime arrest case involved a narcotic.
Also, the level of rurality in the location of the arrested officers employer predicts job loss. The
simple odds of job loss after being arrested for a drug-related police crime are approximately 1.6
times greater if the employing law enforcement agency is located in a nonmetropolitan (that is,
rural) county or independent city.
Four of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when an officer
is more likely to keep his or her job subsequent to being arrested for a drug-related police crime.
The simple odds of job loss decrease by 73.8% if the drug-related crime is also alcohol-related.
Certain crimes predict a decrease in likelihood of job loss following an officers arrest for a drugrelated crime. The simple odds of job loss decrease by 82.1% if the officer is charged with
counterfeiting and/or forgery offenses. Similarly, the simple odds of job loss decrease by 69.4%
if the drug-related police crime case includes an allegation of falsification by the arrested officer.
If the arrested officers chief is under scrutiny as a result of the drug-related police crime case,
then the simple odds of job loss for the arrested officer go down by 62.8%.
150
2
= .466) and selected the variable year of arrest as the splitting criterion. Officers who were
RROC
arrested before the year 2007 (node 1) lost their job in 54.0% of the cases. In contrast, officers
who were arrested after 2007 (node 2) lost their job in 78.7% of the cases. The officers arrested
prior to the year 2007 in node 1 were not partitioned by any variable. The officers arrested after
the year 2007 in node 2 were partitioned by the variable criminal conviction. Officers who were
convicted lost their jobs in 81.1% of the cases and officers who were not convicted lost their job
in 57.4% of cases. The tree also included the following variables in tiers three through six:
profit-motivated crime versus other crime type, officer was suspended for a period of time, year
of arrest, and age.
151
Part V: Violence-related Police Crime Data Set Models
There are 3,328 cases in the data set where nonfederal sworn law enforcement officers
were arrested for violence-related crimes during the years 2005-2011. The violence-related
arrest cases involve 2,586 individual officers employed by 1,445 nonfederal state, local, special,
constable, tribal, and regional law enforcement agencies located in 805 counties and independent
cities in 49 states (all except Wyoming) and the District of Columbia. Of those, 407 of the
arrested officers had more than one case ( X = 1.29, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = 1.044),
because they had more than one victim (one criminal case per victim) and/or were arrested for a
violence-related crime on more than one occasion during the study period years of 2005-2011.
More than half of the violence-related arrest cases involve an officer who is known to
have lost his or her job (n = 1,748, 52.5%) subsequent to being arrested. The known final
employment outcomes in the violence-related arrest cases include those in which there was no
known adverse employment action taken against the arrested officer (n = 419, 12.6%), cases
resulting in the arrested officer being suspended from his or her job for a period of time (n =
1,161, 34.9%), cases in which the arrested officer was separated through voluntary resignation (n
= 767, 23.0%), and cases in which the arrested officer was separated through involuntary
termination of employment (n = 981, 29.5%). Less than half of the violence-related arrest cases
are known to have resulted in criminal conviction of the arrested officer (n = 1,316, 39.5%) on at
least one criminal offense, although the conviction rate is higher (66.3%) in the cases where the
criminal case disposition is known.
Included in the violence-related police crime cases are a subset of 961 officer-involved
domestic violence arrest cases. The officer-involved domestic violence cases involve 849
individual officers employed by 604 nonfederal state, local, special, tribal, and regional law
152
enforcement agencies located in 436 counties and independent cities in 49 states (all except
Wyoming) and the District of Columbia. Of these, 89 of the arrested officer had more than one
officer-involved domestic violence arrest case ( X = 1.13, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .449),
because they had more than one victim and/or were arrested for a crime involving officerinvolved domestic violence (while still employed as a sworn law enforcement officer) on more
than one occasion during the years 2005-2011.
Just over one-third of the officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases involve an
officer known to have lost his or her job (n = 360, 37.5%) as a sworn law enforcement officer
after being arrested. The known final employment outcomes in the officer-involved domestic
violence arrest cases include those in which there was no known adverse employment action
taken against the arrested officer (n = 148, 15.4%), cases that resulted in the arrested officer
being suspended from his or her job for a period of time (n = 453, 47.1%), cases in which the
arrested officer was separated from his or her employing law enforcement agency through
voluntary resignation (n = 150, 15.6%), and cases in which the arrested officer was separated
through involuntary termination of employment (n = 210, 21.9%).
Officers Arrested for Violence-related Police Crime, Offenses Charged & Employers
Table 60 presents information on the violence-related police crime arrest cases in terms
of the arrested officers and their employing law enforcement agencies. Most of the violencerelated cases involve male officers (n = 3,194, 96.0%) who were arrested. The youngest officer
arrested for a violence-related crime was age 19 at time of arrest, and the oldest officer was 74
years old ( X age = 36.00, Mdn age = 36.00, Mode age = 35, SD = 8.232 years). Most of the
violence-related arrest cases involve sworn officers employed in patrol or street-level
nonsupervisory positions (n = 2,797, 84.0%). Less than two-thirds of the violence-related police
153
crime arrest cases involved crimes committed while the officer was off-duty (n = 2,155, 64.8%).
Similarly, less than two-thirds of the violence-related arrest cases involve arrests effectuated by
some other law enforcement agency (n = 2,100, 63.1%) and were not arrested by representatives
of the agency where the arrested officer was employed.
Most of the violence-related police crime arrest cases involved officers employed by
municipal police departments (n = 2,504, 75.2%) or sheriffs offices (n = 523, 15.7%). Officers
arrested for violence-related crimes were also employed by primary state police agencies (n =
118, 3.5%), county police departments (n = 90, 2.7%), special police departments (n = 77, 2.3%),
constable agencies (n = 6, 0.2%), tribal police departments (n = 9, 0.3%), or a regional police
department (n = 1, 0.0%). The modal category for agency size by number of full-time sworn
personnel is 1,000 or more sworn officers (n = 987, 29.7). Most of the employing law
enforcement agencies were located in a nonrural metropolitan county or independent city (n =
2,880, 86.5%). The agencies employing officers arrested for violence-related police crime are
located throughout the United States, including in Southern states (n = 1,386, 41.6%),
Northeastern states (n = 715, 21.5%), Midwestern states (n = 664, 20.0%), and Western states (n
= 563, 16.9%).
Table 61 presents the violence-related police crime arrest cases in terms of the most
serious offense charged. There are 40 separate criminal offense categories representing the most
serious offense charged in each of the violence-related cases during the years 2005-2011. Most
common offenses are simple assault (n = 870, 26.4%), aggravated assault (n = 570, 17.1%),
forcible fondling (n = 352, 10.6%), forcible rape (n = 322, 9.7%), intimidation and harassment (n
= 200, 6.0%), murder and nonnegligent manslaughter (n = 104, 3.1%), unclassified offenses (n =
154
99, 3.0%), forcible sodomy (n = 94, 2.8%), robbery (n = 92, 2.8%), and criminal deprivation of
civil rights (n = 61, 1.8%).
Victims of Violence-related Police Crime
Table 62 presents victim characteristics in violence-related police crime arrest cases
during the years 2005-2011. More than half of the cases involve a crime victim who is female (n
= 1,841, 55.3%, known 62.1%). Most of the victims are adults (n = 2,416, 72.6%, known
78.1%) and are not law enforcement officers (n = 2,912, 87.5%, known 93.8%). Slightly more
than half of the victims are strangers or nonstranger acquaintances (n = 1,668, 50.1%, valid
54.3%) to the officer who was arrested. Some of the victims of violence-related police crime
arrest cases were family members of the arrested officer, including current spouse (n = 336,
10.1%), former spouse (n = 59, 1.8%), child or stepchild (n = 159, 4.8%), or some other relative
(n = 84, 2.5%). Other victims include a child unrelated to the arrested officer (n = 451, 13.6%),
current girlfriend or boyfriend (n = 195, 5.9%) and former girlfriend or boyfriend (n = 118,
3.5%).
Predicting Conviction in Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
In this section the regression models predict conviction in violence-related police crime
arrest cases. Bivariate Chi-Square associations presented in Table 63 are statistically significant
at p < .05 for 75 independent variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any offense
charged. Five of the bivariate associations are of moderate strength as indicated by the Cramers
V score, including job loss, where 2 (1, N = 1,984) = 254.985, p < .001, V = .358; victim age,
where 2 (73, N = 962) = 96.014, p = .037, V = .316; the State in which the arrested officers
employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (49, N = 1,984) = 98.550, p < .001, V =
155
.223; sex-related, where 2 (1, N = 1,984) = 85.756, p < .001, V = .208; and, the relationship of
the victim to the arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 1,855) = 77.089, p < .001, V = .204.
conviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases. Computation of bivariate correlations
for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were
scores below .779 and no variance inflation factors above 1.285. The Durbin-Watson score of
1.748 indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem. Logistic regression results indicate that the
overall model of ten predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between conviction and
nonconviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases. The binary logistic regression model
2
= .482). Wald
statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict criminal
conviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases.
Interpretation of the odds ratios in the logistic regression model provide context for
prediction of conviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases. Nine of the independent
variables in the regression model predict when conviction is more likely to occur when an officer
was charged with one or more violence-related criminal offenses. The serious nature of the
crimes for which officers were arrested impacts on criminal conviction. The simple odds of
conviction are more than 11 times greater if the arrested officer was charged with either burglary
or driving under the influence while driving a personally-owned vehicle. Similarly, the simple
odds of conviction are eight times greater if the officer was arrested for pornography or obscene
material. The simple odds of conviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases are 2.9
times greater if the officer was arrested for criminal deprivation of civil rights, and 1.7 times
156
greater if the arrested officer was charged with forcible sodomy. If the violence-related crime for
which an officer was arrested is also sex-related, then the simple odds of conviction are 87%
more likely than if the crime was not sex-related. Also, the level of an officers experience as a
sworn law enforcement officer predicts conviction because it is a factor considered by the courts
in criminal case adjudication. The simple odds of conviction in violence-related cases go up by
4.9% for every one unit categorical (three year) increase in years of service as a sworn officer at
time of the officers arrest. The simple odds of conviction in violence-related police crime arrest
cases are 6.3 times greater if the underlying incident was officer-involved domestic violence
resulting in fatal injuries to the victim. As with most other prediction models in this study, job
loss predicts criminal conviction, as the simple odds of conviction in violence-related police
crime arrest cases is 4.5 times greater if the officer ultimately lost his or her job as a sworn law
enforcement officer after being arrested. There is one independent variable in the logistic
regression model that predicts when the odds of criminal conviction decrease; the simple odds of
conviction in violence-related cases decrease by 8.3% for every one categorical unit increase in
the number of full-time sworn personnel employed by the arrested officers employing law
enforcement agency. The odds of conviction in violence-related police crime arrest cases go
down as the size of the arrested officers employing agency goes up.
Figure 22 presents the results of predicting conviction and included a total of 654 police
officers. The tree had an overall classification score of 76.8% (AUC = .721, 95% CI [.673,
2
= .442) and selected the variable victims relationship to the offender as the splitting
.768], RROC
criterion. Cases that involved victims who were a stranger or nonstranger acquaintance,
unrelated child, ex-spouse, former boyfriend or girlfriend, or a child/stepchild (node 1) to the
offender resulted in a conviction in 77.5% of the cases. In contrast, cases that involved victims
157
who were a current spouse, current boyfriend or girlfriend, or some other relative of the offender
(node 2) resulted in a conviction in 54.7% of the cases. Cases in node 1 were further partitioned
by the variable job loss. Officers who lost their job were convicted in 83% of the cases and
officers who did not lose their job were convicted in only in 71.3% of the cases. Cases in node 2
were not partitioned further. The tree also included the following variables in tiers two through
four: geographic region and state.
Predicting Job Loss in Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
The next set of regression models predict job loss in violence-related police crime arrest
cases. Chi-Square bivariate associations presented in Table 65 are statistically significant at p <
.05 for 90 independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss. The strength of the
statistically significant bivariate associations is moderate for each of 8 independent variables and
job loss: conviction, where 2 (1, N = 1,984) = 254.985, p < .001, V = .358; sex-related, where 2
(1, N = 3,328) = 284.771, p < .001, V = .293; victim age, where 2 (76, N = 1,463) = 100.641, p =
.031, V = .224; victims relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (7, N = 3,070) = 153.358, p
< .001, V = 224; police sexual violence, where 2 (1, N = 3.328) = 151.504, p < .001, V = .213;
Year of arrest, where 2 (49, N = 3,328) = 151.504, p < .001, V = .210; the difference in years
from the age of the arrested officer to the age of the victim, where 2 (99, N = 3,328) = 140.586,
p = .004, V = 206; and, forcible fondling, where 2 (1, N = 3,328) = 137.226, p < .001, V = .203.
loss as a final adverse employment action against an officer after being arrested for a violencerelated crime. Bivariate correlations for each of the independent variables in the model indicate
that none of the variables are highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a
problem as indicated by no tolerance scores below .572 and no variance inflation factors above
158
1.747. Autocorrelation is not a problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 1.715.
Logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of eleven predictors is statistically
reliable in distinguishing between officers who kept their job after being arrested and officers
who lost their job after being arrested in a violence-related arrest case. Wald statistics indicate
that all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict job loss in violence-related
cases. The binary logistic regression model correctly classified 79.5% of the cases (AUC = .768,
2
= .536).
95% CI [.744, .791], RROC
Context for prediction of job loss in violence-related police crime arrest cases is provided
through interpretation of the odds ratios. Five of the independent variables in the logistic
regression model predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as a sworn law
enforcement officer after being arrested for a violence-related criminal offense. The year of the
arrest (within the time period years, 2005-2011) predicts job loss, but this is likely an artifact of
the data and potentially resulting from one of several threats to internal validity. The simple
odds of job loss are 2.8 times greater if the violence-related crime for which the officer was
arrested involved police sexual violence. The relationship of the arrested officer to his or her
victim in violence-related police crime arrest cases predicts job loss, as the simple odds of job
loss increase by 24.4% for every one unit categorical increase on the eight-point scale of victim
relationship (but it is a nominal level variable, so the practical interpretation is imprecise). On
that variable (V85 on the coding instrument) the categories are 1 = victim is current spouse, 2 =
victim is former spouse, 3 = victim is current girlfriend or boyfriend, 4 = victim is former
girlfriend or boyfriend, 5 = victim is child or stepchild, 6 = victim is other relative, 7 = victim is
an unrelated child, and 8 = victim is a stranger or nonstranger acquaintance. As for most of the
other prediction models in this study, conviction predicts job loss and job loss predicts
159
conviction. Here, the simple odds of job loss are 6 times greater in violence-related cases if the
arrested officer is ultimately convicted in criminal court of at least one of the offenses charged
against the officer. Some of the officers in the current study who were arrested were also named
as a party-defendant in one or more federal court civil actions alleging civil rights violations at
some point during an officers career as a sworn law enforcement officer. In this model, the
simple odds of job loss in violence-related arrest cases are 2.4 times greater if the arrested officer
was sued (at some point during the officers law enforcement career) in a state court civil action
that was removed to a United States District Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1441.
Six of the independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when job loss is
less likely to occur in violence-related police crime arrest cases. As age goes up, the likelihood
of job loss goes down: the simple odds of job loss go down by 10% for every one categorical
unit (3 year) increase in the age of the officer at time of his or her arrest for a violence-related
crime. The officers status at time of committing the crime for which he or she was arrested also
predicts job loss. The simple odds of job loss decrease by 48.9% if the officer was acting in his
or her official capacity as a sworn law enforcement officer when he or she committed the
violence-related crime for which the officer was arrested. The employing agencys response also
predicts, in terms of adverse employment actions short of job loss after an officers arrest, when
job loss is unlikely. The simple odds of job loss decrease by 70.6% if an officer was reassigned
to another position within the agency after being arrested for a violence-related crime. Similarly,
the simple odds of job loss decrease by 76.8% if an officer was suspended from his or her job for
a period of time after being arrested for a violence-related crime. Interestingly, the simple odds
of job loss go down by 94.2% if the violence-related arrest case also involved the drug cannabis.
The sex of the victim in a violence-related police crime arrest case also predicts job loss, as the
160
simple odds of job loss in a violence-related case goes down by 43.6% if the victim is male (and
not a female). Conversely stated, job loss subsequent to an arrest for a violence-related police
crime is more likely if the crime victim is a woman or girl than a man or boy.
Figure 23 presents the results of predicting job loss and included a total of 3,328 cases.
2
=
.512) and selected the variable criminal conviction as the splitting criterion. Officers who were
convicted (node 1) lost their job in 55.6% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were not
convicted (node 2) lost their job in 41.7% of the cases. The officers who were convicted in node
1 were partitioned by the variable sex-related police crime versus other crime type. Officers
arrested in a sex-related case lost their job in 75.1% of the cases and officers arrested for crimes
that were not sex-related lost their job in 45.4% of the cases. The officers who were not
convicted in node 2 were partitioned by the variable sex-related versus other crime type. Here,
officers arrested for a sex-related case lost their job in 68.1% of the cases and officers arrested
for crimes that were not sex-related lost their job in 34.1% of the cases. The tree also included
the following variables in tiers three through five: year, officer was suspended for a brief period
of time, 42 U.S.C. 1983 civil defendant, duty status, simple assault, victim age categorical, age
(of the officer), and years of service categorical.
Predicting Conviction in Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases
The regression models in this section predict conviction in officer-involved domestic
violence arrest cases. Bivariate Chi-Square associations presented in Table 67 are statistically
significant at p < .05 for 26 independent variables and the dependent variable, conviction on any
offense charged. There was a strong bivariate association between conviction and the State in
which the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located, where 2 (46, N =
161
497) = 80.273, p = .001, V = .402. There was a moderate bivariate association between
conviction and each of the following independent variables: job loss, where 2 (1, N = 497) =
62.928, p < .001, V = .356; sex-related, where 2 (1, N = 497) = 34.222, p < .001, V = .356;
simple assault, where 2 (1, N = 497) = 29.509, p < .001, V = .244; victim age (categorical),
where 2 (9, N = 497) = 28.296, p = .001, V = .239; victims relationship to the arrested officer,
where 2 (7, N = 480) = 27.127, p < .001, V = .238; geographic division, where 2 (8, N = 497) =
24.938, p = .002, V = .224; and, forcible fondling, where 2 (1, N = 497) = 24.159, p < .001, V =
.220.
conviction in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed
for each of the independent variables in the model revealed that none of the variables were
scores below .775 and no variance inflation factors above 1.290. Autocorrelation is not a
problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 1.956. Logistic regression results indicate
that the overall model of ten predictors is statistically reliable in distinguishing between criminal
conviction and nonconviction in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. Wald statistics
indicate that all of the independent variables in the model significantly predict conviction in
officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. The logistic regression model correctly
2
= .640).
classified 76.9% of the cases (AUC = .820, 95% CI [.782, .858], RROC
Interpretation of the odds ratios provides context for prediction of conviction on at least
one criminal offense charged against an officer in officer-involved domestic violence arrest
cases. Eight of the independent variables in the model predict when an officer is more likely to
be convicted versus nonconviction. The outcomes in officer-involved domestic violence arrest
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cases demonstrate that the criminal courts are not willing to tolerate certain things from officers
who are arrested. The simple odds of conviction in an officer-involved domestic violence arrest
case are 18.1 times greater if the officer was charged with the offense of obstruction of justice.
Similarly, the simple odds of conviction are 7.8 times greater in officer-involved domestic
violence arrest cases if the officer was charged with vandalism (e.g., destruction of property,
criminal mischief). The simple odds of conviction are 3.6 times greater in cases involving
officer-involved domestic violence if the incident is also sex-related. The victims relationship
to the arrested officer in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases also predicts conviction.
The simple odds of conviction increase by 14.2% for every one unit categorical increase on the
eight-point scale of victim relationship. The interpretation of victim relationship can be better
explained in the regression tree analysis directly below.
There are several variables specific to cases involving officer-involved domestic violence
that predict the odds of criminal conviction. First, the simple odds of conviction are 1.2 times
greater if the officer uses or threatens to use a personally-owned gun. Second, the simple odds of
conviction are 3.7 times greater if the arrested officer violated a domestic order of protection.
Third, the simple odds of conviction are 6.7 times greater if the victim of the officer-involved
domestic violence is fatally injured as a result of the crime for which the officer was arrested.
Conversely, the simple odds of conviction decrease by 44.4% if the victim of an officer-involved
domestic violence arrest case is injured (nonfatal injuries). Once again, in this model job loss
predicts conviction. The simple odds of conviction are three times greater if the arrested officer
ultimately loses his or her job in the aftermath of being arrested in a case of officer-involved
domestic violence. Lastly, the location geographically predicts the criminal case disposition in
officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. Logistic regression provides no meaningful
163
interpretation of the odds ratio for geographic region within the United States, and the regression
tree analysis in the next paragraph provides context for interpretation of geographic location.
2
= .562) and selected the variable job lost as the splitting criterion. Officers who had not lost
RROC
their job (node 1) were convicted in 36.2% of the cases. In contrast, officers who lost their job
(node 2) were convicted in 71.5% of the cases. Cases in node 1 were further partitioned by the
variable year of arrest. Officers who were arrested during years 2005-2006 were convicted in
63.5% of the cases and officers who were arrested in years 2007-2011 were convicted in 26% of
the cases. Cases in node 2 were further separated by the variable geographic division. Cases
from the East North Central, West North Central, and Middle Atlantic divisions of the United
States had convictions in 85% of the cases. In contrast, cases from the Pacific, East South
Central, South Atlantic, West South Central, New England, and Mountain divisions of the
country had convictions in 62.5% of the cases. The tree also included the following variables in
tier three: state and victims relationship to the offender.
Predicting Job Loss in Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases
The set of regression models in this section predict job loss in officer-involved domestic
violence arrest cases. Chi-Square bivariate associations presented in Table 69 are statistically
significant at p < .05 for 40 independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss. The
strength of the statistically significant bivariate associations is moderate for each of six
independent variables and job loss: criminal conviction, where 2 (1, N = 497) = 62.928, p <
.001, V = .356; the difference in years between the age of the arrested officer and the age of the
victim, where 2 (65, N = 961) = 85.555, p = .045, V = .298; the State in which the arrested
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officers employing law enforcement agency was located, where 2 (49, N = 961) = 81.166, p =
.003, V = .291; sex-related, where 2 (1, N = 961) = 51.384, p < .001, V = .231; year of arrest,
where 2 (6, N = 961) = 41.162, p < .001, V = .207; and, forcible fondling, where 2 (1, N = 961)
= 39.122, p < .001, V = .202.
loss as a final adverse employment action against an officer after being arrested for an offense
relating to officer-involved domestic violence. Bivariate correlations for each of the independent
variables in the model indicate that none of the variables are highly correlated with each other.
Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated by no tolerance scores below .883 and no variance
inflation factors above 1.132. Autocorrelation is not a problem as indicated by a Durbin-Watson
score of 1.941. Logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of nine predictors is
statistically reliable in distinguishing between police crime arrest cases where officers kept their
job and cases where officers lost their job after being arrested for an incident of officer-involved
domestic violence. Wald statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the model
significantly predict job loss in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases. The logistic
2
regression model correctly classified 72.2% of the cases (AUC = .800, 95% CI [.762, .839], RROC
= .600).
Interpretation of odds ratios in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases provides
context for prediction of job loss. Duty status predicts job loss, as the simple of job loss are 5.3
times greater if the officer was on-duty when he or she was alleged to have committed officerinvolved domestic violence that resulted in the officers arrest. The simple odds of job loss in
officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases are 1.6 times greater if the arrested officer used
other body parts (not hands or fist) as a weapon against the crime victim. The simple odds of job
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loss go down by 50.9% in officer-involved domestic violence arrest cases if the officer was
charged with simple (misdemeanor) assault. The simple odds of job loss are 4.4 times greater if
the officer arrested in an officer-involved domestic violence case was convicted of at least one
criminal offense. The simple odds of job loss, however, decreased by 49% if an officer arrested
for a crime stemming from officer-involved domestic violence was suspended from his or her job
as a sworn officer for a period of time after being arrested. Officers arrested for crimes relating
to officer-involved domestic violence are more likely to lose their job as a sworn law
enforcement officer if their employing law enforcement agency is located in a rural area. The
simple odds of job loss increase by 52.1% for every one unit increase in rurality of the county (or
independent city) where the officers employing agency is located. Here again we also see a
relationship between job loss in a police crime arrest case and instances where officers have been
sued in federal court at some point during their career for violating someones civil rights. The
simple odds of job loss in police crime arrest cases stemming from officer-involved domestic
violence are 2.1 times greater if at some point during the arrested officers career, that officer
was sued in a state court for violating someones civil rights and the civil case was removed by a
civil defendant to a United States District Court pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. 1441.
2
= .478) and selected the variable case disposition: officer was convicted of a crime as the
RROC
splitting criterion. Officers who were convicted of at least one criminal offense charged (node 1)
lost their job in 51.8% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were not convicted of any offense
charged (node 2) lost their job in 25% of the cases. The officers who were convicted in node 1
were further partitioned by the variable year of arrest. Officers arrested during the years 2005-
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2007 lost their job in 37.8% of the cases and officers arrested during years 2008-2011 lost their
job in 61.4% of the cases. The officers who were not convicted in node 2 were partitioned by the
variable full-time sworn personnel. Arrested officers employed by law enforcement agencies
with 1-249 sworn officers lost their job in 32.5% of the cases and arrested officers employed by
agencies with 250-1000+ sworn officers lost their job in 16.7% of the cases. The tree also
included the following variables in tiers three through five: age categorical and geographic
division.
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Part VI: Profit-motivated Police Crime Data Set Models
There are 1,592 cases in the data set in which sworn nonfederal law enforcement officers
were arrested for profit-motivated crimes during the period January 1, 2005, through December
31, 2011. The profit-motivated arrest cases involve 1,396 individual officers employed by 782
state, local, special, constable, and tribal law enforcement agencies located in 531 counties and
independent cities in 47 states and the District of Columbia (all states except Idaho, Maine, and
North Dakota). Of these 1,396 officers who were arrested for profit-motivated crimes, 94 of the
arrested officers have more than one case ( X = 1.14, Mdn = 1.00, Mode = 1, SD = .808) because
they have more than one crime victim (one criminal case per crime victim) and/or were arrested
for a profit-motivated crime on more than one occasion during the study years 2005-2011. More
than two-thirds of the profit-motivated criminal cases involved an arrested officer who is known
to have lost his or her job (n = 1,080, 67.9%). The known final adverse employment outcomes
in these cases include no action against the arrested officer (n = 135, 8.5%), suspended (n = 376,
23.6%), voluntarily resigned (n = 503, 31.6%), and involuntarily terminated (n = 577, 36.3%).
More than half of the profit-motivated arrest cases resulted in a conviction (n = 914, 57.4%) on
one or more offenses charged in the case.
Officers Arrested for Profit-motivated Police Crime, Offenses & Employing Agencies
Table 71 presents descriptive information on the profit-motivated police crime arrest
cases in terms of the arrested officer and the offenses charged, as well as information on the
employing law enforcement agency and the arresting law enforcement agency. Most of the
profit-motivated arrest cases involve male officers (n = 1,497, 94.1%). The modal category for
known officer age at time of arrest is ages 36-39 (n = 244, 15.3%). The youngest officer arrested
for a profit-motivated police crime was 20 years old at time of arrest, and the oldest was 79 years
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old ( X age = 38.01, Mdn age = 37,00, Mode age = 41, SD = 9.097 years). The modal category
for known years of service as a sworn law enforcement officer at time of arrest is 3-5 years (n =
197, 12.4%) ( X years of service = 10.90, Mdn years of service = 10.00, Mode years of service =
4, SD = 7.808 years). Most of the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases involve sworn
officers in patrol and street-level ranks, including nonsupervisory officers, deputies, troopers,
and detectives (n = 1,243, 78.1%). Other profit-motivated police crime arrest cases include midrank line and field supervisors (n = 208, 13.1%) and high-ranking police managers and
executives (n = 140, 8.8%). More than two-thirds of the profit-motivated arrest cases involve
crimes that were committed while on-duty (n = 1,093, 68.7%). Even so, two-thirds of the cases
(n = 1,081, 67.9%) involve an arrest made by some law enforcement agency other than the
agency employing the arrested officer.
Most of the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases involve officers employed by
municipal police departments (n = 1,162, 73.0%) or sheriffs offices (n = 251, 15.8%). The
arrest cases also involve officers who were employed by primary state police agencies (n = 62,
3.9%), county police departments (n = 66, 4.2%), special police departments (n = 42, 2.6%),
constable agencies (n = 7, 0.4%), and tribal police departments (n = 1, 0.1%). The modal
category for size of the employing law enforcement agency by the number of full-time sworn
officers employed is 1,000 or more full-time sworn officers (n = 495, 31.1%) and zero part-time
sworn officers (n = 1,209, 76.1%). The majority of officers arrested in profit-motivated police
crime arrest cases were employed by a nonfederal law enforcement agency located in a nonrural
metropolitan county or independent city (n = 1,312, 82.5%). The employing agencies are located
throughout the United States, including agencies in the Southern states (n = 726, 45.6%),
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Northeastern states (n = 362, 22.8%), Midwestern states (n = 329, 20.7%), and Western states (n
= 174, 10.9%).
Table 72 presents the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases in terms of the most
serious offense charged in each case. There are 46 separate criminal offense categories
represented as the most serious offense charged in the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases
in years 2005-2011. Most common as the most serious offense charged in the profit-motivated
cases are unclassified thefts (n = 255, 16.0%), false pretenses (known as theft by deception in
Model Penal Code states) (n = 199, 12.5%), drug offenses (n = 189, 11.9%), robbery (n = 103,
6.4%), thefts from buildings (n = 92, 5.8%), and extortion and blackmail (n = 85, 5.3%).
Victims of Profit-motivated Police Crime
Table 73 presents victim characteristics in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases in
years 2005-2011. Victim information was not ascertainable from the source documents in many
of the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. Most of the known victims are male (n = 195,
83.3%). Almost none of the known victims are children under the age of 18 (98.2% of the
known victims are adults age 18 or older). Most of the known victims are strangers or
nonstranger acquaintances (n = 350, 21.9%) to the arrested officer.
Predicting Conviction in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases
In this section the regression models predict criminal conviction on any offense charged
in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases versus nonconviction. Conviction data are available
on over two-thirds of the profit-motivated cases (n = 1,105, 69.5%). Of those cases with known
criminal case outcomes, most of the officers arrested for profit-motivated crimes were convicted
(n = 914, valid 82.7%) on at one offense charged in the case. Bivariate Chi-Square associations,
presented in Table 74, are statistically significant at the p < .05 level for 49 independent variables
170
and the dependent variables, conviction on any offense charged. There are six bivariate
associations of moderate strength as indicated by the Cramers V scores for the statistically
significant Chi-Square statistics. The statistically significant bivariate associations of moderate
strength are the victims relationship to the arrested officer, where 2 (6, N = 266) = 25.017, p <
.001, V = .307; age of the officer at time of arrest, where 2 (49, N = 1,010) = 85.828, p = .001, V
= .292; the State where the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located,
where 2 (47, N = 1,105) = 88.251, p < .001, V = .283; years of service at time of arrest, where 2
(39, N = 799) = 62.423, p = .010, V = .280; job loss, where 2 (1, N = 1,105) = 82.094, p < .001,
V = .273; and categorical age, where 2 (10, N = 1,105) = 44.496, p < .001, V = .201.
conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. Bivariate correlations computed for
each of the independent variables in the logistic regression model revealed that none of the
variables were highly correlated with each other. Multicollinearity is not a problem as indicated
by no tolerance scores below .696 and no variance inflation factors above 1.436. The DurbinWatson score of 1.659 indicates that autocorrelation is not a problem in the model. Logistic
regression results indicate that the overall model of nine predictors is statistically reliable in
distinguishing between conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases and
nonconviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. The model correctly classified
2
all of the independent variables in the binary logistic regression model significantly predict
conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases.
Odds ratio interpretations provide context for prediction of conviction in profit-motivated
police crime arrest cases. The single largest predictor of conviction in the profit-motivated arrest
171
cases is whether the officers crime involved a drug-related shakedown. The simple odds of
conviction are 109 times greater if the profit-motivated police crime involved a drug-related
shakedown. Job loss also predicts conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. The
simple odds of conviction in a profit-motivated case are 23.2 times greater if the arrested officer
ultimately losses their job (either through involuntary termination or through voluntary
resignation) as the final adverse employment outcome following an officers arrest for a profitmotivated police crime. Violence-related police crime also predicts criminal conviction in
profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. The simple odds of conviction are 4.3 times higher if
an officers profit-motivated police crime is also violence-related. The type of nonfederal law
enforcement agency employing the arrested officer and the State where the employing agency is
located also predict criminal conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. The simple
odds of conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases increase by 68% for every one
unit increase in agency type. Agency type is a categorical variable where 1 = primary state
police agency, 2 = primary state police agency, 3 = sheriffs office, 4 = county police
department, 5 = municipal police department, 6 = special police department, 7 = constable
agency, 8 = tribal police department, and 9 = regional police department. As a literal
interpretation (remembering that this variable is a nominal-level measurement), that means as
you move away from primary state police agencies to other types of police departments, the
greater the likelihood of conviction. There is no practical interpretation of the odds ratio for
State where the officers employing nonfederal law enforcement agency was located, other than
to note that the simple odds of conviction in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases varies
from State to State.
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Several variables in the logistic regression model predict when criminal conviction (on
any offense charged in the case against the arrested officer) is less likely. Here, the number of
part-time sworn officers employed by the agency where the arrested officer works predicts
conviction. The simple odds of conviction go down by 27.2% for every one unit categorical
increase in the number of part-time sworn officers employed by the agency. The media and
public perception surrounding an officers arrest for profit-motivated police crime also impacts
on conviction. The simple odds of conviction goes down by 96.3% if the arrested officers chief
is under scrutiny as a result of the officers arrest for a profit-motivated police crime. Although
in the same model profit-motivated police crime arrest cases that involve a drug-related
shakedown increases the simples odds of conviction, drug-related shakedowns in the form of offduty robberies decreases the odds of conviction. The simple odds of conviction decrease by
98.9% if the officers profit-motivated police crime arrest case involves a drug-related
shakedown in the form of an off-duty robbery. Finally, the age of the victim in a profitmotivated police crime arrest case predicts the likelihood of conviction. The simple odds of
conviction decrease by 30% for every one unit categorical increase in the age of the victim in a
profit-motivated police crime arrest case.
Figure 26 presents the results of predicting conviction for the profit-motivated cases and
included a total of 1,105 police crime arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of
2
= .562) selected the variable job loss as the
85.2% (AUC = .781, 95% CI [.744, .818], RROC
splitting criterion. Officers who had not lost their job (node 1) were convicted in 62.4% of the
cases. In contrast, officers who lost their job (node 2) were convicted in 87.9% of the cases. The
officers who had not lost their job in node 1 were partitioned by the variable year of arrest.
Officers who were arrested from 2005-2006 were convicted in 83.6% of the cases. Officers who
173
were arrested in years 2007-2009 were convicted in 34.2% of the cases and officers who were
arrested in years 2010- 2011 were convicted in 59.9% of the cases. The officers who had lost
their job in node 2 were partitioned by the variable urban/rural continuum. Officers who were
employed by agencies located metropolitan counties (or independent cities) of 250,000 to 1
million; a nonmetropolitan county with an urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a
metro area; county in a metropolitan areas of fewer than 250,000 population, adjacent to a
metropolitan area; or a nonmetropolitan county with an urban population of 20,000 or more,
adjacent to a metropolitan area were convicted in 79.6% of the cases. Officers who were
employed by a law enforcement agency located in a county within a metropolitan area of 1
million population or more; nonmetropolitan county with an urban population 2,500 to 19,999,
adjacent to a metropolitan area; nonmetropolitan county with urban population of 2,500 to
19,999, not adjacent to a metropolitan area; nonmetropolitan county completely rural or less than
2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metropolitan area; nonmetropolitan county completely
rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metropolitan area were convicted in
92.6% of the cases. The tree also included the following variables in tier three: drug/narcotic
violation, urban/rural continuum, arresting agency, and geographic region.
Predicting Job Loss in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases
In this section the regression models predict job loss following an officers arrest for a
profit-motivated police crime. Bivariate Chi-Square associations are statistically significant at
the p < .05 level for 47 independent variables and the dependent variable, job loss binary (coded
as 0 = kept job and 1 = lost job) and are presented in Table 76. There are five bivariate
associations of moderate strength as indicated by the Cramers V scores for the statistically
significant Chi-Square statistics. They are: year of arrest, where 2 (6, N = 1,591) = 155.340, p <
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.001, V = .312; State where the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency is located,
where 2 (47, N = 1,591) = 126.335, p < .001, V = .282; whether the officer was convicted (for
any offense charged in the arrest case), where 2 (1, N = 1,105) = 82.094, p < .001, V = .273;
whether the officer was suspended for a period of time following his or her arrest for a profitmotivated crime, where 2 (1, N = 1,591) = 87.439, p < .001, V = .234; and, years of service as a
sworn law enforcement officer at time of arrest, where 2 (39, N = 1,126) = 56.457, p = .035, V =
.224.
loss in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. None of the independent variables are highly
correlated with each other, as indicated by bivariate correlations that were computed for each of
the independent variables in the logistic regression model. Multicollinearity is not a problem as
indicated by no tolerance scores below .766 and no variance inflation factors above 1.306.
Autocorrelation is not a problem in the model as indicated by a Durbin-Watson score of 1.523.
Logistic regression results indicate that the overall model of seven predictors is statistically
reliable in distinguishing between officers who lost their jobs after being arrested in a profitmotivated police crime case, and others who kept their jobs after being arrested in a profitmotivated police crime case. Wald Statistics indicate that all of the independent variables in the
model significantly predict job loss in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases. The model
2
= .336).
Context for prediction of job loss in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases is provided
through interpretation of odds ratios. Five of the independent variables in the logistic regression
model predict when an officer is more likely to lose his or her job as a sworn law enforcement
officer after being arrested for a profit-motivated police crime. The single largest predictor of
175
job loss is when the profit-motivated crime is also drug-related. The simple odds of job loss are
45.6 times greater in a profit-motivated police crime arrest case if the case also involves drug
selling, dealing, and/or trafficking. Conviction also predicts job loss, but here again it is not
possible to establish causal order between conviction and job loss with this data set. The simple
odds of job loss are ten times greater in profit-motivated police crime arrest cases if the arrested
officer is ultimately convicted on one or more criminal offenses charged in the case. Profitmotivated crimes that are committed by an officer in their official capacity as a sworn law
enforcement officer (as opposed to profit-motivated crimes committed by an officer in their
individual capacity) also predict job loss. The simple odds of job loss are nine times greater in
profit-motivated police crime arrest cases if the crime was committed by the arrested officer in
their official capacity. Similarly, profit-motivated crimes that are also internal crimes against the
organization (that is, a crime against the arrested officers employing law enforcement agency)
increase the simple odds of job loss by 46.4%. The geographic location of the arrested officers
employing law enforcement agency also predicts job loss in profit-motivated police crime arrest
cases. The simple odds of job loss increase by 69.5% in profit-motivated cases with every one
unit increase in the category of geographic division across the United States. There is no
practical interpretation of the odds ratio, however, for geographic division in this binary logistic
regression model.
Two independent variables in the logistic regression model predict when an officer is
going to keep their job as a sworn law enforcement officer after being arrested in a profitmotivated police crime arrest case. The first of these is when an officer is charged with the
offense of obstruction of justice in a profit-motivated case, where the simple of job loss decrease
by 93.5%. In some of the profit-motivated police crime arrest cases there was discussion in the
176
news article narratives of an agency scandal or cover up in the aftermath of an officer being
arrested. The simple odds of job loss decrease by 92.5% in profit-motivated police crime arrest
cases if there is discussion of a scandal or cover up at the employing officers law enforcement
agency.
Figure 27 presents the results of predicting conviction for the profit-motivated cases and
included a total of 1,591 arrest cases. The tree had an overall classification score of 76.6%
2
= .576) and selected the variable case disposition:
(AUC = .788, 95% CI [.763, .812], RROC
officer was convicted of a crime as the splitting criterion. Officers who were convicted (node 1)
lost their job in 54.8% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were not convicted (node 2) lost
their job in 87.9% of the cases. The officers who were convicted in node 1 were partitioned by
the variable year of arrest. Officers who were arrested from 2005-2007 were convicted in 51.8%
of the cases and officers who were arrested in years 2008-2011 were convicted in 81.3% of the
cases. Officers who were not convicted in node 2 were partitioned by the variable discussion of
an agency scandal or cover up. Officers involved in cases that discussed an agency scandal or
cover up lost their job in 24.2% of the cases. In contrast, officers who were not involved in cases
that involved some sort of an agency scandal or cover up lost their job in 60.8% of the cases.
The tree also included the following variables in tiers three though five: geographic division,
year, state, discussion of an agency scandal or cover up, years of service, and type of agency.
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Part VII: Employing Law Enforcement Agencies of Arrested Officers
The 6,724 police crime arrest cases in this study involve 5,545 individual sworn law
enforcement officers employed by 2,529 nonfederal law enforcement agencies located in
headquartered in 1,166 counties and independent cities in all 50 states and the District of
Columbia.5 In this part the unit of analysis is changed from arrest case to arrested individual
officer. The purpose of changing the unit of analysis to individual officers is to provide rates of
officers arrested per agency, per 1,000 officers, and per 100,000 population. Individual
nonfederal sworn law enforcement officers were arrested at a rate of 0.72% officers arrested per
1,000 officers, and at a rate of 1.7 officers arrested per 100,000 population nationwide.
We urge caution on one critically important point: the tables (and table appendices)
presented in this part of the report, and the data from which they were compiled, cannot support
a direct comparison of one agency to another nor indeed any cluster of agencies to others.
Though it is a natural tendency to make such comparisons, the many localized conditions
invisible to the research team in our data sources prevent accurate comparisons. Among the
factors that data sources do not (and likely often cannot) discern are whether an officers arrest
was instigated by his or her own department as a result of its internal standards for conduct and
integrity; whether the arrested officers criminal offense(s) would not have resulted in the
officers arrest if it had been less publicly visible; and whether arrests of police officers by
outside law enforcement agencies were made at the request of an officers employing agency or
In Part I of this report we identified 2,529 nonfederal law enforcement agencies located in 1,205 counties and
independent cities across the United States. In coding of police crime arrest cases for this study, the counties where
an employing law enforcement agency was located were logged for both (a) the county (or independent city) where
the employing agency was headquartered, and (b) the county (or independent city) where the arrested officer was
stationed. In the case of a state trooper, for example, the county would be recorded for the location of the agency
headquarters as well as the county where the arrested troopers assigned barracks was located.
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in spite of attempts by that agency to conceal the offense(s) and/or protect the officers (and thus,
the employing agencys) public image.
Rates of Officers Arrested in the 200 Largest Agencies
Table 78 presents the 200 largest employing state and local law enforcement agencies in
terms of rates of officers arrested during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted
by the number of full-time sworn officers employed from largest agency to the smallest agency
within the largest 200 agencies represented in the study. The same table is also presented in
alternative versions as Appendix B-1 (200 largest agencies in the study sorted by rates of officers
arrested per 1,000 officers) and Appendix C-1 (200 largest agencies in the study sorted by rates
of officers arrested per 100,000 population). The ten large agencies with the highest rates of
officers arrested per 1,000 officers are New Orleans Police Department (rate of 44.21 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Milwaukee Police Department (rate of 36.74 officers arrested per
1,000 officers), Memphis Police Department (rate of 29.70 officers arrested per 1,000 officers),
New Mexico State Police (rate of 24.62 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Pittsburgh Police
Department (rate of 23.57 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Shreveport Police Department
(rate of 23.48 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Polk County (FL) Sheriffs Office (rate of
21.67 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Kern County (CA) Sheriffs Office (rate of 21.48
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Indianapolis Police Department (rate of 20.87 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), and Minneapolis Police Department (rate of 19.96 officers arrested
per 1,000 officers). See Appendix B-1.
The ten large agencies with the highest rates of officers arrested per 100,000 population
are New Orleans Police Department (rate of 18.32 officers arrested per 100,000 population),
Baltimore Police Department (rate of 8.86 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Milwaukee
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Police Department (rate of 7.70 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Norfolk Police
Department (rate of 5.77 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Memphis Police Department
(rate of 4.96 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Washington Metropolitan Police
Department (rate of 4.82 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Shreveport Police
Department (rate of 4.71 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Philadelphia Police
Department (rate of 4.33 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Jackson Police Department
(rate of 4.67 officers arrested per 100,000 population), and Indianapolis Police Department (rate
of 3.65 officers arrested per 100,000 population. See Appendix C-1.
Rates of Officers Arrested in Nonmetropolitan Agencies
Table 79 presents the employing law enforcement agencies located in nonmetropolitan
(rural) counties and independent cities in terms of rates of officers arrested during the study
period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted by agency name in alphabetical order. The same
table information is also presented in alternative versions as Appendix A-1 (sorted by the number
of full-time sworn personnel employed), Appendix B-2 (sorted by rate of officers arrested per
1,000 officers), and Appendix C-2 (sorted by rate of officers arrested per 100,000 population).
The law enforcement agencies located in nonmetropolitan counties and independent cities
with the highest rates of officers arrested per 1,000 officers are Mounds (IL) Police Department
(rate of 2000.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers) and Atwater (MN) Police Department,
Berlin Borough (PA) Police Department, Berlin Heights (OH) Police Department, Bowman (SC)
Police Department, Burr Oak (MI) Police Department, Cooter (MO) Police Department, Elgin
(ND) Police Department, Hamburg (IA) Police Department, Lamoure (ND) Police Department,
Lockhart (AL) Police Department, Marion Township (WI) Police Department, Nicholas County
(KY) Sheriffs Office, Oakwood (OH) Police Department, Perryville (KY) Police Department,
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Petroleum County (MT) Sheriffs Office, Pineview (GA) Police Department, Tipton (OK) Police
Department, Turkey Creek (LA) Police Department, Wakeman (OH) Police Department, Wilson
(KS) Police Department, and Zolfo Springs (FL) Police Department (each with a rate of 1000.00
officers arrested per 1,000 police officers). See Appendix B-2.
The law enforcement agencies located in nonmetropolitan counties and independent cities
with the highest rates of officers arrested per 100,000 population are Petroleum County (MT)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 202.43 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Terrell County (TX)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 101.63 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Talbot County (GA)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 43.70 officers arrested per 100,000 population), La Salle County (TX)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 43.57 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Elgin (ND) Police
Department (rate of 41.77 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Griggs County (ND)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 41.32 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Crystal City (TX) Police
Department (rate of 34.26 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Mounds (IL) Police
Department (rate of 32.46 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Pulaski County (IL)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 32.46 officers arrested per 100,000 population), and Carter County (MO)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 31.92 officers arrested per 100,000 population). See Appendix C-2.
Rate of Officers Arrested in Primary State Police Agencies
Table 80 presents the employing primary state police agencies in terms of rates of
officers arrested during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted by agency name in
alphabetical order. The same table information is also presented in alternative versions as
Appendix A-2 (sorted by the number of full-time sworn personnel employed), Appendix B-3
(sorted by rate of officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Appendix C-3 (sorted by rate of
officers arrested per 100,000 population).
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The five primary state police agencies with the highest rates of officers arrested per 1,000
officers are New Mexico State Police (rate of 24.62 officers arrested per 1,000 officers),
Arkansas Highway Patrol (rate of 13.42 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), South Carolina
Highway Patrol (rate of 10.34 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Mississippi Highway Safety
Patrol (rate of 10.10 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Rhode Island State Police (rate of
9.95 officers arrested per 1,000 officers). See Appendix B-3. The five primary state police
agencies with the highest rates of officers arrested per 100,000 population are New Mexico State
Police (rate of 0.63 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Delaware State Police (rate of 0.33
officers arrested per 100,000 population), New Hampshire State Police (rate of 0.23 officers
arrested per 100,000 population), South Carolina Highway Patrol (rate of 0.22 officers arrested
per 100,000 population), and Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol (rate of 0.20 officers arrested
per 100,000 population). See Appendix C-3.
Rates of Officers Arrested in Sheriffs Offices
Table 81 presents the employing sheriffs offices in terms of rates of officers arrested
during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted by agency name in alphabetical
order. The same table information is also presented in alternative versions as Appendix A-3
(sorted by the number of full-time sworn personnel employed), Appendix B-4 (sorted by rate of
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Appendix C-4 (sorted by rate of officers arrested per
100,000 population).
The sheriffs offices with the highest rates of officers arrested per 1,000 officers are
Nicholas County (KY) Sheriffs Office (rate of 1000.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers),
Petroleum County (MT) Sheriffs Office (rate of 1000.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers),
Carter County (MO) Sheriffs Office (rate of 666.67 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Oregon
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County (MO) Sheriffs Office (rate of 400.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Talbot County
(GA) Sheriffs Office (rate of 375.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Baker County (GA)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 333.33 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Butler County (AL)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 333.33 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Gallatin County (IL)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 333.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Griggs County (ND)
Sheriffs Office (rate of 333.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Guadalupe County
(NM) Sheriffs Office (rate of 333.00 officers arrested per 1,000 officers). See Table B-4.
The sheriffs offices with the highest rates of officers arrested per 100,000 population are
Petroleum County (MT) Sheriffs Office (rate of 202.43 officers arrested per 100,000
population), Terrell County (TX) Sheriffs Office (rate of 101.63 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Talbot County (GA) Sheriffs Office (rate of 43.70 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), La Salle County (TX) Sheriffs Office (rate of 43.57 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Griggs County (ND) Sheriffs Office (rate of 41.32 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Pulaski County (IL) Sheriffs Office (rate of 32.46 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Carter County (MO) Sheriffs Office (rate of 31.92 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Baker County (GA) Sheriffs Office (rate of 28.98 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), Lake County (CO) Sheriffs Office (rate of 27.36 officers arrested per 100,000
officers), and Henry County (VA) Sheriffs Office (rate of 25.85 officers arrested per 100,000
population).
Rates of Officers Arrested in County Police Departments
Table 82 presents the employing county police departments in terms of rates of officers
arrested during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted by agency name in
alphabetical order. The same table information is also presented in alternative versions as
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Appendix A-4 (sorted by the number of full-time sworn personnel employed), Appendix B-5
The county police departments included in the study with the highest rate of officers
arrested per 1,000 officers are Polk County (GA) Police Department (rate of 85.71 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Oldham County (KY) Police Department (rate of 64.52 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Dougherty County (GA) Police Department (rate of 42.55 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Horry County (SC) Police Department (rate of 37.04 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Kauai (County) (HI) Police Department (rate of 24.00 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Indianapolis (IN) Metropolitan Police Department (rate of 20.86
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Fulton County (GA) Police Department (rate of 15.50
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Maui (County) (HI) Police Department (rate of 15.20
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Gaston County (NC) Police Department (rate of 15.04
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Roanoke County (VA) Police Department (rate of 14.81
officers arrested per 1,000 officers). See Appendix B-5.
The county police departments included in the study with the highest rates of officers
arrested per 100,000 population are Polk County (GA) Police Department (rate of 7.23 officers
arrested per 100,000 population), Kauai (County) (HI) Police Department (rate of 4.47 officers
arrested per 100,000 population), Indianapolis (IN) Metropolitan Police Department (rate of 3.65
officers arrested per 100,000 population), Horry County (SC) Police Department (rate of 3.34
officers arrested per 100,000 population), Oldham County (KY) Police Department (rate of 3.32
officers arrested per 100,000 population), Maui (County) (HI) Police Department (rate of 3.23
officers arrested per 100,000 population), Honolulu (City and County) (HI) Police Department
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(rate of 2.73 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Savannah-Chatham (GA) Metropolitan
Police Department (rate of 2.26 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Prince Georges
County (MD) Police Department (rate of 2.20 officers arrested per 100,000 population),
Roanoke County (VA) Police Department (rate of 2.17 officers arrested per 100,000 population),
and Charlotte-Mecklenburg (NC) Police Department (rate of 2.17 officers arrested per 100,000
population). See Appendix C-5.
Rates of Officers Arrested in 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments
Table 83 presents the 500 largest employing municipal police departments in terms of
rates of officers arrested during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted by agency
name in alphabetical order. The same table information is also presented in alternative versions
as Appendix A-5 (sorted by the number of full-time sworn personnel employed), Appendix B-6
The large municipal police departments included in the study with the highest rates of
officers arrested per 1,000 officers are Hackensack (NJ) Police Department (rate of 76.92
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Norwich (CT) Police Department (rate of 61.73 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Riviera Beach (FL) Police Department (rate of 55.56 officers
arrested per 1,000 officers), Lorain (OH) Police Department (rate of 50.0 officers arrested per
1,000 officers), Charleston (WV) Police Department (rate of 49.45 officers arrested per 1,000
officers), Schenectady (NY) Police Department (rate of 48.19 officers arrested per 1,000
officers), Edinburg (TX) Police Department (rate of 45.45 officers arrested per 1,000 officers),
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Cleveland (TN) Police Department (rate of 44.94 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Muskogee
(OK) Police Department (rate of 44.44 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and New Orleans
(LA) Police Department (rate of 44.21 officers arrested per 1,000 officers). See Appendix B-6.
The large municipal police departments with the highest rates of officers arrested per
100,000 population are New Orleans (LA) Police Department (rate of 18.32 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Portsmouth (VA) Police Department (rate of 10.47 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Baltimore (MD) Police Department (rate of 8.86 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Milwaukee (WI) Police Department (rate of 7.70 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Clarksville (TN) Police Department (rate of 7.54 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Kansas City (KS) Police Department (rate of 6.35 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Petersburg (VA) Police Department (rate of 6.17 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Macon (GA) Police Department (rate of 5.79 officers arrested per 100,000
population), Norfolk (VA) Police Department (rate of 5.77 officers arrested per 100,000
population), and Muskogee (OK) Police Department (rate of 5.63 officers arrested per 100,000
population). See Appendix C-6.
Rates of Officers Arrested in Special State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies
Table 84 presents the special state and local employing law enforcement agencies in
terms of rates of officers arrested during the study period years 2005-2011. The table is sorted
by agency name in alphabetical order. The same table information is also presented in
alternative versions as Appendix A-6 (sorted by the number of full-time sworn personnel
employed), Appendix B-7 (sorted by rate of officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Appendix
C-7 (sorted by rate of officers arrested per 100,000 population).
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The special law enforcement agencies with the highest rates of officers arrested per 1,000
officers are Connally I.S.D. (TX) Police Department (rate of 333.33 officers arrested per 1,000
officers), Grambling State University (LA) Police Department (rate of 222.22 officers arrested
per 1,000 officers), Ennis I.S.D. (TX) Police Department (rate of 200.00 officers arrested per
1,000 officers), Ventura College (CA) Police Department (rate of 200.00 officers arrested per
1,000 officers), California Exposition and State Fair (CA) Police (rate of 166.67 officers arrested
per 1,000 officers), Lancaster I.S.D. (TX) Police Department (rate of 166.67 officers arrested per
1,000 officers), University of Maryland Eastern Short (MD) Public Safety (rate of 166.67
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), University of West Alabama (AL) Police (rate of 166.67
officers arrested per 1,000 officers), Greenville Technical College (SC) Public Safety (rate of
111.11 officers arrested per 1,000 officers), and Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority (PA)
Police Department (rate of 111.11 officers arrested per 1,000 officers). See Appendix B-7.
The special law enforcement agencies included in the study with the highest rates of
officers arrested per 100,000 population are University of Tennessee at Knoxville (TN) Police
(rate of 10.47 officers arrested per 100,000 population), University of West Alabama (AL) Police
(rate of 7.27 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Tuskegee University (AL) Police
Department (rate of 4.66 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Grambling State University
(LA) Police Department (rate of 4.28 officers arrested per 100,000 population), University of
Maryland Eastern Shore (MD) Public Safety (rate of 3.78 officers arrested per 100,000
population), Georgia Public Safety Training Center (GA) (rate of 3.78 officers arrested per
100,000 population), Ohio Department of Natural Resources (OH) Office of Law Enforcement
(rate of 3.24 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Virginia Marine Resources Commission
(VA) (rate of 3.02 officers arrested per 100,000 population), Brigham Young University Idaho
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(ID) Police Department (rate of 2.66 officers arrested per 100,000 population), and Missouri
University of Science and Technology (MO) Police Department (rate of 2.21 officers arrested
per 100,000 population).
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CONCLUSION
Cases in which sworn law enforcement officers act as criminalswhether dealing drugs,
or driving drunk, or sexually molesting a vulnerable citizenstrike a direct blow to the law
enforcement enterprise and the essence of what it means to be a law enforcement officer: protect
and serve. These cases threaten to undermine public trust in both the authority and legitimacy of
state and local law enforcement organizations, and the work of law-abiding sworn officers who
go about their job selflessly, efficiently, and professionally every day. Police crime as a topic
worthy of empirical study however is not clearly understood, and would probably best be
described as untapped or at the very least not sufficiently explored.
The contrast between the topic's substantive weight and comparatively light coverage
within the scholarship is mostly due to an absence of suitable data. The traditional sources of
data and methods of study, whether official statistics, self-report surveys, or direct observations,
either do not exist in any usable format or are ill-equipped to identify, count, or provide the basis
for empirical analyses of instances in which police perpetrate crimes themselves. These cases
have thus far escaped large-scale empirical scrutiny, but they are intrinsically newsworthy
events. Those in the news media need to identify stories that will be of interest to their audience,
and cases of police crime typically include storylines that are clearly newsworthy. This project
utilized a methodology designed to capitalize on the newsworthy character of police crime,
identify these events, and subject them to analyses that have thus far been impossible. Given the
previous unavailability of data and the relative absence of empirical studies dedicated to the
topic, our work should be considered exploratory. The primary aim was to uncover cases of
police crime arrests and to provide the basis for what we hope will become an important
contribution to the establishment of a more substantive and useful line of research on the topic.
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The remainder of this section is divided into several parts. We initially discuss our
findings in terms of both some general observations on the entire data set and selected results
within the types of police crime that we believe justify further comment. The second section
covers implications for policy and practice. Here, we discuss noteworthy results in regard to the
analyses on final adverse employment actions, or the sorts of discipline imposed (if any) by
police organizations in cases of police crime. The points on final adverse employment outcomes
provides context for the identification and discussion of specific recommendations to law
enforcement agencies based on our research. The final section is a discussion on the
implications of our study for research.
Discussion of Findings
The identification of notable general observations in regard to the entire data set is
complicated by the scope of the study and this reportthe research study covers seven calendar
years and describes 6,724 criminal cases involving the arrest of 5,545 individual police officers
who perpetrated a wide range of criminal acts under varying circumstances. The arrested
officers were employed by 2,529 state and local law enforcement agencies (see Appendix D)
located in 1,205 counties and independent cities in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The project has revealed and confirmed at least three comprehensive truths about police crime.
The first general observation is that police crimes are not uncommon. Police officers get
arrested for crimes with some regularity in jurisdictions around the nation, including rural areas,
small towns, suburbs, and large urban centers. Law enforcement officers in the current study
were arrested at a rate of 0.72 officers arrested per 1,000 officers, and at a rate of 1.7 officers
arrested per 100,000 population nationwide. Of course, only a small percentage of the total
number of law enforcement officers will ever be arrested for a criminal offense, but our data
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directly contradicts some of the prevailing assumptions and the proposition that only a small
group of rotten apples perpetrate the vast majority of police crime. Those assumptions relate to
previous studies, journalistic investigations, and special commissions that described the
misconduct of a single and/or handful of rogue officers operating within a single and/or handful
of jurisdictions. The assumption that only a small group of rogue officers perpetrate crimes also
presumably stems from traditional notions and public expectations regarding the straight-laced,
law-abiding police persona. In contrast, our method provided for the identification of an
unprecedented number of police crimes that occurred within virtually every sort of place, and the
opportunity to draw some conclusions about how often these events occur across the nation. The
data demonstrate that police crimes are not isolated events, and that hundreds of police officers
every year get arrested for crimes including assault, rape, robbery, and murder across the United
States.
The second general observation is that police crime is occupationally-derived. That is,
the cases identified in our research are largely the product of opportunities and other factors
inherent within the context of police work. Scholars have long recognized the occupationallyderived sources of police misconduct, including the reality that patrol officers operate within a
context of low supervision, low public visibility, and face-to-face encounters in which officers
enjoy considerable power and authority over vulnerable citizens. Our methodology involved the
collection of data derived from published news stories that detailed these events rather than
summary statistics or official reports, so the research team was able to discern how on-the-job
realities contributed to the perpetration of these crimes. For example, the news accounts detailed
how the existence of illicit markets for cocaine and face-to-face encounters with drug dealers
facilitate opportunities for officers to engage in drug use, shakedown citizens who deal drugs,
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and/or deal drugs themselves. The news accounts also describe how this context facilitates and
promotes sex-related police crime, whereby police sexually abuse vulnerable citizens they
encounter through their work, including young female drivers, prostituted women, or youths
involved in police explorer programs. Evidence of the occupationally-derived context of these
events is not limited to on-duty crimes. Almost 60% of all of the cases identified in the study
occurred when the officer was technically off-duty. The data demonstrate that the source of a
significant portion of these so-called off-duty crimes also lies within the context of police work
and the perpetrator's role as a police officer, including instances where off-duty officers flash a
badge, an official weapon, or otherwise use their power, authority, and the respect afforded to
them as a means to commit crime. More broadly, the data show that police crime is not solely or
even primarily the product of deviant or defective people; but rather, deviant or defective people
who work within an occupational context that provides them unique and unprecedented
opportunities to perpetrate crimes whether they are on or off-duty.
The third general observation is that police crime is a complex and multi-dimensional
phenomenon both within and across the five types of police crime: alcohol-related, drug-related,
sex-related, violence-related, and profit-motivated police crime. The complex and multidimensional character of police crime was initially underscored within the context of the Mollen
Commission's two-year investigation of drug corruption in New York City during the 1980s and
early 1990s. The Commission identified a complex web of relationships among the operation of
drug markets, drug corruption, and a long list of associated crimes perpetrated by police. Our
data confirmed these observations across jurisdictions throughout the nation; we found that drugrelated police crime tends to spawn the perpetration of various other kinds of criminal behavior
by police. Perhaps more importantly, both the findings of the Mollen Commission and those of
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our own research suggest that the complexity of relationships involved in drug-related police
crime extends to other kinds of police crime and the nature of the phenomenon in general. For
example, the overall complexity of police crime is also demonstrated by the absence of any
clearly discernible line between criminal behavior that occurs on- and off-duty. More evidence
is provided by the analyses linking police crime arrests to federal civil rights lawsuits. These
analyses suggest that at least a portion of those police arrested for a criminal offense are problem
officers that exhibit shortcomings in other aspects of the job. Finally, and perhaps most clearly,
the multi-dimensional character of police crime is demonstrated within the complex web of
statistically significant relationship among variables in our data. For example, Chi-square
analyses involving the entire data set identified 90 variables that were significantly associated
with conviction, and 120 variables that were significantly associated with job loss. The
multivariate analyses identified 16 significant predictors of conviction and 11 significant
predictors of job loss. These points demonstrate the difficulties inherent in both the
identification of clear-cut explanations of police crime and the interpretation of statistical models
designed to isolate these relationships. Perhaps scholarship on the topic needs to start with the
premise that recognizes the multivariate complexity of police crime and the difficulties
associated with both explaining its etiology; and by extension, the formulation of mitigation
strategies.
Two points of discussion in regard to the sex-related police crimes include the serious
nature of these offenses and the characteristics of the victims. There were a total of 1,475 cases
of sex-related police crime that ranged widely in seriousness from peeping tom cases to those
that involved murder. Perhaps most notable however is the fact that almost 30% of all the sex-
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related cases were classified as cases of police sexual violence. A review of the most serious
offenses charged in the cases reveals the serious and often-times egregious nature of these
events. There were a total of 422 forcible and statutory rapes, 352 cases of forcible fondling, and
94 sodomy cases. The proportion of cases that involved sexual violence and the most serious
kinds of sex-related offenses was larger than expected based on the existing research and the
comparative absence of empirical studies on the problem of police sexual violence. The large
proportion of serious cases in our data was clearly influenced in part by methodology, since
news-based searches probably tend to capture cases that compelled an arrest because they were
egregious and could not be ignored. No matter the methodology used to identify them, the sheer
number of egregious cases constitutes prima facie evidence that these are not isolated events and
should be the subject of additional organizational resources and empirical scrutiny.
The second concern in regard to sex-related crimes is the age of the victims. Children
seem to be particularly vulnerable to police who perpetrate sex-related crimes. Almost one-half
of the known victims of sex-related crimes were children, and the second-most commonly
occurring category in terms of the victim's relationship to the arrested officer was an unrelated
child. Certain types of sex crime tend to involve victims who are children, including crimes
involving pornography, obscene material, fondling, and promoting the sexual performance of a
child.
The sources of sex-related crimes against children are often occupationally derived. For
example, the news-based content analyses identified various scenarios in which adults allowed
sworn law enforcement officers both access and opportunity to victimize children under their
care, presumably because they trusted them. The criminal courts seemed to respond to these
cases severely, as a clear majority of the sex-related cases with known dispositions included a
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conviction on at least one charge. The likelihood of conviction increased in cases that involved
younger victims, suggesting the expression of some form of moral outrage against police who
use their power and position to victimize children.
There were 1,405 cases of alcohol-related police crime identified in the study. There
were 960 cases where police were arrested for driving under the influence, and the most serious
offense charged in close to 60% of the alcohol-related cases was DUI. Thus, police DUI is the
major issue of concern in regard to alcohol-related police crime. The study seems to identify
cases where an officer did something that compelled an official law enforcement response rather
than some type of professional courtesy and non-arrest; there are comparatively few run-of-themill cases of DUI in our data. Some of the incident events that accompanied the DUI and seem
to have influenced an arrest included a traffic accident, injuries (sometimes fatal), hit-and-run,
and refusals to cooperate with BAC and/or field sobriety tests. These cases seemed to compel
police action and an arrest because they required some sort of official documentation (e.g., a
traffic accident report), included independent witnesses or victims, or were so egregious that
police ignored the fact that they involved fellow police officers. Moreover, most of these cases
involved a law enforcement agency other than the arrested officer's employer, suggesting that
professional courtesies are more likely to occur among police who work together. In many
instances, it should be noted however, when an officer was suspected of driving under the
influence (and employed by the same agency as the officer conducting the traffic stop or
handling a DUI traffic accident investigation), an outside agency was often brought in to conduct
field sobriety tests and effectuate the arrest of an intoxicated officer. Police DUI criminal case
outcomes seem to be significantly influenced by the geographic location of the case. State
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location was the most influential predictor of conviction. State-level reforms of DUI laws
obviously influence cases outcomes overall, so it seems likely that legislative changes also
influence the disposition of cases of police DUI.
There were 739 cases of drug-related police crime. In many ways, our findings both
confirm and extend the findings of the Mollen Commission in regard to the etiology and impact
of drug-related police crime in New York City several decades ago. For example, while all
classes of commonly abused drugs were present, stimulants including cocaine and crack were the
most prevalent category of drug involved in these cases. Cocaine was involved in close to onethird of all the drug-related cases; and taken together cocaine and crack were involved in almost
40% of all the drug-related cases. Moreover, cocaine was the strongest predictor for three of six
decision trees to predict various forms of drug-related misconduct and crime. We found that
similar to New York City during the 1990sofficers involved in drug-related corruption around
the nation often perpetrate various other kinds of crimes including drug trafficking, facilitation of
the drug trade, shakedowns, and other forms of theft. Less than one-third of the drug-related
cases involved the personal use of drugs by police officers. Our study also seems to suggest the
potential for ongoing problems associated with offenses related to opioid analgesics including
oxycodone and hydrocodone. More than 20% of all the drug-related cases involved either of
these two prescription pain killers. Significant public attention has recently focused on problems
related to opioid analgesics, including increases in overdose deaths and prescription violations
involving these powerful drugs. Our data suggest that these issues also impact police officers
and the nature and character of drug-related police crime.
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In terms of criminal case outcomes, police who perpetrate drug-related crimes are
significantly more likely to be convicted if the officer ultimately loses their job subsequent to the
drug-related arrest. More broadly, we found that job loss predicts conviction in just about every
sort of case of police crime, including those that are sex-related, alcohol-related, drug-related,
violence-related, and profit-motivated. The two primary outcomes analyzed in this study
including criminal case disposition and employment outcome are not isolated events. Job loss
and conviction influence one another in almost every case of police crime. Job loss provides a
context to interpret the perceived need for a criminal conviction and vice versa.
There were 3,328 violence-related police crimes identified in the study. These cases
involved the most serious types of violent crime including 104 cases of murder or nonnegligent
manslaughter and 92 robberies; but, they most commonly involved either a simple assault (n =
870) or aggravated assault (n = 570). Less than one-half of the violence-related cases are known
to have resulted in a criminal conviction on at least one charge. But, if the case also involved the
perpetration of a sex-related crime the odds of conviction increase significantly. Moreover,
criminal convictions in violence-related police crimes seem to follow patterns that are consistent
with those of violent crimes in general. For example, cases of violence-related police crime are
significantly less likely to result in conviction if the officer knows the victim. This was also the
case for alcohol-related police crimes, suggesting that in some ways court outcomes in cases of
police crime are influenced by the same factors that shape court outcomes for any other type of
defendant.
Officer-involved domestic violence has become an important topic of concern for
scholars and police executives, and there were 961 cases of the officer-involved domestic
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violence included within the violence-related police crimes. Conviction on at least one charge is
significantly more likely in cases that involve fatal injuries and/or those that involved a violation
of a protection order. Other factors that increase the odds of conviction appear to relate to
factors other than the specific act of domestic violence, including obstruction, vandalism, or if
the case also involves a sex-related offense.
There were 1,592 cases of profit-motivated police crime identified in the study. There
were 46 different offense categories for the most serious offense charged in these cases, but the
most serious offense charged in about 40% of these cases was unclassified theft, false
pretense/swindle, and/or thefts that involved a drug violation. Most of these cases also occurred
on the street-levelalmost 80% of the profit-motivated crimes were perpetrated by officers in a
patrol or other street-level function. Thus, the profit-motivated police crimes in our study more
closely resembled the types of thefts perpetrated by traditional street-level criminals rather than
business executives, professionals, or other societal elites who are commonly the subject of
white-collar crime research. A conviction on at least one criminal charge in the profit-motivated
cases depended significantly on whether the case involved a drug-related shakedown. The
simple odds of conviction are 109 times greater if a profit-motivated case involved a drug-related
shakedown. Similar to other types of police crime, profit-motivated cases that involved an
officer who ultimately lost their job were significantly more likely to result in a criminal
conviction on at least one charged offense.
Civil Rights Litigation as a Correlate of Police Crime
The study included analyses that involved a cross-check of the names of each of the
arrested officers against the master name index in the federal court's PACER system. These
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analyses were used to explore whether arrested officers had ever been named in their official
capacity as a party defendant in a 42 U.S.C. 1983 federal court civil action at some point during
their law enforcement career, and to identify the factors that predict these actions. More
broadly, these analyses can be used to identify arrested officers who could potentially be
described as problem-prone since the federal lawsuit(s) may be indicative of performance
problems in a variety of job-related functions. We are aware of no previous empirical studies
that attempt to link the perpetration of police crimes to other forms of misconduct using the
PACER database. These types of analyses could potentially lead to new and improved
mechanisms to identify and mitigate various forms of police misconduct.
We found that many of the incidents giving rise to the federal court civil actions occurred
years or even decades prior to the arrest, and the lawsuits often had nothing to do with the
incident that prompted the arrest. Thus, the arrest case and the civil lawsuit(s) potentially
indicate the existence of problems across multiple job-related functions, or at least separate
instances of the same types of problems over time. The analyses designed to predict being
named as a party-defendant in federal court civil actions involving claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
1983 seem to indicate at least three important facts. First, officers who are ultimately named as
defendants in 1983 federal court civil actions tend to get sued more than once for a variety of
civil rights causes of action. These lawsuits are not often isolated events. Second, officers who
perpetrate crimes while on-duty are significantly more likely to have been named as a Section
1983 defendant. These are officers whose misconduct tends to occur on-the-job and within their
official capacity, so their misdeeds are more likely to be the subject of civil rights litigation and
defined as involving a specific denial of a citizen's civil rights acting within their state actor role
as a police officer. Third, certain types of police crime tend to predict prior federal civil rights
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litigation. Many of these predictors seemed to be acts that were predatory or at least in some
ways violent or aggressive, including crimes involving cocaine, murder, non-negligent
manslaughter, kidnapping/abduction, and cases of family violence. More research focused on
the link between police crime and prior federal civil rights litigation is obviously necessary in
order to more fully identify, describe, and explore these relationships.
Implications for Policy and Practice
Mechanisms designed to identify and mitigate police misconduct include those that
originate both internal and external to the law enforcement organization. External controls
include local government, citizen review boards, the media, civil lawsuits, and the criminal
courts among others. These external controls clearly maintain certain advantages in terms of the
identification and mitigation of police misconduct. For example, the media often serves to
identify potential cases of misconduct. Likewise, local governments can and often do influence
the budget of law enforcement agencies. So too, civilian review boards have the potential to
integrate citizens and grass-roots organizations into the process of police discipline and reform.
The various external controls, however, do share some problems. Civilian review of the streetlevel decisions of sworn law enforcement officers may engender a loss of trust and hesitancy in
situations that require immediate judgments. Likewise, street-level law enforcement officers will
probably mistrust any sort of external control. Also, external controls are in most cases limited
because they do not exert direct control over the policies and disciplinary processes of state and
local law enforcement organizations.
Internal mechanisms to control police misconduct originate from within each law
enforcement organization and primarily involve strategies to develop professionalism through
hiring and training; and, the creation, maintenance, and enforcement of procedures and rules that
200
comprise much of the bureaucracy of the police organization. The advantages of internal
controls are clear: members of the organization including law enforcement executives, first-line
supervisors, and internal affairs units are likely in the best position to identify and punish most
types of police crime. Thus, one of the primary goals of our research was to determine the
degree to which state and local law enforcement organizations identify and respond to cases of
police crime. These data are substantive in terms of policy and practice because they provide a
point of reference in terms of how frequently agencies identify police crimes through an arrest
and opportunities to assess the typical discipline imposed by law enforcement organizations in
these casesand ultimately, the basis upon which to devise strategies to improve the internal
control of police misconduct.
Our data indicate that in most cases of police crime the arrest is made by a law
enforcement agency other than the officer's employing agency. Two-thirds of the 6,724 police
crime arrest cases originated from an arrest made by an agency other than the employing agency.
Why do employing law enforcement agencies often fail to make the arrest in cases of police
crime? The content analyses identified clear cases in which the employing agency should have
made the arrest and failed to do so. Policing scholars have always recognized that police do not
typically arrest other police officers. Sworn officers are likely to use their discretion and extend
a professional courtesy to other law enforcement officers, especially co-workers or in some cases
their close friends. These kinds of cases represent a failure of internal control and demonstrate
what has sometimes been referred to as a fox in the henhouse problem, one that illustrates the
need for some type of external controls of police misconduct and crime. One the other hand, the
low proportion of arrests made by the employing agency may also be legitimate. For example,
officers in many cases do not live within the jurisdictions they police, or they may live within the
201
jurisdiction but choose to perpetrate their crimes elsewhere. The content analyses also identified
many arrest cases in which law enforcement executives purposively contacted other state and
local law enforcement agencies to investigate suspected police crimes or arrest one of their own
sworn officers to promote objectivity and limit the potential for bias in the investigation.
Clearly, determinations in regard to whether agencies can be relied upon to identify cases and the
overall effectiveness of internal mechanisms of control in this regard cannot be made solely on
the basis of whether the employing agency made the arrest in a case of police crime.
The ultimate internal control involves the imposition of progressive discipline and final
adverse employment outcomes, including reassignment, suspension, resignation, and termination
from the job. Very little is known about the operation of internal mechanisms of control and the
imposition of adverse employment outcomes in cases of police crime beyond perhaps studies
focused on a single police agency. The next part of this section is a discussion on the imposition
of adverse employment outcomes in terms of both the entire data set and selected results within
the types of police crime that we believe justify further comment. We then provide specific
recommendations to law enforcement agencies based on some of these findings.
Overall, sworn state and local law enforcement officers are known to have lost their job
as a result of the arrest in slightly more than one-half of the cases (54%). Clearly, law
enforcement organizations do not automatically terminate sworn officers who perpetrate crimes.
The organizational response to police crime varies rather widely across alcohol-related, drugrelated, sex-related, violence-related, and profit-motivated police crime. An arrest in and of
itself matters much less than the type of underlying criminal behavior that prompted the arrest.
For example, sworn law enforcement officers were known to have lost their job as a result of an
arrest in only 38% of the alcohol-related cases, while officers were known to have lost their job
202
as a result of the arrest in 72% of the sex-related cases and 70% of the drug-related cases. The
percentage of cases in which officers were known to have lost their jobs for violence-related and
profit-motivated cases was in between these extremes (53% and 68% respectively). The odds of
job loss decreased among drug-related cases when those cases also included an alcohol-related
offense. Differential rates of job loss across types of police crime may reflect perceptions of
threats to organizational legitimacy or degrees of outrage that vary considerably across crime
types. For example, cases involving police sexual violence (i.e., both sex- and violence-related
police crime) are significantly more likely to result in job loss than other types of police crime.
Other specific types of police crime are significantly less likely to result in job loss, including
drug-related crimes that involve marijuana and crimes of family violence. The comparatively
low rate at which family violence crimes result in job loss seems particularly troubling given the
fact that persons convicted of a qualifying misdemeanor crime of domestic violenceincluding
sworn law enforcement officersare prohibited from possessing any firearm or ammunition
pursuant to the Lautenberg Amendment (1996).
More broadly, the data clearly demonstrate that the imposition of adverse employment
outcomes in cases of police crime is not an isolated event and depends upon other factors that
provide a meaningful context to these decisions and shape the perceptions of law enforcement
administrators and their determinations about appropriate levels of discipline. The most obvious
of the contextual factors that influence the likelihood of job loss is the imposition of other forms
of organizational discipline. State and local law enforcement organizations are significantly less
likely to separate (through involuntary termination or voluntary resignation) sworn officers from
the job who have instead been suspended and/or re-assigned as a result of an arrest. The
operation of external mechanisms of control also influences organizational decisions on whether
203
or not to terminate the employment of arrested sworn officers, specifically criminal court
dispositions and whether or not an officer had been sued in federal court for a civil rights
violation. The odds that an officer will lose his or her job significantly increase if they are
criminally convicted on at least one charged offense associated with the arrest. Law enforcement
agencies are likely to view the conviction as a confirmation of both the criminal act and a degree
of public condemnation that is impossible to dismiss or ignore. Likewise, law enforcement
organizations clearly consider federal litigation and charges of other civil rights violations over
the course of the career as a context relevant to determining whether the arrestee is a problemprone officer who is more trouble than he or she is worth to the organization. Law enforcement
administrators and scholars interested in determining effective organizational responses to police
misconduct and crime need to recognize organizational discipline as a multivariate phenomenon
that should be interpreted within the context of other forms of control.
Decisions in regard to adverse employment outcomes also seem to depend on the degree
to which the arrested officer was engaged in his or her official role as a police officer at the time
of the arrest. For example, the odds of job loss in cases involving alcohol-related crimes
significantly increased if the officer was on-duty, and the odds of job loss significantly increased
in cases involving sex-related crime and profit-motivated crime if the officer was acting in his or
her official capacity. Criminal behavior that occurs on-duty and/or while an officer is acting in
his or her official capacity relates more directly to the job and poses more significant threats to
organizational legitimacy; and hence, tends to increase the likelihood that severe penalties will
be imposed in any particular case of police crime.
Finally, the likelihood of job loss sometimes depends on the closely associated factors of
agency size and the character of the jurisdiction, particularly for cases that involve either alcohol
204
and/or drugs. For example, cases that involve alcohol-related crimes are significantly more
likely to result in job loss as the size of the employing police agency decreases. Likewise, cases
that involve drug-related crime are significantly more likely to result in job loss when they occur
in non-metropolitan counties. Sworn law enforcement officers who perpetrate these types of
crimes seem to be more vulnerable to the most punitive employment outcomes when they work
in smaller police agencies located within nonmetropolitan jurisdictions than officers who patrol
big-city beats. Crimes such as police DUI and or small-scale drug use are probably much more
newsworthy and difficult to ignore when they occur in small towns or rural jurisdictions. On the
other hand, these types of police crime may be less likely to be defined as a big deal by law
enforcement executives and residents who live in large metropolitan areas. Officers employed
by large urban law enforcement agencies may also in some ways be protected from the most
severe penalties by the complexity of large bureaucratic structures and/or more intricate
disciplinary procedures.
The points on final adverse employment outcomes provide context for the identification
and discussion of specific recommendations to law enforcement agencies based on our research.
Our first and perhaps most salient general observation about the data was that police crimes are
not uncommon and that they occur with some regularity in jurisdictions across the nation. The
sheer number of police crimes directly contradicts the presumption that they are perpetrated by a
small cadre of problem-prone officers; and, the fact that roughly two-thirds of all the cases
originated from an arrest made by an agency other than the employing agency reveals that in at
least some cases agencies are not aware of the crimes perpetrated by their own officers. State
and local law enforcement organizations routinely compel applicants to disclose criminal arrests
or orders of protection against them during pre-employment screening. Clearly, these
205
requirements need to be extended to all on-the-job sworn employees to compel them to disclose
any criminal arrests or orders of protection so that police agencies can document and respond to
known cases of police crime. Strategies to mitigate police crime cannot succeed without
identification, and our research demonstrates the problems associated with the omission of
obvious and necessary policies to compel the disclosure of criminal arrests and protection orders.
Relatedly, state and local law enforcement organizations need to conduct routine annual
criminal background checks of every sworn officer. Annual criminal background checks serve
two primary purposes. First, they provide an additional check necessary to ensure compliance
with self-report procedures outlined above and to identify cases in which officers fail to disclose
arrests, convictions, or orders of protection lodged against them. Second, annual criminal
background checks would increase compliance with the requirements of the Lautenberg
Amendment (1996). Our data on sworn law enforcement officers arrested for crimes associated
with domestic violence demonstrates how some officers escape appropriate penalties, and
maintain their law enforcement job that requires them to carry a firearm. The problem stems at
least in part from the absence of any central registry or database of persons convicted of
misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence. Law enforcement agencies should require annual
criminal background checks to ensure the identification and documentation of police crimes
within the organization and to maintain compliance with federal law designed to protect victims
of family violenceespecially in cases where the abuser is among those expected to enforce
domestic violence statutes.
We found that the organizational response to police crime varies rather widely across
jurisdictions, and that law enforcement agencies do not automatically terminate officers who
perpetrate crimes. These disparities likely relate to a host of factors associated with
206
organizational characteristics, characteristics of the offense(s), and the need to consider
disciplinary actions within the unique context of each individual case of police crime. So too,
many state and local law enforcement agencies operate under terms of a collective bargaining
agreement that structures organizational responses and acceptable forms of progressive discipline
and imposition of adverse employment outcomes. However in most cases, law enforcement
executives would benefit from some sort of formalized procedures designed to guide disciplinary
decisions and organizational responses to police crimes within the ranks. The guidelines would
necessarily be broad in scope and allow a degree of administrative discretion and case-by-case
consideration, but their existence would at the least ensure that some type of process is in place
and contribute to both regularity and consistency of organizational responses over time.
Finally, state and local law enforcement agencies should move toward the integration of
data on police crimes within existing systems designed to increase accountability as well as those
intended to provide practical assistance to sworn law enforcement officers both on and off the
job. Many law enforcement agencies have already implemented comprehensive personnel
assessment systems that collect a wide range of data and have the means to address a broad range
of problems, most commonly misconduct related to the use of force and citizen complaints.
These early intervention systems need to include the collection of data on the criminal arrests of
sworn law enforcement officers, because we know that police crimes occur with some regularity
and that their occurrence can in some cases be used as an indicator of problems in other areas of
the job. More bluntly, systems designed to provide an early warning of officers who are
problem-prone cannot be considered complete if they are unable to identify sworn law
enforcement officers who have perpetrated a criminal offense.
207
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) could also utilize data on criminal arrests of
sworn law enforcement officers to identify and target officers who need help. These programs
typically provide personal and job-related counseling services. Police crime arrests are an
obvious indicator of the need for services to address a host of occupationally-derived problems
including psychological and mental health issues related to violence exposure, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, lob-related stress, and work-family spillover effects.
This is especially true for sworn law enforcement officers who are combat veterans of the
military. In this regard, the content analyses revealed numerous arrest cases that were obviously
part of a much wider milieu and the build-up of long-term stressorsthe proverbial tip of an
iceberg of job-related and personal crises that can in some cases lead to complete psychological
breakdowns that produce catastrophic consequences for the officer and his or her victims. These
events and unraveling can occur across the life course of any sworn law enforcement officers
career. Law enforcement agencies need to identify police crimes so they can use the information
to help officers who obviously need it and refer them to programs designed to provide practical
and in some cases life-saving assistance to them.
Implications for Further Research
The current research project identified and analyzed an unprecedented amount of data on
the arrests of nonfederal sworn law enforcement officers in the United States. The research data
collection methodology was designed by Stinson (2009) and allows for the aggregation of
information on the phenomenon of police crime that would not otherwise been possible (Payne,
2013). It would also be very difficult to process and code the content of the vast amount of raw
data analyzed in the current project without sophisticated database resources. The project is
supported by OnBase, an enterprise content management (ECM) database system. Originally the
208
research team utilized OnBase solely to archive digital image files of all the paper-based news
articles, court records, and coding sheets that were collected and analyzed by Stinson and
colleagues as part of their research on police crime. Over the past several years Stinson has
enhanced the project database with additional electronic files, including video files, audio files,
and the ability to search the full text of all the digital images contained in the projects digital
imaging database. Appendix E presents an entity relationship of Stinsons police crime database.
Several database components were added to the project ECM database to support the
current study, including an object-relational database that allows for data to be organized in
tables (a relational database component), as well as seamless integration with the digital imaging
and video files (an object-oriented database component) among others. Coding of content was
completed with a customized PC-based coding instrument using the IBM/SPSS Data Collection
software application. The coding instrument system pulls case-specific data from the relational
database into the on-screen coding instrument for each case to be coded, thus reducing coder
duplication of effort and the potential for coding errors. The data from the completed coding
instrument for each case is converted to an SPSS data file for subsequent statistical analyses, and
data files are also converted to an electronic coding sheet in an MS Word (a facsimile of our
paper-based coding instrument) and indexed in OnBase with other case-specific electronic files.
The data collection methodology and ECM research project database design deployed in
the current study can serve as an integrated model for other social science research projects
utilizing big data in a variety of structured and unstructured paper-based and electronic formats.
Most large research universities already utilize ECM database systems for nonresearch
applications (including admissions, operations, and administrative functions). These ECM
database systems could be made available to faculty researchers for database development in
209
large-scale content analysis research projects and other research methodologies. Similarly,
OnBase and other ECM database systems are often utilized by federal, state, and local
government agencies, including courts and law enforcement agencies. The costs of making such
systems available to research teams for research database projects would be de minimis when the
ECM system is already deployed for other uses within an organization.
Stinson and colleagues continue to collect data on the criminal arrests of sworn law
enforcement officers at state and local law enforcement agencies across the United States at a
rate of approximately 1,100 new arrest cases involving approximately 800-950 sworn law
enforcement officers arrested annually. The project ECM database now includes 11,131 criminal
arrest cases (as of this writing, for the eleven year period January 2005 through December 2015)
involving the arrests of 9,391 individual sworn law enforcement officers who were employed by
3,666 nonfederal state and local law enforcement officers located in 1,543 counties and
independent cities in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The research team plans to
continue with the research project as a longitudinal trend study of police crime in the United
States.
We hope that the products disseminated from this study (and our larger project on police
crime research) serve as a starting point for the research projects of other scholars and student
researchers. An electronic copy of the data set (together with supporting documentation) for the
current study will be deposited in SPSS portable files with the National Archives of Criminal
Justice Data (NACJD) at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
(ICPSR).
210
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Stinson, P. M. (2015). Police crime: The criminal behavior of sworn law enforcement officers.
Sociology Compass, 9(1), 1-13. doi:10.1111/soc4.12234
Stinson, P. M., Brewer, S. L., Mathna, B. E., Liederbach, J., & Englebrecht, C. M. (2014). Police
sexual misconduct: Arrested officers and their victims. Victims & Offenders, 10(2), 117-151.
doi:10.1080/15564886.2014.939798
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Jr., & Mathna, B. E. (2014). Police sexual
misconduct: A national scale study of arrested officers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(7),
665-690. doi:10.1177/0887403414526231
Stinson, P. M., & Watkins, A. M. (2014). The nature of crime by school resource officers:
Implications for SRO programs. Sage Open, 4(1), 1-10. doi:10.1177/2158244014521821
Police Practice and Research: An international journal, 16(1), 79-93.
doi:10.1080/15614263.2013.846222
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Jr., & Todak, N. E. (2013). Drink, drive, go to jail?
A study of police officers arrested for drunk driving. Journal of Crime and Justice, 37(3), 356376. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2013.805158
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Jr., Schmalzried, H. N., Mathna, B. E., & Long, K.
L. (2013). A study of drug-related police corruption arrests. Policing: An International Journal
of Police Strategies & Management, 36(3), 491-511. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2012-0051
Stinson, P. M. & Liederbach, J. (2013). Fox in the henhouse: A study of police officers arrested
for crimes associated with domestic and/or family violence. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24,
601-625. doi:10.1177/0887403412453837
Non-refereed Articles
Stinson, P. M. & Liederbach, J. (2013). Research-in-brief: Sex-related police misconduct. Police
Chief, 80(8), 14-15.
Stinson, P. M. & Liederbach, J. (2012). Research-in-brief: Misconduct by experienced police
officers. Police Chief, 79(11), 12.
Stinson, P. M. & Liederbach, J. (2012). Research-in-brief: Officer-involved domestic violence.
Police Chief, 79(9), 14.
233
Technical Reports
Stinson, P. M., Calogeras, Z. J., DiChiro, N. L., & Hunter, R. K. (2015). California police sexual
misconduct arrest cases, 2005-2011. Prepared for the California Research Bureau, California
State Library, Sacramento, CA.
Podcasts
Stinson, P. M. (2015, December). Police shootings: Does video evidence matter? Police Integrity
Lost (Audio podcast], Episode 27. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, November). What we know about police crime. Police Integrity Lost
(Audio podcast], Episode 26. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, October). Violence by school resource officers. Police Integrity Lost
(Audio podcast], Episode 25. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, July). Police crime in America: Phil Stinson at Porcfest 2015. Police
Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 24. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, May). Police shootings in Albuquerque. Police Integrity Lost [Audio
podcast], Episode 23. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, January). Research on crimes committed by sworn police officers. Police
Stinson, P. M. (2014, December). Police crime: Grand juries, juries and conviction of officers.
Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 21. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2014, November). Constitutional torts, section 1983, and police misconduct:
Presentation at 2014 ASC Conference. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 20.
Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2014, August). Gun-involved police crime arrests. Police Integrity Lost [Audio
Stinson, P. M., & Brewer, S. L. (2014, February). Victims of police sexual misconduct:
Presentation at 2014 ACJS conference. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 18.
Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2014, January). Research performance progress report for July-December 2013.
Stinson, P. M., & Watkins, A. M. (2013, December). Crime by school resource officers. Police
234
Stinson, P. M., & Brewer, S. L. (2013, November). Police integrity lost: Presentation at 2013
ASC conference. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 15. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2013, October). Police sexual misconduct: Policy implications.
Stinson, P. M. (2013, August). Police Crime Research Findings. Police Integrity Lost [Audio
Stinson, P. M. (2013, July). Research performance progress report for January-June 2013.
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2013, June). Police sexual misconduct arrests. Police Integrity
Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 11. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M. (2013, May). Using a content management system: Police crime research methods
part 3. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 10. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M., Brewer, S. L., & Liederbach, J. (2013, April). Drunk driving cops. Police
Stinson, P. M., & Brewer, S. L. (2013, March). Using Google News for data collection: Police
crime research methods part 2. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 8. Available at
iTunes.
Stinson, P. M., & Brewer, S. L. (2013, February). Decision Tree Analysis: Police crime research
methods part 1. Police Integrity Lost [Audio podcast], Episode 7. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2013, January). Late-stage police crime. Police Integrity Lost
[Audio podcast], Episode 6. Available at iTunes.
Stinson, P. M., & Todak, N. E. (2012, December). Crime by policewomen. Police Integrity Lost
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2012, November). Police Criminal Misuse of TASERs. Police
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2012, October). Off-Duty police crime. Police Integrity Lost
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2012, September). Officer-involved domestic violence. Police
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., & Brewer, S. L. (2012, August). Police drug corruption. Police
235
Stinson, P. M. & Liederbach, J. (2012). Fox in the henhouse: A study of police officers arrested
for crimes associated with domestic and/or family violence. Criminal Justice Policy Review
[Audio podcast]. Available at:
http://cjp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/07/18/0887403412453837/suppl/DC1
Research Briefs
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., & Todak, N. E. (2013). Officers arrested for drunk
driving: Police Integrity Lost Research Brief One-Sheet, No. 6. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling
Green State University. Available at: http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/dhs/crju/file129810.pdf
Stinson, P. M., Reyns, B. W., & Liederbach, J. (2013). Police criminal misuse of conductive
energy devices: Police Integrity Lost Research Brief One-Sheet, No. 5. Bowling Green, OH:
Bowling Green State University. Available at:
http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/dhs/crju/file129809.pdf
Stinson, P. M., & Liederbach, J. (2012). Officer-involved domestic violence: Police Integrity
Lost Research Brief One-Sheet, No. 4. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University.
Available at: http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/chhs/file118292.pdf
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S., Schmalzried, H., Mathna, B. E., & Long, K. (2012).
Police drug corruption: What are the drugs of choice? Police Integrity Lost Research Brief OneSheet, No. 3. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University.
Available at: http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/chhs/file118291.pdf
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., & Freiburger, T. L. (2012). Off-duty crime by police officers:
Police Integrity Lost Brief One-Sheet, No. 2. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State
University. Available at: http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/chhs/file118290.pdf
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., & Freiburger, T. L. (2012). Late-stage police crime: Is it an exit
Strategy? Police Integrity Lost Research Brief One-Sheet, No. 1. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling
Green State University. Available at: http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/chhs/file118289.pdf
Presentations
Stinson, P. M. (2015, November 4). Police crime: What weve learned and what we dont know.
Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green,
OH.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, October 29). Police crime in the United States: From shootings to
shoplifting. Owens Community College, Findlay, OH.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, October 21). Use of data in research on police crime. Introduction to Data
Science Seminar, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Bowling Green State University,
Bowling Green, OH.
236
Ory, R. & Stinson, P. M. (2015, September 24). Intercoder reliability assessment of
supplemental document coding in a quantitative content analysis study of police crime in the
United States. Annual meeting of the Midwestern Criminal Justice Association, Chicago, IL.
Stinson, P. M. (2015, June 27). Police integrity lost: Police crime in the United States. 12th
Annual Porcupine Freedom Festival (PorcFest), Free State Project, Lancaster, NH.
Buerger, M. E., & Stinson, P. M. (2015, March 16). Police misconduct & implicit bias research:
Bridging the gap? Ohio Attorney General, Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Bowling Green,
OH.
Stinson, P. M., Brewer, S. L., & Bridges, J. (2015, March 5). Violence-related police crime
arrests in the United States. Annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences,
Orlando, FL.
Stinson, P. M., Brewer, S. L., Lanese, T., & Wilson, M. A. (2014, November 21). Federal civil
rights litigation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 as a correlate of police misconduct. Annual
meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA.
Stinson, P. M., Carmack, E. J., Frankhouser, J. M., & Wilson, M. A. (2014, November 20).
Police crime arrests in the United States, 2011. Annual meeting of the American Society of
Criminology, San Francisco, CA.
Stinson, P.M., Brewer, S.L., Englebrecht, C.M., Liederbach, J., & Mathna, B.E. (2014, February
21). Police sexual misconduct: Arrested officers and their victims. Annual meeting of the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
Stinson, P. M. (2013, December 12). Police integrity lost: A study of law enforcement officers
arrested: Lessons learned. Bowling Green State University, College of Health and Human
Services, Colloquium.
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Lab, S. P., & Brewer, S. L. (2013, November 21). Police integrity
lost: A study of law enforcement officers arrested. Annual meeting of the American Society of
Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
Stinson, P. M., Brewer, S. L., Englebrecht, C. M., Mathna, B. E., & Liederbach, J. (2013,
November 21). Police sexual misconduct arrests: An exploratory CART analysis. Annual
meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
Stinson, P. M. (2013, July 30). Police integrity lost: Preliminary findings of a national study of
law enforcement officers arrested. Conference on Police Misconduct sponsored by the APA
Division on Psychologists in Public Service, Section on Police and Public Safety at the annual
meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
237
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Englebrecht, C. E., & Mathna, B. E. (2013, March
21). Police sexual misconduct arrests: An exploratory study. Annual meeting of the Academy of
Criminal Justice Sciences, Dallas, TX.
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Todak, E. N., & Brewer, S. L. (2012, November 15). Drunk
driving cops: A study of police officers arrested for DUI, 2005-2010. Annual meeting of the
American Society of Criminology, Chicago, IL.
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Brewer, S. L., Jr., Schmalzried, H. N., Mathna, B. E., & Long, K.
L. (2012, November 15). CHAID analysis of drug-related police corruption arrests. Annual
meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago, IL.
Stinson, P. M. (2012, June 20). Police integrity lost: Preliminary findings from a study of law
enforcement officers arrested, 2005-2011. 2012 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Conference,
Arlington, VA.
Stinson, P. M., Liederbach, J., Schmalzried, H., Long, K. L., & Mathna, B. E. (2012, March 16).
Officers drugs of abuse: A study of drug-related police crime. Annual meeting of the Academy
of Criminal Justice Sciences, New York, NY.
238
Table 1. Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 6,724)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
6,357
367
(94.5)
(5.5)
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
136
603
886
967
1,081
885
614
343
178
170
861
(2.0)
(9.0)
(13.2)
(14.4)
(16.1)
(13.2)
(9.1)
(5.1)
(2.6)
(2.5)
(12.8)
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
756
954
666
622
507
409
387
194
129
156
1,944
(11.2)
(14.2)
(9.9)
(9.3)
(7.5)
(6.1)
(5.8)
(2.9)
(1.9)
(2.3)
(28.9)
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
2,277
4,447
(33.9)
(66.1)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
2,793
3,931
(41.5)
(58.5)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
5,095
369
123
581
177
63
12
4
49
251
(75.8)
(5.5)
(1.8)
(8.7)
(2.6)
(0.9)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.7)
(3.7)
Function
Patrol & Street Level
Line/Field Supervisor
Management
5,464
881
379
(81.3)
(13.1)
(5.6)
Region of United States

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
1,430
1,380
2,906
1,008
(21.3)
(20.5)
(43.2)
(15.0)
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
5,711
1,013
(84.9)
(15.1)
(%)
Agency Type
Primary State Police
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Municipal Police Dept.
Special Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
Regional Police Dept.
269
1,109
226
4,915
174
15
14
2
(4.0)
(16.5)
(3.4)
(73.1)
(2.6)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.0)
Full-Time Sworn Officers

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
31
59
274
376
684
679
704
859
653
548
1,857
(0.4)
(0.9)
(4.1)
(5.6)
(10.2)
(10.1)
(10.5)
(12.8)
(9.7)
(8.1)
(27.6)
Part-Time Sworn Officers

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
5,008
218
528
419
372
120
49
8
2
(74.5)
(3.3)
(7.9)
(6.2)
(5.5)
(1.8)
(0.7)
(0.1)
(0.0)
239
Table 2. Most Serious Offense Charged in Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 6,724)
n
(%)
Simple Assault
Driving Under the Influence
Aggravated Assault
Forcible Fondling
Forcible Rape
Drug / Narcotic Violation
All Other Larceny
All Other Offenses
Intimidation
False Pretenses / Swindle
Weapons Law Violation
Official Misconduct / Oppression / Violation of Oath
False Report / False Statement
Murder / Nonnegligent Manslaughter
Burglary / Breaking & Entering
Robbery
Theft from Building
Statutory Rape
Other Sex Crime
Extortion / Blackmail
Forcible Sodomy
Obstructing Justice
Pornography / Obscene Material
Civil Rights Violation
Bribery
Embezzlement
Disorderly Conduct
Negligent Manslaughter
Arson
Counterfeiting/ Forgery
Destruction of Property / Vandalism
877
841
572
352
322
308
274
265
255
218
143
139
129
125
112
109
103
100
98
95
94
93
86
84
80
79
67
62
57
51
46
(13.0)
(12.5)
(8.5)
(5.2)
(4.8)
(4.6)
(4.1)
(3.9)
(3.8)
(3.2)
(2.1)
(2.1)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(1.7)
(1.6)
(1.5)
(1.5)
(1.5)
(1.4)
(1.4)
(1.4)
(1.3)
(1.2)
(1.2)
(1.2)
(1.0)
(0.9)
(0.8)
(0.8)
(0.7)
Online Solicitation of a Child

Prostitution
Stolen Property Offenses
Indecent Exposure
Kidnapping / Abduction
Shoplifting
Hit & Run
Restraining Order Violation
Impersonation
Drunkenness
Theft from Motor Vehicle
Family Offenses, Nonviolent
Liquor Law Violation
Evidence: Destroying / Tampering
Assisting or Promoting Prostitution
Wire Fraud
Sexual Assault with an Object
Gambling: Operating / Promoting
Credit Card Fraud / ATM Fraud
Motor Vehicle Theft
Trespass of Real Property
Wiretapping, Illegal
Incest
Gambling: Betting / Wagering
Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts or Accessories
Peeping Tom
Welfare Fraud
Pocket-picking
Theft from Coin-operated Machine
Bad Checks
Note . Table equals 99.9%. The last four categories collectively account for the missing 0.1%.
(%)
44
42
39
38
37
31
27
25
22
22
21
20
19
17
12
10
10
9
7
7
7
6
4
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
(0.7)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.5)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.0)
240
Table 3. Victim Characteristics in Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 6,724)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
2,246
1,422
3,056
(33.4)
(21.2)
(45.4)
(61.2)
(38.8)
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
185
141
248
213
121
223
296
214
207
4,876
(2.7)
(2.1)
(3.7)
(3.2)
(1.8)
(3.3)
(4.4)
(3.2)
(3.1)
(72.5)
(10.0)
(7.6)
(13.4)
(11.5)
(6.6)
(12.1)
(16.0)
(11.6)
(11.2)
(%)
(Valid %)
Victim's Relationship
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Current Girlfriend or Boyfriend
Former Girlfriend or Boyfriend
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Stranger or Acquaintance
Missing
346
68
202
136
177
95
673
2,237
2,790
(5.1)
(1.0)
(3.0)
(2.0)
(2.7)
(1.4)
(10.0)
(33.3)
(41.5)
(8.8)
(1.7)
(5.1)
(3.5)
(4.5)
(2.4)
(17.1)
(56.9)
Victim's Law Enforcement Status

Victim is Not a Police Officer
Victim is a Police Officer
Missing
3,738
229
2,757
(55.6)
(3.4)
(41.0)
(94.2)
(5.8)
Victim Adult or Child

Adult
Child
Missing
3,051
939
2,734
(45.3)
(14.0)
(40.7)
(76.5)
(23.5)
241
Table 4. Chi-Square Predicting Conviction
Variable Label
Gender
Rank
FTSWORN cat
State
Urban to Rural
Arresting Agency
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Bribery
Burglary
Drug/Narcotic
Embezzlement
Extortion/Blackmail
False Pretenses/Swindle
Impersonation
Wire Fraud
Theft from Building
Theft / all other larceny
Pornography
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Weapons Law violation
Criminal Civil Rights Violation
Evidence: Destroying/Tampering
Liquor Law violation
Gender of Victim
Variable
V5
V7
V10
V11
V13
V14
V16
V17
V18
V19
V20
V23
V25
V26
V27
V29
V31
V43
V47
V49
V52
V53
V54
V56
V58
V60
V62
V63
V65
V67
V69
V71
V73
V81
N
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
2225
2
5.482
26.257
36.001
142.585
36.934
8.497
34.925
127.681
11.156
10.856
13.870
56.106
19.423
26.793
8.964
5.048
5.931
5.831
7.746
21.882
12.581
3.967
13.219
11.077
10.100
6.657
10.333
6.421
6.770
13.548
5.688
25.104
4.962
6.922
df
1
9
10
50
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.019
.002
.000
.000
.000
.004
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.025
.015
.016
.005
.000
.000
.046
.000
.001
.001
.010
.001
.011
.009
.000
.017
.000
.026
.009
V
.037
.082
.096
.190
.097
.046
.094
.180
.053
.053
.059
.119
.070
.083
.048
.036
.039
.038
.044
.075
.057
.032
.058
.053
.051
.041
.051
.040
.041
.059
.038
.080
.036
.056
242
Age of Victim
Is the Victim a Child?
Victim's Relationship to Offender
Internal vs. Organizational
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Police Sexual Violence
Driving While Female Encounter
Officer was Reassigned
Officer was Suspended
Discussion of Agency Scandal/Coverup
Citizen Complaint as Method of Detection
DUI-related Traffic Accident
Injuries in DUI-related Traffic Accident
DUI in a Personally-owned Vehicle
Off-Duty Intervened in Existing Dispute
Family Violence
Heroin
Oxycodone
Benzodiazepines
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
Marijuana
OIDV: Weapon: Gun dept-issued
OIDV: Weapon: Hands / Fist
OIDV: Weapon: Miscellaneous Objects
OIDV: Verbal Threats / Violent Ultimatums
OIDV: Gun was Confiscated
OIDV: Confiscated Gun was Returned
OIDV: Order of Protection Filed
OIDV: Victim Injured, Nonfatal
OIDV: Victim Injured, Fatal
V83
V84
V85
V91
V93
V94
V95
V96
V97
V98
V99
V102
V104
V107
V108
V110
V111
V115
V125
V126
V129
V133
V137
V139
V140
V141
V148
V156
V164
V166
V167
V168
V169
V171
V173
V174
1186
2397
2374
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
110.509
34.675
114.234
20.205
64.029
3.794
41.888
72.332
82.610
14.144
4.130
13.688
28.227
4.408
18.048
20.021
13.864
15.255
5.234
84.832
8.206
8.108
3.833
40.311
7.553
5.265
12.971
4.004
90.491
8.456
12.370
7.587
15.729
12.261
97.134
4.710
1
1
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.005
.000
.000
.000
.000
.051
.000
.000
.000
.000
.042
.000
.000
.036
.000
.000
.000
.000
.022
.000
.004
.004
.050
.000
.006
.022
.000
.045
.000
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.030
.305
.120
.219
.072
.128
.031
.103
.136
.145
.060
.032
.059
.085
.033
.068
.071
.059
.062
.036
.147
.046
.045
.031
.101
.044
.037
.057
.032
.152
.046
.056
.044
.063
.056
.157
.035
243
Most Serious Offense Charged
Drugs: Personal Use / Using
Drugs: Selling / Dealing / Trafficking
Drugs: Sexually-motivated Drug Crime
Drugs: Facilitating Drug Trade
Drugs: Shakedowns from Street Dealers
Drugs: Shakedowns from Warrantless Searches
Drugs: Shakedowns from Legitimate Raids/Searches
Drugs: Shakedowns from Car Stops & Drug Couriers
Drugs: Shakedowns from Off-Duty Robberies
Drugs: Theft from Evidence Room
Drugs: Shakedown (Aggregate of V202 thru V207)
Narcotics
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Age Categorical
Years of Service Categorical
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Victim Age Categorical
V183
V196
V197
V199
V201
V202
V204
V205
V206
V207
V208
V210
Narcotics
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
AgeCategorical
YearsServCat
GeogRegion
GeogDivision
VictimAgeCat
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
3934
394.757
6.964
53.674
6.282
25.713
12.135
9.089
5.931
15.316
10.471
8.363
27.249
14.283
48.853
5.157
12.971
48.283
33.658
16.627
35.632
40.074
61
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
3
8
9
.000
.008
.000
.012
.000
.000
.003
.015
.000
.001
.004
.000
.000
.000
.023
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.317
.042
.117
.040
.081
.056
.048
.039
.062
.052
.046
.083
.060
.111
.036
.057
.111
.092
.065
.095
.101
244
Table 5. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 2,195)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Rank
-0.097
Full-Time Sworn Personnel Categorical
0.025
Wald
15.141
p
<.001
Exp(B)
0.908
LL
UL
0.865
0.953
-0.061
0.020
8.987
.003
0.941
0.904
0.979
Child Victim
0.379
0.135
7.830
.005
1.461
1.120
1.905
Victim Relationship to Offender
0.074
0.028
7.111
.008
1.076
1.020
1.136
Alcohol-related Crime
0.463
0.162
8.178
.004
1.589
1.157
2.183
Sex-related Crime
0.792
0.128
38.390
<.001
2.208
1.719
2.837
Profit-motivated Crime
0.572
0.198
8.334
.004
1.772
1.202
2.612
Suspended
-0.342
0.112
9.247
.002
0.710
0.570
0.886
1.058
0.374
7.990
.005
2.880
1.383
5.998
OIDV: Weapon: Verbal Threat / Violent Ultimatum
0.566
0.255
4.925
.026
1.760
1.068
2.901
-0.491
0.184
7.152
.007
0.612
0.427
0.877
2.068
0.629
10.794
.001
7.907
2.303
27.147
0.006
0.003
5.727
.017
1.006
1.001
1.011
Drug Shakedown
2.641
1.027
6.610
.010
14.024
1.873
104.991
Age Categorical
0.033
0.013
6.831
.009
1.034
1.008
1.060
0.034
0.009
14.985
<.001
1.035
1.017
1.053
- 2 Log Likelihood
2457.484
Model Chi-Square
299.873
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.128
.179
95% CI for AUC
.436
LL
.718
UL
.697
.740
245
Table 6. Chi-Square Predicting Job Loss
Variable Label
Age
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Type of Agency
Fulltime Sworn Personnel
State
Parttime Sworn Personnel
Urban to Rural Continuum
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Bribery
Burglary
Drug/Narcotic violation
Drug Equipment violation
Embezzlement
Extortion
False Pretenses/Swindle
Wire Fraud
Kidnapping/Abduction
Theft from Building
Theft / All Other Larceny
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Other Sex Crime
Criminal Civil Rights Violation
Disorderly Conduct
Variable
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V16
V17
V19
V20
V23
V24
V25
V26
V27
V31
V39
V43
V47
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56
V58
V60
V61
V62
V65
V66
N
5863
4780
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
77.984
69.760
11.162
207.332
50.971
40.599
112.921
220.807
65.610
105.161
14.486
126.794
46.927
13.198
78.436
3.841
14.052
22.444
7.341
16.759
21.085
13.043
36.182
24.813
51.500
13.908
6.851
111.539
25.744
6.775
60.635
18.218
40.001
35.365
df
56
43
1
1
9
7
10
50
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.028
.006
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.050
.000
.000
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
V
.115
.121
.041
.176
.087
.078
.130
.181
.099
.125
.046
.137
.084
.044
.108
.024
.046
.058
.033
.050
.057
.044
.073
.061
.088
.045
.032
.129
.062
.032
.095
.052
.077
.073
246
Drunkenness
Evidence: Destroying/Tampering
Hit & Run
Official Misconduct
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Child Victim
Victim Relationship to the Offender
Organizational vs. Against Citizenry
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Officer was Demoted
Officer's Chief is Under Scrutiny
DUI in a Take-home Police Vehicle
DUI in a Police Vehicle Out of Jurisdiction
DUI in a Personally-Owned Vehicle
DUI: Refused Field Sobriety Tests
DUI: Refused BAC Test
Off-Duty: Ordinance re On-Duty 24 Hours
Off-Duty: Showed Police Weapon
Off-Duty: Intervened in Existing Dispute
V67
V68
V69
V70
V71
V72
V75
V81
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V94
V95
V96
V97
V98
V99
V102
V103
V104
V106
V110
V111
V113
V114
V115
V116
V117
V118
V121
V125
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
223.713
6.544
6.992
4.776
7.468
5.191
41.620
13.138
5.541
111.533
41.756
173.685
84.564
74.138
213.535
91.325
181.978
246.197
5.439
162.689
120.585
63.373
111.394
11.856
178.976
4.045
68.821
15.669
4.246
4.277
127.325
21.562
27.880
14.671
17.053
4.690
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.011
.008
.029
.006
.023
.000
.000
.000
.008
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.020
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.044
.000
.000
.039
.039
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.182
.031
.032
.027
.033
.028
.079
.060
.037
.247
.102
.210
.112
.105
.178
.117
.165
.191
.028
.156
.134
.097
.129
.042
.163
.025
.101
.048
.025
.025
.138
.057
.064
.047
.050
.026
247
Family Violence
DUI: Officer Resisted Arrest
DUI: In Possession of Firearm while DUI
Heroin
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Other Narcotics
Benzodiazepines
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
Marijuana
OIDV: Weapon: Gun - Personally Owned
OIDV: Weapon: Hands/Fist
OIDV: Confiscated Gun was Later Returned
OIDV: Order of Protection Files
OIDV: Victim Injury: Nonfatal
42 USC 1981 Civil Defendant at Some Point
28 USC 1441 Civil Action Removed
Civil Rights Defendant - Aggregate
18 USC 242 Criminal Deprivation of Rights
Drugs: Using / Personal use
Drugs: Shakedowns from Radio Runs
Drugs: Shakedowns from Legit Raids/Search
Drugs: Shakedowns from Car Stops
Drugs: Shakedowns from Off-Duty Robbery
V126
V127
V128
V129
V131
V133
V135
V137
V139
V140
V141
V148
V157
V164
V166
V168
V169
V171
V173
V175
V176
V177
V178
V179
V180
V181
V183
V196
V197
V201
V202
V203
V205
V206
V207
V208
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
121.166
6.174
7.087
21.896
14.659
20.173
9.726
7.020
24.365
6.594
9.954
27.796
4.191
60.566
13.953
9.579
5.859
5.811
38.573
4.963
18.643
7.043
5.469
17.956
19.365
63.724
752.849
15.137
60.761
49.058
11.463
4.809
6.345
19.536
11.829
28.799
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.013
.008
.000
.000
.000
.002
.008
.000
.010
.002
.000
.041
.000
.000
.002
.015
.016
.000
.026
.000
.008
.019
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.028
.012
.000
.001
.001
.134
.030
.032
.057
.047
.055
.038
.032
.060
.031
.038
.064
.025
.095
.046
.038
.030
.029
.076
.027
.053
.032
.029
.052
.054
.097
.335
.047
.095
.085
.041
.027
.031
.054
.042
.065
248
Drugs: Shakedowns - Aggregate
Narcotics
Depressants
Stimulants
Cannabis
DUI in a Police Vehicle
Age Categorical
Metro County versus Nonmetro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank Function
Victim Age Difference
V210
Narcotics
Depressants
Stimulants
Cannabis
DUIPoliceVe
AgeCat
YearsServCat
CountyDichot
GeogRegion
GeogDivision
RankFunction
VictimAgeCat
VicAgeDiff
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
30.844
45.919
5.367
39.666
27.796
4.610
162.221
110.430
52.989
39.547
52.482
26.425
53.406
162.449
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
2
9
103
.001
.000
.021
.000
.000
.032
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.068
.083
.028
.077
.064
.026
.155
.128
.089
.077
.088
.063
.089
.155
249
Table 7. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 1,288)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Urban to Rural County Continuum (V13)
0.110
0.053
4.350
.037
1.116
1.007
1.237
Internal versus Organizational Crime (V91)
0.155
0.022
49.935
<.001
1.168
1.119
1.219
Alcohol-related Crime (V94)
0.431
0.173
6.204
.013
1.538
1.096
2.159
Sex-related Crime (V95)
0.857
0.150
32.577
<.001
2.356
1.755
3.162
Police Sexual Violence (V98)
0.548
0.213
6.621
.010
1.730
1.139
2.626
Officer was Reassigned (V102)
-1.062
0.327
10.519
.001
0.346
0.182
0.657
Officer was Suspended (V104)
-0.955
0.153
38.988
<.001
0.385
0.285
0.519
Family Violence (V126)
-0.670
0.158
17.993
<.001
0.512
0.376
0.697
Marijuana (V148)
-3.128
0.778
16.173
<.001
0.044
0.010
0.201
42 USC 1985 Civil Defendant at Some Point (V177)
1.251
0.485
6.670
.010
3.495
1.352
9.036
Geographic Division
0.053
0.026
4.286
.038
1.054
1.003
1.109
- 2 Log Likelihood
1502.588
Model Chi-Square
241.666
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.171
.231
95% CI for AUC
.276
LL
.638
UL
.625
.652
250
Table 8. Chi-Square Predicting Sex-Related Police Crime Arrests
Variable Label
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Arson
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Bribery
Burglary
Counterfeiting
Embezzlement
Impersonation
Murder & Nonnegligent Manslaughter
Shoplifting
Theft from Building
Robbery
Weapons Law violations
Criminal Civil Rights violations
Disorderly Conduct
Drunkenness
Hit & Run
Obstruction of Justice
Official Misconduct
Peeping Tom
Variable
V4
V5
V6
V7
V15
V16
V17
V19
V20
V21
V22
V23
V25
V26
V27
V29
V36
V39
V42
V43
V46
V47
V52
V62
V63
V65
V66
V68
V69
V70
V72
V74
V75
V76
N
4780
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
79.685
87.851
16.704
25.566
8.698
71.524
150.617
44.045
7.159
16.887
27.393
115.283
33.883
4.816
68.565
6.878
31.126
142.166
8.980
33.304
6.446
71.221
27.327
24.250
67.587
4.322
17.537
10.320
3.975
68.564
32.100
11.470
56.537
7.163
df
43
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.001
.000
.000
.002
.003
.000
.000
.000
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.028
.000
.009
.000
.000
.003
.000
.011
.000
.000
.000
.000
.038
.000
.001
.046
.000
.000
.001
.000
.007
V
.129
.114
.050
.062
.036
.103
.150
.081
.033
.050
.064
.131
.071
.027
.101
.032
.068
.145
.037
.070
.031
.103
.064
.060
.100
.025
.051
.039
.024
.101
.069
.041
.092
.033
251
Restraining Order violation
All Other Offenses
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Victim is a Child
Relationship of Victim to Offender
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Discussion of Agency Scandal or Cover up
Off-Duty: 24-Hour Ordinance
Off-Duty: Identified Self as Police Officer
Off-Duty: Showed a Police Weapon
Off-Duty: Flashed Badge
Off-Duty: Conducted a Search
Off-Duty: Made an Arrest
Family Violence
Heroin
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Other Narcotics
Benzodiazepines
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetamine / Methamphetamine
Marijuana
Testosterone
V77
V78
V80
V81
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V94
V96
V97
V99
V102
V107
V108
V118
V119
V121
V122
V123
V124
V126
V129
V131
V133
V135
V137
V139
V140
V141
V148
V151
6724
6724
6724
3668
3967
1848
3990
3934
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
4.596
6.388
48.023
651.711
58.859
592.004
684.979
909.238
182.373
84.426
8.465
137.383
260.078
357.899
492.036
587.698
5.261
28.459
520.439
3.865
12.151
30.300
4.592
5.322
5.884
57.839
8.841
12.488
25.191
8.135
5.322
56.932
11.586
12.453
19.006
4.760
1
1
1
1
1
79
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.032
.011
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.022
.000
.000
.049
.000
.000
.032
.021
.015
.000
.003
.000
.000
.000
.021
.000
.001
.000
.000
.029
.026
.031
.085
.422
.122
.566
.414
.481
.165
.112
.035
.143
.197
.231
.271
.296
.028
.065
.278
.024
.043
.067
.026
.028
.030
.093
.036
.043
.061
.035
.028
.092
.042
.043
.053
.027
252
Other Anabolic Steroid
OIDV: Weapon: Dept-issued Gun
OIDV: Weapon: Personal Gun
OIDV: Weapon: Other Body parts
OIDV: Verbal Threats & Violent Ultimatums
OIDV: Article Mentions DV gun prohibition
OIDV: Officer Violated Order of Protection
28 USC 1441 Civil Rights Case Removed
Federal Civil Rights Defendant - Aggregate
18 USC 242 Criminal Defendant at Some Pt
Drugs: Personal Use
Drugs: Forge Prescription
Drugs: Planting Evidence
Drugs: Shakedowns from Warrantless Searches
Drugs: Shakedowns from Legit Searches
Drugs: Falsification
Narcotics
V152
V156
V157
V164
V165
V166
V167
V168
V170
V171
V172
V173
V174
V175
V176
V177
V179
V180
V181
V183
V196
V197
V198
V199
V200
V201
V202
V203
V204
V205
V206
V207
V208
V209
V210
Narcotics
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
5.768
13.016
13.098
66.856
54.637
13.858
11.503
6.235
7.923
11.052
7.700
18.431
8.698
9.284
6.376
10.874
10.452
6.649
4.816
5322.861
57.821
74.521
9.262
80.884
9.262
49.301
21.184
4.479
19.472
9.262
16.340
9.827
16.909
15.340
49.007
44.270
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.016
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.013
.005
.001
.006
.000
.003
.002
.012
.001
.001
.010
.028
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.002
.000
.000
.034
.000
.002
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.029
.044
.044
.100
.090
.045
.041
.030
.034
.041
.034
.052
.036
.037
.031
.040
.039
.031
.027
.890
.093
.105
.037
.110
.037
.086
.056
.026
.054
.037
.049
.038
.050
.049
.085
.081
253
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Anabolic Steroids
Age Categorical
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
AnabolicSter
AgeCat
YearsServCat
GeogRegion
GeogDivision
VictimAgeCat
VictimAgeDif
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
8.026
74.783
6.446
19.006
9.929
105.671
109.107
81.554
106.705
1494.957
1406.902
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
3
8
9
103
.005
.000
.011
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.035
.105
.031
.053
.038
.125
.127
.110
.126
.472
.457
254
Table 9. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Sex-related Cases (N = 1,809)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Duty Status (V6)
Gender of Victim (V81)
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
0.451
0.191
5.580
.018
1.570
1.080
2.282
-3.476
0.189
338.398
<.001
0.031
0.021
0.045
Child Victim (V84)
1.895
0.199
90.357
<.001
6.654
4.502
9.835
Victim Relationship to Offender (V85)
0.342
0.076
20.302
<.001
1.407
1.213
1.633
-1.403
0.251
31.300
<.001
0.246
0.150
0.402
Profit-motivated Crime (V97)
-2.175
0.624
12.156
<.001
0.114
0.033
0.386
Agency Scandal / Cover up (V107)
-0.851
0.365
5.423
.020
0.427
0.209
0.874
1.981
0.224
78.517
<.001
7.247
4.676
11.230
Citizen Complaint as Method of Crime Detection (V108)

Off-Duty: Identified Self as an Officer (V119)
-1.114
0.412
7.308
.007
0.328
0.146
0.736
-1.320
0.343
14.793
<.001
0.267
0.136
0.524
OIDV: Weapon: Hands/Fist (V164)
-1.470
0.394
13.955
<.001
0.230
0.106
0.497
OIDV: Weapon: Miscellaneous Objects (V166)
-3.012
0.879
11.737
.001
0.049
0.009
0.276
-0.724
0.184
15.493
<.001
0.485
0.338
0.695
0.055
0.006
72.946
<.001
1.056
1.043
1.069

- 2 Log Likelihood
1051.788
Model Chi-Square
1433.190
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.547
.733
95% CI for AUC
.878
LL
.939
UL
.931
.947
255
Table 10. Chi-Square Predicting Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrests
Variable Label
Age
Duty Status
Type of Agency
FT Sworn Categorical
State
Arresting Agency
Arson
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Bribery
Burglary
Counterfeiting/Forgery
Property Damage / Vandalism
Embezzlement
Credit Card / ATM Fraud
Impersonation
Wire Fraud
Shoplifting
Theft from Building
Pornography
Prostitution
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Indecent Exposure
Variable
V3
V6
V9
V10
V11
V14
V15
V17
V18
V19
V20
V21
V22
V23
V25
V26
V27
V28
V29
V31
V39
V42
V43
V45
V47
V49
V50
V51
V52
V53
V54
V56
V58
V59
N
5863
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
89.049
630.074
23.819
34.433
182.106
25.529
5.855
10.496
50.668
39.829
22.387
20.501
9.494
111.902
34.343
34.669
66.634
5.544
8.144
8.197
22.804
8.463
28.843
6.074
73.232
19.694
10.571
4.312
27.760
35.279
25.952
70.116
23.282
4.173
df
56
1
7
10
50
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.003
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.016
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.004
.000
.004
.000
.014
.000
.000
.001
.038
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.041
V
.123
.306
.060
.072
.165
.062
.030
.040
.087
.077
.058
.055
.038
.129
.071
.072
.100
.029
.035
.035
.058
.035
.065
.030
.104
.054
.040
.025
.064
.072
.062
.102
.059
.025
256
Other Sex Crime
Criminal Civil Rights violation
Disorderly Conduct
Hit & Run
Official Misconduct
Gender of the Victim
Age of Victim
Victim is a Child
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Officer was Reassigned to Another Position
Officer was Demoted in Rank
Discussion of Agency Scandal or Cover up
Off-Duty: In Police Uniform
Family Violence
Heroin
V60
V61
V62
V65
V66
V69
V70
V72
V74
V75
V77
V81
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V95
V96
V97
V98
V99
V102
V103
V104
V107
V108
V118
V119
V120
V122
V126
V129
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
3668
3967
1848
3990
3934
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
11.504
25.129
27.531
41.862
33.555
15.061
71.120
240.993
27.167
197.410
7.940
20.668
25.498
172.884
46.606
74.902
656.028
957.118
619.269
124.399
259.429
199.445
498.804
100.204
24.961
52.795
10.025
23.848
21.420
109.416
64.099
69.862
7.750
13.457
50.784
12.770
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
79
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.000
.000
.000
.041
.061
.064
.079
.071
.047
.103
.189
.064
.171
.034
.075
.080
.306
.108
.138
.312
.377
.303
.136
.196
.172
.272
.122
.061
.089
.039
.060
.056
.128
.098
.102
.034
.045
.087
.044
257
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Cocaine
Crack
Marijuana
Testosterone
Other Anabolic Steroids
OIDV: Weapon: Miscellaneous Object
OIDV: Verbal Threats or Violent Ultimatum
OIDV: Victim Injured: Nonfatal
OIDV: Victim Injured: Fatal
42 U.S.C. 1983 Defendant at Some Point
42 U.S.C. 1985 Defendant at Some Point
42 U.S.C. 1997 Plaintiff is a Prisoner
28 U.S.C. 1441 Civil Rights Case Removed
18 U.S.C. 242 Criminal Defendant
Drugs: Using / Personal Use
Drugs: Forged Prescription
Drugs: Shakedowns from Warrantless Search
Drugs: Shakedowns from Legit Search/Raids
Drugs: Shakedowns from Car Stops / Couriers
V131
V133
V139
V140
V141
V148
V151
V152
V164
V166
V167
V168
V171
V172
V173
V174
V176
V177
V178
V179
V180
V181
V183
V196
V197
V198
V200
V201
V202
V203
V204
V205
V206
V207
V208
V209
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
18.415
21.331
46.465
13.009
11.678
21.913
4.502
5.364
17.435
5.920
6.447
4.227
8.370
9.560
23.276
5.883
42.196
6.191
12.140
9.198
38.788
26.456
3906.421
25.808
80.031
8.760
8.760
46.626
20.035
4.236
18.415
8.760
15.454
9.294
13.542
15.454
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.034
.021
.000
.015
.011
.040
.004
.002
.000
.015
.000
.013
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.003
.000
.000
.040
.000
.003
.000
.002
.000
.000
.052
.056
.083
.044
.042
.057
.026
.028
.051
.030
.031
.025
.035
.038
.059
.030
.079
.030
.042
.037
.076
.063
.762
.062
.109
.036
.036
.083
.055
.025
.052
.036
.048
.037
.045
.048
258
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cannabis
Anabolic Steroids
Age Categorical
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Age of Victim Categorical
V210
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cannabis
AnabolicSter
AgeCat
GeogRegion
GeogDivision
VicAgeCat
VicAgeDiff
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
46.348
46.079
65.383
21.913
9.292
43.280
31.558
40.663
102.029
144.561
1
1
1
1
1
10
3
8
9
103
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.083
.083
.099
.057
.037
.080
.069
.078
.123
.147
259
Table 11. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Alcohol-related Arrest Cases (N = 3,248)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Duty Status (V6)
-2.511
0.183
189.197
<.001
0.081
0.057
0.116
Child Victim (V84)
-1.323
0.219
36.481
<.001
0.266
0.173
0.409
0.161
0.025
42.205
<.001
1.175
1.119
1.234
Organizational Crime versus Against Citizenry (V90)
-1.339
0.245
29.768
<.001
0.262
0.162
0.424
-1.359
0.210
41.766
<.001
0.257
0.170
0.388
Violence-related Crime (V96)
-0.352
0.163
4.656
.031
0.703
0.511
0.968
Police Sexual Violence (V98)
0.974
0.277
12.401
<.001
2.649
1.540
4.557
Suspended (V104)
0.458
0.131
12.246
<.001
1.581
1.223
2.044
Agency Scandal / Cover Up (V107)
0.780
0.254
9.420
.002
2.181
1.326
3.589
-0.339
0.140
5.882
.015
0.713
0.542
0.937
Off-Duty: In Uniform (V120)
-2.421
1.040
5.421
.020
0.089
0.012
0.682
1.792
0.512
12.247
<.001
6.000
2.200
16.369
OIDV: Victim Injured, Fatal (V174)
-2.073
1.032
4.037
.045
0.126
0.017
0.951
-0.626
0.307
4.162
.041
0.535
0.293
0.976
18 USC 242 Criminal Defendant at Some Point (V181)
-1.253
0.574
4.768
.029
0.286
0.093
0.880
Most Serious Offense Charged (V183)
0.012
0.003
16.185
<.001
1.012
1.006
1.018
0.018
0.005
14.298
<.001
1.018
1.009
1.028
Marijuana (V148)
- 2 Log Likelihood
2102.385
Model Chi-Square
532.900
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.151
.272
95% CI for AUC
.604
LL
.802
UL
.781
.823
260
Table 12. Chi-Square Predicting Drug-related Police Crime Arrests
Variable Label
Age
Duty Status
Rank
Fulltime Sworn Personnel Categorical
State
Arresting Agency
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Burglary
Counterfeiting/Forgery
Extortion
Shoplifting
Theft from Building
Pornography
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Indecent Exposure
Other Sex Crime
Criminal Deprivation of Civil Rights
Disorderly Conduct
Hit & Run
Variable
V3
V6
V7
V10
V11
V14
V16
V17
V18
V20
V21
V26
V36
V37
V42
V43
V49
V52
V53
V54
V56
V58
V59
V60
V61
V63
V65
V66
V67
V69
V70
V72
V73
V74
N
5863
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
87.066
116.700
34.999
29.917
100.646
9.770
44.880
130.214
17.812
16.056
5.766
62.225
8.114
8.469
3.964
60.149
4.434
236.476
23.288
10.810
38.806
14.219
8.973
5.492
16.635
62.083
22.141
17.395
43.269
53.036
8.320
5.154
5.460
31.418
df
56
1
9
10
50
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.005
.000
.000
.001
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.016
.000
.004
.004
.046
.000
.035
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.003
.019
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.023
.019
.000
V
.122
.132
.072
.067
.122
.038
.082
.139
.051
.049
.029
.096
.035
.035
.024
.095
.026
.188
.059
.040
.076
.046
.037
.029
.050
.096
.057
.051
.080
.089
.035
.028
.028
.068
261
Official Misconduct
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Child Victim
Official Capacity
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Officer's Supervisor was Disciplined
Discussion of Agency Scandal / Cover Up
DUI On-Duty in Police Vehicle
DUI in Personally-owned Vehicle
DUI: Refused BAC Tests
Family Violence
OIDV: Weapon: Personal Gun
V75
V77
V81
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V94
V95
V96
V97
V98
V99
V102
V104
V105
V106
V107
V108
V110
V111
V112
V115
V116
V117
V119
V121
V123
V126
V156
V157
V164
V166
V167
6724
6724
3668
1848
3990
3994
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6.881
4.836
8.658
140.050
15.568
35.490
5.101
96.522
102.216
124.351
138.637
331.322
580.101
51.585
14.751
11.040
16.627
19.700
7.017
97.812
262.034
10.393
10.301
18.624
34.411
6.072
16.369
10.626
12.705
4.589
106.902
4.759
6.671
56.065
7.093
9.526
1
1
1
79
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.009
.028
.003
.000
.000
.000
.024
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.008
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
.000
.014
.000
.001
.000
.032
.000
.029
.010
.000
.008
.002
.032
.027
.049
.275
.062
.095
.028
.120
.123
.136
.144
.222
.294
.088
.047
.041
.050
.054
.032
.121
.197
.039
.039
.053
.072
.030
.049
.040
.043
.026
.126
.027
.031
.091
.032
.038
262
OIDV: Article Mentions Gun Prohibition
OIDV: Order of Protection Files
42 U.S.C. 1983 Civil Defendant at Some Point
Age Categorical
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
V168
V170
V171
V172
V173
V174
V176
V177
V178
V179
V180
V181
V183
AgeCat
GeogDiv
RankFunc
VicAgeCat
VicAgeD
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
10.836
4.395
15.025
4.462
45.203
3.840
25.553
53.326
38.431
6.848
25.441
10.281
3127.330
52.409
22.297
8.329
209.599
217.928
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
10
8
2
9
103
.001
.036
.000
.035
.000
.050
.000
.000
.000
.009
.000
.001
.000
.000
.004
.016
.000
.000
.040
.026
.047
.026
.082
.240
.062
.089
.076
.032
.062
.039
.682
.088
.058
.035
.177
.180
263
Table 13. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Drug-related Arrest Cases (N = 1,697)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
State (V11)
SE
-0.048
Wald
Exp(B)
0.015
10.621
.001
0.953
LL
UL
0.926
0.981
Pornography (V49)
2.344
0.538
18.979
<.001
10.418
3.630
29.902
Forcible Rape (V53)
1.107
0.522
4.496
.034
3.026
1.087
8.422
False Report / False Statement (V70)
2.818
0.592
22.665
<.001
16.742
5.248
53.414
Obstruction of Justice (V74)
2.590
0.558
21.503
<.001
13.324
4.459
39.807
1.532
0.507
9.125
.003
4.626
1.712
12.496
1.396
0.563
6.149
.013
4.040
1.340
12.180
3.629
0.691
27.598
<.001
37.691
9.731
145.984
Officer was Reassigned (V102)
1.374
0.674
4.154
.042
3.951
1.054
14.812
Injuries in DUI-related Traffic Accident (V111)
1.561
0.746
4.375
.036
4.764
1.103
20.569
- 2 Log Likelihood
254.464
Model Chi-Square
94.190
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.054
.291
95% CI for AUC
.290
LL
.645
UL
.622
.668
264
Table 14. Chi-Square Predicting Violence-related Police Crime
Arrests
Variable Label
Age
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Type of Agency
Full-Time Sworn Personnel - Categorical
State
Urban / Rural Continuum
Arresting Agency
Intimidation
Bribery
Counterfeiting / Forgery
Drug / Narcotic violation
Drug Equipment violation
Embezzlement
Impersonation
Wire Fraud
Shoplifting
Theft from Building
Theft: All Other Larceny
Pornography
Prostitution
Variable
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V9
V10
V11
V13
V14
V18
V19
V21
V22
V23
V24
V25
V26
V27
V28
V29
V31
V32
V33
V36
V37
V39
V42
V43
V45
V47
V49
V50
N
5863
4780
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
111.463
81.581
26.172
107.403
82.183
22.106
33.913
133.605
31.404
27.106
223.928
8.133
72.379
21.213
296.215
18.245
116.048
47.265
233.199
16.863
31.433
26.671
3.922
11.781
57.019
13.992
197.344
31.509
103.792
22.617
251.356
30.348
19.132
df
56
43
1
1
9
7
10
50
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.048
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
V
.138
.131
.062
.126
.111
.057
.071
.141
.068
.063
.182
.035
.104
.056
.210
.052
.131
.084
.186
.050
.068
.063
.024
.042
.092
.046
.171
.068
.124
.058
.193
.067
.053
265
Disorderly Conduct
Hit & Run
Official Misconduct
All Other Offenses
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Child Victim
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Profit-motivated
Injuries in a DUI-related Traffic Accident
DUI On-Duty in a Police Vehicle
DUI in a Take-home Police Vehicle
V51
V62
V63
V65
V66
V67
V69
V70
V72
V73
V74
V75
V77
V78
V80
V81
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V94
V95
V97
V99
V104
V106
V107
V108
V110
V111
V112
V113
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
3668
3967
1848
3990
3934
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6.525
72.860
13.850
30.259
109.947
678.239
43.248
95.618
39.878
22.781
18.982
10.967
11.806
18.916
23.533
4.806
5.895
166.314
21.316
206.633
332.506
316.816
41.853
331.322
199.445
357.899
1280.268
110.448
33.976
4.688
10.187
1327.054
280.360
65.197
39.546
62.541
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
79
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.011
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001
.000
.000
.028
.015
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.030
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.031
.104
.045
.067
.128
.318
.080
.119
.077
.058
.053
.040
.042
.053
.059
.036
.039
.300
.073
.229
.222
.217
.079
.222
.172
.231
.436
.128
.071
.026
.039
.444
.204
.098
.077
.096
266
DUI in Police Vehicle Out of Jurisdiction
DUI: Refused BAC Tests
DUI: In Possession of a Firearm
Heroin
Morphine
Hydrocodone
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone
Other Narcotics
Benzodiazepines
Other Depressants
Cocaine
Crack
Other Stimulants
MDMA & Analogs
Phencyclidine & Analogs
Other Hallucinogens
Marijuana
Testosterone
28 USC 1441 Civil Rights Case Removed
18 USC 242 Criminal Defendant
V114
V115
V116
V117
V118
V119
V121
V122
V123
V124
V128
V129
V130
V131
V132
V133
V135
V137
V138
V139
V140
V141
V143
V144
V146
V147
V148
V151
V152
V175
V176
V179
V180
V181
V183
V196
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
26.671
330.073
51.479
123.689
6.828
28.844
199.916
11.715
4.460
17.634
41.105
28.330
4.385
40.060
4.904
49.756
28.542
11.575
12.148
68.269
39.100
41.062
3.922
10.797
7.849
3.922
32.825
16.702
17.858
22.193
103.675
52.819
104.219
26.437
4883.929
160.243
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
1
.000
.000
.000
.000
.009
.000
.000
.001
.035
.000
.000
.000
.036
.000
.027
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.048
.001
.005
.048
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.063
.222
.087
.136
.032
.065
.172
.042
.026
.051
.078
.065
.026
.077
.027
.086
.065
.041
.043
.101
.076
.078
.024
.040
.034
.024
.070
.050
.052
.057
.124
.089
.124
.063
.852
.154
267
Drugs: Shakedown from Radio Runs
Drugs: Shakedown from Warrantless Search
Drugs: Shakedown from Legit Raid/Search
Drugs: Shakedown from Car Stops
Drugs: falsification
Narcotics
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Anabolic Steroids
Age Categorical
Metro vs. Nonmetro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
V197
V198
V199
V200
V201
V203
V204
V205
V206
V208
V209
Narcotics
Depress
Stimula
Hallucino
Cannabis
AnabSter
DUIinaP
AgeCat
YrsServCa
CountyDi
GeogReg
GeogDiv
RankFunc
VicAgeCat
VicAgeDif
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
151.410
32.499
7.052
25.027
114.069
11.998
6.895
21.657
7.371
51.606
32.781
135.577
26.700
118.852
22.617
32.825
32.269
108.082
43.530
44.068
13.247
21.266
33.277
47.771
944.302
879.176
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
2
9
103
.000
.000
.008
.000
.000
.001
.009
.000
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.150
.070
.032
.061
.130
.042
.032
.057
.033
.088
.070
.142
.063
.133
.058
.070
.069
.127
.080
.081
.044
.056
.070
.084
.375
.362
268
Table 15. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Violence-related Arrest Cases (N = 1,286)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Age (V3)
SE
0.057
0.016
Wald
13.075
p
<.001
Exp(B)
1.058
LL
UL
1.026
1.092
Years of Service (V4)
-0.040
0.017
5.230
.022
0.961
0.929
0.994
Type of Agency (V9)
0.163
0.080
4.143
.042
1.177
1.006
1.376
Child Victim (V84)
-1.277
0.217
34.716
<.001
0.279
0.182
0.427
-0.325
0.108
9.107
.003
0.723
0.585
0.892
0.064
0.026
6.239
.012
1.066
1.014
1.121
-3.998
0.477
70.258
<.001
0.018
0.007
0.047
Suspended (V104)
0.400
0.178
5.038
.025
1.492
1.052
2.115
0.820
0.194
17.867
<.001
2.271
1.552
3.322
Internal versus Organizational Crime (V91)

DUI-related Traffic Accident (V110)
-2.287
0.303
56.845
<.001
0.102
0.056
0.184
-0.054
0.006
84.071
<.001
0.948
0.937
0.959
- 2 Log Likelihood
948.709
Model Chi-Square
378.310
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.255
.396
95% CI for AUC
.688
LL
.844
UL
.826
.862
269
Table 16. Chi-Square Predicting Profit-Motivated Police Crime
Arrests
Variable Label
Age
Years of Service
Duty Status
Rank
Full-Time Sworn Categorical
State
Part-Time Sworn Categorical
Arson
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Burglary
Property Destruction / Vandalism
Impersonation
Pornography
Prostitution
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Incest
Statutory Rape
Indecent Exposure
Other Sex Crime
Disorderly Conduct
Variable
V3
V4
V6
V7
V10
V11
V12
V13
V15
V16
V17
V18
V20
V22
V23
V29
V36
V37
V39
V49
V50
V53
V54
V55
V56
V57
V58
V59
V60
V61
V63
V65
V66
N
5863
4780
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
105.411
85.616
633.147
55.541
28.640
244.278
17.341
32.193
5.758
171.383
348.894
53.258
72.653
22.339
506.835
65.165
27.881
21.292
22.070
41.733
10.476
105.167
49.453
7.778
171.962
4.348
46.582
22.558
19.080
57.460
37.793
38.249
52.056
df
56
43
1
9
10
50
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.027
.000
.016
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.005
.000
.037
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
V
.134
.134
.307
.091
.065
.191
.051
.069
.029
.160
.228
.089
.104
.058
.275
.098
.064
.056
.057
.079
.039
.125
.086
.034
.160
.025
.083
.058
.053
.092
.075
.075
.088
270
Drunkenness
Hit & Run
Official Misconduct
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Victim is a Child
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
DUI in Take-Home Police Vehicle
DUI in Police Vehicle Out of Jurisdiction
V67
V68
V69
V70
V71
V72
V73
V74
V75
V77
V78
V81
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V94
V95
V96
V98
V99
V102
V104
V105
V106
V107
V108
V110
V111
V112
V113
V114
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
3668
3967
1848
3990
3934
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
357.196
19.080
35.334
64.682
5.688
35.944
11.217
6.803
98.591
12.159
11.698
144.140
4.800
211.386
110.187
235.591
11.310
605.995
540.962
580.101
498.804
492.371
1280.268
182.244
52.721
31.477
41.137
35.912
7.628
183.301
445.610
171.858
74.117
17.188
25.730
9.653
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
79
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.000
.000
.000
.017
.000
.001
.009
.000
.000
.000
.000
.028
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.230
.053
.072
.098
.029
.073
.041
.032
.121
.043
.042
.198
.035
.338
.166
.245
.041
.300
.284
.294
.272
.271
.436
.165
.089
.068
.078
.073
.034
.165
.257
.160
.105
.051
.062
.038
271
DUI-Refused BAC Test
Family Violence
DUI: In Possession of a Firearm
Heroin
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Other Narcotics
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
Cocaine
Crack
MDMA & Analogs
Phencyclidine & Analogs
Marijuana
Testosterone
OIDV: Weapon: Personally-owned Gun
OIDV: Weapon: Knife
OIDV: Weapon: Other Body Parts
OIDV: Article Mentions Gun Prohibition
OIDV: Order of Protection was Filed
V115
V117
V118
V119
V121
V123
V126
V127
V128
V129
V131
V133
V135
V136
V139
V140
V141
V144
V146
V148
V151
V152
V156
V157
V163
V164
V165
V166
V167
V168
V169
V170
V171
V172
V173
V174
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
206.189
62.246
11.218
32.075
26.293
5.929
331.114
14.042
28.911
82.346
19.915
36.133
12.698
6.454
380.676
76.983
57.944
27.585
18.071
176.476
11.666
38.325
14.648
27.001
4.660
170.143
22.830
20.619
38.805
37.870
5.906
16.243
38.163
11.218
136.696
9.653
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.015
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.011
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.031
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.015
.000
.000
.001
.000
.002
.175
.096
.041
.069
.063
.030
.222
.046
.066
.111
.054
.073
.043
.031
.238
.107
.093
.064
.052
.162
.042
.075
.047
.063
.026
.159
.058
.055
.076
.075
.030
.049
.075
.041
.143
.038
272
42 U.S.C. 1985 Civil Defendant
Narcotics
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Anabolic Steroids
Age Categorical
Metro or Nonmetro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
V177
V178
V181
V183
V196
V199
V200
V209
Narcotics
Stimul
Hallucin
Cannab
Anabol
DUIinP
AgeCat
YrsServC
CountyDi
GeogReg
GeogDiv
RankFunc
VicAgeCat
VicAgeDiff
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
14.891
18.490
10.720
4449.343
5.059
5.370
14.244
25.507
112.680
441.677
44.397
176.476
43.764
44.963
31.473
24.044
9.943
27.852
54.990
39.513
637.177
603.574
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
2
9
103
.000
.000
.001
.000
.025
.020
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.007
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.047
.052
.040
.813
.027
.028
.046
.062
.129
.256
.081
.162
.081
.082
.068
.060
.038
.064
.090
.077
.308
.300
273
Table 17. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Profit-motivated Arrest Cases (N = 1,330)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Duty Status (V6)
SE
0.926
Age of Victim (V83)
0.398
Wald
5.417
p
.020
Exp(B)
2.525
LL
UL
1.158
5.510
0.076
0.024
9.953
.002
1.079
1.029
1.131
-2.340
0.655
12.784
<.001
0.096
0.027
0.347
Violence-related Crime (V96)
-2.808
0.435
41.592
<.001
0.060
0.026
0.142
1.777
0.596
8.900
.003
5.911
1.840
18.997
1.662
0.784
4.496
.034
5.268
1.134
24.477
0.046
0.022
4.557
.033
1.047
1.004
1.092
- 2 Log Likelihood
205.905
Model Chi-Square
110.546
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.080
.377
95% CI for AUC
.740
LL
.870
UL
.801
.939
274
Table 18. Chi-Square Predicting Being Named a Party-Defendant in 42 U.S.C. 1983 Litigation at Some Point
Variable Label
Age
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Type of Agency
Full-Time Sworn Personnel Categorical
State
Part-Times Sworn Personnel Categorical
Urban to Rural Continuum Code
Arresting Agency
Aggravated Assault
Bribery
Robbery
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Incest
Criminal Civil Rights Deprivation
Drunkenness
Official Misconduct
Variable
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V14
V16
V19
V21
V22
V26
V28
V36
V39
V49
V51
V54
V56
V57
V60
V63
V65
V67
V68
V70
V71
V73
V74
V75
N
5863
4780
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
2
198.143
250.387
30.465
203.914
125.643
30.828
60.276
346.944
25.560
75.487
4.414
38.690
9.418
5.135
5.593
7.905
4.256
16.915
41.130
11.702
19.811
20.992
3.894
4.417
3.964
3.964
97.041
55.349
3.964
23.451
5.824
7.133
27.533
50.495
df
56
43
1
1
9
7
10
50
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.036
.000
.002
.023
.018
.005
.039
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.048
.036
.046
.046
.000
.000
.046
.000
.016
.008
.000
.000
V
.184
.229
.067
.174
.137
.068
.095
.227
.062
.106
.026
.076
.037
.028
.029
.034
.025
.050
.078
.042
.054
.056
.024
.026
.024
.024
.120
.091
.024
.059
.029
.033
.064
.087
275
Gender of Victim
Age of Victim
Child Victim
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Violence-related
Officer was Demoted in Rank
Off-Duty: Identified Self as a Police Officer
Family Violence
Oxycodone
Cocaine
Crack
Marijuana
V81
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V94
V95
V96
V98
V99
V102
V103
V105
V106
V107
V108
V110
V111
V115
V116
V117
V119
V121
V123
V124
V126
V127
V133
V139
V140
V148
V164
V167
3668
1848
3990
3934
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
23.663
159.139
31.977
111.173
4.806
68.775
226.119
25.553
42.196
6.121
103.675
94.879
85.219
13.877
4.697
127.576
162.480
180.093
14.587
39.181
13.982
31.774
4.836
10.132
4.289
4.264
16.089
6.484
16.650
4.097
6.647
29.094
6.285
8.800
9.072
9.421
1
79
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.000
.000
.000
.000
.028
.000
.000
.000
.000
.013
.000
.000
.000
.000
.030
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.028
.001
.038
.039
.000
.011
.000
.043
.010
.000
.012
.003
.003
.002
.080
.293
.090
.168
.027
.101
.183
.062
.079
.030
.124
.119
.113
.045
.026
.138
.155
.164
.047
.076
.046
.069
.027
.039
.025
.025
.049
.031
.050
.025
.031
.066
.031
.036
.037
.037
276
OIDV: Victim Injury, Nonfatal
28 U.S.C. 1441 Civil Rights Action Removed
Drugs: Shakedown from Street Dealers
Drugs: Shakedown from Legit Search/Raid
Drugs: Shakedown - Aggregate
Drugs: Stimulants
Drugs: Cannabis
Age Categorical
Metro or NonMetro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
V173
V175
V177
V178
V179
V181
V183
V196
V200
V201
V202
V204
V205
V206
V209
V210
Stimul
Cannab
AgeCat
YrsServC
CountyD
GeogReg
GeogDiv
RankFunc
VictimAg
VicAgeDi
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
6724
8.627
435.624
632.692
1247.262
1192.487
171.608
320.050
6.408
38.120
3.833
118.716
95.587
28.690
75.474
31.330
99.877
21.921
8.800
108.469
155.578
15.672
65.296
123.337
55.134
90.534
157.015
1
1
1
1
1
1
63
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
2
9
103
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.011
.000
.050
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.036
.255
.307
.431
.421
.160
.218
.031
.075
.024
.133
.119
.065
.106
.068
.122
.057
.036
.127
.152
.048
.099
.135
.091
.116
.153
277
Table 19. Logistic Regression Model Predicting Being Named a 42 USC 1983 Party-Defendant at Some Point (N = 1,278)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Years of Service (V4)
0.067
0.010
43.606
<.001
1.069
1.048
1.091
Duty Status (V6)
1.086
0.187
33.762
<.001
2.962
2.054
4.273
Full-Time Sworn Personnel Categorical (V10)
0.071
0.030
5.498
.019
1.073
1.012
1.139
Murder & Nonnegligent Manslaughter (V36)
0.692
0.282
6.011
.014
1.998
1.149
3.475
Kidnapping/Abduction (V39)
0.753
0.272
7.669
.006
2.123
1.246
3.617
0.175
0.065
7.308
.007
1.191
1.049
1.352
Driving While Female Encounter (V99)
0.934
0.346
7.285
.007
2.544
1.291
5.011
Officer was Assigned to Another Position (V102)
0.854
0.334
6.544
.011
2.349
1.221
4.518
Officer's Supervisor was Disiplined / Reassigned (V105)
2.369
0.488
23.592
<.001
10.686
4.108
27.796
-1.348
0.465
8.421
.004
0.260
0.104
0.645
DUI in a Privately-owned Vehicle (V115)

Off-Duty: Identified Self as an Officer (V119)
1.060
0.301
12.374
<.001
2.885
1.599
5.208
0.737
0.285
6.688
.010
2.090
1.195
3.653
Cocaine (V139)
2.007
0.747
7.227
.007
7.440
1.722
32.140
3.962
0.718
30.421
<.001
52.584
12.863
214.965
18 USC 242 Criminal Defendant at Some Point (V181)
1.837
0.639
8.264
.004
6.276
1.794
21.956
-0.019
0.004
23.805
<.001
0.981
0.974
0.989

- 2 Log Likelihood
1177.989
Model Chi-Square
328.366
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.227
.327
95% CI for AUC
.486
LL
.743
UL
.723
.764
278
Table 20. Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 1,475)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
1,467
8
(99.5)
(0.5)
26
133
208
221
261
201
163
87
49
48
78
(1.8)
(9.0)
(14.1)
(15.0)
(17.6)
(13.6)
(11.1)
(5.9)
(3.3)
(3.3)
(5.3)
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
204
246
163
168
119
84
91
38
44
38
280
(13.8)
(16.7)
(11.0)
(11.4)
(8.1)
(5.7)
(6.1)
(2.6)
(3.0)
(2.6)
(19.0)
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
556
919
(37.7)
(62.3)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
682
793
(46.2)
(53.8)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
1,168
53
31
110
37
9
1
0
7
59
(79.2)
(3.6)
(2.0)
(7.5)
(2.5)
(0.6)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(0.5)
(4.0)
Function
Management
1,221
178
76
(82.8)
(12.1)
(5.1)
259
242
658
316
(17.6)
(16.4)
(44.6)
(21.4)
1,229
246
(83.3)
(16.7)

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
(%)
61
280
30
1,040
56
4
3
1
(4.1)
(19.0)
(2.0)
(70.5)
(3.8)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.1)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
20
12
85
112
145
165
140
178
144
125
349
(1.3)
(0.8)
(5.8)
(7.6)
(9.8)
(11.2)
(9.5)
(12.1)
(9.8)
(8.5)
(23.6)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
1,031
64
162
99
77
28
10
4
0
(69.9)
(4.3)
(11.0)
(6.7)
(5.2)
(1.9)
(0.7)
(0.3)
(0.0)
Agency Type
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
279
Table 21. Most Serious Offense Charged in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,475)
n
(%)
Forcible Fondling
Forcible Rape
Statutory Rape
Unclassified Sex Crime
Forcible Sodomy
Intimidation
Prostitution
Simple Assault
Indecent Exposure
Official Misconduct / Oppression
Aggravated Assault
Bribery
Other / Unclassified Offenses
352
322
100
98
94
86
52
44
42
37
37
35
25
19
13
13
12
12
10
10
(23.9)
(21.8)
(6.8)
(6.6)
(6.4)
(5.8)
(3.5)
(3.0)
(2.8)
(2.5)
(2.5)
(2.4)
(1.7)
(1.3)
(0.9)
(0.9)
(0.8)
(0.8)
(0.7)
(0.7)

Disorderly Conduct
Arson
Unclassified Theft / Larceny
Incest
Destroying / Tampering Evidence
Wire Fraud
Theft from Building
Robbery
Peeping Tom
Restraining Order / Protection Order violation
(%)
7
7
6
6
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
280
Table 22. Victim Characteristics in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,475)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
1,160
143
172
(78.6)
(9.7)
(11.7)
(89.0)
(11.0)
108
118
202
139
54
73
64
42
14
661
(7.3)
(8.0)
(13.7)
(9.4)
(3.7)
(4.9)
(4.3)
(2.8)
(0.9)
(44.8)
(13.3)
(14.5)
(24.8)
(17.1)
(6.6)
(8.9)
(7.9)
(5.2)
(1.7)
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Missing
Missing
Adult
Child
Missing
(%)
(Valid %)
10
5
15
12
59
55
527
658
134
(0.7)
(0.4)
(1.0)
(0.8)
(4.0)
(3.7)
(35.7)
(44.6)
(9.1)
(0.7)
(0.4)
(1.1)
(0.9)
(4.4)
(4.1)
(39.3)
(49.1)
1,320
24
131
(89.5)
(1.6)
(8.9)
(98.2)
(1.8)
721
656
98
(48.9)
(44.5)
(6.6)
(52.4)
(47.6)
281
Table 23. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Sex-related Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Full-Time Sworn Personnel (categorical)
State
Part-Time Sworn Personnel (categorical)
Pornography
Forcible Sodomy
Indecent Exposure
Drunkenness
Age of Victim
Child Victim
Victim's Relationship to the Offender
28 U.S.C. 1441 Civil Case Removed
Job Lost
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank Function
Variable
V2
V4
V5
V6
V7
V10
V11
V12
V13
V49
V54
V59
V68
V83
V84
V85
V179
V181
joblostbin
geogreg
geogdiv
rankfunc
vicagecat
N
986
820
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
541
920
905
986
986
986
986
986
986
986
22.294
52.020
4.061
7.117
23.227
19.604
80.347
16.568
16.956
11.451
4.401
3.816
4.061
86.980
25.110
36.740
4.365
10.527
36.614
10.588
19.175
10.143
21.231
df
6
34
1
1
8
10
48
7
8
1
1
1
1
50
1
7
1
1
1
3
8
2
9
p
.001
.025
.044
.008
.003
.033
.002
.020
.031
.001
.036
.051
.044
.001
.000
.000
.037
.001
.000
.014
.014
.006
.012
V
.150
.252
.064
.085
.153
.141
.285
.130
.131
.108
.067
.062
.064
.401
.165
.201
.067
.103
.193
.104
.139
.101
.147
282
Table 24. Sex-related Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 447)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Years of Service
0.056

Child Victim
Lost Job
.007
1.737
0.769
5.107
0.728
0.279
6.832
1.661
0.293
32.044
354.228
Model Chi-Square
50.179
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
7.353
- 2 Log Likelihood
2
Wald
0.021
Exp(B)
LL
UL
1.058
1.016
1.102
.024
5.678
1.259
25.608
.009
2.071
1.200
3.575
< .001
5.266
2.963
9.360
<.001
.106
.178
95% CI for AUC
.346
LL
.673
UL
.621
.725
283
Table 25. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Sex-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Age
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Type of Agency
State
Arresting Agency
Bribery
Prostitution
Forcible Fondling
Incest
Indecent Exposure
Internal Crime Against the Organization
Official Capacity
Violence-related
Suspended
Crime Detected by Citizen Complaint
Conviction
Off-Duty: In Uniform
Marijuana
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Variable
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V14
V19
V39
V50
V56
V57
V59
V61
V65
V91
V92
V96
V98
V99
V104
V108
V109
V120
V148
V176
V177
V179
V181
geogreg
geogdiv
N
1,475
1,397
1,195
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
986
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
1,475
135.487
68.062
62.775
20.753
5.692
15.908
41.867
111.725
39.503
20.333
5.911
13.207
5.104
9.096
6.148
5.991
7.600
8.111
4.892
34.420
7.595
6.956
4.849
15.105
42.412
9.246
36.614
5.478
4.857
9.706
6.845
5.434
7.627
21.667
27.896
df
6
46
36
1
1
7
10
48
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
8
p
.000
.019
.004
.000
.017
.026
.000
.000
.000
.009
.015
.000
.024
.003
.013
.014
.006
.004
.027
.000
.006
.008
.028
.000
.000
.002
.000
.019
.028
.002
.009
.020
.006
.000
.000
V
.303
.221
.229
.119
.062
.104
.168
.275
.164
.117
.063
.095
.059
.079
.065
.064
.072
.074
.058
.153
.072
.069
.057
.101
.170
.079
.193
.061
.057
.081
.068
.061
.072
.121
.138
284
Table 26. Sex-related Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 801)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Year of Arrest
SE
0.339
Age
0.061
Wald
31.037
p
< .001
Exp(B)
1.404
LL
UL
1.246
1.582
-0.036
0.012
8.489
.004
0.965
0.942
0.988
0.121
0.045
7.167
.007
1.129
1.033
1.234
Official Capacity
0.890
0.282
9.973
.002
2.435
1.402
4.231
0.999
0.455
4.825
.028
2.715
1.114
6.620
Suspended
-0.942
0.255
13.651
< .001
0.390
0.236
0.642
Conviction
1.341
0.237
31.918
< .001
3.824
2.401
6.089
Marijuana
-1.929
0.693
7.740
.005
0.145
0.037
0.566
0.798
0.254
9.879
.002
2.221
1.350
3.653

- 2 Log Likelihood
625.507
Model Chi-Square
141.128
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.162
.262
95% CI for AUC
.544
LL
.772
UL
.733
.810
285
Table 27. Bivariate Associations of Child Victims in Sex-related Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Age
Years of Service
Duty Status
State
Arresting Agency
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Bribery
Burglary
Extortion
Pornography
Prostitution
Forcible Rape
Forcible Fondling
Incest
Statutory Rape
Indecent Exposure
On-Line Solicitation of a Child
Disorderly Conduct
Unclassified Offenses
Gender of Victim
Official Capacity
Variable
V3
V4
V6
V10
V11
V13
V14
V16
V17
V18
V19
V20
V26
V39
V47
V49
V50
V53
V56
V57
V58
V59
V60
V61
V63
V65
V66
V70
V74
V75
V80
V81
V91
V92
N
1,311
1,120
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,296
1,377
1,377
2
125.721
92.784
323.355
65.462
121.063
48.962
44.190
30.395
24.392
41.325
46.090
20.342
11.053
86.974
3.983
99.843
21.057
25.396
37.176
10.497
179.498
13.792
61.773
14.145
7.014
27.903
6.308
6.207
5.408
161.527
23.373
51.951
72.810
330.080
df
46
35
1
10
48
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.046
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.008
.000
.012
.013
.020
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
V
.310
.288
.485
.218
.297
.189
.179
.149
.133
.173
.183
.122
.090
.251
.054
.269
.124
.136
.164
.087
.361
.100
.212
.101
.071
.142
.068
.067
.063
.342
.130
.200
.230
.490
286
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Discussion of Agency Scandal or Cover Up
Method of Crime Detection
Conviction
Family Violence
OIDV: Weapon: Personally Owned Gun
OIDV: Weapon: Hands / Fists
OIDV: Victim Injured, nonfatal
42 U.S.C. 1983 Civil Defendant Some Point
Age Categorical
Geographic Division
V96
V97
V98
V99
V107
V108
V109
V120
V121
V126
V157
V164
V167
V173
V176
V179
V181
agecat
yrsservcat
geogdiv
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
920
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
1,377
57.564
9.394
290.300
142.850
5.352
28.531
25.110
6.308
13.870
20.034
4.566
4.361
6.308
6.194
60.897
12.257
11.053
50.515
31.988
36.261
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
8
.000
.002
.000
.000
.021
.000
.000
.012
.000
.000
.033
.037
.012
.013
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.000
.204
.083
.459
.322
.062
.144
.165
.068
.100
.121
.058
.056
.068
.067
.210
.094
.090
.192
.152
.162
287
Table 28. Sex-related Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Child Victims (N = 722)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Duty Status
SE
-1.798
Wald
0.315
32.509
< .001
Exp(B)
0.166
LL
UL
0.089
0.307
-0.195
0.054
13.134
< .001
0.823
0.741
0.915
-0.194
0.087
5.004
.025
0.824
0.695
0.976
Aggravated Assault
-2.688
0.771
12.155
< .001
0.068
0.015
0.308
Intimidation
-1.556
0.561
7.692
.006
0.211
0.070
0.634
-1.390
0.455
9.322
.002
0.249
0.102
0.608
1.357
0.652
4.336
.037
3.885
1.083
13.936

Forcible Fondling
1.245
0.259
23.100
< .001
3.474
2.091
5.774
Indecent Exposure
-1.357
0.517
6.880
.009
0.257
0.093
0.710
1.434
0.353
16.479
< .001
4.195
2.099
8.382
-3.054
1.125
7.367
.007
0.047
0.005
0.428
-3.822
1.191
10.289
.001
0.022
0.002
0.226
Gender of Victim
1.816
0.452
16.148
< .001
6.144
2.535
14.896
Violence-related
-1.658
0.402
17.046
< .001
0.191
0.087
0.419
-0.986
0.312
10.008
.002
0.373
0.202
0.687
-1.744
0.578
9.115
.003
0.175
0.056
0.542
Discussion of Agency Scandal or Cover Up
1.861
0.577
10.412
.001
6.427
2.076
19.900
Conviction
0.799
0.285
7.869
.005
2.223
1.272
3.883
Family Violence
0.941
0.399
5.557
.018
2.563
1.172
5.606
Geographic Division
0.101
0.047
4.596
.032
1.106
1.009
1.212
- 2 Log Likelihood
492.641
Model Chi-Square
505.330
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.503
.672
95% CI for AUC
.840
LL
.920
UL
.902
.938
288
Table 29. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Victim is a Child
Violence-related
Job Lost Binary
Georgraphic Division
Variable
V2
V13
V27
V54
V56
V58
V82
V84
V85
V96
V196
joblostbin
geogdiv
N
431
431
431
431
431
431
430
427
427
431
431
431
431
18.185
20.573
4.021
6.671
6.754
3.966
4.112
9.742
20.988
4.955
4.021
22.139
15.821
df
6
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
8
p
.006
.008
.045
.010
.009
.046
.043
.002
.002
.026
.045
.000
.045
V
.205
.008
.097
.124
.125
.096
.098
.151
.222
.107
.097
.227
.192
289
Table 30. Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 427)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Forcible Sodomy
1.146
0.495
5.368
.021
3.146
1.193
8.297
Forcible Fondling
-0.779
0.260
8.965
.003
0.459
0.276
0.764
Child Victim
1.321
0.389
11.529
.001
3.748
1.748
8.037
Lost Job
1.329
0.325
16.750
< .001
3.778
1.999
7.140
- 2 Log Likelihood
381.630
Model Chi-Square
44.602
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.099
.157
95% CI for AUC
.422
LL
.711
UL
.647
.774
290
Table 31. Bivariate Assocations of Job Loss in Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Years of Service
Gender
Type of Agency
Full-Time Sworn (categorical)
State
Part-Time Sworn (categorical)
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Bribery
Burglary
Indecent Exposure
Other / Unclassified Sex Crime
All Other Offenses / Unclassified
Alcohol-related
Suspended
Conviction
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
Variable
V2
V4
V5
V9
V10
V11
V12
V17
V18
V19
V20
V39
V59
V61
V63
V75
V80
V91
V94
V99
V104
V105
V109
yrsservcat
geogreg
geogdiv
rankfunc
vicagecat
N
622
495
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
622
431
622
622
622
622
622
60.900
61.583
18.253
17.772
18.829
78.683
17.903
4.288
7.658
9.214
5.451
6.004
3.742
6.219
6.685
7.616
5.706
52.301
4.667
12.156
23.630
3.776
22.139
25.372
12.336
17.510
8.663
22.063
df
6
29
1
6
10
45
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
3
8
2
9
p
.000
.000
.000
.007
.042
.001
.012
.038
.006
.002
.020
.014
.053
.013
.010
.006
.017
.000
.031
.000
.000
.052
.000
.005
.006
.025
.013
.009
V
.313
.353
.171
.169
.174
.356
.170
.083
.111
.122
.094
.098
.078
.100
.104
.111
.096
.290
.087
.140
.195
.078
.227
.202
.141
.168
.118
.188
291
Table 32. Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 354)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
0.639
0.217
Wald
8.682
p
.003
Exp(B)
LL
UL
1.894
1.238
2.896
-2.504
1.137
4.846
.028
0.082
0.009
0.760
0.260
0.051
25.790
< .001
1.297
1.173
1.433
1.178
0.494
5.681
.017
3.249
1.233
8.560
1.741
0.434
16.068
< .001
5.705
2.435
13.366
-0.262
0.083
9.904
.002
0.770
0.654
0.906
Conviction
Years of Service (categorical)
- 2 Log Likelihood
201.017
Model Chi-Square
64.762
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.167
.317
95% CI for AUC
.470
LL
.735
UL
.651
.819
292
Table 33. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Driving While Female Police Crime Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Burglary
Forcible Fondling
Economically-motivated
Against the Citizenry
Alcohol-related
Cocaine
42 U.S.C. 1983
Job Loss (binary)
Stimulant
Age Categorical
Rank Function
Variable
V2
V10
V20
V23
V47
V55
V56
V88
V90
V91
V94
V139
V176
V196
joblossbin
stimulant
agecat
rankfunc
N
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
14.407
22.232
9.101
4.514
4.827
6.081
5.277
4.514
4.514
7.204
9.895
4.514
3.728
4.514
3.967
4.514
18.588
5.769
df
6
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
p
.025
.008
.003
.034
.028
.014
.022
.034
.034
.007
.002
.034
.054
.034
.046
.034
.017
.016
V
.338
.420
.269
.189
.196
.220
.205
.189
.189
.239
.280
.189
.172
.189
.177
.189
.384
.214
293
Table 34. Driving While Female Encounters Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 126)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
UL
0.557
5.659
.017
0.266
0.089
0.792
0.207
0.072
8.337
.004
1.230
1.069
1.416
-2.705
0.993
7.416
.006
0.067
0.010
0.468
1.438
0.579
6.167
.013
4.214
1.354
13.113
- 2 Log Likelihood
88.550
Model Chi-Square
31.206
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
0.129
LL
-1.324
.046
Exp(B)
Forcible Fondling
Alcohol-related
3.969
-2.050
1.029
Wald
0.017
0.967
<.001
.219
.358
95% CI for AUC
.662
LL
.831
UL
.741
.921
294
Table 35. Bivariate Assocations of Job Loss in Drving While Female Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Age
Years of Service
Rank
State
Bribery
Forcible Rape
Indecent Exposure
Other / Unclassified Sex Crime
Organizational versus Against Citizenry
Internal versus Organizational
Suspended
Conviction
Off-Duty: Identified Self as an Officer
Variable
V2
V3
V4
V7
V11
V19
V39
V53
V59
V61
V75
V90
V91
V104
V109
V119
vicagecat
vicagediff
N
174
168
144
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
126
174
174
174
15.536
47.043
42.173
14.145
53.896
6.714
4.631
4.293
12.402
5.870
5.792
5.476
13.514
4.094
3.967
5.476
22.217
51.795
df
6
33
22
4
33
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
28
p
.016
.054
.006
.007
.012
.010
.031
.038
.000
.015
.016
.019
.000
.043
.046
.019
.002
.004
V
.299
.529
.541
.285
.557
.196
.163
.157
.267
.184
.182
.177
.279
.153
.177
.177
.357
.546
295
Table 36. Driving While Female Encounters Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 105)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
0.357
0.141
6.441
.011
1.429
1.085
1.883
-0.072
0.031
5.258
.022
0.931
0.875
0.990
- 2 Log Likelihood
41.223
Model Chi-Square
15.344
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.136
.326
95% CI for AUC
.532
LL
.766
UL
.671
.860
296
Table 37. Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 1,405)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
1,314
91
(93.5)
(6.5)
41
152
175
172
216
172
144
66
30
21
216
(2.9)
(10.8)
(12.5)
(12.2)
(15.4)
(12.2)
(10.3)
(4.7)
(2.1)
(1.5)
(15.4)
167
198
139
133
114
82
78
46
29
27
392
(11.9)
(14.1)
(9.9)
(9.5)
(8.1)
(5.8)
(5.5)
(3.3)
(2.1)
(1.9)
(27.9)
396
1,009
(28.2)
(71.8)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
170
1,235
(12.1)
(87.9)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
1,051
87
23
139
37
15
4
1
14
34
(74.8)
(6.2)
(1.6)
(9.9)
(2.6)
(1.1)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(1.0)
(2.4)
Function
Management
1,138
199
68
(81.0)
(14.2)
(4.8)
309
358
548
190
(22.0)
(25.5)
(39.0)
(13.5)
1,212
193
(86.3)
(13.7)

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
(%)
74
214
54
1,028
24
3
7
1
(5.3)
(15.2)
(3.8)
(73.2)
(1.7)
(0.2)
(0.5)
(0.1)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
1
6
53
53
143
130
170
210
127
113
399
(0.1)
(0.4)
(3.8)
(3.8)
(10.2)
(9.3)
(12.1)
(14.9)
(9.0)
(8.0)
(28.4)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
1,082
37
104
80
69
20
12
1
0
(77.0)
(2.6)
(7.4)
(5.7)
(4.9)
(1.4)
(0.9)
(0.1)
(0.0)
Agency Type
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
297
Table 38. Most Serious Offense Charged in Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,405)
n
(%)
Simple Assault
Aggravated Assault
Forcible Fondling
Disorderly Conduct
Forcible Rape
Drunkenness
All Other / Unclassified Offenses
Intimidation
Hit & Run
Forcible Sodomy
Family Offenses, nonviolent
817
149
103
47
27
27
26
26
23
22
19
16
14
11
9
6
5
5
5
(58.1)
(10.6)
(7.3)
(3.3)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(1.6)
(1.6)
(1.3)
(1.1)
(1.0)
(0.7)
(0.6)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
Obstructing Justice
Statutory Rape
Indecent Exposure
Arson
Reckless Endangerment
Impersonation
Official Misconduct / Official Oppression
Theft from Building
All Other / Unclassified Larceny
Prostitution
Robbery
Criminal Civil Rights violation
(%)
5
4
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
298
Table 39. Victim Characteristics in Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,405)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
263
242
900
(18.7)
(17.2)
(64.1)
(52.1)
(47.9)
14
12
20
17
23
53
66
29
49
1,122
(1.0)
(0.9)
(1.4)
(1.2)
(1.6)
(3.8)
(4.7)
(2.1)
(3.5)
(79.9)
(5.0)
(4.3)
(7.1)
(6.0)
(8.1)
(18.7)
(23.3)
(10.2)
(17.3)
(%)
(Valid %)
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Missing
42
5
45
7
19
6
47
382
852
(3.0)
(0.4)
(3.2)
(0.5)
(1.4)
(0.4)
(3.3)
(27.2)
(60.6)
(7.6)
(0.9)
(8.1)
(1.3)
(3.4)
(1.1)
(8.5)
(69.1)

Missing
500
58
847
(35.6)
(4.1)
(60.3)
(89.6)
(10.4)

Adult
Child
Missing
495
69
841
(35.2)
(4.9)
(59.9)
(87.8)
(12.2)
299
Table 40: Police DUI Arrest Cases: Incident Events
DUI in Privately-Owned Vehicle

DUI Traffic Accident
DUI Traffic Accident with Injuries
Refused BAC Test
DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Fled Scene
Officer in Possession of Firearm while DUI
Refused Field Sobriety Tests
DUI in Take-Home Police Vehicle
DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Charged with Hit & Run
Officer Resisted Arrest
DUI Actually On-Duty in Police Vehicle
DUI Traffic Accident: Fatality Resulting
DUI Traffic Accident: Flipped their Car
DUI in Police Vehicle while Out of Jurisdiction
Off-Duty: Officer's Employing Agency Requires 24/7 Availability
DUI Traffic Accident: Driving in Wrong Direction
DUI Traffic Accident: Driving a Motorcycle
Off-Duty: Displayed Police Weapon
DUI Traffic Accident: Officer Denied Driving
Off-Duty: Family Violence
DUI Traffic Accident: While Evading
DUI Traffic Accident: Flipped Victim's Car
Off-Duty: Intervened in Existing Dispute Per Policy
(%)
836
492
231
195
103
83
81
78
77
76
44
42
39
33
28
23
17
16
15
14
12
10
9
4
2
2
1
(87.1)
(51.2)
(24.1)
(20.3)
(10.7)
(8.6)
(8.4)
(8.1)
(8.0)
(7.9)
(4.6)
(4.4)
(4.1)
(3.4)
(2.9)
(2.4)
(1.8)
(1.7)
(1.6)
(1.5)
(1.3)
(1.0)
(0.9)
(0.4)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.1)
300
Table 41. Police DUI Arrest Cases: Drug-related (N = 49)
n
(%)
Specific Drugs:
Other Depressants (Depressant)
Oxycodone (Narcotic)
Cocaine (Stimulant)
Hydrocodone (Narcotic)
Other Narcotics (Narcotic)
Benzodiazepines (Depressant)
Amphetamine / Methamphetamine (Stimulant)
Marijuana (Cannabis)
Hydromorphone (Narcotic)
Other Stimulants (Stimulant)
Morphine (Narcotic)
Codeine (Narcotic)
MDMA & Analogs (Hallucinogen)
Other Anabolic Steroids (Anabolic Steroid)
15
8
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
(30.6)
(16.3)
(10.2)
(8.2)
(8.2)
(8.2)
(6.1)
(6.1)
(4.1)
(4.1)
(2.0)
(2.0)
(2.0)
(2.0)
Arrested Officer and Agencies:

Officer is Male
On-Duty at Time of DUI Offense
Arresting Agency is Not Officer's Employer
46
16
34
(93.9)
(32.7)
(69.4)
Note. Categories are not mutually exclusive. Sum of (%) column 100
301
Table 42. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Rank
State
Arresting Agency
Simple Assault
Forcible Fondling
Drunkenness
Hit and Run
Child Victim
Victim's Relationship to the Officer
Sex-related
Officer was Demoted
Off-Duty Ordinance On-Call 24/7
Family Violence
OIDV: Hands / Fist
Job Lost
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Variable
V7
V11
V14
V17
V22
V56
V67
V68
V72
V73
V84
V85
V95
V99
V103
V110
V111
V115
V118
V126
V164
V173
joblostbin
geogreg
geogdiv
N
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
339
331
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
654
20.366
95.625
5.294
7.182
4.327
3.681
11.679
4.477
3.987
6.721
4.004
23.297
3.913
6.187
4.653
17.885
11.293
12.756
3.612
10.441
21.157
13.340
12.462
11.270
19.323
df
8
48
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
8
p
.009
.000
.021
.007
.038
.055
.001
.034
.046
.010
.045
.002
.048
.013
.031
.000
.001
.000
.057
.001
.000
.000
.000
.010
.013
V
.176
.382
.090
.105
.081
.075
.134
.083
.078
.101
.109
.265
.077
.097
.084
.165
.131
.140
.074
.126
.180
.143
.138
.131
.172
302
Table 43. Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 330)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Arresting Agency is Not Arrested Officer's Employer
0.577
0.291
3.924
.048
1.781
1.006
3.153
Sex-related
1.110
0.455
5.952
.015
3.035
1.244
7.406
-2.655
0.832
10.182
.001
0.070
0.014
0.359
Driving-While-Female Encounter
DUI in a Personally-Owned-Vehicle
Lost Job
1.286
0.386
11.078
.001
3.619
1.697
7.719
-1.015
0.368
7.590
.006
0.362
0.176
0.746
0.937
0.288
10.601
.001
2.551
1.452
4.483
- 2 Log Likelihood
322.629
Model Chi-Square
7.486
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.156
.229
95% CI for AUC
.376
LL
.688
UL
.641
.734
303
Table 44. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Alcohol-related Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Duty Status
State
Urban-Rural County Continuum
Aggravated Assault
Bribery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Destroying / Tampering Evidence
Official Misconduct
Child Victim
Victim's Relationship to Arrested Officer
Organizational versus Against Citizenry
Official Capacity
Sex-related
Violence-related
Profit-motivated
Variable
V6
V10
V11
V12
V13
V16
V19
V26
V36
V37
V39
V49
V53
V54
V56
V58
V61
V63
V67
V69
V70
V73
V75
V82
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V95
V96
V97
V98
V99
N
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
558
564
553
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
2
26.456
48.473
106.935
29.408
32.022
8.017
4.919
8.209
10.863
6.527
14.689
4.300
20.642
9.988
9.468
8.395
19.762
5.803
52.293
4.398
4.148
8.634
6.270
5.634
8.325
15.616
23.750
21.321
40.030
55.140
39.284
6.527
40.277
5.700
df
1
10
50
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.005
.027
.004
.001
.011
.000
.038
.000
.002
.002
.004
.000
.016
.000
.036
.042
.003
.012
.018
.004
.029
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.011
.000
.017
V
.137
.186
.276
.145
.151
.076
.059
.076
.088
.068
.102
.055
.121
.084
.082
.077
.119
.064
.193
.056
.054
.078
.067
.100
.121
.168
.130
.123
.169
.198
.167
.068
.169
.064
304
Officer was Demoted
Conviction
Off-Duty: Agency has 24/7 On-Call Policy
OIDV: Protection Order filed Against Officer
42 U.S.C. 1983 Civil Defendant Sometime
42 U.S.C. 1985 Civil Defendant Sometime
Age (categorical)
Metropolitan vs. Non-Metro County
Geographic Division
Rank Function
Victim Age (categorical)
V102
V103
V105
V108
V109
V115
V118
V120
V171
V176
V177
V179
agecat
yrservcat
codichot
geogdiv
rankfunc
vicagecat
vicagediff
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
654
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,405
13.956
5.065
8.477
15.326
12.462
17.964
13.702
4.919
5.316
9.680
9.651
5.189
39.806
31.374
18.301
25.037
6.496
59.634
125.538
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
8
2
9
67
.000
.024
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.027
.021
.002
.002
.023
.000
.001
.000
.002
.039
.000
.000
.100
.060
.078
.104
.138
.113
.099
.059
.062
.083
.083
.061
.168
.149
.114
.133
.068
.206
.299
305
Table 45. Alcohol-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 327)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Duty Status
1.066
0.473
5.091
.024
2.904
1.150
7.333
Sex-related
1.253
0.389
10.357
.001
3.499
1.632
7.503
Violence-related
0.866
0.310
7.802
.005
2.377
1.295
4.364
-1.893
0.711
7.093
.008
0.151
0.037
0.607
Citizen Complaint as Method of Crime Detection
-1.075
0.303
12.566
< .001
0.341
0.188
0.618
0.965
0.295
10.660
.001
2.624
1.470
4.682
1.879
0.787
5.699
.017
6.549
1.400
30.639
Conviction
28 U.S.C. 1441 Civil Case Removed to Federal Court
- 2 Log Likelihood
360.536
Model Chi-Square
68.251
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.188
.258
95% CI for AUC
.322
LL
.661
UL
.620
.702
306
Table 46. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in DUI Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Duty Status
State
Official Capacity
Officer was Demoted
DUI in a Take-Home Police Vehicle
DUI Refused BAC Test
Oxycodone
Anabolic Steroids (excluding Testosterone)
OIDV: Weapon: Verbal Threats
Geographic Division
Geographic Region
Job Lost
Narcotics
Anabolic Steroids
Variable
V6
V11
V73
V92
V102
V103
V110
V111
V113
V117
V118
V133
V152
V167
V173
V225
duipveh
geogdiv
geogreg
joblostbin
narcotics
steroids
N
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
378
5.917
85.253
7.734
6.255
6.748
3.712
8.850
5.972
5.060
6.210
5.782
4.051
4.051
4.051
4.051
7.734
4.929
25.595
18.376
6.222
4.051
4.051
df
1
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
3
1
1
1
p
.015
.000
.005
.012
.009
.054
.003
.015
.024
.013
.016
.044
.044
.044
.044
.005
.026
.001
.000
.013
.044
.044
V
.125
.475
.143
.129
.134
.099
.153
.126
.116
.128
.124
.104
.104
.104
.104
.143
.114
.260
.220
.128
.104
.104
307
Table 47. Police DUI Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 378)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
-2.893
1.181
6.000
.014
0.055
0.005
0.561
Official Capacity
-0.949
0.363
6.842
.009
0.387
0.190
0.788
0.861
0.283
9.239
.002
2.366
1.358
4.123

-0.775
0.308
6.313
.012
0.461
0.252
0.843
-2.858
1.200
5.670
.017
0.057
0.005
0.603
0.892
0.310
8.283
.004
2.440
1.329
4.480
Job Loss
- 2 Log Likelihood
334.792
Model Chi-Square
41.842
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.105
.166
95% CI for AUC
.410
LL
.705
UL
.639
.771
308
Table 48. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in DUI Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Duty Status
State
Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter
Official Capacity
Violence-related
Discussion of Agency Scandal
Conviction
DUI Traffic Accident: Fatality
Age (categorical)
Metro vs. Non-Metro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Variable
V6
V10
V11
V12
V13
V36
V39
V90
V91
V92
V96
V102
V107
V109
V110
V111
V112
V118
V120
V221
V222
DUIpveh
agecat
yrsservcat
codichot
geogreg
geogdiv
vicagecat
vicagediff
N
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
378
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
960
6.657
29.056
107.344
24.362
31.714
6.222
4.346
4.555
7.764
17.856
14.195
5.850
9.773
6.222
6.759
9.618
6.912
8.080
4.346
16.158
12.230
10.788
32.467
33.388
9.812
14.578
38.273
21.306
80.423
df
1
10
50
7
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
10
10
1
3
8
8
54
p
.010
.001
.000
.001
.000
.013
.037
.033
.021
.000
.000
.016
.002
.013
.009
.002
.009
.004
.037
.000
.007
.001
.000
.000
.002
.002
.000
.006
.011
V
.083
.174
.334
.159
.182
.081
.067
.069
.090
.136
.122
.078
.101
.128
.084
.100
.085
.092
.067
.130
.113
.106
.184
.186
.101
.123
.200
.149
.289
309
Table 49. Police DUI Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 378)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
-0.149
0.050
8.878
.003
0.862
0.781
0.950
1.254
0.634
3.909
.048
3.506
1.011
12.156
Official Capacity
1.076
0.332
10.525
.001
2.934
1.531
5.623
Violence-related
0.902
0.339
7.068
.008
2.465
1.268
4.794
Conviction
0.857
0.299
8.202
.004
2.357
1.311
4.238
-2.254
1.047
4.638
.031
0.105
0.013
0.817
Off-Duty: Employing Agency Requires 24/7 Availability

2.149
1.081
3.951
.047
8.576
1.030
71.382
0.043
0.021
4.278
.039
1.043
1.002
1.086
- 2 Log Likelihood
444.563
Model Chi-Square
69.892
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.169
.227
95% CI for AUC
.436
LL
.718
UL
.666
.770
310
Table 50. Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 739)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
701
38
(94.9)
(5.1)
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
5
53
130
129
136
84
72
37
21
17
55
(0.7)
(7.2)
(17.6)
(17.5)
(18.4)
(11.4)
(9.7)
(5.0)
(2.8)
(2.3)
(7.4)
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
72
116
87
76
64
50
37
21
8
21
187
(9.7)
(15.7)
(11.8)
(10.3)
(8.7)
(6.8)
(5.0)
(2.8)
(1.1)
(2.8)
(25.3)
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
212
527
(28.7)
(71.3)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
444
295
(60.1)
(39.9)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
559
70
7
45
22
5
1
0
3
27
(75.6)
(9.5)
(0.9)
(6.1)
(3.0)
(0.7)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(0.4)
(3.7)
Function
Management
629
74
36
(85.1)
(10.0)
(4.9)

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
154
145
346
94
(20.9)
(19.6)
(46.8)
(12.7)
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
611
128
(82.7)
(17.3)
(%)
Agency Type
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
23
139
25
527
20
4
1
0
(3.1)
(18.8)
(3.4)
(71.3)
(2.7)
(0.5)
(0.2)
(0.0)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
1
8
24
33
73
84
84
58
80
58
236
(0.1)
(1.1)
(3.3)
(4.5)
(9.9)
(11.4)
(11.4)
(7.8)
(10.8)
(7.8)
(31.9)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
551
28
47
48
49
11
4
1
0
(74.6)
(3.8)
(6.4)
(6.5)
(6.6)
(1.5)
(0.5)
(0.1)
(0.0)
311
Table 51. Most Serious Offense Charged in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 739)
n
(%)
Robbery
All Other Larceny
Theft from a Building
Burglary / Breaking and Entering
All Other Offenses
Official Misconduct / Oppression /Violation of Oath
Aggravated Assault
False Statement / False Report
Embezzlement
Forcible Fondling
Civil Rights violation
Bribery
308
60
38
33
28
26
24
22
19
15
15
14
13
11
10
10
10
9
9
(41.7)
(8.1)
(5.1)
(4.5)
(3.8)
(3.5)
(3.2)
(3.0)
(2.6)
(2.0)
(2.0)
(1.9)
(1.8)
(1.5)
(1.4)
(1.4)
(1.4)
(1.2)
(1.2)
Forcible Rape
Simple Assault
Intimidation
Arson
Impersonation
Theft from a Motor Vehicle
Sexual Assaul with an Object
Other Sex Crime
Statutory Rape
Disorderly Conduct
Hit & Run
Wiretapping, illegal
(%)
8
7
7
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
(1.1)
(0.9)
(0.9)
(0.9)
(0.8)
(0.7)
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
312
Table 52. Specific Drugs in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 739)
n
(%)
Specific Drugs
Cocaine (Stimulant)
Marijuana (Cannabis)
Oxycodone (Narcotic)
Hydrocodone (Narcotic)
Crack (Stimulant)
Amphetamine / Methamphetamine (Stimulant)
Heroin (Narcotic)
Narcotics (other)
Anabolic Steroids (not testosterone)
Depressants (other)
Benzodiazapines (Depressant)
Testosterone (Anabolic Steroid)
MDMA & Analogs (Hallucinogen)
Morphine (Narcotic)
Phencyclidine & Analogs (Hallucinogen)
Hydromorphone (Narcotic)
Stimulants (other)
Hallucinogens (other)
Codeine (Narcotic)
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acide (Depressant)
233
177
89
69
58
53
50
29
29
26
19
17
11
8
8
5
4
4
2
2
(31.5)
(24.0)
(12.0)
(9.3)
(7.8)
(7.2)
(6.8)
(3.9)
(3.9)
(3.5)
(2.6)
(2.3)
(1.5)
(1.1)
(1.1)
(0.7)
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(%)
Drug Classes
Stimulants
Narcotics
Cannabis
Depressants
Anabolic Steroids
Hallucinogens
308
197
177
45
44
23
(41.7)
(26.7)
(24.0)
(6.1)
(6.0)
(3.1)
Cases with Multiple Types of Drug Classes Present

0 Drug Classes
1 Drug Class
2 Drug Classes
3 Drug Classes
4 Drug Classes
133
466
105
22
13
(18.0)
(63.1)
(14.2)
(3.0)
(1.8)
Cases with Multiple Specific Drugs Present

0 Specific Drugs
1 Specific Drug
2 Specific Drugs
3 Specific Drugs
4 Specific Drugs
5 Specific Drugs
6 Specific Drugs
131
415
136
35
10
11
1
(17.7)
(56.2)
(18.4)
(4.7)
(1.4)
(1.5)
(0.1)
Note . Categories are not mutually exclusive. Sum of (%) columns 100
313
Table 53. Victim Characteristics in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 739)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
52
57
630
(7.0)
(7.7)
(85.3)
(47.7)
(52.3)
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
1
4
7
1
4
8
5
3
5
701
(0.1)
(0.5)
(1.0)
(0.1)
(0.5)
(1.1)
(0.7)
(0.4)
(0.7)
(94.9)
(2.6)
(10.5)
(18.4)
(2.6)
(10.5)
(21.1)
(13.2)
(7.9)
(13.2)
(%)
(Valid %)
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Missing
6
0
3
1
2
2
12
112
601
(0.8)
(0.0)
(0.4)
(0.1)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(1.6)
(15.2)
(81.3)
(4.4)
(0.0)
(2.2)
(0.7)
(1.4)
(1.4)
(8.7)
(81.2)

Missing
136
4
599
(18.4)
(0.5)
(81.1)
(97.1)
(2.9)

Adult
Child
Missing
129
14
596
(17.5)
(1.9)
(80.6)
(90.2)
(9.8)
314
Table 54. Patterns of Drug-related Corruption in Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 739)
n
(%)
Drug Selling / Dealing / Trafficking
Drug Personal Use
Facilitation of the Drug Trade
Theft / Shakedown
Street-Level Dealer (n = 75, 10.1%)
Warrantless Searches (n = 69, 9.3%)
Car Stops & Drug Couriers (n = 58, 7.8%)
Off-Duty Robberies (n = 35, 4.7%)
Illegitimate Raids / Searches (n = 33, 4.5%)
Calls for Service / Radio Runs (n = 16, 2.2%)
Theft from Police Evidence Room
Falsification
Forged Prescription
Planting Evidence
Sexually-motivated Drug Corruption
Cases with Multiple Patterns of Drug Corruption
0 Drug Corruption Patterns Present
1 Drug Corruption Pattern Present
299
235
172
171
(40.5)
(31.8)
(23.3)
(23.1)
60
58
33
33
25
(8.1)
(7.8)
(4.5)
(4.5)
(3.4)
59
316
192
72
56
35
6
3
(8.0)
(42.8)
(26.0)
(9.7)
(7.6)
(4.7)
(0.8)
(0.4)
(%)
Other Types of Police Crime Present in Drug Cases

438
132
38
37
(59.3)
(17.9)
(5.1)
(5.0)
Drug Cases with Multiple Types of Police Crime

1 Type of Police Crime Present (just Drug-related)
2 Types of Police Crime Present
226
390
114
9
(30.6)
(52.8)
(15.4)
(1.2)
Note . Categories are not mutually exclusive. Sum of (%) column 100
315
Table 55. CART Analysis Patterns of Drug-related Police Corruption (N = 739)
95% CI
Splitting Variabl
Node 1 Variable(s)
Node 2 Variable(s)
AUC
LL
UL
Cocaine
Marijuana
Cocaine
Hydrocodone
Cocaine
Cocaine
Heroin/Marijuana
Cocaine
Hydrocodone/Marijuana
Oxycodone
Heroin/Marjiuana
Heroin/Marjiuana
Crack
Heroin/Crack
Amphetamine/Crack
Testosterone
Testosterone
Marijuana
.774
.769
.792
.701
.685
.737
.705
.714
.740
.660
.646
.697
.843
.824
.844
.724
.725
.777
Stimulants
Cannabis
Cannabis
Stimulants
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cannabis/Depressants
Narcotics/Stimulants
Narcotics/Stimulants
Cannabis/Anabolic Steroids*
Stimulants
Cannabis
Narcotics/Hallucinogens
Anabolic Steroids/Narcotics/Hallucinogens
Anabolic Steroids/Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens/Narcotics
Anabolic Steroids/Hallucinogens
Depressants
.753
.753
.755
.696
.675
.654
.685
.695
.697
.658
.632
.608
.821
.812
.814
.734
.717
.699
Specific Drugs
Theft/Shakedown - Car Stops & Drug Couriers
Theft/Shakedown - Warrantless Search/Seizures
Theft/Shakedown - Street-Level Dealer
Drug Use
Drug Trafficking
Drug Classes
Theft/Shakedown - Car Stops & Drug Couriers
Theft/Shakedown - Warrantless Search/Seizures
Theft/Shakedown - Street-Level Dealer
Drug Trafficking
Drug Use
*Anabolic steroids other than testosterone
316
Table 56. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011
Variable Label
State
Arresting Agency
Burglary / Breaking and Entering
Victim Relationship to the Arrested Officer
Profit-motivated
Arrested Officer was Reassigned
Family Violence
Other Depressants
Cocaine
OIDV: Weapon: Hands Fists
Drugs: Personal Use / Using Drugs
Job Lost binary
Drugs: Stimulants
Metropolitan vs. NonMetro County
Variable
V11
V14
V20
V23
V26
V32
V63
V74
V85
V97
V98
V102
V104
V117
V126
V138
V139
V164
V165
V173
V196
V197
V206
joblossb
stimulant
codichot
vicagecat
vicagediff
N
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
129
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
562
65.220
13.219
4.328
5.962
3.870
6.310
4.694
5.436
15.398
15.513
5.024
9.568
17.595
7.156
9.044
4.289
8.535
9.146
4.489
6.758
3.762
15.265
4.878
12.267
9.442
5.843
47.832
63.847
df
43
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
25
p
.016
.000
.037
.015
.049
.012
.030
.020
.017
.000
.025
.002
.000
.007
.003
.038
.003
.002
.034
.009
.052
.000
.027
.000
.002
.016
.000
.000
V
.341
.153
.088
.103
.083
.106
.091
.098
.345
.166
.095
.130
.177
.113
.127
.087
.123
.128
.089
.110
.082
.165
.093
.148
.130
.102
.292
.337
317
Table 57. Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 129)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Victim Relationship to Arrested Officer
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
-1.703
0.751
5.141
.023
0.182
0.042
0.794
0.471
0.171
7.545
.006
1.601
1.144
2.240
-2.061
0.699
8.687
.003
0.127
0.032
0.501
1.521
0.606
6.302
.012
4.575
1.396
14.996
-0.096
0.040
5.795
.016
0.909
0.840
0.982
- 2 Log Likelihood
86.361
Model Chi-Square
34.589
Suspended from Job

Lost Job
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.235
.387
95% CI for AUC
.698
LL
.849
UL
.761
.937
318
Table 58. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Age
Duty Status
Full-Time Sworn Personnel
Arresting Agency
Drunkenness
Official Capacity
Alcohol-related
Profit-motivated
Reassigned
Suspended
Supervisor was Disciplined
Chief is Under Scrutiny
Officer was Convicted
DUI On-Duty in a Pollice Vehicle
DUI in Police Vehicle Outside Jurisdiction
Off-Duty: Identified Self as an Officer
DUI in Possession of a Firearm
Heroin
Other Hullucinogens
28 USC 1441 Civil Action Removed
18 USC 242 Criminal Deprivation of Rights
Drugs: faciltating Drug Trade
Drugs: Narcotics
Metropolitan County vs. Nonmetro County
Variable
V2
V3
V6
V10
V14
V21
V23
V43
V47
V49
V63
V67
V68
V78
V92
V94
V97
V102
V104
V105
V106
V109
V110
V112
V114
V119
V128
V129
V147
V179
V181
V197
V198
V201
V206
V208
V209
Narcotic
DUI in Pol
CoDichot
VicAgeDif
N
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
739
56.885
62.818
12.598
26.219
7.304
4.142
4.854
4.684
4.227
16.780
13.652
19.044
7.152
7.152
18.828
21.590
13.973
20.894
25.124
11.138
8.228
12.267
4.555
8.471
7.152
4.533
4.818
7.998
3.969
5.019
4.709
7.430
15.890
10.467
4.636
10.110
4.163
6.864
7.843
4.470
39.386
df
6
45
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
26
p
.000
.041
.000
.003
.007
.042
.028
.030
.040
.000
.000
.000
.007
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.004
.000
.033
.004
.007
.033
.028
.005
.046
.025
.030
.006
.000
.001
.031
.001
.041
.009
.005
.034
.045
V
.277
.303
.131
.188
.099
.075
.081
.080
.076
.151
.136
.161
.090
.098
.160
.171
.138
.168
.184
.123
.106
.148
.079
.107
.098
.078
.081
.104
.073
.082
.080
.100
.147
.119
.079
.117
.075
.096
.103
.078
.231
319
Table 59. Drug-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 535)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Year of Officer's Arrest
0.544
0.075
52.053
< .001
1.723
1.486
1.997
-1.718
0.818
4.405
.036
0.179
0.036
0.893
-1.341
0.455
8.668
.003
0.262
0.107
0.639
Officer's Chief is Under Scrutiny as a Result of Arrest
-0.989
0.413
5.738
.017
0.372
0.166
0.836
Conviction on Any Offense Charged

0.917
0.314
8.538
.003
2.503
1.353
4.631
1.895
0.532
12.678
< .001
6.654
2.344
18.886
Falsification in a Drug-related Criminal Case
-1.183
0.405
8.521
.004
0.306
0.138
0.678
Narcotics
1.452
0.390
13.882
< .001
4.272
1.990
9.169
Non-Metropolitan County
0.946
0.397
5.694
.017
2.576
1.184
5.603
- 2 Log Likelihood
440.566
Model Chi-Square
131.461
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.218
.332
95% CI for AUC
.634
LL
.817
UL
.776
.859
320
Table 60. Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 3,328)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
3,194
134
(96.0)
(4.0)
74
305
489
513
542
441
288
149
75
67
385
(2.2)
(9.2)
(14.7)
(15.4)
(16.3)
(13.3)
(8.7)
(4.5)
(2.3)
(2.0)
(11.6)
398
514
350
296
262
193
174
68
57
60
956
(12.0)
(15.4)
(10.5)
(8.9)
(7.9)
(5.8)
(5.2)
(2.0)
(1.7)
(1.8)
(28.7)
1,228
2,100
(36.9)
(63.1)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
1,173
2,155
(35.2)
(64.8)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
2,656
141
64
269
69
21
3
0
16
89
(79.8)
(4.2)
(1.9)
(8.1)
(2.1)
(0.6)
(0,1)
(0.0)
(0.5)
(2.7)
Function
Management
2,797
402
129
(84.0)
(12.1)
(3.9)

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
715
664
1,386
563
(21.5)
(20.0)
(41.6)
(16.9)
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
2,880
448
(86.5)
(13.5)
(%)
118
523
90
2,504
77
6
9
1
(3.5)
(15.7)
(2.7)
(75.2)
(2.3)
(0.2)
(0.3)
(0.0)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
24
31
130
190
311
338
317
399
329
272
987
(0.7)
(0.9)
(3.9)
(5.7)
(9.3)
(10.2)
(9.5)
(12.0)
(9.9)
(8.2)
(29.7)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
2,489
90
282
207
165
63
26
5
1
(74.8)
(2.7)
(8.5)
(6.2)
(5.0)
(1.9)
(0.8)
(0.2)
(0.0)
Agency Type
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
321
Table 61. Most Serious Offense Charged in Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 3,328)
n
(%)
Simple Assault
Aggravated Assault
Forcible Fondling
Forcible Rape
Intimidation
Unclassified / All Other Offenses
Forcible Sodomy
Robbery
Civil Rights violation (criminal)
Disorderly Conduct
Unclassified / Other Sex Crime
Official Misconduct / Official Oppression
Arson
870
570
352
322
200
104
99
94
92
61
57
55
47
43
38
38
32
32
30
24
(26.4)
(17.1)
(10.6)
(9.7)
(6.0)
(3.1)
(3.0)
(2.8)
(2.8)
(1.8)
(1.7)
(1.7)
(1.4)
(1.3)
(1.1)
(1.1)
(1.0)
(1.0)
(0.9)
(0.7)
Statutory Rape
Bribery
Vehicular Hit & Run
Unclassified / All Other Larceny
Indecent Exposure
Prostitution
Drunkennness
Incest
Impersonation
(%)
24
18
17
14
12
12
10
9
8
7
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
(0.7)
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(0.0)
322
Table 62. Victim Characteristics in Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 3,328)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
1,841
1,124
363
(55.3)
(33.8)
(10.9)
(62.1)
(37.9)
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
163
112
174
134
96
180
252
187
165
1,865
(4.9)
(3.4)
(5.2)
(4.0)
(2.9)
(5.4)
(7.6)
(5.6)
(5.0)
(56.0)
(11.1)
(7.7)
(11.9)
(9.1)
(6.6)
(12.3)
(17.2)
(12.8)
(11.3)
(%)
(Valid %)
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Missing
336
59
195
118
159
84
451
1,668
258
(10.1)
(1.8)
(5.9)
(3.5)
(4.8)
(2.5)
(13.6)
(50.1)
(7.8)
(10.9)
(1.9)
(6.4)
(3.8)
(5.2)
(2.7)
(14.7)
(54.3)

Missing
2,912
194
3,106
(87.5)
(5.8)
(93.3)
(93.8)
(6.2)

Adult
Child
Missing
2,416
676
3,092
(72.6)
(20.3)
(7.1)
(78.1)
(21.9)
323
Table 63. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Violence-related Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Gender
Rank
State
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Bribery
Burglary
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
Gender of Victim
Victim Age
Child Victim
Drug-related
Alcohol-related
Sex-related
Profit-motivated
Variable
V2
V5
V7
V10
V11
V12
V16
V17
V19
V20
V23
V26
V36
V39
V49
V52
V53
V54
V56
V58
V62
V63
V65
V67
V71
V81
V83
V84
V85
V91
V93
V94
V95
V97
N
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,798
962
1,864
1,855
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
2
28.951
3.830
21.647
31.265
98.550
15.057
11.233
69.186
8.886
7.994
14.321
13.069
5.960
3.587
13.069
20.997
16.238
23.453
36.773
5.342
4.077
6.206
6.702
9.695
7.876
6.885
96.014
23.214
77.089
14.666
20.845
4.524
85.756
33.007
df
6
1
8
10
49
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
73
1
7
2
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.050
.006
.001
.000
.035
.001
.000
.003
.005
.000
.000
.015
.058
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.021
.043
.013
.010
.002
.005
.009
.037
.000
.000
.001
.000
.033
.000
.000
V
.121
.044
.104
.126
.223
.087
.075
.187
.067
.063
.085
.081
.055
.043
.081
.103
.090
.109
.136
.052
.045
.056
.058
.070
.063
.062
.316
.112
.204
.086
.103
.048
.208
.129
324
Suspension
DUI in a Privately-owned Vehicle
Off-Duty: Intervened in Existing Dispute
Family Violence
Hydrocodone
Cocaine
Marijuana
OIDV: Protection Order Filed
OIDV: Victim Injured, fatal
42 U.S.C. 1997 Civil / Plaintiff is Prisoner
Drugs: Shakedown from Street Dealers
Drugs: Shakedown from Off-Duty Robbery
Drugs: Theft from Police Evidence Room
Drugs: Shakedowns (aggregate)
Job Lost
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cannabis
Age (categorical)
V98
V99
V104
V110
V111
V115
V117
V118
V125
V126
V131
V139
V148
V164
V166
V167
V169
V171
V173
V174
V175
V178
V197
V199
V201
V202
V204
V206
V207
V208
V210
joblostbin
narcotics
stimulants
cannabis
agecat
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
38.540
11.554
9.249
8.644
7.891
8.452
4.589
4.485
3.944
38.595
4.077
21.445
16.049
50.787
3.739
4.901
10.465
4.372
55.748
7.641
3.673
4.268
17.235
6.931
6.642
16.055
14.022
18.611
9.980
3.944
25.915
254.985
4.935
21.792
16.049
33.356
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
.000
.001
.002
.003
.005
.004
.032
.034
.047
.000
.043
.000
.000
.000
.053
.027
.001
.037
.000
.006
.055
.039
.000
.008
.010
.000
.000
.000
.002
.047
.000
.000
.026
.000
.000
.000
.139
.076
.068
.066
.063
.065
.048
.048
.045
.139
.045
.104
.090
.160
.043
.050
.073
.047
.168
.062
.043
.046
.093
.059
.058
.090
.084
.097
.071
.045
.114
.358
.050
.105
.090
.130
325
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank Function
yrservcat
geogreg
geogdiv
rankfunc
vicagecat
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
1,984
40.562
8.678
20.397
9.786
27.714
10
3
8
2
9
.000
.034
.009
.007
.001
.143
.066
.101
.070
.118
326
Table 64. Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 954)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
-0.086
0.031
7.915
.005
0.917
0.864
0.974
2.526
1.097
5.307
.021
12.506
1.458
107.281
2.206
1.048
4.433
.035
9.079
1.165
70.781
Forcible Sodomy
0.997
0.422
5.592
.018
2.711
1.186
6.197
1.370
0.469
8.543
.003
3.934
1.570
9.858
Sex-related
0.626
0.626
0.181
.001
1.870
1.310
2.668
DUI in a Personally-Owned Vehichle
2.560
1.071
5.713
.017
12.936
1.585
105.554
OIDV Victim Injured, fatal
1.995
0.650
9.432
.002
7.351
2.058
26.257
Job Loss
1.726
0.165
108.819
< .001
5.619
4.063
7.772
0.047
0.014
11.794
.001
1.049
1.021
1.077
- 2 Log Likelihood
948.456
Model Chi-Square
256.077
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.235
.328
95% CI for AUC
.482
LL
.741
UL
.718
.764
327
Table 65. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Violence-related Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Age
Years of Service
Gender
Duty Status
Rank
Type of Agency
State
Aggravated Assault
Simple Assault
Bribery
Burglary
Impersonation
Robbery
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Statutory Rape
On-Line Solicitation of a Child
Unclassified Sex Crimes
Disorderly Conduct
Official Misconduct
Victim Gender
Variable
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V16
V17
V19
V20
V23
V29
V39
V43
V49
V52
V53
V54
V55
V56
V58
V60
V61
V62
V65
V66
V69
V75
V81
N
3,328
2,943
2,372
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
2,965
2
146.477
67.607
55.941
8.369
91.844
18.818
25.826
55.100
141.569
39.679
42.904
10.964
128.940
35.502
4.699
14.424
4.526
25.636
5.433
7.899
19.475
62.366
17.201
7.626
137.226
13.894
4.786
54.740
7.249
20.843
34.355
4.641
21.145
12.413
df
6
50
38
1
1
8
7
10
49
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.049
.030
.004
.000
.016
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
.000
.030
.000
.033
.000
.020
.005
.000
.000
.000
.006
.000
.000
.029
.000
.007
.000
.000
.031
.000
.000
V
.210
.152
.154
.050
.166
.075
.088
.129
.206
.109
.114
.057
.197
.103
.038
.066
.037
.088
.040
.049
.076
.137
.072
.048
.203
.065
.038
.128
.047
.079
.102
.037
.080
.065
328
Victim Age
Child Victim
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Sex-related
Profit-motivated
Officer was Demoted
Crime Detected by Citizen Complaint
Conviction
Family Violence
Heroin
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Cocaine
Marijuana
OIDV: Weapon: Misc. Objects
OIDV: Confiscated Gun was Later Returned
OIDV: Protection Order Filed
V82
V83
V84
V85
V90
V91
V92
V93
V95
V97
V98
V99
V102
V103
V104
V105
V106
V108
V109
V127
V121
V126
V129
V131
V133
V139
V148
V164
V165
V166
V168
V169
V171
V173
V174
V175
3,106
1,463
3,092
3,070
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
1,984
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3.870
100.641
38.888
153.358
7.809
18.888
83.335
9.875
284.771
21.423
151.504
71.090
46.978
6.491
58.545
9.467
15.225
7.273
254.985
3.808
12.422
122.943
5.433
7.249
6.521
3.944
7.722
54.925
4.143
12.252
7.830
5.264
4.365
32.927
4.269
8.082
1
76
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.049
.031
.000
.000
.005
.000
.000
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.011
.000
.002
.000
.007
.000
.051
.000
.000
.020
.007
.011
.047
.005
.000
.042
.000
.005
.022
.037
.000
.039
.004
.035
.262
.112
.224
.048
.075
.158
.054
.293
.080
.213
.146
.119
.044
.133
.053
.068
.047
.358
.034
.061
.192
.040
.047
.044
.034
.048
.128
.035
.061
.049
.040
.036
.099
.036
.049
329
42 U.S.C. 1997 Civil Plaintiff is a Prisoner
Drugs: Shakedown from Off-Duty Robbery
Drugs: Shakedown (aggregate)
Narcotics
Depressants
Stimulants
Cannabis
Age (categorical)
Metro versus Non-Metro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
V176
V178
V179
V181
V196
V197
V206
V207
V210
narcotic
depress
stimulant
cannabis
agecat
yrservcat
codichot
geogreg
geogdiv
vicagecat
vicagediff
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
3,328
15.066
5.053
28.434
46.552
9.336
17.818
9.421
8.384
5.489
11.855
4.526
6.935
7.722
91.126
90.546
13.177
48.162
53.265
49.257
140.586
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
9
99
.000
.025
.000
.000
.002
.000
.002
.004
.019
.001
.033
.008
.005
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.067
.039
.092
.118
.053
.073
.053
.050
.041
.060
.037
.046
.048
.165
.165
.063
.120
.127
.122
.206
330
Table 66. Violence-related Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 692)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Year of Arrest
0.411
0.059
49.043
< .001
1.509
1.345
1.693
Victim Gender
-0.572
0.260
4.858
.028
0.564
0.339
0.939
0.219
0.062
12.561
< .001
1.244
1.103
1.404
Victim's Relationship to the Arrested Officer

Official Capacity
-0.672
0.253
7.029
.008
0.511
0.311
0.839
1.352
0.351
14.843
< .001
3.864
1.943
7.685
-1.224
0.503
5.930
.015
0.294
0.110
0.787
-1.462
0.291
25.230
< .001
0.232
0.131
0.410
1.943
0.219
78.621
< .001
6.978
4.542
10.721
Conviction
1.215
0.383
10.079
.001
3.370
1.592
7.136
Cannabis
-2.841
0.852
11.105
.001
0.058
0.011
0.310
Age (categorical)
-0.105
0.052
4.046
.044
0.900
0.813
0.997
- 2 Log Likelihood
617.555
Model Chi-Square
250.874
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.304
.425
95% CI for AUC
.536
LL
.768
UL
.744
.791
331
Table 67. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
State
Simple Assault
Burglary
Pornogaphy / Obscene Material
Forcible Rape
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Official Misconduct
Child Victim
Sex-related
OIDV: Officer Violated Protection Order
Lost Job
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Variable
V2
V11
V17
V20
V22
V36
V49
V53
V54
V56
V74
V75
V84
V85
V95
V157
V164
V165
V169
V172
V173
V174
joblost
geogreg
geogdiv
vicagecat
N
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
486
480
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
497
15.413
80.273
29.509
3.927
9.992
14.147
5.826
11.871
4.626
24.159
7.533
7.521
13.968
27.127
34.222
7.379
14.263
14.351
5.982
4.603
17.631
15.862
62.928
19.175
24.938
28.296
df
6
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
8
9
p
.017
.001
.000
.048
.002
.000
.016
.001
.031
.000
.006
.006
.000
.000
.000
.007
.000
.000
.014
.032
.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.001
V
.176
.402
.244
.089
.142
.169
.108
.155
.096
.220
.123
.123
.170
.238
.262
.122
.169
.170
.110
.096
.188
.179
.356
.196
.224
.239
332
Table 68. Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 480)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
2.176
0.682
10.178
.001
8.807
2.314
33.516
2.950
1.106
7.118
.008
19.115
2.188
167.003
Victim's Relationship to the Arrested Officer
0.133
0.058
5.141
.023
1.142
1.018
1.280
Sex-related
1.526
0.326
21.909
< .001
4.602
2.428
8.720
0.809
0.401
4.074
.044
2.246
1.024
4.927
OIDV: Officer Violated an Order of Protection
1.547
0.599
6.663
.010
4.699
1.451
15.213

Job Loss
Geographic Region
-0.587
0.228
6.620
.010
0.556
0.356
0.870
2.048
0.660
9.622
.002
7.752
2.125
28.278
1.385
0.226
37.730
< .001
3.996
2.568
6.216
-0.287
0.110
6.764
.009
0.751
0.605
0.932
- 2 Log Likelihood
497.342
Model Chi-Square
163.272
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.288
.386
95% CI for AUC
.640
LL
.820
UL
.782
.858
333
Table 69. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year of Arrest
Duty Status
State
Urban to Rural County Continuum
Simple Assault
Forcible Rape
Forcible Fondling
Indecent Exposure
Official Misconduct
Unclassified / All Other Offenses
Child Victim
Official Capacity
Drug-related
Sex-related
Officer was Convicted
Unclassified / Other Depressants
OIDV: Officer Violated Protection Order
Depressants
Variable
V2
V6
V10
V11
V12
V13
V17
V36
V39
V49
V53
V56
V59
V61
V62
V75
V80
V84
V85
V92
V93
V95
V98
V102
V104
V109
V138
V165
V167
V172
V173
V179
V199
depress
N
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
929
910
961
961
961
961
961
961
497
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
2
41.162
4.876
31.600
81.166
15.748
19.372
25.197
12.668
8.129
7.008
22.061
39.122
4.567
10.256
6.706
7.309
11.681
18.080
26.984
4.583
5.677
51.384
6.706
11.172
14.446
62.928
5.024
25.743
5.311
4.389
15.351
4.908
5.024
5.024
df
6
1
10
49
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.027
.000
.003
.046
.013
.000
.000
.004
.008
.000
.000
.033
.001
.010
.007
.001
.000
.000
.032
.017
.000
.010
.001
.000
.000
.025
.000
.021
.036
.000
.027
.025
.025
V
.207
.071
.181
.291
.128
.142
.162
.115
.092
.085
.152
.202
.069
.103
.084
.087
.110
.140
.172
.069
.077
.231
.084
.108
.123
.356
.072
.164
.074
.068
.126
.071
.072
.072
334
Age (categorical)
Metro vs. Non-Metro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
agecat
codichot
geogreg
geogdiv
vicagecat
vicagediff
961
961
961
961
961
961
31.396
7.658
12.289
30.704
38.094
85.555
10
1
3
8
9
65
.000
.006
.006
.000
.000
.045
.181
.089
.113
.179
.199
.298
335
Table 70. Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 486)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
Year of Arrest
0.420
0.067
38.770
< .001
1.521
1.333
1.736
Duty Status
1.848
0.714
6.704
.010
6.347
1.567
25.710
-0.018
0.007
5.742
.017
0.982
0.968
0.997
State
Rurality Continuum (categorical)
0.248
0.089
7.826
.005
1.282
1.077
1.525
Simple Assault
-0.711
0.228
9.712
.002
0.491
0.314
0.768
Suspended
-0.673
0.254
7.006
.008
0.510
0.310
0.840
Conviction
1.689
0.231
53.587
< .001
5.414
3.445
8.510
OIDV: Weapon: Other Body Parts (not hands or fist)
0.946
0.352
7.215
.007
2.576
1.291
5.138
1.150
0.432
7.101
.008
3.159
1.356
7.360
- 2 Log Likelihood
525.053
Model Chi-Square
146.577
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.260
.348
95% CI for AUC
.600
LL
.800
UL
.762
.839
336
Table 71. Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011: Arrested Officers and Employing Agencies (N = 1,591)
n
(%)
n
(%)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
19-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56 or older
Missing
Years of Service
0-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26
27 or more years
Missing
Arresting Agency
Employing Agency
Another Agency
1,497
94
(94.1)
(5.9)
24
137
207
233
244
231
144
90
48
62
171
(1.5)
(8.6)
(13.0)
(14.6)
(15.3)
(14.5)
(9.1)
(5.7)
(3.0)
(3.9)
(10.8)
148
197
162
155
126
104
111
55
25
43
465
(9.3)
(12.4)
(10.2)
(9.7)
(7.9)
(6.5)
(7.0)
(3.5)
(1.6)
(2.7)
(29.2)
510
1,081
(32.1)
(67.9)
Officer Duty Status

On-Duty
Off-Duty
1,093
498
(68.7)
(31.3)
Rank
Officer
Detective
Corporal
Sergeant
Lieutenant
Captain
Major
Colonel
Deputy Chief
Chief
1,132
111
25
141
42
18
5
2
18
97
(71.2)
(7.0)
(1.6)
(8.9)
(2.6)
(1.1)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(1.1)
(6.1)
Function
Management
1,243
208
140
(78.1)
(13.1)
(8.8)
362
329
726
174
(22.8)
(20.7)
(45.6)
(10.9)
1,312
279
(82.5)
(17.5)

Northeastern States
Midwestern States
Southern States
Western States
Level of Rurality
Metropolitan County
Non-Metro County
(%)
62
251
66
1,162
42
7
1
0
(3.9)
(15.8)
(4.2)
(73.0)
(2.6)
(0.4)
(0.1)
(0.0)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or more
7
16
67
77
176
152
167
169
161
104
495
(0.4)
(1.0)
(4.2)
(4.9)
(11.1)
(9.6)
(10.5)
(10.6)
(10.1)
(6.5)
(31.1)

0
1
2-4
5-9
10-24
25-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
1,209
46
104
111
94
19
6
1
1
(76.)
(2.9)
(6.5)
(7.0)
(5.9)
(1.2)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(0.1)
Agency Type
Sheriff's Office
County Police Dept.
Constable
Tribal Police Dept.
337
Table 72. Most Serious Offense Charged in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,591)
n
(%)
Robbery
Theft from Building
Embezzlement
Bribery
All Other Offenses
Shoplifting
Official Misconduct / Oppression / Violation of Oath
Intimidation
Arson
Impersonation
Aggravated Assault
255
199
189
103
92
85
77
72
56
49
46
40
39
38
31
29
26
21
21
16
14
11
10
(16.0)
(12.5)
(11.9)
(6.4)
(5.8)
(5.3)
(4.8)
(4.5)
(3.5)
(3.1)
(2.9)
(2.5)
(2.5)
(2.4)
(1.9)
(1.8)
(1.6)
(1.3)
(1.3)
(1.0)
(0.9)
(0.7)
(0.6)
Wire Fraud
Simple Assault
Motor Vehicle Theft
Credit Card Fraud / ATM Fraud
Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts / Accessories
Welfare Fraud
Pocket-Picking
Theft from a Coin-operated Machine
Prostitution
Forcible Sodomy
Forcible Fondling
Bad Checks
Disorderly Conduct
Wiretapping, illegal
(%)
9
9
7
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.4)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
338
Table 73. Victim Characteristics in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases, 2005-2011 (N = 1,591)
n
(%) (Valid %)
Victim's Sex
Female
Male
Missing
71
195
1,325
(4.4)
(83.3)
(16.7)
(26.7)
(73.3)
Victim's Age
Birth-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-24
25-32
33-41
42 or older
Missing
0
1
0
2
1
9
11
9
13
1,545
(0.0)
(0.1)
(0.0)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.6)
(0.7)
(0.6)
(0.8)
(97.0)
(0.0)
(2.2)
(0.0)
(4.3)
(2.2)
(19.5)
(24.0)
(19.5)
(28.3)
(%)
(Valid %)
Current Spouse
Former Spouse
Child or Stepchild
Some Other Relative
Unrelated Child
Missing
1
4
1
6
0
5
6
350
1,218
(0.1)
(0.3)
(0.1)
(0.4)
(0.0)
(0.3)
(0.4)
(21.9)
(76.5)
(0.3)
(1.1)
(0.3)
(1.6)
(0.0)
(1.3)
(1.6)
(93.8)

Missing
358
12
1,221
(22.5)
(0.8)
(76.7)
(96.8)
(3.2)

Adult
Child
Missing
374
7
1,210
(23.5)
(0.4)
(76.1)
(98.2)
(1.8)
339
Table 74. Bivariate Associations of Conviction in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases
Variable Label
Year
Age
Years of Service
Type of Agency
State
Arresting Agency
Burglary
Embezzlement
Pocket-Picking
Shoplifting
Victim's Relationship to the Offender
Family Violence
Oxycodone
Cocaine
Marijuana
OIDV: Protection Order was Filed
Variable
V2
V3
V4
V9
V11
V12
V13
V14
V20
V23
V25
V26
V40
V42
V63
V65
V85
V90
V93
V96
V102
V104
V105
V106
V126
V133
V139
V148
V156
V164
V166
V167
V171
V173
N
1,105
1,010
799
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
266
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
2
23.832
85.828
62.423
14.237
88.251
21.871
43.579
22.569
5.262
28.447
7.204
5.654
4.790
7.668
5.992
5.402
25.017
5.729
23.074
4.100
18.365
22.939
6.340
4.178
9.353
5.048
19.749
4.436
4.790
4.790
4.790
9.588
9.588
14.395
df
6
49
39
6
47
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.001
.001
.010
.027
.000
.005
.000
.000
.022
.000
.007
.017
.029
.006
.014
.020
.000
.017
.000
.043
.000
.000
.012
.041
.002
.025
.000
.035
.029
.029
.029
.002
.002
.000
V
.147
.292
.280
.114
.283
.141
.199
.143
.069
.160
.081
.072
.066
.083
.074
.070
.307
.072
.145
.061
.129
.144
.076
.061
.092
.068
.134
.063
.066
.066
.066
.093
.093
.114
340
Drugs: Trafficking
Drugs: Facilitation of Drug Trade
Drugs: Shakedown from Off-Duty Robberies
Drugs: Shakedown (aggregate)
Lost Job
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cannabis
Age (categorical)
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
V181
V197
V201
V206
V207
V210
joblossb
narcotics
stimulant
cannabis
agecat
geogreg
geogdiv
vicagecat
vicagediff
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
1,105
6.282
20.696
11.065
6.252
3.988
7.766
82.094
6.347
18.068
4.436
44.496
12.647
16.063
21.614
39.147
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
3
8
6
21
.012
.000
.001
.012
.046
.005
.000
.012
.000
.035
.000
.005
.041
.001
.009
.075
.137
.100
.075
.060
.084
.273
.076
.128
.063
.201
.107
.121
.140
.188
341
Table 75. Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Conviction (N = 197)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Type of Agency
State
Part-time Sworn Personnel (categorical)
Violence-related
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
0.519
0.224
5.381
.020
1.681
1.084
2.606
0.070
0.020
12.566
< .001
1.073
1.032
1.115
-0.318
0.160
3.931
.047
0.728
0.532
0.996
1.666
0.732
5.177
.023
5.292
1.260
22.234
-3.293
1.398
5.549
.018
0.037
0.002
0.575
Drugs: Shakedown / Theft from Off-duty Robbery
-4.517
2.035
4.927
.026
0.011
0.000
0.589
4.702
1.648
8.141
.004
110.177
4.358
2785.279
3.187
0.679
22.041
< .001
24.216
6.401
91.605
-0.357
0.123
8.439
.004
0.700
0.550
0.890
Drugs: Any Shakedown / Theft )

Job Lost
- 2 Log Likelihood
133.494
Model Chi-Square
82.984
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.344
.516
95% CI for AUC
.186
LL
.593
UL
.547
.639
342
Table 76. Bivariate Associations of Job Loss in Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest
Cases
Variable Label
Year
Years of Service
Gender
Rank
Type of Agency
State
Arresting Agency
Arson
Wire Fraud
Robbery
Internal versus Organizational
Official Capacity
Discussion of Agency Scandal
Conviction
Heroin
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Other Narcotics
Variable
V2
V4
V5
V7
V9
V10
V11
V13
V14
V15
V23
V28
V31
V33
V52
V63
V65
V74
V82
V91
V92
V93
V102
V104
V105
V106
V107
V109
V129
V131
V133
V135
V179
N
1,591
1,126
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
370
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,105
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
2
155.340
56.457
7.232
23.219
13.075
33.267
126.335
21.745
4.878
5.204
17.469
5.860
6.423
6.619
4.630
7.182
15.304
6.705
4.516
14.997
7.175
16.389
23.675
87.439
15.083
4.366
9.010
82.094
8.764
5.765
5.827
4.499
3.922
df
6
39
1
9
6
10
47
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p
.000
.035
.007
.006
.042
.000
.000
.005
.027
.023
.000
.015
.011
.010
.031
.007
.000
.010
.034
.000
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.037
.003
.000
.003
.016
.016
.034
.048
V
.312
.224
.067
.121
.091
.145
.282
.117
.055
.057
.105
.061
.064
.065
.054
.067
.098
.065
.110
.097
.067
.101
.122
.234
.097
.052
.075
.273
.074
.060
.061
.053
.050
343
Drugs: Selling / Trafficking
Drugs: Facilitation of Drug Trade
Drugs: Theft from Police Evidence Room
Narcotics
Depressants
Age Categorical
Metropolitan versus Nonmetro County
Geographic Region
Geographic Division
Rank by Function
V181
V196
V197
V201
V206
V208
narcotics
depress
agecat
yrsservcat
countydic
geogreg
geogdiv
rankfunc
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
1,591
20.538
6.163
11.652
9.870
4.095
5.085
18.086
4.761
49.034
28.444
8.468
17.057
33.167
15.232
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
3
8
2
.000
.013
.001
.002
.043
.024
.000
.029
.000
.002
.004
.001
.000
.000
.114
.062
.086
.079
.051
.057
.107
.055
.176
.134
.073
.104
.144
.098
344
Table 77. Profit-motivated Police Crime Arrest Cases: Logistic Regression Model Predicting Job Loss (N = 206)
95% CI for Exp(B)
B
Official Capacity
SE
Wald
Exp(B)
LL
UL
0.381
0.093
16.830
< .001
1.464
1.220
1.756
2.302
0.781
8.692
.003
9.995
2.163
46.179
-2.597
0.824
9.922
.002
0.075
0.015
0.375
Conviction
2.404
0.633
14.413
< .001
11.070
3.200
38.301
3.839
1.235
9.666
.002
46.459
4.132
522.381
Geographic Division
0.528
0.152
12.104
.001
1.695
1.259
2.283
-2.741
1.073
6.530
.011
0.065
0.008
0.528
- 2 Log Likelihood
99.126
Model Chi-Square
111.933
Discussion of an Agency Scandal or Cover Up
Cox & Snell R

Nagelkerke R
ROC R
AUC
<.001
.419
.654
95% CI for AUC
.336
LL
.668
UL
.626
.711
345
Table 78. 200 Largest State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # Full-Time Sworn Personnel)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Per 100,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Population
New York City Police Department
Chicago Police Department
Los Angeles Police Department
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office
California Highway Patrol
Philadelphia Police Department
Cook County Sheriff's Office
Houston Police Department
New York State Police
New York State Courts Officers
Pennsylvania State Police
Washington Metropolitan Police Department
Texas Department of Public Safety
Dallas Police Department
Phoenix Police Department
Miami-Dade (County) Police Department
New Jersey State Police
Baltimore Police Department
Las Vegas Metro Police Department
Nassau County Police Department
Suffolk County Police Department
Harris County Sheriff's Office
Massachusetts State Police
Detroit Police Department
Boston Police Department
Riverside County Sheriff's Office
Illinois State Police
San Antonio Police Department
Milwaukee Police Department
San Diego Police Department
San Francisco Police Department
Honolulu (City & County) Police Department
New York
Cook
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Sacramento
Philadelphia
Cook
Harris
Albany
New York
Dauphin
DC
Travis
Dallas
Maricopa
Miami-Dade
Mercer
Baltimore City
Clark
Nassau
Suffolk
Harris
Middlesex
Wayne
Suffolk
Riverside
Sangamon
Bexar
Milwaukee
San Diego
San Francisco
Honolulu
NY
IL
CA
CA
CA
PA
IL
TX
NY
NY
PA
DC
TX
TX
AZ
FL
NJ
MD
NV
NY
NY
TX
MA
MI
MA
CA
IL
TX
WI
CA
CA
HI
36023
13354
9727
9461
7202
6624
5655
5053
4847
4500
4458
3742
3529
3389
3388
3093
3053
2990
2942
2732
2622
2558
2310
2250
2181
2147
2105
2020
1987
1951
1940
1934
196
83
30
14
13
66
8
35
5
1
26
29
6
39
17
25
13
55
8
6
6
3
10
23
14
11
10
30
73
12
7
26
5.44
6.22
3.08
1.48
1.81
9.96
1.41
6.93
1.03
0.22
5.83
7.75
1.70
11.51
5.02
8.08
4.26
18.39
2.72
2.20
2.29
1.17
4.33
10.22
6.42
5.12
4.75
14.85
36.74
6.15
3.61
13.44
2.40
1.60
0.31
0.14
0.03
4.33
0.15
0.86
0.03
0.01
0.20
4.82
0.02
1.65
0.45
1.00
0.15
8.86
0.41
0.45
0.40
0.07
0.15
1.26
1.94
0.50
0.08
1.75
7.70
0.39
0.87
2.73
346
Baltimore County Police Department
Columbus Police Department
Virginia State Police
North Carolina State Highway Patrol
San Bernardino County Sheriff's Office
Orange County Sheriff-Coroner Department
Michigan State Police
Atlanta Police Department
Charlotte - Mecklenburg Police Department
Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Police
Jacksonville Sheriff's Office
Broward County Sheriff's Office
Cleveland Police Department
Florida Highway Patrol
Indianapolis Police
Prince George's County Police Department
Ohio State Highway Patrol
Memphis Police Department
Denver Police Department
Austin Police Department
Fort Worth Police Department
Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office
Maryland State Police
New Orleans Police Department
Kansas City Police Department
Fairfax County Police Department
Sacramento County Sheriff's Office
Orange County Sheriff's Office
San Jose Police Department
St. Louis (city) Police Dept
San Diego County Sheriff's Office
Indiana State Police
Nashville Metro Police Department
Newark Police
Seattle Police Department
Arizona Department of Public Safety
Baltimore
Franklin
Chesterfield
Wake
San Bernardino
Orange
Ingham
Fulton
Mecklenburg
Hudson
Duval
Broward
Cuyahoga
Leon
Marion
Prince Georges
Franklin
Shelby
Denver
Travis
Tarrant
Palm Beach
Baltimore
Orleans
Jackson
Fairfax
Sacramento
Orange
Santa Clara
St. Louis City
San Diego
Marion
Davidson
Essex
King
Maricopa
MD
OH
VA
NC
CA
CA
MI
GA
NC
NJ
FL
FL
OH
FL
IN
MD
OH
TN
CO
TX
TX
FL
MD
LA
MO
VA
CA
FL
CA
MO
CA
IN
TN
NJ
WA
AZ
1910
1886
1873
1827
1797
1794
1732
1719
1672
1667
1662
1624
1616
1606
1582
1578
1560
1549
1525
1515
1489
1447
1440
1425
1421
1419
1409
1398
1382
1351
1322
1315
1315
1310
1283
1244
4
9
3
8
11
14
9
22
20
1
12
16
27
14
33
19
4
46
13
10
20
12
9
63
5
7
6
16
9
10
7
4
18
8
9
3
2.09
4.77
1.60
4.38
6.12
7.80
5.20
12.80
11.96
0.60
7.22
9.85
16.71
8.72
20.86
12.04
2.56
29.70
8.52
6.60
13.43
8.29
6.25
44.21
3.52
4.93
4.26
11.44
6.51
7.40
5.30
3.04
13.69
6.11
7.01
2.41
0.50
0.77
0.04
0.08
0.54
0.47
0.09
2.39
2.17
0.01
1.39
0.92
2.11
0.07
3.65
2.20
0.03
4.96
2.17
0.98
1.11
0.91
0.16
18.32
0.74
0.65
0.42
1.40
0.51
3.13
0.23
0.06
2.87
1.02
0.47
0.05
347
Connecticut State Police
Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office
Louisiana State Police
Montgomery County Police Department
Louisville Metro Police Department
Washington State Patrol
El Paso Police Department
Miami Police Department
Cincinnati Police Department
DeKalb County Police Department
Wayne County Sheriff's Office
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Oklahoma City Police Department
Tucson Police Department
Albuquerque Police Department
Tampa Police Department
Long Beach Police Department
South Carolina Highway Patrol
Tennessee Department of Safety
Alameda County Sheriff's Office
Portland Police Bureau
Minneapolis Police Department
Jersey City Police
Pittsburgh Police Department
Kentucky State Police
Pinellas County Sheriff's Office
Mesa Police Department
Fresno Police Department
Tulsa Police Department
Oklahoma Department of Public Safety
Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office
Birmingham Police Department
Virginia Beach Police Department
Buffalo Police Department
St. Louis County Police Dept
Oakland Police Department
Middlesex
Hillsborough
E. Baton Rouge
Montgomery
Jefferson
Thurston
El Paso
Miami-Dade
Hamilton
DeKalb
Wayne
Fulton
Oklahoma
Pima
Bernalillo
Hillsborough
Los Angeles
Richland
Davidson
Alameda
Multnomah
Hennepin
Hudson
Allegheny
Franklin
Pinellas
Maricopa
Fresno
Tulsa
Oklahoma
Jefferson
Jefferson
VA Beach City
Erie
St. Louis
Alameda
CT
FL
LA
MD
KY
WA
TX
FL
OH
GA
MI
GA
OK
AZ
NM
FL
CA
SC
TN
CA
OR
MN
NJ
PA
KY
FL
AZ
CA
OK
OK
LA
AL
VA
NY
MO
CA
1227
1223
1215
1206
1197
1132
1132
1104
1082
1074
1062
1048
1046
1032
1020
980
968
967
942
928
928
902
900
891
882
863
831
828
826
825
825
816
813
793
781
773
4
10
2
16
16
2
15
14
10
13
1
1
12
6
13
3
4
10
4
2
10
18
12
21
3
8
2
7
11
5
12
8
9
4
2
3
3.26
8.18
1.65
13.27
13.37
1.77
13.25
12.68
9.24
12.10
0.94
0.95
11.47
5.81
12.75
3.06
4.13
10.34
4.25
2.16
10.78
19.96
13.33
23.57
3.40
9.27
2.41
8.45
13.32
6.06
14.55
9.80
11.07
5.04
2.56
3.88
0.11
0.81
0.04
1.65
2.16
0.03
1.87
0.56
1.25
1.88
0.05
0.01
1.67
0.61
1.96
0.24
0.04
0.22
0.06
0.13
1.36
1.56
1.89
1.72
0.07
0.87
0.05
0.75
1.82
0.13
2.77
1.21
2.05
0.44
0.20
0.20
348
Norfolk Police Department
Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
Alabama Department of Public Safety
Orlando Police Department
Ventura County Sheriff's Office
Richmond Police Department
Omaha Police Dept
Colorado State Patrol
Marion County Sheriff's Office
Denver County Sheriff's Office
King County Sheriff's Office
Rochester Police Department
Raleigh Police Department
Sacramento Police Department
New York State Metro Transportation Auth. Police
Gwinnett County Police Department
Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office
Iowa Department of Public Safety
Colorado Springs Police Department
Wichita Police Department
Delaware State Police
Yonkers Police Department
Toledo Police Department
Anne Arundel County Police Department
Baton Rouge Police Department
Collier County Sheriff's Office
Aurora Police Department
Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
Lee County Sheriff's Office
Arlington Police Department
Polk County Sheriff's Office
St. Paul Police Department
Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol
Greensboro Police Department
Calcasieu Parish Sheriff's Office
Cobb County Police Department
Norfolk City
Maricopa
Montgomery
Orange
Ventura
Richmond City
Douglas
Jefferson
Marion
Denver
King
Monroe
Wake
Sacramento
New York
Gwinnett
Contra Costa
Polk
El Paso
Sedgwick
Kent
Westchester
Lucas
Anne Arundel
E. Baton Rouge
Collier
Arapahoe
Leon
Lee
Tarrant
Polk
Ramsey
Hinds
Guilford
Calcasieu
Cobb
VA
AZ
AL
FL
CA
VA
NE
CO
IN
CO
WA
NY
NC
CA
NY
GA
CA
IA
CO
KS
DE
NY
OH
MD
LA
FL
CO
FL
FL
TX
FL
MN
MS
NC
LA
GA
772
766
763
757
755
752
747
742
740
739
721
703
702
701
694
682
679
669
668
662
658
641
640
633
630
628
627
626
621
610
600
598
594
593
592
590
14
2
2
8
1
7
6
4
7
5
5
3
8
5
2
4
1
2
5
2
3
2
12
3
6
6
6
4
7
3
13
8
6
5
1
5
18.13
2.61
2.62
10.57
1.32
9.31
8.03
5.39
9.46
6.77
6.93
4.27
11.40
7.13
2.88
5.87
1.47
2.99
7.49
3.02
4.56
3.12
18.75
4.74
9.52
9.55
9.57
6.39
11.27
4.92
21.67
13.38
10.10
8.43
1.69
8.47
5.77
0.05
0.04
0.70
0.12
3.43
1.16
0.08
0.77
0.83
0.26
0.40
0.89
0.35
0.02
0.50
0.10
0.07
0.80
0.40
0.33
0.21
2.72
0.56
1.36
1.87
1.05
0.02
1.13
0.17
2.16
1.57
0.20
1.02
0.52
0.73
349
Pima County Sheriff's Dept.
Henrico County Division of Police
Prince William County Police Department
Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan Police Dept
Gwinnett County Sheriff's Office
Minnesota State Patrol
Passaic County Sheriff's Office
New Mexico State Police
Bexar County Sheriff's Office
Arkansas State Police
Milwaukee County Sheriff's Office
Little Rock Police Department
Fulton County Sheriff's Office
Shelby County Sheriff's Office
Mobile Police Department
Tulare County Sheriff's Office
Kern County Sheriff's Office
Richland County Sheriff's Office
Shreveport Police Department
St. Petersburg Police Department
Winston-Salem Police Department
Orleans Parish Sheriff's Office (Criminal Division)
Montgomery Police Department
Fairfax County Sheriff's Office
Brevard County Sheriff's Office
Paterson Police
Monmouth County Sheriff's Office
Durham Police Department
Nebraska State Patrol
Syracuse Police Department
Pasco County Sheriff's Office
District of Columbia Protective Services Police
Providence Police Department
Fort Lauderdale Police Department
Worcester Police Department
Jackson Police Department
Pima
Henrico
Prince William
Chatham
Gwinnett
Ramsey
Passaic
Santa Fe
Bexar
Pulaski
Milwaukee
Pulaski
Fulton
Shelby
Mobile
Tulare
Kern
Richland
Caddo
Pinellas
Forsyth
Orleans
Montgomery
Fairfax
Brevard
Passaic
Monmouth
Durham
Lancaster
Onondaga
Pasco
DC
Providence
Broward
Worcester
Hinds
AZ
VA
VA
GA
GA
MN
NJ
NM
TX
AR
WI
AR
GA
TN
AL
CA
CA
SC
LA
FL
NC
LA
AL
VA
FL
NJ
NJ
NC
NE
NY
FL
DC
RI
FL
MA
MS
554
554
546
534
531
530
530
528
526
525
524
520
516
516
515
513
512
512
511
510
508
505
500
499
497
497
494
494
491
489
485
484
483
482
482
480
1
4
3
6
3
4
6
13
5
2
7
2
4
8
4
3
11
3
12
6
3
4
6
3
2
3
1
9
1
3
4
1
7
6
5
9
1.81
7.22
5.49
11.24
5.65
7.55
11.32
24.62
9.51
3.81
13.36
3.85
7.75
15.50
7.77
5.85
21.48
5.86
23.48
11.76
5.91
7.92
12.00
6.01
4.02
6.04
2.02
18.22
2.04
6.13
8.25
2.07
14.49
12.45
10.37
18.75
0.10
1.30
0.75
2.26
0.37
0.08
1.20
0.63
0.29
0.07
0.74
0.52
0.43
0.86
0.97
0.68
1.31
0.78
4.71
0.65
0.86
1.16
2.62
0.28
0.37
0.60
0.16
3.36
0.05
0.64
0.86
0.17
1.12
0.34
0.63
3.67
350
Manatee County Sheriff's Office
Utah Department of Public Safety
Chesterfield County Police Department
Akron Police Department
North Las Vegas Police Department
Springfield Police Department
Fresno County Sheriff's Office
Knox County Sheriff's Office
Maryland Transportation Authority Police
Franklin County Sheriff's Office
El Paso County Sheriff's Office
Dane County Sheriff's Office
Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office
Volusia County Sheriff's Office
School District of Philadelphia Police
Richmond County Sheriff's Office
Dallas County Sheriff's Office
Loudoun County Sheriff's Office
Corpus Christi Police Department
Fort Wayne Police
Will County Sheriff's Office
Leon County Sheriff's Office
Washington Metro Area Transit Auth. Police
Madison Police Department
Manatee
Salt Lake
Chesterfield
Summit
Clark
Hampden
Fresno
Knox
Baltimore
Franklin
El Paso
Dane
Santa Clara
Volusia
Philadelphia
Richmond
Dallas
Loudoun
Nueces
Allen
Will
Leon
DC
Dane
FL
UT
VA
OH
NV
MA
CA
TN
MD
OH
CO
WI
CA
FL
PA
GA
TX
VA
TX
IN
IL
FL
DC
WI
476
475
475
472
471
464
461
456
456
455
454
454
450
450
450
449
449
448
448
447
445
443
442
437
4
2
1
8
2
9
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
2
3
4
1
3
2
1
8.40
4.21
2.11
16.95
4.25
19.40
2.17
2.19
2.19
4.40
2.20
4.41
2.22
8.89
2.22
11.14
2.23
4.46
6.70
8.95
2.25
6.77
4.52
2.29
1.24
0.07
0.32
1.48
0.10
1.94
0.11
0.23
0.02
0.17
0.16
0.41
0.06
0.81
0.07
2.49
0.04
0.64
0.88
1.13
0.15
1.09
0.33
0.20
351
Table 79. Nonmetropolitan State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted Alphabetically)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Accomack County Sheriff's Office
Ada Police Department
Alamogordo Department of Public Safety
Albert Lea Police Department
Algood Police Department
Alice Police Department
Allegan County Sheriff's Office
Allendale Police Department
Allenstown Police Department
Alma Police Department
Andalusia Police Dept.
Andrews Police Department
Appalachian State University Police Dept
Appling County Sheriff's Office
Arcade Police Department
Aspen Police Department
Assumption Parish Sheriff's Office
Athena Police Department
Atwater Police Department
Auburn Police Department
Bainbridge Police Department
Barre Police Department
Bartlesville Police Department
Baxter County Sheriff's Office
Beardstown Police Dept
Beeville Police Department
Belle Police Department
Belpre Police Department
Bennettsville Police Department
Benzie County Sheriff's Office
Berea Police Department
Accomack
Pontotoc
Otero
Freeborn
Putnam
Jim Wells
Allegan
Allendale
Merrimack
Bacon
Covington
Georgetown
Watauga
Appling
Jackson
Pitkin
Assumption
Umatilla
Kandiyohi
Cayuga
Mower
Decatur
Washington
Washington
Baxter
Cass
Bee
Maries
Washington
Marlboro
Benzie
Madison
VA
OK
NM
MN
TN
TX
MI
SC
NH
GA
AL
SC
NC
GA
GA
CO
LA
OR
MN
NY
MN
GA
VT
OK
AR
IL
TX
MO
OH
SC
MI
KY
27
42
71
29
11
37
59
10
10
10
30
9
25
14
9
23
50
2
1
70
31
40
18
54
32
9
23
3
9
36
13
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
37.04
23.81
14.08
34.48
90.91
27.03
16.95
200.00
100.00
100.00
33.33
111.11
40.00
71.43
111.11
86.96
40.00
500.00
1000.00
14.29
32.26
50.00
55.56
74.07
31.25
111.11
43.48
333.33
111.11
27.78
76.92
33.33
Per 100,000
Population
3.02
2.67
1.57
3.20
1.38
2.45
0.90
19.20
0.68
9.01
2.65
1.66
1.96
5.48
1.65
11.66
8.54
1.32
2.37
1.25
2.55
7.18
1.68
7.85
2.41
7.33
3.14
10.90
1.62
3.46
5.71
1.21
352
Berlin Borough Police Department
Berlin Heights Police Department
Big Horn County Sheriff's Office
Big Spring Police Department
Bingen-White Salmon Police Department
Birchwood Police Department
Bishopville Police Department
Bismarck Police Department
Black Mountain Police Department
Black River Falls Police Department
Blackford County Sheriff's Office
Bloomville Police Department
Blountstown Police Dept.
Blue Lake Police Department
Bluefield Police Department
Bogalusa Police Department
Bolivar County Sheriff's Office
Bolivar Police Department
Boone Police Department
Boswell Police Department
Bowman Police Department
Braselton Police Department
Bridgeport Police Department
Brownwood Police Department
Bunkie Police Department
Burr Oak Police Department
Butler County Sheriff's Office
Butler Township Police Department
Butte - Silver Bow County Sheriff's Office
Byron Police Dept
BYU-Idaho Police Department
Caddo Police Department
Calhoun County Sheriff's Office
Calhoun Police Department
Campbell County Sheriff's Office
Canton Police Dept
Somerset
Erie
Big Horn
Howard
Klickitat
Washburn
Lee
St. Francois
Buncombe
Jackson
Blackford
Seneca
Calhoun
Humboldt
Mercer
Washington
Bolivar
Hardeman
Watauga
Choctaw
Orangeburg
Jackson
Jackson
Brown
Avoyelles
St. Joseph
Butler
Schuylkill
Silver Bow
Ogle
Madison
Bryan
Calhoun
Gordon
Campbell
Fulton
PA
OH
MT
TX
WA
WI
SC
MO
NC
WI
IN
OH
FL
CA
WV
LA
MS
TN
NC
OK
SC
GA
AL
TX
LA
MI
AL
PA
MT
IL
ID
OK
FL
GA
WY
IL
1
1
8
40
6
2
16
3
18
7
8
0
8
4
21
37
18
21
38
2
3
12
6
38
12
1
9
4
45
7
10
3
18
44
58
23
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1000.00
1000.00
125.00
25.00
166.67
500.00
62.50
333.33
55.56
142.86
125.00
125.00
250.00
47.62
27.03
55.56
47.62
26.32
500.00
1000.00
83.33
166.67
52.63
83.33
1000.00
333.33
250.00
44.44
142.86
100.00
333.33
55.56
22.73
17.24
43.48
1.29
1.30
7.77
2.86
4.92
6.28
5.20
1.53
2.22
4.89
7.83
1.76
6.84
0.74
1.61
2.12
2.93
3.67
1.96
6.58
3.24
1.65
1.88
5.25
2.38
1.63
14.32
0.67
5.85
1.87
2.66
2.36
6.84
1.81
2.17
2.70
353
Canton Village Police Department
Caribou Police Department
Carlisle Police Department
Carter County Sheriff's Office
Caruthersville Police Department
Central Michigan University Police Department
Chaffee Police Department
Chandler Police Department
Cherokee County Sheriff's Office
Cherokee Police Department
Chesterfield County Sheriff's Office
Chilhowie Police Department
Chillicothe Police Department
Clarksdale Police Department
Clay County Sheriff's Office
Clayton County Sheriff's Office
Clearlake Police Department
Clewiston Police Department
Clovis Police Department
Clyde Police Department
Cochran Police Department
Coeburn Police Department
Columbiana County Sheriff's Office
Commerce Police Department
Concord Police Department
Conneaut Police Department
Cookeville Police Department
Cooter Police Department
Corbin Police Department
Corinth Police Department
Cortland Police Department
St. Lawrence
Aroostook
Nicholas
Carter
Pemiscot
Isabella
Scott
Henderson
Cherokee
Alfalfa
Chesterfield
Smyth
Ross
Coahoma
Clay
Clayton
Lake
Hendry
Curry
Sandusky
Bleckley
Wise
Columbiana
Lowndes
Colorado
Polk
Luna
Jackson
Ottawa
Merrimack
Ashtabula
Putnam
Pemiscot
Whitley
Alcorn
Cortland
NY
ME
KY
MO
MO
MI
MO
TX
SC
OK
SC
VA
OH
MS
AR
IA
CA
FL
NM
OH
GA
VA
OH
MS
TX
NC
NM
GA
OK
NH
OH
TN
MO
KY
MS
NY
8
14
5
3
21
21
5
8
48
2
41
6
47
35
7
12
21
20
53
14
14
7
22
62
10
6
4
24
5
77
19
70
1
19
39
44
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
125.00
71.43
200.00
666.67
95.24
47.62
200.00
125.00
41.67
500.00
24.39
666.67
21.28
28.57
142.86
83.33
47.62
100.00
56.60
71.43
214.29
142.86
90.91
16.13
100.00
166.67
250.00
41.67
200.00
12.99
52.63
28.57
1000.00
52.63
25.64
22.73
0.89
1.39
14.02
31.92
10.93
1.42
2.55
1.27
3.61
17.72
2.14
12.42
1.28
3.82
6.22
5.52
1.55
5.11
6.20
1.64
22.97
2.41
1.85
1.67
4.79
4.88
3.98
1.65
3.14
0.68
0.99
2.77
5.47
2.81
2.70
2.03
354
Craig Police Department
Crescent City Police Department
Creston Police Department
Cross County Sheriff's Office
Crossett Police Department
Crystal City Police Department
Cullman County Sheriff's Office
Custer County Sheriff's Office
Dale County Sheriff's Office
Danville (City) Sheriff's Office
Danville Police Department
Daviess County Sheriff's Office
DeKalb County Sheriff's Office
Del Norte County Sheriff's Office
Del Rio Police Department
Delavan Police Department
Delhi Police Department
Delhi Village Police Department
Demopolis Police Department
Denton Police Department
Deridder Police Department
Dewitt Police Department
Dillon Police Department
Dixon Police Department
Dodge City Police Department
Douglas County Sheriff's Office
Dunn Police Department
Durand Police Department
Durango Police Department
Durant Police Department
Duval County Sheriff's Office
Earlville Police Dept
East Brewton Police Department
Eastman Police Department
Eatonton Police Department
Moffat
Putnam
Union
Cross
Ashley
Zavala
Cullman
Custer
Dale
Danville City
Pittsylvania
Daviess
DeKalb
Del Norte
Val Verde
Walworth
Richland
Delaware
Marengo
Caroline
Beauregard
Clinton
Dillon
Summit
Pulaski
Ford
Douglas
Harnett
Shiawassee
La Plata
Bryan
Duval
La Salle
Escambia
Dodge
Putnam
CO
FL
IA
AR
AR
TX
AL
OK
AL
VA
VA
IN
AL
CA
TX
WI
LA
NY
AL
MD
LA
IA
SC
CO
MO
KS
NV
NC
MI
CO
OK
TX
IL
AL
GA
GA
22
5
10
17
15
11
78
12
0
69
126
19
34
30
65
19
5
4
19
13
24
10
25
9
5
49
100
37
5
50
36
18
3
6
11
16
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
45.45
200.00
200.00
58.82
66.67
363.64
12.82
83.33
43.48
7.94
52.63
29.41
66.67
15.38
52.63
200.00
250.00
52.63
76.92
41.67
100.00
40.00
111.11
200.00
20.41
10.00
27.03
200.00
20.00
27.78
55.56
333.33
166.67
90.91
62.50
7.25
1.34
15.96
5.60
4.58
34.26
1.24
3.64
1.99
6.97
1.57
3.16
1.41
6.99
2.05
0.98
4.83
2.08
4.76
3.02
2.80
2.04
3.12
3.57
1.91
2.95
2.13
0.87
1.42
1.95
2.36
8.49
0.88
2.61
4.59
4.71
355
Edenton Police Department
Elgin Police Department
Elkin Police Department
Elko County Sheriff's Office
Elmore Police Department
Emery County Sheriff's Office
Emmet County Sheriff's Office
Ephrata Police Department
Errol Police Department
Estill County Sheriff's Office
Eunice Police Department
Eureka Police Department
Fair Bluff Police Department
Fairfax Police Department
Fairland Police Department
Fairmont Police Department
Farmville Police Department
Fayette County Sheriff's Office
Fayette Police Department
Ferriday Police Department
Ferry County Sheriff's Office
Flemingsburg Police Department
Florala Police Department
Floyd County Sheriff's Office
Forest City Police Department
Forks Police Department
Fort Dodge Police Department
Fort Gibson Police Department
Fort Madison Police Department
Fort Payne Police Department
Foster Township Police Department
Frankfort Police Department
Franklin Police Dept
Freedom Police Department
Chowan
Grant
Surry
Elko
Ottawa
Emery
Emmet
Grant
Coos
Estill
St. Landry
Lea
Humboldt
Columbus
Allendale
Ottawa
Robeson
Prince Edward
Fayette
Fayette
Concordia
Ferry
Fleming
Covington
Floyd
Winnebago
Clallam
Webster
Muskogee
Lee
DeKalb
McKean
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Carroll
NC
ND
NC
NV
OH
UT
MI
WA
NH
KY
LA
NM
CA
NC
SC
OK
NC
VA
OH
AL
LA
WA
KY
AL
IA
IA
WA
IA
OK
IA
AL
PA
KY
IN
NE
NH
12
1
17
57
4
26
23
15
0
5
32
8
46
3
6
4
13
27
22
12
10
10
7
6
11
9
9
37
11
17
34
4
65
12
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
250.00
1000.00
58.82
17.54
250.00
76.92
43.48
66.67
200.00
156.25
125.00
21.74
333.33
166.67
250.00
76.92
37.04
136.36
83.33
100.00
100.00
142.86
166.67
90.91
111.11
111.11
27.03
90.91
58.82
29.41
250.00
15.38
83.33
500.00
333.33
20.28
41.77
1.36
2.05
2.41
18.22
3.06
1.12
3.03
6.82
6.00
1.54
0.74
1.72
9.60
3.14
0.75
4.28
10.33
5.80
4.80
13.24
6.97
2.65
6.13
9.20
1.40
2.63
1.41
2.79
1.41
2.30
2.03
4.33
31.01
2.09
356
Fremont County Sheriff's Office
Frisco Police Department
Fryeburg Police Department
Gaffney Police Department
Gage County Sheriff's Office
Galesburg Police Dept
Gallatin County Sheriff's Office
Gallup Police Department
Gatlinburg Police Department
Geneva Township Police Department
Georgetown County Sheriff's Office
Gillette Police Department
Glendive Police Department
Gold Beach Police Department
Graham County Sheriff's Office
Grambling State University Police Dept.
Grand Rapids Police Department
Grand Traverse County Sheriff's Office
Grant County Sheriff's Office
Grants Police Department
Great Bend Police Department
Greenbrier County Sheriff's Office
Greene County Sheriff's Office
Greensburg Police
Greenville Police Department
Griggs County Sheriff's Office
Guadalupe County Sheriff's Office
Halifax County Sheriff's Office
Hamburg Police Department
Hampton County Sheriff's Office
Hanceville Police Department
Hannahville Tribal Police Department
Hardeman County Sheriff's Office
Harrison County Sheriff's Office
Fremont
Summit
Oxford
Cherokee
Gage
Knox
Gallatin
McKinley
Sevier
Walworth
Georgetown
Campbell
Dawson
Curry
Graham
Lincoln
Wood
Grand Traverse
Grant
Grant
Cibola
Barton
Greenbrier
Greene
Greene
Decatur
Washington
Griggs
Guadalupe
Halifax
Fremont
Hampton
Cullman
Menominee
Hardeman
Harrison
IA
CO
ME
SC
NE
IL
IL
NM
TN
WI
SC
WY
MT
OR
AZ
LA
WI
MI
IN
OK
NM
KS
WV
AR
AL
IN
MS
ND
NM
VA
IA
SC
AL
MI
TN
TX
7
13
5
37
12
53
3
62
45
6
78
45
9
4
23
9
5
64
45
5
14
30
30
15
11
18
96
3
3
29
1
26
9
11
22
45
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
142.86
76.92
200.00
54.05
83.33
18.87
333.33
16.13
22.22
166.67
12.82
22.22
111.11
250.00
43.48
222.22
200.00
31.25
22.22
200.00
71.43
33.33
33.33
66.67
90.91
55.56
20.83
333.33
333.33
34.48
1000.00
38.46
111.11
90.91
45.45
22.22
13.44
3.57
1.73
3.61
4.48
1.89
17.89
1.40
1.11
0.98
1.66
2.17
11.15
4.47
2.69
4.28
1.34
2.30
1.43
22.09
3.67
3.61
2.82
2.38
11.06
3.89
3.91
41.32
21.34
2.76
13.44
4.74
1.24
4.16
3.67
1.52
357
Harrodsburg Police Department
Haskell Police Department
Hastings Police Dept
Haynesville Police Dept
Haywood County Sheriff's Office
Hegins Township Police Department
Helen Police Department
Helena\/West Helena Police Department
Hemingway Police Department
Hempstead County Sheriff's Office
Hendry County Sheriff's Office
Hennessey Police Department
Henry County Sheriff's Office
Hermann Police Department
Hockley County Sheriff's Office
Holly Hill Police Department
Holmes County Sheriff's Office
Holt County Sheriff's Office
Homer City Borough Police Department
Hooksett Police Department
Hornell Police Department
Humboldt Police Department
Hunter Police Department
Huron Police Department
Indiana Borough Police Department
Inman Police Department
Ishpeming Police Department
Jackson County Sheriff's Office
Jaffrey Police Department
Jamestown Police Department
Jennings Police Department
Jim Wells County Sheriff's Office
Juneau County Sheriff's Office
Juneau Police Dept.
Mercer
Muskogee
Haskell
Adams
Claiborne
Haywood
Schuylkill
White
Phillips
Williamsburg
Hempstead
Hendry
Kingfisher
Henry
Gasconade
Hockley
Orangeburg
Holmes
Holt
Indiana
Merrimack
Steuben
Gibson
Greene
Beadle
Indiana
McPherson
Marquette
Jackson
Jackson
Cheshire
Chautauqua
Jefferson Davis
Jim Wells
Juneau
Juneau
KY
OK
TX
NE
LA
TN
PA
GA
AR
SC
AR
FL
OK
VA
MO
TX
SC
OH
NE
PA
NH
NY
TN
NY
SD
PA
KS
MI
FL
TN
NH
NY
LA
TX
WI
AK
16
5
3
36
7
22
2
10
30
4
13
67
3
112
7
11
7
33
5
2
28
22
26
2
24
22
2
10
61
14
10
62
24
27
45
44
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
14
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
62.50
200.00
333.33
55.56
142.86
45.45
500.00
100.00
133.33
250.00
76.92
14.93
333.33
125.00
142.86
181.82
142.86
30.30
200.00
500.00
35.71
45.45
76.92
500.00
41.67
45.45
500.00
100.00
16.39
214.29
100.00
32.26
41.67
37.04
22.22
22.73
4.69
1.41
16.95
6.38
5.82
5.32
0.67
3.68
18.38
2.91
4.42
2.55
6.65
25.85
6.57
8.72
1.08
2.36
9.58
1.13
0.68
1.01
4.03
2.03
5.75
1.13
3.43
1.49
2.01
25.78
1.30
1.48
3.17
2.45
3.75
3.20
358
Kahoka Police Department
Kalispell Police Department
Kauai (County) Police Department
Kaw Nation Tribal Police
Kendallville Police
Kenton Police Department
Keokuk County Sheriff's Office
Kermit Police Department
Kerrville Police Department
Ketchikan Police Dept.
Kingfisher County Sheriff's Office
Kings Mountain Police Department
Kingsland Police Dept
Kingsville Police Department
Kitty Hawk Police Department
Klamath Falls Police Department
La Salle County Sheriff's Office
LaGrange Police Department
Lake County Sheriff's Office
Lakeport Police Department
Lamesa Police Department
Lamoure Police Department
Lancaster Police Department
Lander University Public Safety
Las Vegas Police Department
Lawrence County Sheriff's Office
Lawrence Township Police Department
Lebanon Police Department
Leesville Police Department
Leland Police Department
Clark
Flathead
Kauai
Kay
Noble
Obion
Keokuk
Winkler
Kerr
Ketchikan Gateway
Kingfisher
Cleveland
Camden
Kleberg
Dare
Klamath
La Salle
La Salle
Troup
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Dawson
LaMoure
Garrard
Greenwood
San Miguel
Lawrence
Clearfield
Grafton
Laclede
Lee
Lee
Vernon
Washington
MO
MT
HI
OK
IN
TN
IA
TX
TX
AK
OK
NC
GA
TX
NC
OR
IL
TX
GA
CA
CO
SD
CA
TX
ND
KY
SC
NM
IN
PA
NH
MO
NC
SC
LA
MS
3
36
125
6
18
5
4
10
51
22
8
30
43
45
17
39
36
10
83
61
9
5
12
16
1
10
10
27
25
9
35
30
47
28
28
18
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
333.33
27.78
24.00
166.67
55.56
200.00
250.00
100.00
19.61
45.45
125.00
66.67
23.26
22.22
58.82
25.64
27.78
300.00
12.05
32.79
222.22
200.00
83.33
62.50
1000.00
100.00
100.00
37.04
40.00
111.11
28.57
33.33
21.28
35.71
35.71
55.56
6.58
1.10
4.47
2.15
2.10
3.14
9.51
14.06
2.02
7.42
6.65
2.04
1.98
3.12
2.95
1.51
0.88
43.57
1.49
3.09
27.36
8.93
1.55
7.23
24.16
5.91
1.44
3.40
2.17
1.22
1.12
2.81
1.73
5.20
1.91
1.96
359
Lenawee County Sheriff's Office
Lenoir County Sheriff's Office
Level Plains Police Department
Lewis County Sheriff's Office
Lincoln County Sheriff's Office
Lincoln Parish Sheriff's Office
Lockhart Police Department
Lumberton Police Department
Luna County Sheriff's Office
Madill Police Department
Madison County Sheriff's Office
Mahanoy City Borough Police Department
Malakoff Police Department
Manitowoc Police Department
Marble Falls Police Department
Marble Head Police Department
Marion Police Department
Marion Township Police Department
Marksville Police Department
Marlboro County Sheriff's Office
Marlow Police Department
Marshallville Police Dept.
Martin County Sheriff's Office
Marvell Police Department
Mason City Police Department
Mason County Sheriff's Office
McArthur Police Department
McDowell County Sheriff's Office
McIntosh County Sheriff's Office
McKinley County Sheriff's Office
Medina Police Department
Meigs Police Department
Meridian Police Department
Lenawee
Lenoir
Dale
Lewis
Lincoln
Lincoln
Covington
Robeson
Luna
Marshall
Madison
Schuylkill
Henderson
Manitowoc
Burnet
Ottawa
Marion
Marion
Smyth
Waushara
Avoyelles
Marlboro
Stephens
Macon
Martin
Phillips
Cerro Gordo
Mason
Vinton
McDowell
McDowell
McIntosh
McKinley
Gibson
Thomas
Lauderdale
MI
NC
AL
MO
OR
LA
AL
NC
NM
OK
MO
PA
TX
WI
TX
OH
WV
SC
VA
WI
LA
SC
OK
GA
NC
AR
IA
WV
OH
NC
WV
OK
NM
TN
GA
MS
44
58
5
5
65
46
1
73
30
12
8
4
4
64
27
4
27
24
18
1
20
25
10
4
34
3
46
21
4
40
15
17
35
11
3
99
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
22.73
34.48
200.00
200.00
15.38
21.74
1000.00
13.70
33.33
83.33
125.00
250.00
250.00
31.25
37.04
250.00
37.04
41.67
55.56
1000.00
50.00
80.00
100.00
250.00
29.41
333.33
21.74
142.86
250.00
25.00
66.67
117.65
28.57
90.91
333.33
30.30
1.00
3.36
1.99
9.79
2.17
2.14
2.65
0.75
3.98
6.31
8.18
0.67
1.27
2.46
2.34
2.41
1.77
3.02
3.10
4.08
2.38
6.91
2.22
6.78
4.08
4.60
2.26
10.98
7.44
2.22
4.52
9.88
1.40
2.01
2.24
3.74
360
Meyersdale Borough Police Department
Middlesex County Sheriff's Office
Middletown Police
Miller County Sheriff's Office
Millersburg Police Department
Mineral Wells Police Department
Minocqua Police Department
Missouri University of Science & Tech Police Dept
Moab Police Department
Moberly Police Department
Monroe County Sheriff's Office
Monroeville Police Department
Montague County Sheriff's Office
Montezuma Police Department
Monticello Police
Montpelier Police Department
Mora County Sheriff's Office
Morrow County Sheriff's Office
Mounds Police Dept
Mount Airy Police Department
Mount Pleasant Police Department
Murphy Police Department
Murray Police Department
Muscatine Police Department
Muskogee County Sheriff's Office
Muskogee Police Department
Nashville Police Department
Natchez Police Dept.
Natchitoches Parish Sheriff's Office
Navajo Nation Tribal Dept of Law Enforcement
Nebraska City Police Dept
New Athens Police Department
New Castle (city) Police Department
New Castle Police
Somerset
Ottawa
Middlesex
Henry
Miller
Holmes
Palo Pinto
Oneida
Phelps
Grand
Randolph
Monroe
Monroe
Huron
Montague
Macon
White
Bear Lake
Mora
Morrow
Pulaski
Surry
Titus
Cherokee
Calloway
Muscatine
Muskogee
Muskogee
Berrien
Adams
Natchitoches
Apache
Otoe
Harrison
Lawrence
Henry
PA
OK
VA
IN
MO
OH
TX
WI
MO
UT
MO
FL
WI
OH
TX
GA
IN
ID
NM
OR
IL
NC
TX
NC
KY
IA
OK
OK
GA
MS
LA
AZ
NE
OH
PA
IN
2
30
17
5
16
10
30
9
11
15
32
189
23
4
10
11
12
5
5
14
1
38
29
7
31
39
37
90
15
48
45
393
15
0
35
35
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
3
2
1
1
1
500.00
33.33
58.82
200.00
62.50
100.00
66.67
111.11
90.91
66.67
31.25
15.87
43.48
250.00
100.00
181.82
83.33
200.00
200.00
71.43
2000.00
26.32
34.48
142.86
32.26
25.64
27.03
44.44
66.67
83.33
22.22
7.63
133.33
28.57
28.57
1.29
3.14
9.12
2.02
4.04
2.36
7.11
2.78
2.21
10.84
3.93
4.10
2.24
1.68
5.07
13.57
4.06
16.71
20.49
8.95
32.46
1.36
3.09
3.64
2.69
2.34
1.41
5.63
5.19
12.39
2.53
4.19
12.71
6.30
1.10
2.02
361
New Castle Police Department
New Lisbon Police Department
New Martinsville Police Department
New Milford Police Department
New York City Dept of Env. Protection Police
Newaygo County Sheriff's Office
Newbury Police Department
Newport Police Department
Nicholas County Sheriff's Office
Nogales Police Department
North Kingsville Police Department
Norton Police Department
Norwich Police Department
Nye County Sheriff's Office
Oakdale Police Department
Oakwood Police Department
Ocean Shores Police Department
Ogdensburg Police Department
Oglesby Police Dept
Oglethorpe Police Department
Okanogan County Sheriff's Office
Olean Police Department
Olney Police Department
Onley Police Department
Ontario Police Department
Opelousas Police Department
Orangeburg County Sheriff's Office
Orangeburg Public Safety
Oregon County Sheriff's Office
Osceola County Sheriff's Office
Osceola Police Department
Otero County Sheriff's Office
Page County Sheriff's Office
Palatka Police Department
Paris Police Department
Pauls Valley Police Department
Garfield
Juneau
Wetzel
Litchfield
Westchester
Newaygo
Merrimack
Sullivan
Nicholas
Santa Cruz
Ashtabula
Norton
Chenango
Nye
Allen
Paulding
Grays Harbor
St. Lawrence
La Salle
Macon
Okanogan
Cattaraugus
Young
Accomack
Malheur
St. Landry
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Oregon
Osceola
Clarke
Otero
Page
Putnam
Lamar
Garvin
CO
WI
WV
CT
NY
MI
NH
NH
KY
AZ
OH
KS
NY
NV
LA
OH
WA
NY
IL
GA
WA
NY
TX
VA
OR
LA
SC
SC
MO
MI
IA
NM
VA
FL
TX
OK
7
4
10
46
168
25
3
14
1
60
5
6
19
108
20
1
14
25
8
5
30
32
5
4
22
58
92
72
5
18
9
30
49
37
54
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
142.86
250.00
100.00
21.74
5.95
40.00
333.33
71.43
1000.00
33.33
200.00
166.67
52.63
27.78
50.00
1000.00
71.43
40.00
125.00
200.00
33.33
31.25
200.00
250.00
45.45
17.24
10.87
41.67
400.00
55.56
111.11
33.33
20.41
27.03
18.52
76.92
1.77
3.75
6.03
0.53
1.29
2.06
0.68
2.29
14.02
4.22
0.99
17.63
1.98
6.83
3.88
5.10
1.37
0.89
0.88
6.78
2.43
1.25
5.39
3.02
3.19
1.20
1.08
3.24
18.38
4.25
10.77
1.57
4.16
1.34
2.01
3.63
362
Pearson Police Department
Pelham Police Department
Perry County Sheriff's Office
Perryville Police Department
Petroleum County Sheriff's Office
Phillips County Sheriff's Office
Pineland Police Department
Pineview Police Department
Pink Hill Police Department
Plainview Police Department
Platteville Police Department
Plattsburgh Police Department
Pocahontas County Sheriff's Office
Polk County Police Department
Poplar Bluff Police Department
Port Barre Police Dept
Port Jefferson Police Department
Powell County Sheriff's Office
Princeton Police Department
Pulaski County Sheriff's Office
Putnam County Sheriff's Office
Quincy Police Department
Rainsville Police Department
Randolph County Sheriff's Office
Ranger Police Department
Ravalli County Sheriff's Office
Ravenna Police Dept
Red Springs Police Department
Richland Police Dept
Ridgeville Police
Ridgeville Police Department
Rio Arriba County Sheriff's Office
Atkinson
Mitchell
Perry
Boyle
Petroleum
Neshoba
Phillips
Sabine
Wilcox
Lenoir
Hale
Grant
Clinton
Pocahontas
Polk
Polk
Butler
St. Landry
Shelby
Powell
Mercer
Webster
Pulaski
Putnam
Grant
DeKalb
Randolph
Eastland
Ravalli
Buffalo
Robeson
Pulaski
Madison
Randolph
Dorchester
Rio Arriba
GA
GA
IL
KY
MT
MS
AR
TX
GA
NC
TX
WI
NY
WV
GA
GA
MO
LA
OH
MT
WV
KY
IL
TN
WA
AL
IL
TX
MT
NE
NC
MO
KY
IN
SC
NM
5
14
12
1
1
27
16
2
1
2
34
20
47
5
35
27
43
7
0
10
17
7
11
58
12
11
13
5
29
3
16
5
65
2
2
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
200.00
71.43
83.33
1000.00
1000.00
37.04
62.50
500.00
1000.00
500.00
29.41
50.00
21.28
200.00
85.71
74.07
23.26
142.86
100.00
117.65
142.86
181.82
34.48
83.33
90.91
76.92
200.00
34.48
333.33
62.50
200.00
15.38
500.00
500.00
45.45
11.94
4.26
4.47
3.52
202.43
3.37
4.60
9.23
10.80
1.68
2.76
1.95
1.22
11.47
7.23
4.82
2.34
1.20
2.02
14.23
3.21
7.34
32.46
2.77
1.12
1.41
2.99
5.38
2.49
2.17
0.75
1.91
1.21
3.82
2.57
2.48
363
Ripley Police Department
Robbins Police Department
Robeson County Sheriff's Office
Rochelle Police Department
Rockmart Police Department
Roodhouse Police Dept
Roosevelt County Sheriff's Office
Roseboro Police Department
Rosebud Sioux Tribal Police
Rosedale Police Department
Roswell Police Department
Routt County Sheriff's Office
Royston Police Department
Ruidoso Police Department
Russellville Police Department
Rutland Police Department.
Saline County Sheriff's Office
San Jacinto County Sheriff's Office
Sandusky Police Department
Sanford Police Department
Santa Clara Police Department
Santee Police Department
Sauk County Sheriff's Office
Sault Ste. Marie Police Department
Scotts Hill Police Department
Scottsbluff Police Dept
Scottsboro Police Department
Seadrift Police Department
Searcy Police Department
Seaside Police Department
Sedalia Police Dept
Selma Police Department
Selmer Police Department
Seneca County Sheriff's Office
Seneca Police Department
Jackson
Moore
Robeson
Wilcox
Polk
Greene
Roosevelt
Sampson
Todd
Bolivar
Chaves
Routt
Franklin
Lincoln
Franklin
Rutland
Saline
Saline
San Jacinto
Erie
Lee
Grant
Orangeburg
Sauk
Chippewa
Henderson
Scotts Bluff
Jackson
Calhoun
White
Clatsop
Pettis
Dallas
McNairy
Seneca
Oconee
WV
NC
NC
GA
GA
IL
MT
NC
SD
MS
NM
CO
GA
NM
AL
VT
KS
IL
TX
OH
NC
NM
SC
WI
MI
TN
NE
AL
TX
AR
OR
MO
AL
TN
NY
SC
9
5
128
4
18
4
11
5
27
5
80
22
15
26
25
41
44
42
21
54
81
5
6
118
25
3
30
44
2
41
18
44
50
18
23
34
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
6
1
111.11
200.00
23.44
250.00
55.56
250.00
90.91
400.00
37.04
200.00
25.00
45.45
66.67
38.46
80.00
24.39
22.73
23.81
47.62
37.04
12.35
200.00
333.33
8.47
40.00
333.33
33.33
22.73
500.00
24.39
55.56
22.73
40.00
55.56
260.87
29.41
3.42
1.13
2.24
10.80
2.41
7.20
9.59
3.15
10.40
2.93
3.05
4.25
4.53
4.88
6.31
1.62
1.80
4.01
3.79
2.59
1.73
3.39
2.16
1.61
2.60
3.60
2.70
1.88
4.68
1.30
2.70
2.37
4.56
3.84
17.02
1.35
364
Sevierville Police Department
Seymour Police
Shawnee Police Department
Shelby Police Department
Shenandoah Borough Police Department
Shinnston Police Department
Simpson County Sheriff's Office
Sleepy Eye Police Department
Socorro County Sheriff's Office
Spencer Police Department
St. George Police Department
St. Landry Parish Sheriff's Office
St. Marys Police Department
Stanly County Sheriff's Office
Stark County Sheriff's Office
Starr County Sheriff's Office
Stephens County Sheriff's Office
Steuben County Sheriff's Office
Stillwater Police Department
Stover Police Department
Sturgis Police Department
Sugarcreek Borough Police Department
Sugarcreek Police Department
Sullivan County Sheriff's Office
Sweetwater Police Department
Tabor City Police Department
Tahlequah Police Department
Talbot County Sheriff's Office
Terrell County Sheriff's Office
Sevier
Jackson
Pottawatomie
Shelby
Shelby
Cleveland
Bolivar
Schuylkill
Harrison
Simpson
Redwood
Socorro
Clay
Windsor
Orangeburg
Dorchester
St. Landry
Auglaize
Wise
Stanly
Stark
Starr
Stephens
Stephens
Steuben
Payne
Morgan
St. Joseph
Venango
Tuscarawas
Sullivan
Monroe
Columbus
Cherokee
Talbot
Terrell
TN
IN
OK
OH
TX
NC
MS
PA
WV
KY
MN
NM
IA
VT
SC
SC
LA
OH
VA
NC
ND
TX
GA
OK
NY
OK
MO
MI
PA
OH
NY
TN
NC
OK
GA
TX
55
39
52
30
15
70
7
7
7
11
6
10
18
15
2
10
90
15
6
49
11
31
31
11
26
74
3
19
5
5
44
18
9
32
8
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
18.18
25.64
19.23
33.33
133.33
14.29
285.71
571.43
285.71
90.91
166.67
100.00
55.56
66.67
500.00
100.00
44.44
66.67
166.67
20.41
90.91
32.26
32.26
181.82
38.46
13.51
333.33
52.63
200.00
200.00
22.73
55.56
222.22
31.25
375.00
200.00
1.11
2.36
1.44
2.02
7.86
1.02
5.86
2.70
2.89
5.77
3.86
5.60
6.00
1.76
1.08
2.57
4.80
2.18
2.41
1.65
4.13
1.64
3.82
4.44
1.01
1.29
4.86
1.63
1.82
1.08
1.29
2.25
3.44
2.13
43.70
101.63
365
Thief River Falls Police Department
Thomas County Sheriff's Office
Tipton Police Department
Torrington Police Department
Towns County Sheriff's Office
Traverse City Police Department
Tucumcari Police Department
Tupelo Police Department
Turkey Creek Police Department
Tuscola County Sheriff's Office
Tuskegee Police Department
Tuskegee University Police Department
Tutwiler Police Department
Twin Falls Police Department
Union City Police Department
Union Police Department
University of West Alabama Police
Upper Sandusky Police Department
Vail Police Department
Vergennes Police Department
Vernal Police Department
Vernon Parish Sheriff's Office
Vidalia Police Department
Vinita Police Department
Virginia Marine Resources Commission
Wakeman Police Department
Wallace Police Department
Warren County Sheriff's Office
Washington Court House Police Dept.
Washington Police Department
Waukomis Police Department
Waynesburg Borough Police Department
West Yellowstone Police Department
Wheeler Police Department
White Cloud Police Department
White County Sheriff's Office
Pennington
Thomas
Tillman
Litchfield
Towns
Grand Traverse
Quay
Lee
Evangeline
Tuscola
Macon
Macon
Tallahatchie
Twin Falls
Obion
Newton
Sumter
Wyandot
Eagle
Addison
Uintah
Vernon
Concordia
Craig
Newport News City
Huron
Duplin
Warren
Fayette
Beaufort
Garfield
Greene
Gallatin
Dunn
Newaygo
White
MN
GA
OK
CT
GA
MI
NM
MS
LA
MI
AL
AL
MS
ID
TN
MS
AL
OH
CO
VT
UT
LA
LA
OK
VA
OH
NC
NC
OH
NC
OK
PA
MT
WI
MI
GA
15
47
1
79
18
32
13
115
1
25
23
33
4
64
36
7
6
13
28
5
22
64
20
15
60
1
12
30
22
36
3
8
5
0
2
40
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
66.67
42.55
1000.00
12.66
55.56
31.25
76.92
8.70
1000.00
40.00
86.96
30.30
250.00
15.63
27.78
142.86
166.67
76.92
35.71
200.00
45.45
31.25
50.00
66.67
16.67
1000.00
83.33
33.33
45.45
27.78
333.33
125.00
200.00
500.00
25.00
7.18
4.47
12.51
0.53
9.55
1.15
11.06
1.21
2.94
1.79
9.32
4.66
6.50
1.29
3.14
4.60
7.27
4.42
1.92
2.72
3.07
3.82
4.80
6.65
3.02
1.68
1.71
4.77
3.44
2.09
1.65
2.58
1.12
2.28
2.06
3.68
366
Whiteville Police Department
Whitley County Sheriff's Office
Wilkesboro Police Department
Williams Police Department
Williamsburg Police Department
Wilson Police Department
Windber Borough Police Department
Winkler County Sheriff's Office
Winn Parish Sheriff's Office
Winnemucca Police Department
Winnfield Police Dept
Winnsboro Police Department
Winsted Police Department
Wolfeboro Police Department
Woodruff County Sheriff's Office
Woodstock Police Department
Yemassee Police Department
Zanesville Police Department
Zapata County Sheriff's Office
Zolfo Springs Police Department
White
Hardeman
Whitley
Wilkes
Colusa
Whitley
Wilson
Ellsworth
Somerset
Winkler
Winn
Humboldt
Winn
Franklin
Litchfield
Carroll
Woodruff
Grafton
Hampton
Muskingum
Zapata
Hardee
TN
TN
KY
NC
CA
KY
NC
KS
PA
TX
LA
NV
LA
LA
CT
NH
AR
NH
SC
OH
TX
FL
28
8
12
20
10
12
114
1
2
10
23
18
13
7
4
12
6
5
7
53
44
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
35.71
125.00
83.33
50.00
100.00
83.33
17.54
1000.00
500.00
100.00
43.48
55.56
76.92
142.86
250.00
83.33
166.67
200.00
142.86
56.60
22.73
1000.00
3.87
3.67
2.81
1.44
4.67
2.81
2.46
15.39
1.29
14.06
6.53
6.05
6.53
4.82
0.53
2.09
13.77
1.12
4.74
3.49
7.13
3.61
367
Table 80. Primary State Police Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted Alphabetically)
# of Full-Time
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Alaska State Troopers
Arkansas Highway Police
Idaho State Police
Maine State Police
Nevada Highway Patrol
New Hampshire State Police
Montgomery
Anchorage
Maricopa
Pulaski
Pulaski
Sacramento
Jefferson
Middlesex
Kent
Leon
Fulton
Ada
Sangamon
Marion
Polk
Franklin
East Baton Rouge
Kennebec
Baltimore
Middlesex
Ingham
Ramsey
Hinds
Lancaster
Carson
Merrimack
Mercer
Santa Fe
Albany
Wake
Franklin
Oklahoma
AL
AK
AZ
AR
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
OH
OK
Per
Agency
763
274
1244
149
525
7202
742
1227
658
1606
1048
264
2105
1315
669
882
1215
334
1440
2310
1732
530
594
491
417
350
3053
528
4847
1827
1560
825
2
1
3
2
2
13
4
4
3
14
1
1
10
4
2
3
2
1
9
10
9
4
6
1
3
3
13
13
5
8
4
5
Per 1,000
Officers
2.62
3.65
2.41
13.42
3.81
1.81
5.39
3.26
4.56
8.72
0.95
3.79
4.75
3.04
2.99
3.40
1.65
2.99
6.25
4.33
5.20
7.55
10.10
2.04
7.19
8.57
4.26
24.62
1.03
4.38
2.56
6.06
Per 100,000
Population
0.04
0.14
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.33
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.15
0.09
0.08
0.20
0.05
0.11
0.23
0.15
0.63
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.13
368
Rhode Island State Police
Vermont State Police
Wyoming Highway Patrol
Dauphin
Providence
Richland
Davidson
Travis
Salt Lake
Washington
Chesterfield
Thurston
Laramie
PA
RI
SC
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WY
4458
201
967
942
3529
475
307
1873
1132
204
26
2
10
4
6
2
1
3
2
1
5.83
9.95
10.34
4.25
1.70
4.21
3.26
1.60
1.77
4.90
0.20
0.19
0.22
0.06
0.02
0.07
0.16
0.04
0.03
0.18
369
Table 81. Sheriff's Offices in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted Alphabetically)
# of Full-Time
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Acadia Parish Sheriff's Office
Adams County Sheriff's Office
Alachua County Sheriff's Office
Allegheny County Sheriff's Office
Anderson County Sheriff's Office
Anoka County Sheriff's Office
Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office
Atlantic County Sheriff's Office
Baker County Sheriff's Office
Baltimore (City) Sheriff's Office
Baltimore County Sheriff's Office
Barnstable County Sheriff's Office
Barrow County Sheriff's Office
Bay County Sheriff's Office
Beaufort County Sheriff's Office
Bedford County Sheriff's Office
Benton County Sheriff's Office
Bernalillo County Sheriff's Office
Bibb County Sheriff's Office
Boone County Sheriff's Office
Bossier Parish Sheriff's Office
Acadia
Accomack
Adams
Alachua
Alameda
Allegan
Allegheny
Anderson
Anoka
Arapahoe
Assumption
Atlantic
Baker
Baltimore City
Baltimore
Barnstable
Barrow
Baxter
Bay
Beaufort
Bedford
Benton
Benzie
Bernalillo
Bexar
Bibb
Bibb
Big Horn
Blackford
Bolivar
Boone
Bossier
LA
VA
CO
FL
CA
MI
PA
SC
MN
CO
LA
NJ
GA
MD
MD
MA
GA
AR
FL
SC
VA
AR
MI
NM
TX
AL
GA
MT
IN
MS
KY
LA
105
27
364
276
928
59
151
191
133
407
50
103
3
99
84
254
127
32
213
209
77
103
13
279
526
12
290
8
8
18
130
300
Per
Agency
Per 1,000
Officers
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
5
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
9.52
37.04
5.49
3.62
2.16
16.95
19.87
10.47
7.52
4.91
40.00
9.71
333.33
20.20
11.90
19.69
7.87
31.25
9.39
4.78
25.97
9.71
76.92
10.75
9.51
83.33
10.34
125.00
125.00
55.56
7.69
10.00
Per 100,000
Population
1.62
3.02
0.45
0.40
0.13
0.90
0.25
1.07
0.30
0.35
8.54
0.36
28.98
0.32
0.12
2.32
1.44
2.41
1.18
0.62
2.91
0.45
5.71
0.45
0.29
4.36
1.93
7.77
7.83
2.93
0.84
2.56
370
Boulder County Sheriff's Office
Bracken County Sheriff's Office
Brazoria County Sheriff's Office
Brunswick County Sheriff's Office
Bucks County Sheriff's Office
Bullitt County Sheriff's Office
Burke County Sheriff's Office
Burleigh County Sheriff's Office
Butte County Sheriff's Office
Cameron County Sheriff's Office
Caroline County Sheriff's Office
Carver County Sheriff's Office
Catawba County Sheriff's Office
Centre County Sheriff's Office
Chambers County Sheriff's Office
Charleston County Sheriff's Office
Charlotte County Sheriff's Office
Chesapeake (City) Sheriff's Office
Clackamas County Sheriff's Office
Clark County Sheriff's Office
Clarke County Sheriff's Office
Boulder
Bracken
Brazoria
Brevard
Broward
Brunswick
Bucks
Bullitt
Burke
Burleigh
Butler
Butte
Calcasieu
Calhoun
Cameron
Campbell
Caroline
Carter
Carver
Catawba
Centre
Chambers
Charleston
Charlotte
Cherokee
Chesapeake City
Chesterfield
Chesterfield
Clackamas
Clark
Clark
Clarke
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
CO
KY
TX
FL
FL
NC
PA
KY
NC
ND
AL
CA
LA
FL
TX
WY
VA
MO
MN
NC
PA
TX
SC
FL
SC
VA
SC
VA
OR
IN
OH
VA
AR
FL
IN
MO
174
4
127
497
1624
114
50
40
86
40
9
110
592
18
107
58
49
3
87
126
17
44
259
285
48
358
41
225
319
35
134
18
7
284
30
115
1
1
1
2
16
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
5.75
250.00
7.87
4.02
9.85
17.54
40.00
25.00
11.63
50.00
333.33
9.09
1.69
55.56
18.69
17.24
61.22
666.67
11.49
7.94
58.82
22.73
15.44
10.53
41.67
5.59
24.39
4.44
6.27
28.57
7.46
55.56
142.86
10.56
33.33
8.70
0.34
11.78
0.32
0.37
0.92
1.86
0.32
1.35
1.10
2.46
14.32
0.45
0.52
6.84
0.49
2.17
10.51
31.92
1.10
0.65
0.65
2.85
1.14
1.88
3.61
0.90
2.14
0.32
0.53
0.91
0.72
7.13
6.22
1.57
3.72
0.45
371
Cleveland County Sheriff's Office
Cobb County Sheriff's Office
Columbia County Sheriff's Office
Coweta County Sheriff's Office
Crawford County Sheriff's Office
Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office
Dade County Sheriff's Office
Dakota County Sheriff's Office
Darlington County Sheriff's Office
Dauphin County Sheriff's Office
Davie County Sheriff's Office
Dearborn County Sheriff's Office
Delaware County Sheriff's Office
Dewitt County Sheriff's Office
East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff's Office
Clayton
Cleveland
Cobb
Collier
Columbia
Columbia
Columbiana
Contra Costa
Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Cross
Cullman
Custer
Cuyahoga
Dade
Dakota
Dale
Dallas
Dallas
Dane
Darlington
Dauphin
Davie
Daviess
Dearborn
DeKalb
DeKalb
Del Norte
Delaware
Delaware
Denver
De Witt
Douglas
Duval
East Baton Rouge
IA
OK
GA
FL
GA
OR
OH
CA
IL
GA
AR
AR
AL
OK
OH
GA
MN
AL
IA
TX
WI
SC
PA
NC
IN
IN
AL
GA
CA
OH
PA
CO
IL
NV
TX
LA
12
70
435
628
206
41
22
679
5655
137
27
17
78
12
141
25
77
0
23
449
454
64
36
45
19
29
34
325
30
86
58
739
16
100
18
359
1
1
1
6
2
1
2
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
5
1
1
1
3
83.33
14.29
2.30
9.55
9.71
24.39
90.91
1.47
1.41
7.30
37.04
58.82
12.82
83.33
21.28
40.00
12.99
86.96
2.23
4.41
15.63
55.56
66.67
52.63
68.97
29.41
6.15
66.67
11.63
34.48
6.77
62.50
10.00
55.56
8.36
5.52
0.39
0.15
1.87
1.61
2.03
1.85
0.10
0.15
0.79
1.61
5.60
1.24
3.64
0.23
0.04
0.25
1.99
3.02
0.04
0.41
1.46
0.75
7.27
3.16
4.00
1.41
0.29
6.99
0.57
0.36
0.83
6.04
2.13
8.49
0.68
372
Eaton County Sheriff's Office
Escambia County Sheriff's Office
Flagler County Sheriff's Office
Forsyth County Sheriff's Office
Frederick County Sheriff's Office
Galveston County Sheriff's Office
Greenville County Sheriff's Office
Eaton
El Paso
El Paso
Elko
Emery
Emmet
Escambia
Estill
Fairfax
Fayette
Ferry
Flagler
Floyd
Forsyth
Forsyth
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Frederick
Fremont
Fresno
Fulton
Gage
Gallatin
Galveston
Graham
Grand Traverse
Grant
Grant
Greenbrier
Greene
Greene
Greenville
Griggs
Guadalupe
Gwinnett
MI
CO
TX
NV
UT
MI
FL
KY
VA
OH
WA
FL
IA
GA
NC
IN
OH
VA
MD
IA
CA
GA
NE
IL
TX
AZ
MI
IN
OK
WV
AL
AR
SC
ND
NM
GA
77
454
248
57
26
23
388
5
499
22
10
130
11
253
217
12
455
78
177
7
461
516
12
3
240
23
64
45
5
30
11
15
397
3
3
531
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
1
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
12.99
2.20
8.06
17.54
76.92
43.48
7.73
200.00
6.01
136.36
100.00
15.38
90.91
19.76
9.22
83.33
4.40
12.82
5.65
142.86
2.17
7.75
83.33
333.33
4.17
43.48
31.25
22.22
200.00
33.33
90.91
66.67
5.04
333.33
333.33
5.65
0.93
0.16
0.25
2.05
18.22
3.06
1.01
6.82
0.28
10.33
13.24
2.09
6.13
2.85
0.57
4.33
0.17
1.78
0.43
13.44
0.11
0.43
4.48
17.89
0.34
2.69
2.30
1.43
22.09
2.82
11.06
2.38
0.44
41.32
21.34
0.37
373
Hall County Sheriff's Office
Hamilton County Sheriff's Office
Hancock County Sheriff's Office
Harford County Sheriff's Office
Hawkins County Sheriff's Office
Hernando County Sheriff's Office
Hidalgo County Sheriff's Office
Highlands County Sheriff's Office
Hoke County Sheriff's Office
Horry County Sheriff's Office
Hudson County Sheriff's Office
Hunterdon County Sheriff's Office
Iberia Parish Sheriff's Office
Indian River County Sheriff's Office
Isle of Wight County Sheriff's Office
Halifax
Hall
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hampton
Hancock
Hardeman
Harford
Harris
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Hawkins
Haywood
Hempstead
Hendry
Henry
Henry
Hernando
Hidalgo
Highlands
Hillsborough
Hockley
Hoke
Holmes
Holt
Horry
Hudson
Hunterdon
Iberia
Indian River
Isle of Wight
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
VA
GA
IN
OH
TN
SC
IN
TN
MD
TX
IN
MS
TX
TN
TN
AR
FL
AL
VA
FL
TX
FL
FL
TX
NC
OH
NE
SC
NJ
NJ
LA
FL
VA
FL
KS
TN
29
257
64
330
146
26
40
22
280
2558
22
90
45
42
22
13
67
8
112
249
262
130
1223
11
50
33
5
55
221
17
242
226
40
61
15
14
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
5
1
10
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
6
3
1
1
1
3
34.48
7.78
15.63
3.03
13.70
38.46
75.00
45.45
3.57
1.17
45.45
11.11
22.22
23.81
45.45
76.92
14.93
125.00
125.00
4.02
19.08
7.69
8.18
181.82
20.00
30.30
200.00
18.18
13.57
58.82
24.79
13.27
25.00
16.39
66.67
214.29
2.76
1.11
0.36
0.12
0.59
4.74
4.29
3.67
0.41
0.07
2.54
0.53
1.52
1.76
5.32
4.42
2.55
5.78
25.85
0.58
0.65
1.01
0.81
8.72
2.13
2.36
9.58
0.37
0.47
0.78
8.19
2.17
2.84
2.01
7.43
25.78
374
Johnston County Sheriff's Office
Kane County Sheriff's Office
Kenosha County Sheriff's Office
Kent County Sheriff's Office
Kershaw County Sheriff's Office
Kitsap County Sheriff's Office
La Crosse County Sheriff's Office
La Porte County Sheriff's Office
Lafourche Parish Sheriff's Office
Lancaster County Sheriff's Office
Laurens County Sheriff's Office
Liberty County Sheriff's Office
Jefferson
Jim Wells
Johnston
Juneau
Kane
Kenosha
Kent
Keokuk
Kern
Kershaw
King
Kingfisher
Kitsap
Knox
La Crosse
La Porte
La Salle
La Salle
Lafourche
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lancaster
Laurens
Lawrence
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lenawee
Lenoir
Leon
Lewis
Liberty
LA
TX
NC
WI
IL
WI
DE
IA
CA
SC
WA
OK
WA
TN
WI
IN
IL
TX
LA
CA
CO
FL
IL
IN
SD
SC
SC
IN
FL
NC
SC
MI
NC
FL
MO
TX
825
27
97
45
92
122
5
4
512
61
721
8
121
456
43
58
36
10
287
61
9
286
188
170
5
93
65
25
621
47
28
44
58
443
5
37
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
3
1
5
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
14.55
37.04
10.31
22.22
10.87
8.20
200.00
250.00
21.48
16.39
6.93
125.00
8.26
2.19
23.26
17.24
27.78
300.00
10.45
32.79
222.22
10.49
5.32
29.41
200.00
10.75
15.38
40.00
11.27
21.28
35.71
22.73
34.48
6.77
200.00
54.05
2.77
2.45
0.59
3.75
0.19
0.60
0.62
9.51
1.31
1.62
0.26
6.65
0.40
0.23
0.87
0.90
0.88
43.57
3.11
3.09
27.36
1.01
0.14
1.01
8.93
1.30
1.50
2.17
1.13
1.73
5.20
1.00
3.36
1.09
9.79
2.64
375
Livingston County Sheriff's Office
Livingston Parish Sheriff's Office
Long County Sheriff's Office
Lowndes County Sheriff's Office
Lucas County Sheriff's Office
Luzerne County Sheriff's Office
Macomb County Sheriff's Office
Madera County Sheriff's Office
Marathon County Sheriff's Office
Marin County Sheriff's Office
McHenry County Sheriff's Office
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Livingston
Livingston
Long
Los Angeles
Loudoun
Lowndes
Lowndes
Lucas
Luna
Luzerne
Macomb
Madera
Madison
Madison
Madison
Manatee
Marathon
Maricopa
Marin
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marlboro
Martin
Martin
Mason
McDowell
McDowell
McHenry
McIntosh
GA
NC
OR
SD
LA
MI
LA
GA
CA
VA
AL
GA
OH
NM
PA
MI
CA
AL
GA
MO
FL
WI
AZ
CA
FL
IN
OR
WV
SC
FL
NC
WV
NC
WV
IL
OK
12
98
65
17
46
65
125
15
9461
448
14
145
289
30
38
245
78
107
34
8
476
67
766
202
349
740
255
27
25
414
34
21
40
15
134
17
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
14
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
3
7
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
83.33
40.82
15.38
58.82
21.74
30.77
8.00
66.67
1.48
4.46
71.43
6.90
13.84
33.33
52.63
4.08
12.82
9.35
29.41
125.00
8.40
14.93
2.61
4.95
8.60
9.46
3.92
37.04
80.00
2.42
29.41
142.86
25.00
66.67
14.93
117.65
12.51
5.11
2.17
2.23
2.14
1.11
0.78
6.91
0.14
0.64
8.85
0.92
0.91
3.98
0.62
0.12
0.66
0.30
3.56
8.18
1.24
0.75
0.05
0.40
0.91
0.77
0.32
1.77
6.91
0.68
4.08
10.98
2.22
4.52
0.65
9.88
376
Mesilla Marshal's Office
Middlesex County Sheriff's Department
Minnehaha County Sheriff's Office
Montgomery County Sheriff's Office
Morgan County Sheriff's Office
Morris County Sheriff's Office
Nassau County Sheriff's Office
New Hanover County Sheriff's Office
New York City Sheriff's Office
Newton County Sheriff's Office
Nez Perce County Sheriff's Office
Niagara County Sheriff's Office
Norfolk (City) Sheriff's Office
Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Office
Okaloosa County Sheriff's Office
Onondaga County Sheriff's Office
McKinley
Dona Ana
Middlesex
Middlesex
Miller
Milwaukee
Minnehaha
Monmouth
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Montague
Montgomery
Montgomery
Mora
Morgan
Morgan
Morris
Morrow
Muskogee
Nassau
New Hanover
New York
Newaygo
Newton
Nez Perce
Niagara
Nicholas
Norfolk City
Nye
Oglethorpe
Okaloosa
Okanogan
Onondaga
Orange
Orange
NM
NM
NJ
VA
MO
WI
SD
NJ
FL
NY
WI
TX
OH
TN
NM
AL
IN
NJ
OR
OK
FL
NC
NY
MI
GA
ID
NY
KY
VA
NV
GA
FL
WA
NY
CA
FL
35
5
170
17
16
524
69
494
189
273
23
10
222
287
5
55
26
262
14
37
109
315
120
25
152
25
110
1
414
108
19
258
30
242
1794
1398
1
1
4
1
1
7
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
14
16
28.57
200.00
23.53
58.82
62.50
13.36
14.49
2.02
15.87
10.99
43.48
100.00
4.50
3.48
200.00
18.18
76.92
3.82
71.43
27.03
18.35
9.52
16.67
40.00
6.58
80.00
9.09
1000.00
2.42
27.78
52.63
11.63
33.33
4.13
7.80
11.44
1.40
0.48
0.49
9.12
4.04
0.74
0.59
0.16
4.10
0.40
2.24
5.07
0.19
0.58
20.49
0.84
2.90
0.20
8.95
1.41
2.73
1.48
2.44
2.06
1.00
5.09
0.46
14.02
0.41
6.83
6.71
1.66
2.43
0.21
0.47
1.40
377
Orleans County Sheriff's Office
Ouachita Parish Sheriff's Office
Outagamie County Sheriff's Office
Ozaukee County Sheriff's Office
Paulding County Sheriff's Office
Pawnee County Sheriff's Office
Pender County Sheriff's Office
Pennington County Sheriff's Office
Pierce County Sheriff's Office
Pinal County Sheriff's Office
Pitt County Sheriff's Office
Placer County Sheriff's Office
Plaquemines Parish Sheriff's Office
Portage County Sheriff's Office
Porter County Sheriff's Office
Orange
Orange
Orangeburg
Oregon
Orleans
Orleans
Osceola
Osceola
Otero
Ouachita
Outagamie
Ozaukee
Page
Palm Beach
Pasco
Passaic
Paulding
Pawnee
Pender
Pennington
Perry
Petroleum
Phillips
Pierce
Pima
Pinal
Pinellas
Pitt
Placer
Plaquemines
Pocahontas
Polk
Polk
Polk
Portage
Porter
NY
NC
SC
MO
NY
LA
FL
MI
NM
LA
WI
WI
VA
FL
FL
NJ
GA
OK
NC
SD
IL
MT
AR
WA
AZ
AZ
FL
NC
CA
LA
WV
FL
GA
IA
OH
IN
99
115
92
5
29
505
388
18
30
431
74
83
49
1447
485
530
175
19
57
65
12
1
16
292
554
218
863
125
228
145
5
600
27
143
66
61
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
4
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
8
3
1
1
1
13
2
3
1
2
10.10
8.70
10.87
400.00
34.48
7.92
5.15
55.56
33.33
2.32
13.51
12.05
20.41
8.29
8.25
11.32
5.71
52.63
17.54
15.38
83.33
1000.00
62.50
6.85
1.81
9.17
9.27
24.00
4.39
6.90
200.00
21.67
74.07
20.98
15.15
32.79
0.27
0.75
1.08
18.38
2.33
1.16
0.74
4.25
1.57
0.65
0.57
1.16
4.16
0.91
0.86
1.20
0.70
6.03
1.92
0.99
4.47
202.43
4.60
0.25
0.10
0.53
0.87
1.78
0.29
4.34
11.47
2.16
4.82
0.70
0.62
1.22
378
Pottawattamie County Sheriff's Office
Potter County Sheriff's Office
Prince George's County Sheriff's Office
Prince William County Sheriff's Office
Queen Anne's County Sheriff's Office
Ramsey County Sheriff's Office
Rapides Parish Sheriff's Office
Richmond (City) Sheriff's Office
Rock County Sheriff's Office
Rockingham County Sheriff's Office
Russell County Sheriff's Office
Rutherford County Sheriff's Office
Saginaw County Sheriff's Office
Salem County Sheriff's Office
San Benito County Sheriff's Office
San Juan County Sheriff's Office
San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office
Sandoval County Sheriff's Office
Pottawattomie
Potter
Powell
Prince Georges
Prince William
Pulaski
Putnam
Queen Annes
Ramsey
Randolph
Rapides
Ravalli
Richland
Richmond City
Richmond
Rio Arriba
Riverside
Robeson
Rock
Rockingham
Roosevelt
Routt
Russell
Rutherford
Sacramento
Saginaw
Salem
Saline
Saline
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Jacinto
San Juan
San Luis Obispo
Sandoval
IA
TX
MT
MD
VA
IL
TN
MD
MN
IL
LA
MT
SC
VA
GA
NM
CA
NC
WI
VA
MT
CO
AL
TN
CA
MI
NJ
IL
KS
CA
CA
CA
TX
NM
CA
NM
50
93
10
233
75
11
58
50
235
13
212
29
512
424
449
22
2147
128
94
46
11
22
32
189
1409
71
157
42
44
29
1797
1322
21
94
156
45
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
11
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
6
1
1
1
1
1
11
7
1
2
2
1
20.00
21.51
100.00
12.88
13.33
181.82
34.48
20.00
8.51
76.92
4.72
34.48
5.86
4.72
11.14
45.45
5.12
23.44
21.28
21.74
90.91
45.45
62.50
10.58
4.26
14.08
6.37
23.81
22.73
34.48
6.12
5.30
47.62
21.28
12.82
22.22
1.07
1.65
14.23
0.35
0.25
32.46
2.77
2.09
0.39
2.99
0.76
2.49
0.78
0.98
2.49
2.48
0.50
2.24
1.25
1.31
9.59
4.25
3.78
0.76
0.42
0.50
1.51
4.01
1.80
1.81
0.54
0.23
3.79
1.54
0.74
0.76
379
Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office
Santa Fe County Sheriff's Office
Santa Rosa County Sheriff's Office
Sarasota County Sheriff's Office
Seminole County Sheriff's Office
Smith County Sheriff's Office
Snohomish County Sheriff's Office
Solano County Sheriff's Office
Spartanburg County Sheriff's Office
Spokane County Sheriff's Office
St. Bernard Parish Sheriff's Office
St. Charles County Sheriff's Office
St. Charles Parish Sheriff's Office
St. Croix County Sheriff's Office
St. Helena Parish Sheriff's Office
St. John The Baptist Parish Sheriff's Office
St. Joseph County Sheriff's Office
St. Louis County Sheriff's Office
St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office
St. Martin Parish Sheriff's Office
St. Mary's County Sheriff's Office
St. Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office
Stanislaus County Sheriff's Office
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Fe
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Sauk
Seminole
Seneca
Shelby
Shelby
Simpson
Smith
Snohomish
Socorro
Solano
Spartanburg
Spokane
St. Bernard
St. Charles
St. Charles
St. Croix
St. Helena
St. John the Baptist
St. Joseph
St. Louis
St. Lucie
St. Martin
St. Marys
St. Tammany
Stanislaus
Stanly
Stark
Starr
Stephens
Stephens
Steuben
CA
CA
NM
FL
FL
WI
FL
NY
OH
TN
KY
TX
WA
NM
CA
SC
WA
LA
MO
LA
WI
LA
LA
IN
MO
FL
LA
MD
LA
CA
NC
ND
TX
GA
OK
NY
294
450
75
190
409
118
355
23
30
516
11
88
287
10
113
297
244
189
153
291
44
22
150
116
200
259
45
120
409
230
49
11
31
31
11
26
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
1
8
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3.40
2.22
13.33
5.26
2.44
8.47
5.63
260.87
33.33
15.50
90.91
11.36
6.97
100.00
8.85
6.73
8.20
5.29
13.07
3.44
22.73
45.45
20.00
25.86
20.00
7.72
22.22
8.33
4.89
4.35
20.41
90.91
32.26
32.26
181.82
38.46
0.24
0.06
0.69
0.66
0.26
1.61
0.47
17.02
2.02
0.86
5.77
0.48
0.28
5.60
0.24
0.70
0.42
2.79
0.55
1.89
1.19
8.93
6.53
1.12
0.40
0.72
1.92
0.95
0.86
0.19
1.65
4.13
1.64
3.82
4.44
1.01
380
Summit County Sheriff's Office
Sutter County Sheriff's Office
Terrebonne Parish Sheriff's Office
Ulster County Sheriff's Office
Union County Sheriff's Office
Upshur County Sheriff's Office
Valencia County Sheriff's Office
Vigo County Sheriff's Office
Wake County Sheriff's Office
Walker County Sheriff's Office
Walton County Sheriff's Office
Washington County Sheriff's Office
Washoe County Sheriff's Office
Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office
Waukesha County Sheriff's Office
Weld County Sheriff's Office
Westmoreland County Sheriff's Office
Whitfield County Sheriff's Office
Sullivan
Sullivan
Summit
Sutter
Talbot
Terrebonne
Terrell
Thomas
Towns
Tulare
Tuscola
Ulster
Union
Union
Upshur
Valencia
Ventura
Vernon
Vigo
Volusia
Wake
Walker
Walton
Warren
Washington
Washington
Washoe
Washtenaw
Waukesha
Wayne
Wayne
Weld
Westmoreland
White
White
Whitfield
NY
TN
OH
CA
GA
LA
TX
GA
GA
CA
MI
NY
IN
NC
TX
NM
CA
LA
IN
FL
NC
GA
FL
NC
MD
TN
NV
MI
WI
MI
NC
CO
PA
GA
TN
GA
44
183
393
105
8
300
5
47
18
513
25
57
6
170
45
37
755
64
38
450
354
80
165
30
94
86
414
133
150
1062
85
121
0
40
28
115
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
4
2
4
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
22.73
5.46
2.54
9.52
375.00
6.67
200.00
42.55
55.56
5.85
40.00
17.54
166.67
5.88
22.22
27.03
1.32
31.25
26.32
8.89
11.30
25.00
24.24
33.33
10.64
11.63
9.66
30.08
6.67
0.94
23.53
8.26
25.00
35.71
8.70
1.29
0.64
0.18
1.06
43.70
1.79
101.63
4.47
9.55
0.68
1.79
0.55
13.30
0.50
2.54
1.31
0.12
3.82
0.93
0.81
0.44
2.91
7.27
4.77
0.68
0.81
0.95
1.16
0.26
0.05
1.63
0.40
0.27
3.68
3.87
0.97
381
Wicomico County Sheriff's Office
Williamson County Sheriff's Office
Wilson County Sheriff's Office
Winnebago County Sheriff's Office
Wood County Sheriff's Office
Woodford County Sheriff's Office
Yakima County Sheriff's Office
Yamhill County Sheriff's Office
Yellowstone County Sheriff's Office
Whitley
Wicomico
Will
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Wilson
Winkler
Winn
Winnebago
Wood
Woodford
Woodruff
Yakima
Yamhill
Yellowstone
Zapata
KY
MD
IL
IL
TN
TX
TN
TX
LA
IL
WV
IL
AR
WA
OR
MT
TX
12
0
445
29
99
206
202
10
23
142
40
37
6
69
36
55
44
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
83.33
2.25
68.97
20.20
9.71
4.95
100.00
43.48
7.04
25.00
27.03
166.67
28.99
27.78
18.18
22.73
2.81
1.01
0.15
3.01
1.09
0.47
0.88
14.06
6.53
0.34
1.15
2.59
13.77
0.82
1.01
0.68
7.13
382
Table 82. County Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted
Alphabetically)
# of Full-Time
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Allegheny County Police Department.
Arlington County Police Department
Athens-Clarke County Police Dept
Clayton County Police Department
Dougherty County Police Dept.
Floyd County Police Department
Fulton County Police Department
Gaston County Police Department
Henry County Police Department
Honolulu (City and County) Police Department
Horry County Police Department
Howard County Police Department
Indianapolis Police
James City County Police Dept.
Maui (County) Police Department
New Castle County Police Department
Oldham County Police Department
Allegheny
Anne Arundel
Arlington
Clarke
Baltimore
Mecklenburg
Chesterfield
Clayton
Cobb
DeKalb
Dougherty
Fairfax
Floyd
Fulton
Gaston
Gwinnett
Henrico
Henry
Honolulu
Horry
Howard
Marion
James City
Kauai
Maui
Miami-Dade
Montgomery
Nassau
New Castle
Oldham
Polk
PA
MD
VA
GA
MD
NC
VA
GA
GA
GA
GA
VA
GA
GA
NC
GA
VA
GA
HI
SC
MD
IN
VA
HI
HI
FL
MD
NY
DE
KY
GA
202
633
364
213
1910
1672
475
336
590
1074
47
1419
71
129
133
682
554
225
1934
243
424
1582
94
125
329
3093
1206
2732
358
31
35
Per
Agency
2
3
1
2
4
20
1
3
5
13
2
7
1
2
2
4
4
1
26
9
3
33
1
3
5
25
16
6
2
2
3
Per 1,000
Officers
9.90
4.74
2.75
9.39
2.09
11.96
2.11
8.93
8.47
12.10
42.55
4.93
14.08
15.50
15.04
5.87
7.22
4.44
13.44
37.04
7.08
20.86
10.64
24.00
15.20
8.08
13.27
2.20
5.59
64.52
85.71
Per 100,000
Population
0.16
0.56
0.48
1.71
0.50
2.17
0.32
1.16
0.73
1.88
2.11
0.65
1.04
0.22
0.97
0.50
1.30
0.49
2.73
3.34
1.04
3.65
1.49
4.47
3.23
1.00
1.65
0.45
0.37
3.32
7.23
383
Riley County Police Department
Roanoke County Police Department
Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan Police Department
Westchester County Department of Public Safety
Prince Georges
Prince William
Riley
Roanoke
Chatham
St. Louis
Suffolk
Westchester
MD
VA
KS
VA
GA
MO
NY
NY
1578
546
101
135
534
781
2622
270
19
3
1
2
6
2
6
3
12.04
5.49
9.90
14.81
11.24
2.56
2.29
11.11
2.20
0.75
1.41
2.17
2.26
0.20
0.40
0.32
384
Table 83. 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted Alphabetically by Agency
Name)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Alameda Police Department
Albany Police Department
Alexandria Police Department
Alhambra Police Department
Allen Police Department
Allentown Police Department
Altamonte Springs Police Dept
Anaheim Police Department
Anchorage Police Department
Anderson Police
Anderson Police Department
Ann Arbor Police Department
Apopka Police Department
Bakersfield Police Department
Barnstable Police Department
Bartlett Police Department
Baytown Police Department
Beaumont Police Department
Beaverton Police Department
Belleville Police Dept
Bellevue Police Dept
Bend Police Department
Summit
Alameda
Dougherty
Albany
Bernalillo
Alexandria City
Los Angeles
Collin
Lehigh
Seminole
Orange
Anchorage
Madison
Anderson
Washtenaw
Orange
Tarrant
Fulton
Arapahoe
Travis
Kern
Baltimore City
Barnstable
Shelby
East Baton Rouge
Harris
Jefferson
Washington
St. Clair
Sarpy
Deschutes
OH
CA
GA
NY
NM
VA
CA
TX
PA
FL
CA
AK
IN
SC
MI
FL
TX
GA
CO
TX
CA
MD
MA
TN
LA
TX
TX
OR
IL
NE
OR
472
94
184
328
1020
315
83
106
200
124
398
372
117
91
160
85
610
1719
627
1515
348
2990
110
105
630
136
246
124
81
92
86
8
2
4
7
13
3
1
2
1
1
3
4
4
3
4
1
3
22
6
10
8
55
2
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
16.95
21.28
21.74
21.34
12.75
9.52
12.05
18.87
5.00
8.06
7.54
10.75
34.19
32.97
25.00
11.76
4.92
12.80
9.57
6.60
22.99
18.39
18.18
9.52
9.52
7.35
8.13
8.06
12.35
10.87
23.26
Per 100,000
Population
1.48
0.13
4.23
2.30
1.96
2.14
0.01
0.26
0.29
0.24
0.10
1.37
3.04
1.60
1.16
0.09
0.17
2.39
1.05
0.98
0.95
8.86
0.93
0.11
1.36
0.02
0.79
0.19
0.37
0.63
1.27
385
Bensalem Township Police Dept
Berkeley Police Department
Berwyn Police Dept
Bethlehem Police Department
Billings Police Department
Biloxi Police Department
Binghamton Police Department
Bloomington Police Dept
Boise Police Department
Bolingbrook Police Dept
Bossier City Police Dept
Boulder Police Department
Boynton Beach Police Department
Brick Township Police
Bristol Police Department
Brockton Police Department
Broken Arrow Police Department
Brookline Police Department
Broomfield Police Department
Brownsville Police Department
Burlington Police Department
Calumet City Police Dept
Cambridge Police Department
Camden Police
Canton Police Department
Cape Coral Police Department
Carmel Police
Cedar Rapids Police Department
Champaign Police Dept
Charleston Police Department
Bucks
Alameda
Cook
Northampton
Yellowstone
Harrison
Broome
Jefferson
McLean
Ada
Will
Bossier
Suffolk
Boulder
Palm Beach
Ocean
Fairfield
Hartford
Plymouth
Tulsa
Norfolk
Broomfield
Cameron
Erie
Alamance
Cook
Middlesex
Camden
Stark
Lee
Hamilton
Linn
Champaign
Maricopa
Kanawha
Charleston
PA
CA
IL
PA
MT
MS
NY
AL
IL
ID
IL
LA
MA
CO
FL
NJ
CT
CT
MA
OK
MA
CO
TX
NY
NC
IL
MA
NJ
OH
FL
IN
IA
IL
AZ
WV
SC
104
186
105
154
138
133
139
816
122
306
122
178
2181
165
165
127
422
119
197
124
129
105
230
793
105
91
272
397
172
220
104
197
122
333
182
382
1
1
3
4
2
2
1
8
2
2
3
3
14
1
7
1
3
1
3
2
3
1
1
4
3
1
1
10
1
2
3
2
1
2
9
2
9.62
5.38
28.57
25.97
14.49
15.04
7.19
9.80
16.39
6.54
24.59
16.85
6.42
6.06
42.42
7.87
7.11
8.40
15.23
16.13
23.26
9.52
4.35
5.04
28.57
10.99
3.68
25.19
5.81
9.09
28.85
10.15
8.20
6.01
49.45
5.24
0.16
0.07
0.06
1.34
1.35
1.07
0.50
1.21
1.18
0.51
0.44
2.56
1.94
0.34
0.53
0.17
0.33
0.11
0.61
0.33
0.45
1.79
0.25
0.44
1.99
0.02
0.07
1.95
0.27
0.32
1.09
0.95
0.50
0.05
4.66
0.57
386
Charlottesville Police Dept.
Chattanooga Police Department
Chelsea Police Department
Cherry Hill Police
Chesapeake Police Department
Chicago Police Dept
Chico Police Department
Chicopee Police Department
Chula Vista Police Department
Cicero Police Dept
Citrus Heights Police Department
Clarksville Police Department
Clearwater Police Department
Clifton Police
Coconut Creek Police Department
College Park Police Department
Colonie Town Police Department
Columbia Police Department
Conroe Police Department
Coral Gables Police Department
Costa Mesa Police Department
Council Bluffs Police Department
Covington Police Department
Cranston Police Department
Cuyahoga Falls Police Department
Charlottesville City
Hamilton
Suffolk
Camden
Chesapeake City
Cook
Butte
Hampden
San Diego
Cook
Hamilton
Sacramento
Montgomery
Pinellas
Bradley
Cuyahoga
Passaic
Broward
Fulton
Albany
El Paso
Richland
Boone
Muscogee
Franklin
Cabarrus
Contra Costa
Montgomery
Miami-Dade
Nueces
Orange
Pottawattomie
Kenton
Providence
Summit
Dallas
VA
TN
MA
NJ
VA
IL
CA
MA
CA
IL
OH
CA
TN
FL
TN
OH
NJ
FL
GA
NY
CO
SC
MO
GA
OH
NC
CA
TX
FL
TX
CA
IA
KY
RI
OH
TX
115
434
92
145
376
13354
88
133
244
146
1082
83
238
255
89
1616
158
89
93
109
668
351
155
400
1886
153
161
99
184
448
158
105
112
148
86
3389
1
14
1
2
3
83
2
1
1
4
10
1
5
1
4
27
1
3
1
2
5
8
1
6
9
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
39
8.70
32.26
10.87
13.79
7.98
6.22
22.73
7.52
4.10
27.40
9.24
12.05
21.01
3.92
44.94
16.71
6.33
33.71
10.75
18.35
7.49
22.79
6.45
15.00
4.77
6.54
6.21
20.20
10.87
6.70
6.33
9.52
8.93
20.27
23.26
11.51
2.30
4.16
0.14
0.39
1.35
1.60
0.91
0.22
0.03
0.08
1.25
0.07
7.54
0.11
4.04
2.11
0.20
0.17
0.11
0.66
0.80
2.08
0.61
3.16
0.77
0.56
0.10
0.44
0.08
0.88
0.03
1.07
0.63
1.81
0.37
1.65
387
Daly City Police Department
Danbury Police Department
Davie Police Department
Dayton Police Department
Daytona Beach Police Department
Dearborn Police Department
Decatur Police Department
Decatur Police Dept
Delray Beach Police Department
Des Moines Police Department
Des Plaines Police Dept
Dothan Police Department
Dover Police Department
Downers Grove Police Dept
Dubuque Police Department
East Chicago Police
East Orange Police
East Point Police Department
East Providence Police Department
Eau Claire Police Department
Edinburg Police Department
Edison Police
Edmond Police Department
Egg Harbor Township Police
El Cajon Police Department
Elgin Police Dept
Elizabeth Police
Elk Grove Police Department
Elkhart Police
Elyria Police Department
San Mateo
Fairfield
Pittsylvania
Broward
Montgomery
Volusia
Wayne
Morgan
Macon
Palm Beach
Denton
Denver
Polk
Cook
Wayne
Houston
Kent
Du Page
Dubuque
Durham
Lake
Essex
Fulton
Providence
Eau Claire
Hidalgo
Middlesex
Oklahoma
Atlantic
San Diego
El Paso
Kane
Union
Sacramento
Elkhart
Lorain
CA
CT
VA
FL
OH
FL
MI
AL
IL
FL
TX
CO
IA
IL
MI
AL
DE
IL
IA
NC
IN
NJ
GA
RI
WI
TX
NJ
OK
NJ
CA
TX
IL
NJ
CA
IN
OH
113
153
126
164
421
250
198
133
166
152
155
1525
385
102
2250
148
90
81
100
494
110
283
116
98
96
110
189
110
95
120
1132
181
348
126
124
86
1
1
1
2
1
6
4
1
1
1
1
13
6
1
23
2
2
1
3
9
2
3
2
1
1
5
7
2
2
1
15
5
1
1
4
2
8.85
6.54
7.94
12.20
2.38
24.00
20.20
7.52
6.02
6.58
6.45
8.52
15.58
9.80
10.22
13.51
22.22
12.35
30.00
18.22
18.18
10.60
17.24
10.20
10.42
45.45
37.04
18.18
21.05
8.33
13.25
27.62
2.87
7.94
32.26
23.26
0.14
0.11
1.57
0.11
0.19
1.21
0.22
0.84
0.90
0.08
0.15
2.17
1.39
0.02
1.26
1.97
1.23
0.11
3.20
3.36
0.40
0.38
0.22
0.16
1.01
0.65
0.86
0.28
0.73
0.03
1.87
0.97
0.19
0.38
2.02
0.66
388
Enfield Police Department
Erie Police Department
Euclid Police Department
Euless Police Department
Evansville Police
Everett Police Department
Fall River Police Department
Farmington Police Department
Fayetteville Police Department
Federal Way Police Department
Flagstaff Police Department
Flint Police Department
Florence Police Department
Folsom Police Department
Fort Collins Police Department
Fort Myers Police Department
Fort Pierce Police Department
Fort Smith Police Department
Fort Wayne Police
Framingham Police Department
Frederick Police Department
Fremont Police Department
Fullerton Police Department
Gainesville Police Department
Galveston Police Department
Garden Grove Police Department
Gary Police
Gastonia Police Department
Glendale Police Department
Gloucester Township Police
Goldsboro Police Department
Hartford
Erie
Cuyahoga
Tarrant
Vanderburgh
Snohomish
Bristol
San Juan
Washington
Cumberland
King
Coconino
Genesee
Florence
Lauderdale
Sacramento
Larimer
Broward
Lee
St. Lucie
Sebastian
Allen
Tarrant
Middlesex
Frederick
Alameda
Fresno
Orange
Alachua
Galveston
Orange
Lake
Gaston
Los Angeles
Camden
Wayne
CT
PA
OH
TX
IN
WA
MA
NM
AR
NC
WA
AZ
MI
SC
AL
CA
CO
FL
FL
FL
AR
IN
TX
MA
MD
CA
CA
CA
FL
TX
CA
IN
NC
CA
NJ
NC
95
167
100
83
277
198
237
129
117
341
133
113
204
109
94
88
162
482
170
126
158
447
1489
118
138
182
828
159
275
161
166
243
166
264
111
101
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
2
2
1
1
6
2
1
2
3
6
4
4
3
4
20
1
1
1
7
3
4
1
2
10
2
1
2
1
42.11
5.99
10.00
12.05
10.83
5.05
4.22
38.76
17.09
5.87
7.52
8.85
29.41
18.35
10.64
22.73
18.52
12.45
23.53
31.75
18.99
8.95
13.43
8.47
7.25
5.49
8.45
18.87
14.55
6.21
12.05
41.15
12.05
3.79
18.02
9.90
0.45
0.36
0.08
0.06
1.67
0.14
0.18
3.84
0.98
0.63
0.05
0.74
1.41
1.46
1.08
0.14
1.00
0.34
0.65
1.44
2.39
1.13
1.11
0.07
0.43
0.07
0.75
0.10
1.62
0.34
0.07
2.02
0.97
0.01
0.39
0.82
389
Grand Junction Police Department
Grapevine Police Department
Greece Town Police Department
Greeley Police Department
Gresham Police Department
Gulfport Police Department
Hackensack Police
Hagerstown Police Department
Hamden Police Department
Hamilton Police Department
Hampton Police Department
Harlingen Police Department
Harrisburg Police Department
Hartford Police Department
Hattiesburg Police Department
Haverhill Police Department
Hayward Police Department
Hempstead Village Police Department
Henderson Police Department
Hialeah Police Department
Hickory Police Department
Hoboken Police
Hollywood Police Department
Holyoke Police Department
Homestead Police Department
Huntington Beach Police Department
Huntsville Police Department
Idaho Falls Police Department
Independence Police Department
Inglewood Police Department
Irvine Police Department
Mesa
Kent
Tarrant
Monroe
Weld
Guilford
Greenville
Washington
Multnomah
Harrison
Bergen
Washington
New Haven
Butler
Hampton City
Cameron
Dauphin
Hartford
Forrest
Essex
Alameda
Nassau
Clark
Miami-Dade
Catawba
Hudson
Broward
Hampden
Miami-Dade
Harris
Orange
Madison
Bonneville
Jackson
Los Angeles
Orange
CO
MI
TX
NY
CO
NC
SC
MS
OR
MS
NJ
MD
CT
OH
VA
TX
PA
CT
MS
MA
CA
NY
NV
FL
NC
NJ
FL
MA
FL
TX
CA
AL
ID
MO
CA
CA
108
319
90
94
146
593
178
96
129
193
117
105
105
135
232
123
155
408
126
93
185
112
336
338
114
156
316
123
106
5053
223
405
89
206
187
197
2
1
1
4
2
5
4
2
1
1
9
1
2
1
2
1
1
10
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
8
1
3
35
1
3
1
1
1
1
18.52
3.13
11.11
42.55
13.70
8.43
22.47
20.83
7.75
5.18
76.92
9.52
19.05
7.41
8.62
8.13
6.45
24.51
15.87
10.75
5.41
8.93
5.95
2.96
8.77
19.23
25.32
8.13
28.30
6.93
4.48
7.41
11.24
4.85
5.35
5.08
1.36
0.17
0.06
0.54
0.79
1.02
0.89
3.91
0.14
0.53
0.99
0.68
0.23
0.27
1.46
0.25
0.37
1.12
2.67
0.13
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.04
0.65
0.47
0.46
0.22
0.12
0.86
0.03
0.90
0.96
0.15
0.01
0.03
390
Irving Police Department
Irvington Police
Jefferson City Police Department
Jersey City Police
Johnson City Police Department
Joliet Police Dept
Joplin Police Department
Jupiter Police Department
Kalamazoo Dept of Public Safety
Kenner Police Department
Kennewick Police Department
Killeen Police Department
Kingsport Police Department
Kissimmee Police Department
Kokomo Police
Lafayette Police
Lafayette Police Department
Lake Charles Police Department
Lakeland Police Department
Lakewood Police Department
Lansing Police Department
Laredo Police Department
Largo Police Department
Las Cruces Police Department
Lauderhill Police Department
Lawrence Police Department
Lawton Police Department
Lincoln Police Dept
Dallas
Essex
Madison
Hinds
Duval
Cole
Hudson
Washington
Will
Jasper
Palm Beach
Kalamazoo
Wyandotte
Jackson
Jefferson
Benton
Bell
Sullivan
Osceola
Howard
Tippecanoe
Lafayette
Troup
Calcasieu
Polk
Pierce
Lancaster
Ingham
Webb
Pinellas
Dona Ana
Clark
Broward
Essex
Comanche
Lancaster
TX
NJ
TN
MS
FL
MO
NJ
TN
IL
MO
FL
MI
KS
MO
LA
WA
TX
TN
FL
IN
IN
LA
GA
LA
FL
WA
PA
MI
TX
FL
NM
NV
FL
MA
OK
NE
344
190
204
480
1662
88
900
146
302
92
102
244
354
1421
162
90
190
111
136
100
128
243
83
153
226
103
161
240
430
140
167
2942
115
151
165
308
2
2
4
9
12
1
12
1
3
1
1
1
10
5
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
5
1
2
3
4
1
1
8
1
4
1
1
5.81
10.53
19.61
18.75
7.22
11.36
13.33
6.85
9.93
10.87
9.80
4.10
28.25
3.52
6.17
11.11
15.79
27.03
22.06
10.00
7.81
4.12
12.05
13.07
22.12
9.71
12.42
12.50
9.30
7.14
5.99
2.72
8.70
26.49
6.06
3.25
0.08
0.26
4.07
3.67
1.39
1.32
1.89
0.81
0.44
0.85
0.08
0.40
6.35
0.74
0.23
0.57
0.97
1.91
1.12
1.21
0.58
0.45
1.49
1.04
0.83
0.13
0.39
1.07
1.60
0.11
0.48
0.41
0.06
0.54
0.81
0.35
391
Longmont Police Department
Lorain Police Department
Lowell Police Department
Lubbock Police Department
Lynn Police Department
Macon Police Department
Manchester Police Department
Marietta Police Department
McAllen Police Department
Medford Police Department
Melbourne Police Department
Mentor Police Department
Merced Police Department
Meriden Police Department
Mesquite Police Department
Miami Beach Police Department
Michigan City Police
Middletown Police Department
Midland Police Department
Milford Police Department
Miramar Police Department
Mission Police Department
Missoula Police Department
Pulaski
Los Angeles
Boulder
Lorain
Los Angeles
Jefferson
Middlesex
Lubbock
Essex
Bibb
Dane
Hartford
Hillsborough
Cobb
Hidalgo
Jackson
Middlesex
Brevard
Shelby
Lake
Merced
New Haven
Lauderdale
Maricopa
Dallas
Miami-Dade
Miami-Dade
La Porte
Middlesex
Midland
New Haven
Milwaukee
Hennepin
Broward
Hidalgo
Missoula
AR
CA
CO
OH
CA
KY
MA
TX
MA
GA
WI
CT
NH
GA
TX
OR
MA
FL
TN
OH
CA
CT
MS
AZ
TX
FL
FL
IN
CT
TX
CT
WI
MN
FL
TX
MT
520
968
136
100
9727
1197
239
376
178
270
437
116
218
133
273
103
110
163
1549
82
105
113
99
831
226
374
1104
86
99
153
110
1987
902
171
125
100
2
4
1
5
30
16
2
5
2
9
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
46
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
14
1
2
1
1
73
18
2
2
1
3.85
4.13
7.35
50.00
3.08
13.37
8.37
13.30
11.24
33.33
2.29
17.24
4.59
7.52
10.99
19.42
9.09
6.13
29.70
12.20
9.52
8.85
30.30
2.41
4.42
8.02
12.68
11.63
20.20
6.54
9.09
36.74
19.96
11.70
16.00
10.00
0.52
0.04
0.34
1.66
0.31
2.16
0.13
1.79
0.27
5.79
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.15
0.39
0.98
0.07
0.18
4.96
0.43
0.39
0.12
3.74
0.05
0.04
0.12
0.56
0.90
1.21
0.73
0.12
7.70
1.56
0.11
0.26
0.91
392
Modesto Police Department
Moline Police Department
Monroe Police Department
Mount Vernon Police Department
Muncie Police
Murfreesboro Police Department
Myrtle Beach Police Department
Naperville Police Dept
Nashua Police Department
New Bedford Police Department
New Bern Police Department
New Braunfels Police Department
New Britain Police Department
New Brunswick Police
New Haven Police Department
New London Police Department
New Rochelle Police Department
Newark Police
Newburgh City Police Department
Newport Beach Police Department
Newport News Police Department
Newton Police Department
Niagara Falls Police Department
North Bergen Police
North Brunswick Police
North Charleston Police Department
Norwalk Police Department
Mobile
Stanislaus
Rock Island
Ouachita
Montgomery
Charleston
Westchester
Delaware
Rutherford
Muskogee
Horry
Du Page
Hillsborough
Davidson
Bristol
Craven
Comal
Hartford
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Orleans
Westchester
New York
Essex
Orange
Orange
Newport News City
Middlesex
Niagara
Norfolk City
Hudson
Middlesex
Charleston
Clark
Fairfield
AL
CA
IL
LA
AL
SC
NY
IN
TN
OK
SC
IL
NH
TN
MA
NC
TX
CT
NJ
CT
CT
LA
NY
NY
NJ
NY
CA
VA
MA
NY
VA
NJ
NJ
SC
NV
CT
515
262
85
188
500
137
205
102
213
90
179
184
172
1315
288
90
92
160
138
436
90
1425
185
36023
1310
105
140
415
136
145
772
123
83
325
471
167
4
5
1
1
6
1
1
3
5
4
5
1
1
18
2
1
2
2
2
8
2
63
2
196
8
1
1
10
1
3
14
1
1
5
2
5
7.77
19.08
11.76
5.32
12.00
7.30
4.88
29.41
23.47
44.44
27.93
5.43
5.81
13.69
6.94
11.11
21.74
12.50
14.49
18.35
22.22
44.21
10.81
5.44
6.11
9.52
7.14
24.10
7.35
20.69
18.13
8.13
12.05
15.38
4.25
29.94
0.97
0.97
0.68
0.65
2.62
0.29
0.11
2.55
1.90
5.63
1.86
0.11
0.25
2.87
0.36
0.97
1.84
0.22
0.25
0.93
0.73
18.32
0.21
2.40
1.02
0.27
0.03
5.53
0.07
1.39
5.77
0.16
0.12
1.43
0.10
0.55
393
Oak Lawn Police Dept
Oak Park Police Dept
Ocala Police Department
Ocean City Police Department
Oceanside Police Department
O'Fallon Police Department
Ogden Police Department
Olathe Police Department
Omaha Police Dept
Orangetown Town Police Department
Orem Department of Public Safety
Oro Valley Police Department
Ottawa County Sheriff's Office
Oxnard Police Department
Palm Bay Police Department
Palm Beach Gardens Police Department
Palm Springs Police Department
Palo Alto Police Department
Panama City Police Department
Parma Police Department
Pasadena Police Department
Paterson Police
Pawtucket Police Department
Pembroke Pines Police Department
Pensacola Police Department
Peoria Police Department
Peoria Police Dept
Petersburg Police Department
Pharr Police Department
Pine Bluff Police Department
New London
Cook
Cook
Alameda
Marion
Worcester
San Diego
St. Charles
Weber
Oklahoma
Johnson
Douglas
Rockland
Utah
Orange
Pima
Ottawa
Ventura
Brevard
Palm Beach
Riverside
Santa Clara
Bay
Cuyahoga
Harris
Passaic
Providence
Broward
Escambia
Maricopa
Peoria
Petersburg City
Hidalgo
Philadelphia
Maricopa
Jefferson
CT
IL
IL
CA
FL
MD
CA
MO
UT
OK
KS
NE
NY
UT
FL
AZ
MI
CA
FL
FL
CA
CA
FL
OH
TX
NJ
RI
FL
FL
AZ
IL
VA
TX
PA
AZ
AR
81
106
115
773
155
107
210
107
137
1046
161
747
90
90
757
103
115
228
159
114
93
93
86
92
260
497
153
238
146
189
246
82
96
6624
3388
140
5
1
1
3
2
1
4
1
2
12
1
6
1
1
8
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
66
17
1
61.73
9.43
8.70
3.88
12.90
9.35
19.05
9.35
14.60
11.47
6.21
8.03
11.11
11.11
10.57
9.71
8.70
13.16
6.29
17.54
10.75
10.75
11.63
32.61
19.23
6.04
13.07
4.20
6.85
5.29
4.07
24.39
20.83
9.96
5.02
7.14
1.82
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.60
1.94
0.13
0.28
0.86
1.67
0.18
1.16
0.32
0.19
0.70
0.10
0.38
0.36
0.18
0.15
0.05
0.06
0.59
0.23
0.12
0.60
0.32
0.06
0.34
0.03
0.54
6.17
0.26
4.33
0.45
1.29
394
Pinellas Park Police Department
Piscataway Township Police
Plainfield Police Department
Plano Police Department
Pleasanton Police Department
Port Orange Police Department
Port St. Lucie Police Department
Portland Police Department
Portsmouth Police Department
Poughkeepsie Police Department
Provo Police Department
Pueblo Police Dept
Racine Police Department
Ramapo Town Police Department
Rapid City Police Department
Redding Police Department
Redondo Beach Police Department
Reno Police Department
Revere Police Department
Riverside Police Department
Riviera Beach Police Department
Roanoke City Police Department
Rock Hill Police Department
Rockford Police Dept
Rocky Mount Police Department
Rogers Police Department
Round Rock Police Department
Pinellas
Middlesex
Allegheny
Union
Collin
Alameda
Volusia
St. Lucie
Multnomah
Cumberland
Portsmouth City
Dutchess
Providence
Utah
Pueblo
Norfolk
Racine
Wake
Rockland
Pennington
Shasta
Los Angeles
Washoe
Suffolk
Contra Costa
Richmond City
Riverside
Palm Beach
Roanoke City
Olmsted
Monroe
York
Winnebago
Nash
Benton
Williamson
FL
NJ
PA
NJ
TX
CA
FL
FL
OR
ME
VA
NY
RI
UT
CO
MA
WI
NC
NY
SD
CA
CA
NV
MA
CA
VA
CA
FL
VA
MN
NY
SC
IL
NC
AR
TX
99
90
891
151
343
85
83
245
928
159
235
105
483
99
195
205
195
702
120
107
118
99
362
86
165
752
385
108
264
125
703
121
300
143
99
133
2
1
21
5
1
1
2
1
10
3
10
1
7
3
4
1
1
8
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
7
4
6
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
20.20
11.11
23.57
33.11
2.92
11.76
24.10
4.08
10.78
18.87
42.55
9.52
14.49
30.30
20.51
4.88
5.13
11.40
8.33
18.69
8.47
10.10
8.29
11.63
18.18
9.31
10.39
55.56
7.58
8.00
4.27
8.26
3.33
6.99
10.10
7.52
0.22
0.12
1.72
0.93
0.13
0.07
0.40
0.36
1.36
1.07
10.47
0.34
1.12
0.58
2.51
0.15
0.51
0.89
0.32
1.98
0.56
0.01
0.71
0.14
0.29
3.43
0.18
0.45
2.06
0.69
0.40
0.44
0.34
1.77
0.45
0.24
395
Royal Oak Police Department
Saginaw Police Department
Salem Police Department
Salinas Police Department
Salisbury Police Department
Salt Lake City Police Department
Salt Lake County Sheriff's Office
San Bernardino Police Department
San Leandro Police Department
San Marcos Police Department
Sandy Police Department
Sandy Springs Police Department
Santa Barbara Police Department
Santa Fe Police Department
Schenectady Police Department
Scottsdale Police Dept
Scranton Police Department
Sioux Falls Police Department
Somerville Police Department
South Bend Police
Southampton Town Police Department
Spokane Police Department
Oakland
Sacramento
Saginaw
Essex
Marion
Monterey
Rowan
Wicomico
Salt Lake
Salt Lake
Bexar
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
Santa Clara
Alameda
Hays
Salt Lake
Fulton
Lee
Seminole
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Fe
Schenectady
Maricopa
Lackawanna
King
Caddo
Minnehaha
Middlesex
St. Joseph
Suffolk
Spokane
Hampden
Clark
MI
CA
MI
MA
OR
CA
NC
MD
UT
UT
TX
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
TX
UT
GA
NC
FL
CA
CA
NM
NY
AZ
PA
WA
LA
SD
MA
IN
NY
WA
MA
OH
85
701
92
83
187
177
86
88
433
342
2020
345
1951
1940
1382
95
95
110
120
81
131
136
141
150
166
417
155
1283
511
221
130
255
102
295
464
127
1
5
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
30
2
12
7
9
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
8
1
4
9
12
1
2
8
1
6
9
1
11.76
7.13
10.87
24.10
5.35
22.60
11.63
11.36
2.31
2.92
14.85
5.80
6.15
3.61
6.51
21.05
10.53
9.09
25.00
12.35
7.63
7.35
14.18
13.33
48.19
2.40
25.81
7.01
23.48
4.52
15.38
31.37
9.80
20.34
19.40
7.87
0.08
0.35
0.50
0.27
0.32
0.96
0.72
1.01
0.10
0.10
1.75
0.10
0.39
0.87
0.51
0.13
0.64
0.10
0.33
1.73
0.24
0.24
0.11
1.39
5.17
0.03
1.87
0.47
4.71
0.59
0.13
3.00
0.07
1.27
1.94
0.72
396
Springfield Police Dept
St. Charles Police Dept
St. Joseph Police Dept
Stamford Police Department
Stockton Police Department
Stratford Police Department
Suffolk Police Department
Sugar Land Police Department
Sumter Police Department
Sunrise Police Department
Surprise Police Department
Tacoma Police Department
Tallahassee Police Department
Tempe Police Department
Texarkana Police Department
Texas City Police Department
Tinley Park Police Dept
Titusville Police Department
Topeka Police Department
Trenton Police
Troy Police Department
Tuscaloosa Police Department
Union City Police
Utica Police Department
Vacaville Police Department
Valdosta Police Department
Greene
Sangamon
St. Charles
Buchanan
St. Louis City
Ramsey
Pinellas
Fairfield
San Joaquin
Fairfield
Suffolk
Fort Bend
Sumter
Broward
Maricopa
Onondaga
Pierce
Leon
Hillsborough
Maricopa
Bowie
Galveston
Cook
Brevard
Lucas
Shawnee
Mercer
Rensselaer
Pima
Tulsa
Lee
Tuscaloosa
Hudson
Oneida
Solano
Lowndes
MO
IL
MO
MO
MO
MN
FL
CT
CA
CT
VA
TX
SC
FL
AZ
NY
WA
FL
FL
AZ
TX
TX
IL
FL
OH
KS
NJ
NY
AZ
OK
MS
AL
NJ
NY
CA
GA
306
273
112
114
1351
598
510
292
415
111
171
130
107
175
127
489
371
364
980
357
94
85
81
88
640
283
361
121
1032
826
115
263
165
179
111
133
3
1
1
1
10
8
6
3
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
12
4
6
1
6
11
1
1
3
2
1
1
9.80
3.66
8.93
8.77
7.40
13.38
11.76
10.27
4.82
27.03
5.85
15.38
28.04
5.71
7.87
6.13
8.09
2.75
3.06
2.80
10.64
23.53
24.69
11.36
18.75
14.13
16.62
8.26
5.81
13.32
8.70
3.80
18.18
11.17
9.01
7.52
1.09
0.51
0.28
1.12
3.13
1.57
0.65
0.33
0.29
0.33
1.18
0.34
2.79
0.06
0.03
0.64
0.38
0.36
0.24
0.03
1.08
0.69
0.04
0.18
2.72
2.25
1.64
0.63
0.61
1.82
1.21
0.51
0.47
0.85
0.24
0.92
397
Victoria Police Department
Vineland Police
Visalia Department of Public Safety
Waco Police Department
Warren Police Department
Washington Metropolitan Police Dept
Washington Township Police
Waterbury Police Department
Waterloo Police Department
Waukegan Police Dept
Wayne Township Police
West Bloomfield Township Police
West Chester Police Department
West Haven Police Department
West Jordan Police Department
West New York Police
West Palm Beach Police Department
West Valley City Police Department
Westminster Police Department
Westminster Police Dept
Weymouth Police Department
Wheeling Police Department
White Plains Police Department
Wichita Falls Police Department
Wilkes Barre City Police Department
Wilmington Police Department
Woodbridge Police
Woonsocket Police Department
Yakima Police Department
Victoria
Cumberland
Virginia Beach City
Tulare
McLennan
Macomb
District of Columbia
Gloucester
New Haven
Black Hawk
Lake
Passaic
Oakland
Butler
New Haven
Salt Lake
Hudson
Palm Beach
Salt Lake
Orange
Adams
Norfolk
Ohio
Westchester
Wichita
Sedgwick
Luzerne
New Hanover
New Castle
Wilson
Forsyth
Middlesex
Providence
Worcester
Yakima
Westchester
TX
NJ
VA
CA
TX
MI
DC
NJ
CT
IA
IL
NJ
MI
OH
CT
UT
NJ
FL
UT
CA
CO
MA
WV
NY
TX
KS
PA
NC
DE
NC
NC
NJ
RI
MA
WA
NY
106
157
813
136
246
230
3742
86
256
120
155
117
81
90
122
102
119
310
186
100
178
96
84
210
177
662
92
266
306
114
508
206
99
482
134
641
2
2
9
1
8
1
29
1
4
4
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
4
5
1
2
18.87
12.74
11.07
7.35
32.52
4.35
7.75
11.63
15.63
33.33
12.90
8.55
12.35
11.11
16.39
19.61
8.40
9.68
5.38
20.00
22.47
10.42
23.81
4.76
11.30
3.02
10.87
7.52
6.54
17.54
5.91
4.85
40.40
10.37
7.46
3.12
2.30
1.27
2.05
0.23
3.41
0.12
4.82
0.35
0.46
3.05
0.28
0.20
0.08
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.16
0.23
0.10
0.07
0.91
0.15
4.50
0.11
1.52
0.40
0.31
0.99
0.37
2.46
0.86
0.12
0.64
0.63
0.41
0.21
398
York Police Department
Yuma Police Department
York
Yuma
PA
AZ
110
167
1
2
9.09
11.98
0.23
1.02
399
Table 84. Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted
Alphabetically)
# of Full-Time
Per
Agency
County
Agency
Allegheny Port Authority Transit Police
Anchorage International Airport Police
Arkansas State University Police Dept.
Austin I.S.D. Police Department
Baltimore City School Police Dept.
BART Police Department
Beaumont I.S.D. Police Dept.
Boston School Police
Bowie State University Dept. of Public Safety
Buffalo State College Police
California Bureau of Narcotics Enforcement
California Dept. of Justice
California Exposition And State Fair Police
Cameron Co. District Attorney Investigations Div
College of Lake County Police Dept
Connally I.S.D. Police Dept.
Dallas I.S.D. Police Dept.
Dayton International Airport Police Dept
Delaware River & Bay Authority Police
Delaware River Port Authority - Transit Police
Duke University Police Department
Ennis I.S.D. Police Department
Florida Atlantic University Police
Florida International University Police
George Mason University Police Dept.
Georgia Public Safety Training Center
Allegheny
Anchorage
Watauga
Craighead
Travis
Baltimore City
Alameda
Jefferson
Suffolk
Prince Georges
Erie
Madison
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Cameron
Isabella
Lake
McLennan
Dallas
Montgomery
New Castle
Camden
Durham
Ellis
Palm Beach
Leon
Miami-Dade
Fairfax
Monroe
PA
AK
NC
AR
TX
MD
CA
TX
MA
MD
NY
ID
CA
CA
CA
TX
MI
IL
TX
TX
OH
DE
NJ
DC
NC
TX
FL
FL
FL
VA
GA
42
65
25
17
70
142
192
22
80
14
30
10
73
419
6
30
21
13
3
88
29
50
144
484
60
5
39
626
39
52
19
Per 1,000
Officers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
23.81
15.38
40.00
58.82
14.29
7.04
5.21
45.45
12.50
71.43
33.33
100.00
27.40
2.39
166.67
33.33
47.62
76.92
333.33
11.36
34.48
20.00
6.94
2.07
16.67
200.00
25.64
6.39
25.64
19.23
52.63
Per 100,000
Population
0.08
0.34
1.96
1.04
0.10
0.16
0.07
0.40
0.14
0.12
0.11
2.66
0.02
0.10
0.07
0.25
1.42
0.14
0.43
0.04
0.19
0.51
0.19
0.17
0.37
0.67
0.08
0.44
0.04
0.09
3.78
400
Georgia State University Police
Greenville Technical College Public Safety
Houston Baptist University Police Department
Houston Community College System
Humble I.S.D. Police Dept.
Indiana State Excise Police
Indiana University Purdue U. Fort Wayne U. Police
Kansas State Law Enforcement Training Center
Kentucky Alcoholic Beverage Control
Lafayette College Office of Public Safety
Lancaster I.S.D. Police Dept.
Lehigh-Northampton Airport Auth. Police Dept
Los Angeles School Police Department
Louisiana State Univ. Health Sciences Center Police Dept
Louisiana State University Police Department
Maryland Department of General Services Police
Maryland National Capital Park Police - Montgomery Co
Maryland Natural Resources Police
Maryland Transit Administration Police
Massachusetts Dept of Mental Health Police Dept
MBTA Transit Police
McAllen I.S.D. Police Dept.
Medical College of Georgia
Medical University of South Carolina Public Safety
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police
Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office
Midland I.S.D. Police Dept.
Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks
Missouri Department of Corrections
Missouri Univ. of Science & Technology Police Dept
MIT Police Department
Morrisville State College Police
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Fulton
Lincoln
Greenville
Harris
Harris
Harris
Marion
Allen
Reno
Franklin
Northampton
Dallas
Greenwood
Lehigh
Los Angeles
Caddo
East Baton Rouge
Baltimore City
Montgomery
Anne Arundel
Baltimore City
Baltimore
Suffolk
Suffolk
Hidalgo
Richmond
Charleston
Arlington
Middlesex
Midland
Hinds
Cole
Phelps
Middlesex
Madison
Burlington
GA
LA
SC
TX
TX
TX
IN
IN
KS
KY
PA
TX
SC
PA
CA
LA
LA
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
MA
MA
TX
GA
SC
VA
NJ
TX
MS
MO
MO
MA
NY
NJ
68
9
9
30
48
24
88
18
39
30
18
6
10
9
340
49
62
68
86
224
140
456
40
256
43
32
62
206
80
11
230
13
11
59
11
90
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14.71
222.22
111.11
33.33
20.83
41.67
11.36
55.56
25.64
66.67
55.56
166.67
100.00
111.11
5.88
20.41
16.13
14.71
11.63
4.46
7.14
2.19
50.00
7.81
23.26
31.25
16.13
4.85
12.50
90.91
4.35
76.92
90.91
16.95
90.91
11.11
0.11
4.28
0.22
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.28
0.20
0.27
0.34
0.04
1.44
0.29
0.02
0.39
0.23
0.16
0.41
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.13
0.50
0.29
0.09
0.12
0.73
1.05
1.32
2.21
0.07
1.36
0.11
401
New Jersey Transit Police
New Mexico Department Of Game & Fish
New York City Dept of Environmental Protection Police
New York State Park Police
North Forest I.S.D. Police Dept.
Northern Illinois University Police
Northside I.S.D. Police Dept.
Ohio Dept of Natural Resources - Ofc. of Law Enf.
Ohio Department of Taxation - Enforcement Division
Ohio State University Police Department
Palm Beach County School District Police
Pennsylvania Dept of Conservation & Natural Resources
Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Police Dept
San Antonio Park Rangers
Santa Ana Unified School District Police Dept.
Santa Rosa I.S.D. Police Department
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Police
Socorro I.S.D. Police Dept.
South Carolina Dept of Mental Health-Public Safety
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
Southern University and A & M College Police
St. Edward's University Police Department
St. Joseph County Airport Police
St. Mary's University Police Department
State University at Albany Police
Tennessee State University
Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission
United I.S.D. Police Dept.
University of Alabama - Birmingham Police Dept
University of Arkansas Medical Sciences Dept of Pub
University of California - Los Angeles Police
University of Colorado - Colorado Springs Police Dept.
University of Florida Police
Essex
Santa Fe
Westchester
New York
Albany
Harris
DeKalb
Bexar
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Palm Beach
Dauphin
Hudson
Bexar
Orange
Cameron
Philadelphia
Cumberland
El Paso
Richland
Richland
East Baton Rouge
Travis
St. Joseph
Bexar
Albany
Davidson
Travis
Macon
Webb
Jefferson
Pulaski
Los Angeles
El Paso
Alachua
NJ
NM
NY
NY
NY
TX
IL
TX
OH
OH
OH
FL
PA
NJ
TX
CA
TX
PA
PA
TX
SC
SC
LA
TX
IN
TX
NY
TN
TX
AL
TX
AL
AR
CA
CO
FL
201
106
168
694
305
21
59
83
394
30
51
176
136
1667
112
21
3
450
17
30
120
238
43
14
17
20
41
27
277
33
51
79
36
57
14
85
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14.93
9.43
5.95
2.88
3.28
47.62
16.95
24.10
5.08
33.33
19.61
22.73
7.35
0.60
26.79
95.24
333.33
2.22
58.82
33.33
8.33
4.20
23.26
71.43
58.82
50.00
24.39
74.07
3.61
30.30
19.61
12.66
27.78
17.54
71.43
11.76
0.47
0.69
1.29
0.13
0.21
0.02
0.95
0.12
3.24
0.18
0.09
0.30
0.79
0.16
0.17
0.07
0.25
0.07
0.42
0.12
0.26
0.26
0.23
0.10
0.37
0.06
0.33
0.32
0.10
4.66
0.40
0.15
0.26
0.01
0.16
0.40
402
University of Illinois Police Dept
University of Maryland Eastern Shore Public Safety
University of North Texas Police Department
University of Pittsburgh - Main Campus Police
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Police
University of South Carolina - Upstate Police Dept
University of Tennessee at Knoxville Police
University of Texas - Austin Police
Vanderbilt University Police Department
Ventura College
Virginia Commonwealth University Police Dept.
Volusia County Beach Patrol
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Auth. Police
Wayne State University Dept of Public Safety
Wisconsin Dept of Justice - Criminal Investigation Div.
Champaign
Somerset
Denton
Allegheny
Cambria
Spartanburg
Knox
Travis
Sumter
Davidson
Ventura
Richmond City
Newport News City
Volusia
Wayne
Dane
IL
MD
TX
PA
PA
SC
TN
TX
AL
TN
CA
VA
VA
FL
DC
MI
WI
54
6
40
73
13
12
52
62
6
91
5
74
60
60
442
49
92
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
18.52
166.67
25.00
13.70
76.92
83.33
38.46
16.13
166.67
10.99
200.00
27.03
16.67
33.33
4.52
20.41
10.87
0.50
3.78
0.15
0.08
0.70
0.35
10.47
0.10
7.27
0.16
0.12
0.98
3.02
0.40
0.33
0.05
0.20
403
Figure 1. Police Crime Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
404
Figure 2. Police Crime Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
405
Figure 3. Police Crime: CART Model Predicting Sex-related Arrest Cases
406
Figure 4. Police Crime: CART Model Predicting Alcohol-related Arrest Cases
407
Figure 5. Police Crime: CART Model Predicting Drug-related Arrest Cases
408
Figure 6. Police Crime: CART Model Predicting Violence-related Arrest Cases
409
Figure 7. Police Crime: CART Model Predicting Profit-motivated Arrest Cases
410
Figure 8. CART Model Predicting Being Named as a Party Defendant in a Section 1983 Civil Action at Some Point during Career
411
Figure 9. Sex-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
412
Figure 10. Sex-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
413
Figure 11. Sex-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Child Victims
414
Figure 12. Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases: CHAID Model Predicting Conviction
415
Figure 13. Police Sexual Violence Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
416
Figure 14. Driving While Female Encounters Arrest Cases: CHAID Model Predicting Conviction
417
Figure 15. Driving While Female Encounters Arrest Cases: CHAID Model Predicting Job Loss
418
Figure 16. Alcohol-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
419
Figure 17. Alcohol-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
420
Figure 18. DUI Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
421
Figure 19. DUI Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
422
Figure 20. Drug-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
423
Figure 21. Drug-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
424
Figure 22. Violence-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
425
Figure 23. Violence-related Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
426
Figure 24. Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
427
Figure 25. Officer-involved Domestic Violence Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
428
Figure 26. Profit-motivated Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Conviction
429
Figure 27. Profit-motivated Arrest Cases: CART Model Predicting Job Loss
430
Appendix A-1. Nonmetropolitan State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT
Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Apache
Monroe
Westchester
Robeson
Pittsylvania
Kauai
Sauk
Lee
Wilson
Henry
Nye
Douglas
Lauderdale
Washington
Orangeburg
Muskogee
St. Landry
Troup
Lee
Chaves
Litchfield
Cullman
Georgetown
Merrimack
Payne
Robeson
Orangeburg
Otero
Cayuga
Putnam
Cleveland
AZ
FL
NY
NC
VA
HI
WI
MS
NC
VA
NV
NV
MS
MS
SC
OK
LA
GA
NC
NM
CT
AL
SC
NH
OK
NC
SC
NM
NY
TN
NC
393
189
168
128
126
125
118
115
114
112
108
100
99
96
92
90
90
83
81
80
79
78
78
77
74
73
72
71
70
70
70
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
14
3
1
3
2
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
7.63
15.87
5.95
23.44
7.94
24.00
8.47
8.70
17.54
125.00
27.78
10.00
30.30
20.83
10.87
44.44
44.44
12.05
12.35
25.00
12.66
12.82
12.82
12.99
13.51
13.70
41.67
14.08
14.29
28.57
14.29
Per 100,000
Population
4.19
4.10
1.29
2.24
1.57
4.47
1.61
1.21
2.46
25.85
6.83
2.13
3.74
3.91
1.08
5.63
4.80
1.49
1.73
3.05
0.53
1.24
1.66
0.68
1.29
0.75
3.24
1.57
1.25
2.77
1.02
431
Danville City
Hendry
Val Verde
Franklin
Lincoln
Madison
Grand Traverse
Manitowoc
Twin Falls
Vernon
Lowndes
McKinley
Chautauqua
Jackson
Lake
Santa Cruz
Newport News City
Allegan
Campbell
Lenoir
St. Landry
Putnam
Elko
Sevier
Washington
Lamar
Erie
Curry
Knox
Muskingum
Pottawatomie
Kerr
Assumption
La Plata
Dallas
Ford
VA
FL
TX
KY
OR
KY
MI
WI
ID
LA
MS
NM
NY
FL
CA
AZ
VA
MI
WY
NC
LA
TN
NV
TN
OK
TX
OH
NM
IL
OH
OK
TX
LA
CO
AL
KS
69
67
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
58
58
58
57
55
54
54
54
53
53
53
52
51
50
50
50
49
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
43.48
14.93
15.38
15.38
15.38
15.38
31.25
31.25
15.63
31.25
16.13
16.13
32.26
16.39
32.79
33.33
16.67
16.95
17.24
34.48
17.24
34.48
17.54
18.18
74.07
18.52
37.04
56.60
18.87
56.60
19.23
19.61
40.00
20.00
40.00
20.41
6.97
2.55
2.05
2.03
2.17
1.21
2.30
2.46
1.29
3.82
1.67
1.40
1.48
2.01
3.09
4.22
3.02
0.90
2.17
3.36
1.20
2.77
2.05
1.11
7.85
2.01
2.59
6.20
1.89
3.49
1.44
2.02
8.54
1.95
4.56
2.95
432
Juneau Police Dept.
Sedalia Police Dept
Page
Stanly
Cherokee
Adams
Ross
Lee
Clinton
Thomas
Humboldt
Lincoln
Cerro Gordo
Litchfield
Silver Bow
Sevier
Campbell
Grant
Harrison
Juneau
Kleberg
Natchitoches
Gordon
Cortland
Juneau
Lenawee
Saline
Jackson
Pettis
Sullivan
Zapata
Camden
Butler
Pontotoc
Saline
Chesterfield
Rutland
White
VA
NC
SC
MS
OH
NC
NY
GA
CA
LA
IA
CT
MT
TN
WY
IN
TX
WI
TX
LA
GA
NY
AK
MI
KS
AL
MO
NY
TX
GA
MO
OK
IL
SC
VT
AR
49
49
48
48
47
47
47
47
46
46
46
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
43
43
42
42
41
41
41
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20.41
20.41
41.67
83.33
21.28
21.28
21.28
42.55
21.74
21.74
21.74
21.74
44.44
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
23.26
23.26
23.81
23.81
24.39
24.39
24.39
4.16
1.65
3.61
12.39
1.28
1.73
1.22
4.47
0.74
2.14
2.26
0.53
5.85
1.11
2.17
1.43
1.52
3.75
3.12
2.53
1.81
2.03
3.20
1.00
1.80
1.88
2.37
1.29
7.13
1.98
2.34
2.67
4.01
2.14
1.62
1.30
433
Seymour Police
New Castle Police
Decatur
Howard
McDowell
White
Alcorn
Klamath
Muscatine
Jackson
Watauga
Brown
Surry
Jim Wells
Washington
Harnett
Webster
Cherokee
Muskogee
Putnam
Marlboro
Bryan
Adams
Flathead
La Salle
Obion
Beaufort
Coahoma
Grafton
McKinley
Lawrence
Henry
Polk
DeKalb
DeKalb
Martin
Hale
Oconee
GA
TX
NC
GA
MS
OR
IA
IN
NC
TX
NC
TX
LA
NC
IA
SC
OK
FL
SC
OK
NE
MT
IL
TN
NC
MS
NH
NM
PA
IN
GA
AL
AL
NC
TX
SC
40
40
40
40
39
39
39
39
38
38
38
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
34
34
34
34
34
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
50.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.64
25.64
25.64
25.64
26.32
52.63
26.32
27.03
27.03
27.03
27.03
54.05
27.03
27.03
27.78
27.78
55.56
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
28.57
28.57
28.57
28.57
28.57
85.71
29.41
29.41
29.41
29.41
29.41
7.18
2.86
2.22
3.68
2.70
1.51
2.34
2.36
1.96
5.25
1.36
2.45
2.12
0.87
2.63
3.61
1.41
1.34
3.46
2.36
6.38
1.10
0.88
3.14
2.09
3.82
1.12
1.40
1.10
2.02
7.23
1.41
1.41
4.08
2.76
1.35
434
Holmes
Macon
Baxter
St. Landry
Randolph
Cattaraugus
Cherokee
Grand Traverse
Mower
Calloway
Starr
Stephens
Covington
Madison
Del Norte
Barton
Greenbrier
Phillips
Cleveland
Laclede
Luna
Ottawa
Palo Pinto
Okanogan
Otero
Scotts Bluff
Shelby
Warren
Freeborn
Halifax
Titus
Ravalli
Merrimack
Lee
Vernon
Eagle
OH
AL
AR
LA
MO
NY
OK
MI
MN
KY
TX
GA
AL
KY
CA
KS
WV
AR
NC
MO
NM
OK
TX
WA
NM
NE
OH
NC
MN
VA
TX
MT
NH
SC
LA
CO
33
33
32
32
32
32
32
32
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
29
28
28
28
28
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30.30
30.30
31.25
156.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
32.26
32.26
32.26
32.26
33.33
33.33
66.67
33.33
33.33
133.33
66.67
33.33
33.33
33.33
66.67
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
35.71
35.71
35.71
35.71
2.36
4.66
2.41
6.00
3.93
1.25
2.13
1.15
2.55
2.69
1.64
3.82
2.65
1.21
6.99
3.61
2.82
18.38
2.04
2.81
3.98
3.14
7.11
2.43
1.57
2.70
2.02
4.77
3.20
2.76
3.09
2.49
0.68
5.20
1.91
1.92
435
Canton Police Dept
White
Accomack
Prince Edward
Jim Wells
San Miguel
Burnet
Marion
Neshoba
Polk
Todd
Emery
Hampton
Gibson
Lincoln
Steuben
Watauga
Dillon
Lawrence
Marlboro
Newaygo
St. Lawrence
Franklin
Chippewa
Tuscola
Jackson
Beauregard
Beadle
Jefferson Davis
Marion
Pitkin
Bee
Fulton
Emmet
Graham
Monroe
Seneca
TN
VA
VA
TX
NM
TX
WV
MS
GA
SD
UT
SC
TN
NM
NY
NC
SC
IN
SC
MI
NY
AL
MI
MI
GA
LA
SD
LA
SC
CO
TX
IL
MI
AZ
WI
NY
28
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
35.71
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
74.07
37.04
76.92
38.46
76.92
38.46
38.46
40.00
40.00
40.00
80.00
40.00
40.00
80.00
40.00
40.00
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
86.96
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
260.87
3.87
3.02
4.28
2.45
3.40
2.34
1.77
3.37
4.82
10.40
18.22
4.74
4.03
4.88
1.01
1.96
3.12
2.17
6.91
2.06
0.89
6.31
2.60
1.79
1.65
2.80
5.75
3.17
3.02
11.66
3.14
2.70
3.06
2.69
2.24
17.02
436
Macon
Winn
Columbiana
Moffat
Fayette
Hardeman
Haywood
Steuben
Indiana
Ketchikan Gateway
Malheur
Rio Arriba
Routt
Uintah
Fayette
Mercer
Hardeman
Pemiscot
Isabella
Lake
Mason
San Jacinto
Hendry
Avoyelles
Allen
Grant
Concordia
Wilkes
Ashtabula
Whitley
Daviess
Walworth
Marengo
Chenango
St. Joseph
Washington
AL
LA
OH
CO
OH
TN
TN
NY
PA
AK
OR
NM
CO
UT
OH
WV
TN
MO
MI
CA
WV
TX
FL
LA
LA
WI
LA
NC
OH
KY
IN
WI
AL
NY
MI
VT
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
86.96
43.48
90.91
45.45
136.36
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
47.62
47.62
95.24
47.62
47.62
142.86
47.62
100.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
55.56
9.32
6.53
1.85
7.25
10.33
3.67
5.32
1.01
1.13
7.42
3.19
2.48
4.25
3.07
3.44
1.61
3.67
10.93
1.42
1.55
10.98
3.79
5.11
2.38
3.88
1.95
4.80
1.44
0.99
2.81
3.16
0.98
4.76
1.98
1.63
1.68
437
Greensburg Police
Kendallville Police
Buncombe
Bolivar
Calhoun
Duval
Decatur
Noble
Washington
Smyth
Osceola
Polk
Clatsop
McNairy
Clay
Monroe
Towns
Humboldt
Cross
Surry
Lee
Dare
McIntosh
Middlesex
Mercer
Lee
Putnam
Mercer
Dawson
Miller
Phillips
Robeson
Ashley
Grant
Greene
McDowell
Grand
Berrien
NC
MS
FL
TX
IN
IN
MS
VA
MI
GA
OR
TN
IA
TN
GA
NV
AR
NC
IA
NC
OK
VA
WV
SC
GA
KY
TX
MO
AR
NC
AR
WA
AR
WV
UT
GA
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
15
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
117.65
58.82
117.65
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
2.22
2.93
6.84
8.49
3.89
2.10
1.96
3.10
4.25
2.41
2.70
3.84
6.00
2.25
9.55
6.05
5.60
1.36
2.79
2.95
9.88
9.12
3.21
5.20
4.71
4.69
7.23
4.04
4.60
0.75
4.58
1.12
2.38
4.52
10.84
5.19
438
Otoe
Franklin
Shelby
Windsor
Auglaize
Pennington
Craig
Appling
Aroostook
Sandusky
Bleckley
Cibola
Jackson
Morrow
Sullivan
Grays Harbor
Mitchell
Benzie
Caroline
Robeson
Summit
Hempstead
Garvin
Randolph
Quay
Wyandot
Winn
Jackson
Avoyelles
Clayton
Custer
Chowan
Fayette
Franklin
Gage
Lake
NE
GA
TX
VT
OH
MN
OK
GA
ME
OH
GA
NM
TN
OR
NH
WA
GA
MI
MD
NC
CO
AR
OK
IL
NM
OH
LA
GA
LA
IA
OK
NC
AL
IN
NE
CA
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
133.33
66.67
133.33
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
71.43
71.43
71.43
214.29
71.43
214.29
71.43
71.43
71.43
71.43
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
250.00
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
12.71
4.53
7.86
1.76
2.18
7.18
6.65
5.48
1.39
1.64
22.97
3.67
25.78
8.95
2.29
1.37
4.26
5.71
3.02
0.75
3.57
4.42
3.63
2.99
11.06
4.42
6.53
1.65
2.38
5.52
3.64
20.28
5.80
4.33
4.48
1.55
439
Monticello Police
Marshall
White
Perry
Grant
Duplin
Whitley
Whitley
Carroll
Putnam
Zavala
Dodge
Floyd
Muskogee
Greene
Menominee
Hockley
Gibson
Phelps
Macon
Pulaski
DeKalb
Roosevelt
Simpson
Stark
Stephens
Allendale
Merrimack
Bacon
Madison
Colorado
Union
Clinton
Concordia
Ferry
White
Marquette
OK
IN
IL
WA
NC
KY
KY
NH
TN
TX
GA
IA
OK
AL
MI
TX
TN
MO
GA
IL
AL
MT
KY
ND
OK
SC
NH
GA
ID
TX
IA
IA
LA
WA
GA
MI
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
90.91
363.64
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
181.82
90.91
90.91
181.82
181.82
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
181.82
200.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
200.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
6.31
4.06
4.47
1.12
1.71
2.81
2.81
2.09
1.38
34.26
4.59
6.13
1.41
11.06
4.16
8.72
2.01
2.21
13.57
32.46
1.41
9.59
5.77
4.13
4.44
19.20
0.68
9.01
2.66
4.79
15.96
2.04
4.80
13.24
3.68
1.49
440
Cheshire
Winkler
La Salle
Garrard
Greenwood
Stephens
Holmes
Montague
Wetzel
Powell
Socorro
Dorchester
Colusa
Winkler
Georgetown
Jackson
Cass
Washington
Butler
Summit
Winnebago
Clallam
Dawson
Lincoln
Cullman
Lake
Clearfield
Oneida
Clarke
Jackson
Columbus
Big Horn
Blackford
Calhoun
St. Lawrence
Henderson
NH
TX
TX
KY
SC
OK
OH
TX
WV
MT
NM
SC
CA
TX
SC
GA
IL
OH
AL
CO
IA
WA
MT
LA
AL
CO
PA
WI
IA
WV
NC
MT
IN
FL
NY
TX
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
100.00
100.00
300.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
333.33
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
222.22
111.11
222.22
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
222.22
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
1.30
14.06
43.57
5.91
1.44
2.22
2.36
5.07
6.03
14.23
5.60
2.57
4.67
14.06
1.66
1.65
7.33
1.62
14.32
3.57
9.20
1.40
11.15
4.28
1.24
27.36
1.22
2.78
10.77
3.42
3.44
7.77
7.83
6.84
0.89
1.27
441
Oglesby Police Dept
Byron Police Dept
Lea
Kingfisher
Madison
La Salle
Talbot
Greene
Hardeman
Jackson
Ogle
Clay
Wise
Fleming
Fremont
Claiborne
Gasconade
Orangeburg
Cherokee
Garfield
St. Landry
Webster
Bolivar
Schuylkill
Harrison
Newton
Franklin
Hampton
Klickitat
Jackson
Smyth
Polk
Escambia
Allendale
Covington
Walworth
Kay
Norton
NM
OK
MO
IL
GA
PA
TN
WI
IL
AR
VA
KY
IA
LA
MO
SC
NC
CO
LA
KY
MS
PA
WV
MS
LA
SC
WA
AL
VA
NC
AL
SC
AL
WI
OK
KS
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
375.00
125.00
125.00
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
285.71
571.43
285.71
142.86
142.86
142.86
166.67
166.67
666.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
1.54
6.65
8.18
0.88
43.70
2.58
3.67
4.89
1.87
6.22
2.41
6.97
13.44
5.82
6.57
1.08
3.64
1.77
1.20
7.34
5.86
2.70
2.89
4.60
4.82
4.74
4.92
1.88
12.42
4.88
2.61
9.60
2.65
0.98
2.15
17.63
442
Middletown Police
Orangeburg
Redwood
Wise
Sumter
Woodruff
Nicholas
Scott
Ottawa
Putnam
Richland
Pulaski
Shiawassee
Estill
Oxford
Wood
Grant
Muskogee
Holt
Obion
Lake
Dale
Lewis
Henry
Bear Lake
Mora
Ashtabula
Macon
Young
Oregon
Atkinson
Pocahontas
Eastland
Pulaski
Moore
Sampson
Bolivar
SC
MN
VA
AL
AR
KY
MO
OK
FL
LA
MO
MI
KY
ME
WI
OK
OK
NE
TN
SD
AL
MO
IN
ID
NM
OH
GA
TX
MO
GA
WV
TX
MO
NC
NC
MS
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
333.33
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
400.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
400.00
200.00
2.16
3.86
2.41
7.27
13.77
14.02
2.55
3.14
1.34
4.83
1.91
1.42
6.82
1.73
1.34
22.09
1.41
9.58
3.14
8.93
1.99
9.79
2.02
16.71
20.49
0.99
6.78
5.39
18.38
11.94
11.47
5.38
1.91
1.13
3.15
2.93
443
Grant
Venango
Tuscarawas
Terrell
Addison
Gallatin
Grafton
Humboldt
Schuylkill
Luna
Delaware
Ottawa
Ottawa
McKean
Curry
Williamsburg
Keokuk
Schuylkill
Henderson
Ottawa
Macon
Vinton
Huron
Juneau
Accomack
Wilcox
Greene
Tallahatchie
Litchfield
Maries
St. Francois
Orangeburg
Bryan
Carter
La Salle
Columbus
NM
PA
OH
TX
VT
MT
NH
CA
PA
NM
NY
OH
OK
PA
OR
SC
IA
PA
TX
OH
GA
OH
OH
WI
VA
GA
IL
MS
CT
MO
MO
SC
OK
MO
IL
NC
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
333.33
333.33
1000.00
333.33
666.67
333.33
333.33
3.39
1.82
1.08
101.63
2.72
1.12
1.12
0.74
0.67
3.98
2.08
2.41
3.14
2.30
4.47
2.91
9.51
0.67
1.27
2.41
6.78
7.44
1.68
3.75
3.02
10.80
7.20
6.50
0.53
10.90
1.53
3.24
2.36
31.92
0.88
1.72
444
Ravenna Police Dept
Ridgeville Police
Carroll
Gallatin
Griggs
Guadalupe
Haskell
Kingfisher
Clark
Phillips
Thomas
Merrimack
Buffalo
Henderson
Morgan
Garfield
Umatilla
Washburn
Choctaw
Alfalfa
Franklin
Schuylkill
Indiana
Greene
McPherson
Somerset
Sabine
Lenoir
Randolph
Dorchester
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Newaygo
Somerset
Kandiyohi
Somerset
Erie
St. Joseph
NH
IL
ND
NM
TX
OK
MO
AR
GA
NH
NE
TN
MO
OK
OR
WI
OK
OK
NE
PA
PA
NY
KS
PA
TX
NC
IN
SC
TX
SC
MI
PA
MN
PA
OH
MI
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
2.09
17.89
41.32
21.34
16.95
6.65
6.58
4.60
2.24
0.68
2.17
3.60
4.86
1.65
1.32
6.28
6.58
17.72
31.01
0.67
1.13
2.03
3.43
1.29
9.23
1.68
3.82
2.57
4.68
1.08
2.06
1.29
2.37
1.29
1.30
1.63
445
Mounds Police Dept
Pemiscot
Grant
Fremont
LaMoure
Covington
Waushara
Pulaski
Nicholas
Paulding
Boyle
Petroleum
Wilcox
Tillman
Evangeline
Huron
Ellsworth
Hardee
Seneca
Dale
Coos
Harrison
Shelby
Dunn
MO
ND
IA
ND
AL
WI
IL
KY
OH
KY
MT
GA
OK
LA
OH
KS
FL
OH
AL
NH
OH
OH
WI
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
2000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
5.47
41.77
13.44
24.16
2.65
4.08
32.46
14.02
5.10
3.52
202.43
10.80
12.51
2.94
1.68
15.39
3.61
1.76
1.99
3.03
6.30
2.02
2.28
446
Appendix A-2. Primary State Police Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT
Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Sacramento
Albany
Dauphin
Travis
Mercer
Middlesex
Sangamon
Chesterfield
Wake
Ingham
Leon
Franklin
Baltimore
Marion
Maricopa
Middlesex
East Baton Rouge
Thurston
Fulton
Richland
Davidson
Franklin
Oklahoma
Montgomery
Jefferson
Polk
Kent
Hinds
Ramsey
Santa Fe
Pulaski
CA
NY
PA
TX
NJ
MA
IL
VA
NC
MI
FL
OH
MD
IN
AZ
CT
LA
WA
GA
SC
TN
KY
OK
AL
CO
IA
DE
MS
MN
NM
AR
Per
Agency
7202
4847
4458
3529
3053
2310
2105
1873
1827
1732
1606
1560
1440
1315
1244
1227
1215
1132
1048
967
942
882
825
763
742
669
658
594
530
528
525
13
5
26
6
13
10
10
3
8
9
14
4
9
4
3
4
2
2
1
10
4
3
5
2
4
2
3
6
4
13
2
Per 1,000
Officers
1.81
1.03
5.83
1.70
4.26
4.33
4.75
1.60
4.38
5.20
8.72
2.56
6.25
3.04
2.41
3.26
1.65
1.77
0.95
10.34
4.25
3.40
6.06
2.62
5.39
2.99
4.56
10.10
7.55
24.62
3.81
Per 100,000
Population
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.02
0.15
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.16
0.06
0.05
0.11
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.22
0.06
0.07
0.13
0.04
0.08
0.07
0.33
0.20
0.08
0.63
0.07
447
Maine State Police
Idaho State Police
Lancaster
Salt Lake
Carson
Merrimack
Kennebec
Washington
Anchorage
Ada
Laramie
Providence
Pulaski
NE
UT
NV
NH
ME
VT
AK
ID
WY
RI
AR
491
475
417
350
334
307
274
264
204
201
149
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2.04
4.21
7.19
8.57
2.99
3.26
3.65
3.79
4.90
9.95
13.42
0.05
0.07
0.11
0.23
0.08
0.16
0.14
0.06
0.18
0.19
0.07
448
Appendix A-3. Sheriff's Offices in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Los Angeles
Cook
Harris
Riverside
San Bernardino
Orange
Broward
Palm Beach
Sacramento
Orange
San Diego
Hillsborough
Wayne
Alameda
Pinellas
Jefferson
Maricopa
Ventura
Marion
Denver
King
Contra Costa
Collier
Lee
Polk
Calcasieu
Pima
Gwinnett
Passaic
Bexar
Milwaukee
Fulton
CA
IL
TX
CA
CA
CA
FL
FL
CA
FL
CA
FL
MI
CA
FL
LA
AZ
CA
IN
CO
WA
CA
FL
FL
FL
LA
AZ
GA
NJ
TX
WI
GA
9461
5655
2558
2147
1797
1794
1624
1447
1409
1398
1322
1223
1062
928
863
825
766
755
740
739
721
679
628
621
600
592
554
531
530
526
524
516
Per
Agency
14
8
3
11
11
14
16
12
6
16
7
10
1
2
8
12
2
1
7
5
5
1
6
7
13
1
1
3
6
5
7
4
Per 1,000
Officers
1.48
1.41
1.17
5.12
6.12
7.80
9.85
8.29
4.26
11.44
5.30
8.18
0.94
2.16
9.27
14.55
2.61
1.32
9.46
6.77
6.93
1.47
9.55
11.27
21.67
1.69
1.81
5.65
11.32
9.51
13.36
7.75
Per 100,000
Population
0.14
0.15
0.07
0.50
0.54
0.47
0.92
0.91
0.42
1.40
0.23
0.81
0.05
0.13
0.87
2.77
0.05
0.12
0.77
0.83
0.26
0.10
1.87
1.13
2.16
0.52
0.10
0.37
1.20
0.29
0.74
0.43
449
Shelby
Tulare
Kern
Richland
Orleans
Fairfax
Brevard
Monmouth
Pasco
Manatee
Fresno
Knox
Franklin
Dane
El Paso
Santa Clara
Volusia
Dallas
Richmond
Loudoun
Will
Leon
Cobb
Ouachita
Richmond City
Martin
Norfolk City
Washoe
Sarasota
St. Tammany
Arapahoe
Greenville
Summit
Escambia
Osceola
Adams
TN
CA
CA
SC
LA
VA
FL
NJ
FL
FL
CA
TN
OH
WI
CO
CA
FL
TX
GA
VA
IL
FL
GA
LA
VA
FL
VA
NV
FL
LA
CO
SC
OH
FL
FL
CO
516
513
512
512
505
499
497
494
485
476
461
456
455
454
454
450
450
449
449
448
445
443
435
431
424
414
414
414
409
409
407
397
393
388
388
364
8
3
11
3
4
3
2
1
4
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
5
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
2
15.50
5.85
21.48
5.86
7.92
6.01
4.02
2.02
8.25
8.40
2.17
2.19
4.40
4.41
2.20
2.22
8.89
2.23
11.14
4.46
2.25
6.77
2.30
2.32
4.72
2.42
2.42
9.66
2.44
4.89
4.91
5.04
2.54
7.73
5.15
5.49
0.86
0.68
1.31
0.78
1.16
0.28
0.37
0.16
0.86
1.24
0.11
0.23
0.17
0.41
0.16
0.06
0.81
0.04
2.49
0.64
0.15
1.09
0.15
0.65
0.98
0.68
0.41
0.95
0.26
0.86
0.35
0.44
0.18
1.01
0.74
0.45
450
East Baton Rouge

Chesapeake City
Seminole
Wake
Marion
Hamilton
DeKalb
Clackamas
New Hanover
Bossier
Terrebonne
Spartanburg
Santa Barbara
Pierce
St. Charles
Bibb
Lucas
Lafourche
Montgomery
Snohomish
Lake
Charlotte
Clay
Harford
Bernalillo
Alachua
Monroe
Hidalgo
Morris
Charleston
St. Lucie
Okaloosa
Hall
Marion
Barnstable
Forsyth
LA
VA
FL
NC
FL
OH
GA
OR
NC
LA
LA
SC
CA
WA
LA
GA
OH
LA
TN
WA
FL
FL
FL
MD
NM
FL
NY
TX
NJ
SC
FL
FL
GA
OR
MA
GA
359
358
355
354
349
330
325
319
315
300
300
297
294
292
291
290
289
287
287
287
286
285
284
280
279
276
273
262
262
259
259
258
257
255
254
253
3
2
2
4
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
1
3
4
3
1
2
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
5
1
4
2
3
2
1
5
5
8.36
5.59
5.63
11.30
8.60
3.03
6.15
6.27
9.52
10.00
6.67
6.73
3.40
6.85
3.44
10.34
13.84
10.45
3.48
6.97
10.49
10.53
10.56
3.57
10.75
3.62
10.99
19.08
3.82
15.44
7.72
11.63
7.78
3.92
19.69
19.76
0.68
0.90
0.47
0.44
0.91
0.12
0.29
0.53
1.48
2.56
1.79
0.70
0.24
0.25
1.89
1.93
0.91
3.11
0.58
0.28
1.01
1.88
1.57
0.41
0.45
0.40
0.40
0.65
0.20
1.14
0.72
1.66
1.11
0.32
2.32
2.85
451
Hernando
El Paso
Macomb
Spokane
Iberia
Onondaga
Galveston
Ramsey
Prince Georges
Stanislaus
Placer
Indian River
Chesterfield
Montgomery
Hudson
Pinal
Forsyth
Bay
Rapides
Beaufort
Columbia
Williamson
Marin
Wilson
St. Louis
Anderson
Santa Rosa
Monroe
Rutherford
St. Bernard
Lake
Sullivan
Frederick
Paulding
Boulder
Lake
FL
TX
MI
WA
LA
NY
TX
MN
MD
CA
CA
FL
VA
OH
NJ
AZ
NC
FL
LA
SC
GA
TX
CA
TN
MO
SC
FL
FL
TN
LA
IL
TN
MD
GA
CO
IN
249
248
245
244
242
242
240
235
233
230
228
226
225
222
221
218
217
213
212
209
206
206
202
202
200
191
190
189
189
189
188
183
177
175
174
170
1
2
1
2
6
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
4.02
8.06
4.08
8.20
24.79
4.13
4.17
8.51
12.88
4.35
4.39
13.27
4.44
4.50
13.57
9.17
9.22
9.39
4.72
4.78
9.71
9.71
4.95
4.95
20.00
10.47
5.26
15.87
10.58
5.29
5.32
5.46
5.65
5.71
5.75
29.41
0.58
0.25
0.12
0.42
8.19
0.21
0.34
0.39
0.35
0.19
0.29
2.17
0.32
0.19
0.47
0.53
0.57
1.18
0.76
0.62
1.61
0.47
0.40
0.88
0.40
1.07
0.66
4.10
0.76
2.79
0.14
0.64
0.43
0.70
0.34
1.01
452
Middlesex
Union
Walton
Salem
San Luis Obispo
St. Charles
Newton
Allegheny
Waukesha
Hamilton
Lowndes
Plaquemines
Polk
Winnebago
Cuyahoga
Coweta
Clark
McHenry
Anoka
Washtenaw
Boone
Flagler
Highlands
Robeson
Barrow
Brazoria
Catawba
Livingston
Pitt
Kenosha
Kitsap
Weld
New York
St. Marys
Sauk
NJ
NC
FL
NJ
CA
MO
GA
PA
LA
WI
TN
GA
LA
IA
IL
OH
GA
OH
IL
MN
MI
KY
FL
FL
NC
GA
TX
NC
LA
NC
WI
WA
CO
NY
MD
WI
170
170
165
157
156
153
152
151
150
150
146
145
145
143
142
141
137
134
134
133
133
130
130
130
128
127
127
126
125
125
122
121
121
120
120
118
4
1
4
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
23.53
5.88
24.24
6.37
12.82
13.07
6.58
19.87
20.00
6.67
13.70
6.90
6.90
20.98
7.04
21.28
7.30
7.46
14.93
7.52
30.08
7.69
15.38
7.69
23.44
7.87
7.87
7.94
8.00
24.00
8.20
8.26
8.26
16.67
8.33
8.47
0.49
0.50
7.27
1.51
0.74
0.55
1.00
0.25
6.53
0.26
0.59
0.92
4.34
0.70
0.34
0.23
0.79
0.72
0.65
0.30
1.16
0.84
2.09
1.01
2.24
1.44
0.32
0.65
0.78
1.78
0.60
0.40
0.40
2.44
0.95
1.61
453
St. Joseph
Clay
Orange
Whitfield
Brunswick
Solano
Henry
Butte
Niagara
Nassau
Nye
Cameron
Madison
Acadia
Sutter
Atlantic
Benton
Douglas
Baltimore City
Orange
Williamson
Lincoln
Johnston
Rock
San Juan
Washington
Lancaster
Potter
Kane
Orangeburg
Harrison
Smith
Carver
Burke
Delaware
Washington
IN
MO
NC
GA
NC
CA
VA
CA
NY
FL
NV
TX
AL
LA
CA
NJ
AR
NV
MD
NY
TN
NC
NC
WI
NM
MD
SC
TX
IL
SC
MS
TX
MN
NC
OH
TN
116
115
115
115
114
113
112
110
110
109
108
107
107
105
105
103
103
100
99
99
99
98
97
94
94
94
93
93
92
92
90
88
87
86
86
86
3
1
1
1
2
1
14
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25.86
8.70
8.70
8.70
17.54
8.85
125.00
9.09
9.09
18.35
27.78
18.69
9.35
9.52
9.52
9.71
9.71
10.00
20.20
10.10
20.20
40.82
10.31
21.28
21.28
10.64
10.75
21.51
10.87
10.87
11.11
11.36
11.49
11.63
11.63
11.63
1.12
0.45
0.75
0.97
1.86
0.24
25.85
0.45
0.46
2.73
6.83
0.49
0.30
1.62
1.06
0.36
0.45
2.13
0.32
0.27
1.09
5.11
0.59
1.25
1.54
0.68
1.30
1.65
0.19
1.08
0.53
0.48
1.10
1.10
0.57
0.81
454
Wayne
Baltimore
Ozaukee
Walker
Cullman
Franklin
Madera
Bedford
Dakota
Eaton
Prince William
Santa Fe
Outagamie
Saginaw
Cleveland
Minnehaha
Yakima
Hendry
Marathon
Portage
Laurens
Lincoln
Livingston
Pennington
Darlington
Grand Traverse
Hamilton
Vernon
Jackson
Kershaw
Lake
Porter
Allegan
Campbell
Delaware
La Porte
NC
MD
WI
GA
AL
VA
CA
VA
MN
MI
VA
NM
WI
MI
OK
SD
WA
FL
WI
OH
SC
OR
MI
SD
SC
MI
IN
LA
FL
SC
CA
IN
MI
WY
PA
IN
85
84
83
80
78
78
78
77
77
77
75
75
74
71
70
69
69
67
67
66
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
61
61
61
61
59
58
58
58
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
23.53
11.90
12.05
25.00
12.82
12.82
12.82
25.97
12.99
12.99
13.33
13.33
13.51
14.08
14.29
14.49
28.99
14.93
14.93
15.15
15.38
15.38
30.77
15.38
15.63
31.25
15.63
31.25
16.39
16.39
32.79
32.79
16.95
17.24
34.48
17.24
1.63
0.12
1.16
2.91
1.24
1.78
0.66
2.91
0.25
0.93
0.25
0.69
0.57
0.50
0.39
0.59
0.82
2.55
0.75
0.62
1.50
2.17
1.11
0.99
1.46
2.30
0.36
3.82
2.01
1.62
3.09
1.22
0.90
2.17
0.36
0.90
455
Lenoir
Putnam
Elko
Pender
Ulster
Horry
Morgan
Yellowstone
Assumption
Bucks
Hoke
Pottawattomie
Queen Annes
Caroline
Page
Stanly
Cherokee
Lee
Thomas
Lincoln
Rockingham
Davie
Grant
Harrison
Juneau
Sandoval
St. Martin
Upshur
Chambers
Lenawee
Saline
St. Croix
Sullivan
Zapata
La Crosse
Hawkins
NC
TN
NV
NC
NY
SC
AL
MT
LA
PA
NC
IA
MD
VA
VA
NC
SC
NC
GA
LA
VA
NC
IN
TX
WI
NM
LA
TX
TX
MI
KS
WI
NY
TX
WI
TN
58
58
57
57
57
55
55
55
50
50
50
50
50
49
49
49
48
47
47
46
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
43
42
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
34.48
34.48
17.54
17.54
17.54
18.18
18.18
18.18
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
61.22
20.41
20.41
41.67
21.28
42.55
21.74
21.74
66.67
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
23.26
23.81
3.36
2.77
2.05
1.92
0.55
0.37
0.84
0.68
8.54
0.32
2.13
1.07
2.09
10.51
4.16
1.65
3.61
1.73
4.47
2.14
1.31
7.27
1.43
1.52
3.75
0.76
1.92
2.54
2.85
1.00
1.80
1.19
1.29
7.13
0.87
1.76
456
Saline
Chesterfield
Columbia
Bullitt
Burleigh
Hancock
Isle of Wight
McDowell
White
Wood
Luzerne
Vigo
Liberty
Muskogee
Valencia
Woodford
Dauphin
La Salle
Yamhill
Clark
McKinley
DeKalb
Madison
Martin
Holmes
Baxter
Russell
Starr
Stephens
Clay
Del Norte
Greenbrier
Luna
Okanogan
Otero
Shelby
IL
SC
OR
KY
ND
IN
VA
NC
GA
WV
PA
IN
TX
OK
NM
IL
PA
IL
OR
IN
NM
AL
GA
NC
OH
AR
AL
TX
GA
IN
CA
WV
NM
WA
NM
OH
42
41
41
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
38
38
37
37
37
37
36
36
36
35
35
34
34
34
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
23.81
24.39
24.39
25.00
50.00
75.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
52.63
26.32
54.05
27.03
27.03
27.03
55.56
27.78
27.78
28.57
28.57
29.41
29.41
29.41
30.30
31.25
62.50
32.26
32.26
33.33
66.67
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
4.01
2.14
2.03
1.35
2.46
4.29
2.84
2.22
3.68
1.15
0.62
0.93
2.64
1.41
1.31
2.59
0.75
0.88
1.01
0.91
1.40
1.41
3.56
4.08
2.36
2.41
3.78
1.64
3.82
3.72
6.99
2.82
3.98
2.43
1.57
2.02
457
Warren
Dearborn
Halifax
Orleans
Ravalli
San Benito
Williamson
Lee
White
Accomack
Crawford
Jim Wells
Marion
Polk
Emery
Hampton
Morgan
Steuben
Dade
Lawrence
Marlboro
Newaygo
Nez Perce
Tuscola
Dallas
Emmet
Graham
Monroe
Seneca
Winn
Columbiana
Fayette
Hardeman
Harrison
Haywood
Rio Arriba
NC
IN
VA
NY
MT
CA
IL
SC
TN
VA
AR
TX
WV
GA
UT
SC
IN
NY
GA
IN
SC
MI
ID
MI
IA
MI
AZ
WI
NY
LA
OH
OH
TN
IN
TN
NM
30
29
29
29
29
29
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
23
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
33.33
68.97
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
68.97
35.71
35.71
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
74.07
76.92
38.46
76.92
38.46
40.00
40.00
80.00
40.00
80.00
40.00
86.96
43.48
43.48
43.48
260.87
43.48
90.91
136.36
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
4.77
4.00
2.76
2.33
2.49
1.81
3.01
5.20
3.87
3.02
1.61
2.45
1.77
4.82
18.22
4.74
2.90
1.01
0.04
2.17
6.91
2.06
5.09
1.79
3.02
3.06
2.69
2.24
17.02
6.53
1.85
10.33
3.67
2.54
5.32
2.48
458
Routt
St. Helena
Mason
San Jacinto
Daviess
Oglethorpe
Pawnee
Bolivar
Calhoun
Clarke
Duval
Osceola
Towns
Centre
Cross
Hunterdon
Lincoln
McIntosh
Middlesex
De Witt
Miller
Phillips
Greene
Jackson
Long
McDowell
Jackson
Lowndes
Morrow
Benzie
Hempstead
Randolph
Bibb
Clayton
Custer
Franklin
CO
LA
WV
TX
IN
GA
OK
MS
FL
VA
TX
MI
GA
PA
AR
NJ
SD
OK
VA
IL
MO
AR
AR
KS
GA
WV
TN
AL
OR
MI
AR
IL
AL
IA
OK
IN
22
22
21
21
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
45.45
45.45
142.86
47.62
52.63
52.63
52.63
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
117.65
58.82
62.50
62.50
62.50
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
214.29
71.43
71.43
76.92
76.92
76.92
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
4.25
8.93
10.98
3.79
3.16
6.71
6.03
2.93
6.84
7.13
8.49
4.25
9.55
0.65
5.60
0.78
2.23
9.88
9.12
6.04
4.04
4.60
2.38
7.43
6.91
4.52
25.78
8.85
8.95
5.71
4.42
2.99
4.36
5.52
3.64
4.33
459
Gage
Lincoln
Perry
Whitley
Floyd
Greene
Hockley
Pulaski
Roosevelt
Simpson
Stark
Stephens
Ferry
La Salle
Montague
Powell
Socorro
Winkler
Butler
Lake
Big Horn
Blackford
Henry
Kingfisher
Madison
Talbot
Clay
Fremont
Union
Woodruff
Estill
Grant
Holt
Kent
Lake
Lewis
NE
GA
IL
KY
IA
AL
TX
IL
MT
KY
ND
OK
WA
TX
TX
MT
NM
TX
AL
CO
MT
IN
AL
OK
MO
GA
AR
IA
IN
AR
KY
OK
NE
DE
SD
MO
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
90.91
90.91
181.82
181.82
90.91
90.91
90.91
181.82
100.00
300.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
333.33
222.22
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
375.00
142.86
142.86
166.67
166.67
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
4.48
12.51
4.47
2.81
6.13
11.06
8.72
32.46
9.59
5.77
4.13
4.44
13.24
43.57
5.07
14.23
5.60
14.06
14.32
27.36
7.77
7.83
5.78
6.65
8.18
43.70
6.22
13.44
13.30
13.77
6.82
22.09
9.58
0.62
8.93
9.79
460
Dona Ana
Mora
Oregon
Pocahontas
Terrell
Bracken
Keokuk
Baker
Carter
Gallatin
Griggs
Guadalupe
Nicholas
Petroleum
Dale
Westmoreland
Wicomico
NM
NM
MO
WV
TX
KY
IA
GA
MO
IL
ND
NM
KY
MT
AL
PA
MD
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
200.00
200.00
400.00
200.00
200.00
250.00
250.00
333.33
666.67
333.33
333.33
333.33
1000.00
1000.00
0.48
20.49
18.38
11.47
101.63
11.78
9.51
28.98
31.92
17.89
41.32
21.34
14.02
202.43
1.99
0.27
1.01
461
Appendix A-4. County Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Per
Agency
County
Agency
Indianapolis Police
Miami-Dade
Nassau
Suffolk
Honolulu
Baltimore
Mecklenburg
Marion
Prince Georges
Fairfax
Montgomery
DeKalb
St. Louis
Gwinnett
Anne Arundel
Cobb
Henrico
Prince William
Chatham
Chesterfield
Howard
Arlington
New Castle
Clayton
Maui
Westchester
Horry
Henry
Clarke
Allegheny
Roanoke
Gaston
Fulton
FL
NY
NY
HI
MD
NC
IN
MD
VA
MD
GA
MO
GA
MD
GA
VA
VA
GA
VA
MD
VA
DE
GA
HI
NY
SC
GA
GA
PA
VA
NC
GA
3093
2732
2622
1934
1910
1672
1582
1578
1419
1206
1074
781
682
633
590
554
546
534
475
424
364
358
336
329
270
243
225
213
202
135
133
129
Per 1,000
Officers
25
6
6
26
4
20
33
19
7
16
13
2
4
3
5
4
3
6
1
3
1
2
3
5
3
9
1
2
2
2
2
2
8.08
2.20
2.29
13.44
2.09
11.96
20.86
12.04
4.93
13.27
12.10
2.56
5.87
4.74
8.47
7.22
5.49
11.24
2.11
7.08
2.75
5.59
8.93
15.20
11.11
37.04
4.44
9.39
9.90
14.81
15.04
15.50
Per 100,000
Population
1.00
0.45
0.40
2.73
0.50
2.17
3.65
2.20
0.65
1.65
1.88
0.20
0.50
0.56
0.73
1.30
0.75
2.26
0.32
1.04
0.48
0.37
1.16
3.23
0.32
3.34
0.49
1.71
0.16
2.17
0.97
0.22
462
Kauai
Riley
James City
Floyd
Dougherty
Polk
Oldham
HI
KS
VA
GA
GA
GA
KY
125
101
94
71
47
35
31
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
24.00
9.90
10.64
14.08
42.55
85.71
64.52
4.47
1.41
1.49
1.04
2.11
7.23
3.32
463
Appendix A-5. 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Chicago Police Dept
Newark Police
New York
Cook
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
Harris
Dallas
Maricopa
Baltimore City
Clark
Wayne
Suffolk
Bexar
Milwaukee
San Diego
San Francisco
Franklin
Fulton
Duval
Cuyahoga
Shelby
Denver
Travis
Tarrant
Orleans
Jackson
Santa Clara
St. Louis City
Davidson
Essex
King
Jefferson
NY
IL
CA
PA
TX
DC
TX
AZ
MD
NV
MI
MA
TX
WI
CA
CA
OH
GA
FL
OH
TN
CO
TX
TX
LA
MO
CA
MO
TN
NJ
WA
KY
36023
13354
9727
6624
5053
3742
3389
3388
2990
2942
2250
2181
2020
1987
1951
1940
1886
1719
1662
1616
1549
1525
1515
1489
1425
1421
1382
1351
1315
1310
1283
1197
196
83
30
66
35
29
39
17
55
8
23
14
30
73
12
7
9
22
12
27
46
13
10
20
63
5
9
10
18
8
9
16
Per 100,000
Population
5.44
6.22
3.08
9.96
6.93
7.75
11.51
5.02
18.39
2.72
10.22
6.42
14.85
36.74
6.15
3.61
4.77
12.80
7.22
16.71
29.70
8.52
6.60
13.43
44.21
3.52
6.51
7.40
13.69
6.11
7.01
13.37
2.40
1.60
0.31
4.33
0.86
4.82
1.65
0.45
8.86
0.41
1.26
1.94
1.75
7.70
0.39
0.87
0.77
2.39
1.39
2.11
4.96
2.17
0.98
1.11
18.32
0.74
0.51
3.13
2.87
1.02
0.47
2.16
464
Jersey City Police
Omaha Police Dept
El Paso
Miami-Dade
Hamilton
Oklahoma
Pima
Bernalillo
Hillsborough
Los Angeles
Multnomah
Hennepin
Hudson
Allegheny
Maricopa
Fresno
Tulsa
Jefferson
Virginia Beach City
Erie
Alameda
Norfolk City
Orange
Richmond City
Douglas
Monroe
Wake
Sacramento
El Paso
Sedgwick
Westchester
Lucas
East Baton Rouge
Arapahoe
Tarrant
Ramsey
Guilford
Pulaski
TX
FL
OH
OK
AZ
NM
FL
CA
OR
MN
NJ
PA
AZ
CA
OK
AL
VA
NY
CA
VA
FL
VA
NE
NY
NC
CA
CO
KS
NY
OH
LA
CO
TX
MN
NC
AR
1132
1104
1082
1046
1032
1020
980
968
928
902
900
891
831
828
826
816
813
793
773
772
757
752
747
703
702
701
668
662
641
640
630
627
610
598
593
520
15
14
10
12
6
13
3
4
10
18
12
21
2
7
11
8
9
4
3
14
8
7
6
3
8
5
5
2
2
12
6
6
3
8
5
2
13.25
12.68
9.24
11.47
5.81
12.75
3.06
4.13
10.78
19.96
13.33
23.57
2.41
8.45
13.32
9.80
11.07
5.04
3.88
18.13
10.57
9.31
8.03
4.27
11.40
7.13
7.49
3.02
3.12
18.75
9.52
9.57
4.92
13.38
8.43
3.85
1.87
0.56
1.25
1.67
0.61
1.96
0.24
0.04
1.36
1.56
1.89
1.72
0.05
0.75
1.82
1.21
2.05
0.44
0.20
5.77
0.70
3.43
1.16
0.40
0.89
0.35
0.80
0.40
0.21
2.72
1.36
1.05
0.17
1.57
1.02
0.52
465
Paterson Police
Fort Wayne Police
Camden Police
Mobile
Caddo
Pinellas
Forsyth
Montgomery
Passaic
Durham
Onondaga
Providence
Broward
Worcester
Hinds
Summit
Clark
Hampden
Nueces
Allen
Dane
New Haven
Hamilton
Salt Lake
Webb
Fairfield
Montgomery
Maricopa
Newport News City
San Joaquin
Hartford
Madison
Muscogee
Orange
Camden
Polk
Riverside
Charleston
Chesapeake City
AL
LA
FL
NC
AL
NJ
NC
NY
RI
FL
MA
MS
OH
NV
MA
TX
IN
WI
CT
TN
UT
TX
CT
OH
AZ
VA
CA
CT
AL
GA
CA
NJ
IA
CA
SC
VA
515
511
510
508
500
497
494
489
483
482
482
480
472
471
464
448
447
437
436
434
433
430
422
421
417
415
415
408
405
400
398
397
385
385
382
376
4
12
6
3
6
3
9
3
7
6
5
9
8
2
9
3
4
1
8
14
1
4
3
1
1
10
2
10
3
6
3
10
6
4
2
3
7.77
23.48
11.76
5.91
12.00
6.04
18.22
6.13
14.49
12.45
10.37
18.75
16.95
4.25
19.40
6.70
8.95
2.29
18.35
32.26
2.31
9.30
7.11
2.38
2.40
24.10
4.82
24.51
7.41
15.00
7.54
25.19
15.58
10.39
5.24
7.98
0.97
4.71
0.65
0.86
2.62
0.60
3.36
0.64
1.12
0.34
0.63
3.67
1.48
0.10
1.94
0.88
1.13
0.20
0.93
4.16
0.10
1.60
0.33
0.19
0.03
5.53
0.29
1.12
0.90
3.16
0.10
1.95
1.39
0.18
0.57
1.35
466
Trenton Police
Elizabeth Police
Lincoln Police Dept
Joliet Police Dept
East Orange Police
Lubbock
Miami-Dade
Anchorage
Pierce
Leon
Washoe
Mercer
Maricopa
Wyandotte
Richland
Kern
Union
San Bernardino
Dallas
Collin
Salt Lake
Cumberland
Miami-Dade
Clark
Maricopa
Albany
Charleston
Kent
Broward
Alexandria City
Palm Beach
Lancaster
Ada
Greene
New Castle
Will
Winnebago
Spokane
Fairfield
Bristol
Essex
TX
FL
AK
WA
FL
NV
NJ
AZ
KS
SC
CA
NJ
CA
TX
TX
UT
NC
FL
NV
AZ
NY
SC
MI
FL
VA
FL
NE
ID
MO
DE
IL
IL
WA
CT
MA
NJ
376
374
372
371
364
362
361
357
354
351
348
348
345
344
343
342
341
338
336
333
328
325
319
316
315
310
308
306
306
306
302
300
295
292
288
283
5
3
4
3
1
3
6
1
10
8
8
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
7
5
1
8
3
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
6
3
2
3
13.30
8.02
10.75
8.09
2.75
8.29
16.62
2.80
28.25
22.79
22.99
2.87
5.80
5.81
2.92
2.92
5.87
2.96
5.95
6.01
21.34
15.38
3.13
25.32
9.52
9.68
3.25
6.54
9.80
6.54
9.93
3.33
20.34
10.27
6.94
10.60
1.79
0.12
1.37
0.38
0.36
0.71
1.64
0.03
6.35
2.08
0.95
0.19
0.10
0.08
0.13
0.10
0.63
0.04
0.10
0.05
2.30
1.43
0.17
0.46
2.14
0.23
0.35
0.51
1.09
0.37
0.44
0.34
1.27
0.33
0.36
0.38
467
Evansville Police
South Bend Police
Peoria Police Dept
Gary Police
Shawnee
Vanderburgh
Alachua
Hidalgo
Sangamon
Middlesex
Bibb
New Hanover
Los Angeles
Roanoke City
Tuscaloosa
Stanislaus
Harris
New Haven
Pinellas
St. Joseph
Volusia
Jefferson
Peoria
McLennan
St. Lucie
San Diego
Kalamazoo
Lake
Lafayette
Ingham
Middlesex
Montgomery
Broward
Bristol
Portsmouth City
Hampton City
Cameron
Macomb
Ventura
Polk
KS
IN
FL
TX
IL
MA
GA
NC
CA
VA
AL
CA
TX
CT
FL
IN
FL
TX
IL
TX
FL
CA
MI
IN
LA
MI
MA
TN
FL
MA
VA
VA
TX
MI
CA
FL
283
277
275
273
273
272
270
266
264
264
263
262
260
256
255
255
250
246
246
246
245
244
244
243
243
240
239
238
238
237
235
232
230
230
228
226
4
3
4
3
1
1
9
2
1
2
1
5
5
4
1
8
6
2
1
8
1
1
1
10
1
3
2
5
1
1
10
2
1
1
3
5
14.13
10.83
14.55
10.99
3.66
3.68
33.33
7.52
3.79
7.58
3.80
19.08
19.23
15.63
3.92
31.37
24.00
8.13
4.07
32.52
4.08
4.10
4.10
41.15
4.12
12.50
8.37
21.01
4.20
4.22
42.55
8.62
4.35
4.35
13.16
22.12
2.25
1.67
1.62
0.39
0.51
0.07
5.79
0.99
0.01
2.06
0.51
0.97
0.12
0.46
0.11
3.00
1.21
0.79
0.54
3.41
0.36
0.03
0.40
2.02
0.45
1.07
0.13
7.54
0.06
0.18
10.47
1.46
0.25
0.12
0.36
0.83
468
Woodbridge Police
Pueblo Police Dept
Irvington Police
Edison Police
Dallas
Orange
Minnehaha
Lee
Hillsborough
Rutherford
San Diego
Westchester
Jackson
Middlesex
Westchester
Norfolk
Genesee
Madison
Lehigh
Wayne
Snohomish
Plymouth
Linn
Orange
Pueblo
Racine
Harrison
Essex
Bell
Middlesex
Maricopa
Ouachita
Los Angeles
Marion
Alameda
Salt Lake
Alameda
Westchester
Dougherty
Miami-Dade
TX
CA
SD
FL
NH
TN
CA
NY
MO
NJ
NY
MA
MI
TN
PA
MI
WA
MA
IA
CA
CO
WI
MS
NJ
TX
NJ
AZ
LA
CA
OR
CA
UT
CA
NY
GA
FL
226
223
221
220
218
213
210
210
206
206
205
205
204
204
200
198
198
197
197
197
195
195
193
190
190
189
189
188
187
187
186
186
185
185
184
184
1
1
1
2
1
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
6
4
1
4
1
3
2
1
4
1
1
2
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
4.42
4.48
4.52
9.09
4.59
23.47
19.05
4.76
4.85
4.85
4.88
4.88
29.41
19.61
5.00
20.20
5.05
15.23
10.15
5.08
20.51
5.13
5.18
10.53
15.79
37.04
5.29
5.32
5.35
5.35
5.38
5.38
5.41
10.81
21.74
10.87
0.04
0.03
0.59
0.32
0.25
1.90
0.13
0.11
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.15
1.41
4.07
0.29
0.22
0.14
0.61
0.95
0.03
2.51
0.51
0.53
0.26
0.97
0.86
0.03
0.65
0.01
0.32
0.07
0.10
0.07
0.21
4.23
0.08
469
Elgin Police Dept
Decatur Police Dept
Union City Police
Du Page
Kanawha
Alameda
Kane
Horry
Oneida
Bossier
Greenville
Essex
Adams
Monterey
Wichita
Broward
Stark
Hillsborough
Broward
Suffolk
Lee
Erie
Dona Ana
Fairfield
Yuma
Macon
Orange
Gaston
Schenectady
Boulder
Palm Beach
Comanche
Contra Costa
Hudson
Broward
Brevard
Larimer
Jefferson
Contra Costa
IL
WV
CA
IL
SC
NY
LA
SC
MA
CO
CA
TX
FL
OH
NH
FL
VA
FL
PA
NM
CT
AZ
IL
CA
NC
NY
CO
FL
OK
CA
NJ
FL
FL
CO
LA
CA
184
182
182
181
179
179
178
178
178
178
177
177
175
172
172
171
171
170
167
167
167
167
166
166
166
166
165
165
165
165
165
164
163
162
162
161
1
9
1
5
5
2
3
4
2
4
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
5
2
1
2
2
8
1
7
1
3
3
2
1
3
1
1
5.43
49.45
5.49
27.62
27.93
11.17
16.85
22.47
11.24
22.47
22.60
11.30
5.71
5.81
5.81
11.70
5.85
23.53
5.99
5.99
29.94
11.98
6.02
12.05
12.05
48.19
6.06
42.42
6.06
18.18
18.18
12.20
6.13
18.52
6.17
6.21
0.11
4.66
0.07
0.97
1.86
0.85
2.56
0.89
0.27
0.91
0.96
1.52
0.06
0.27
0.25
0.11
1.18
0.65
0.36
0.48
0.55
1.02
0.90
0.07
0.97
5.17
0.34
0.53
0.81
0.29
0.47
0.11
0.18
1.00
0.23
0.10
470
Clifton Police
Vineland Police
Hoboken Police
Cicero Police Dept
Cherry Hill Police
Galveston
Lancaster
Johnson
Washtenaw
Hartford
Orange
Brevard
Cumberland
Passaic
Orange
Sebastian
Cumberland
Hudson
Boone
Denton
Dauphin
Marion
Lackawanna
Lake
Northampton
Cabarrus
Fairfield
Calcasieu
Midland
Providence
Palm Beach
Essex
Union
Santa Fe
Providence
Houston
Cook
Weld
Washington
Escambia
Camden
TX
PA
KS
MI
CT
CA
FL
ME
NJ
CA
AR
NJ
NJ
MO
TX
PA
FL
PA
IL
PA
NC
CT
LA
TX
RI
FL
MA
NJ
NM
RI
AL
IL
CO
TN
FL
NJ
161
161
161
160
160
159
159
159
158
158
158
157
156
155
155
155
155
155
155
154
153
153
153
153
153
152
151
151
150
148
148
146
146
146
146
145
1
2
1
4
2
3
1
3
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
4
2
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
4
5
2
3
2
4
2
1
1
2
6.21
12.42
6.21
25.00
12.50
18.87
6.29
18.87
6.33
6.33
18.99
12.74
19.23
6.45
6.45
6.45
12.90
25.81
12.90
25.97
6.54
6.54
13.07
6.54
13.07
6.58
26.49
33.11
13.33
20.27
13.51
27.40
13.70
6.85
6.85
13.79
0.34
0.39
0.18
1.16
0.22
0.10
0.18
1.07
0.20
0.03
2.39
1.27
0.47
0.61
0.15
0.37
0.60
1.87
0.28
1.34
0.56
0.11
1.04
0.73
0.32
0.08
0.54
0.93
1.39
1.81
1.97
0.08
0.79
0.81
0.34
0.39
471
Lafayette Police
Niagara
Nash
Santa Clara
Pinellas
Orange
Jefferson
Broome
Yellowstone
Frederick
Middlesex
Charleston
Weber
Harris
Osceola
Boulder
Middlesex
Santa Barbara
Tulare
Butler
Yakima
Harrison
Hampden
Morgan
King
Cobb
Williamson
Lowndes
Seminole
Middlesex
Fort Bend
Norfolk
San Juan
Multnomah
Tippecanoe
Ocean
Clark
NY
NC
CA
FL
CA
AR
NY
MT
MD
NJ
SC
UT
TX
FL
CO
MA
CA
CA
OH
WA
MS
MA
AL
WA
GA
TX
GA
FL
MA
TX
MA
NM
OR
IN
NJ
OH
145
143
141
140
140
140
139
138
138
138
137
137
136
136
136
136
136
136
135
134
133
133
133
133
133
133
133
131
130
130
129
129
129
128
127
127
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
5
1
1
1
1
20.69
6.99
14.18
7.14
7.14
7.14
7.19
14.49
7.25
14.49
7.30
14.60
7.35
22.06
7.35
7.35
7.35
7.35
7.41
7.46
15.04
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.63
15.38
15.38
23.26
38.76
7.75
7.81
7.87
7.87
1.39
1.77
0.11
0.11
0.03
1.29
0.50
1.35
0.43
0.25
0.29
0.86
0.02
1.12
0.34
0.07
0.24
0.23
0.27
0.41
1.07
0.22
0.84
0.05
0.15
0.24
0.92
0.24
0.13
0.34
0.45
3.84
0.14
0.58
0.17
0.72
472
Altamonte Springs Police Department
Elkhart Police
North Bergen Police
Anderson Police
Hackensack Police
Maricopa
Pittsylvania
Sacramento
St. Lucie
Forrest
Hidalgo
Olmsted
Seminole
Washington
Tulsa
Elkhart
Cameron
Hampden
Hudson
McLean
Will
Champaign
New Haven
York
Rensselaer
San Diego
Rockland
Fulton
Black Hawk
Hartford
Hudson
Middlesex
Shasta
Madison
Washington
Bergen
Passaic
Fulton
Hartford
Broward
AZ
VA
CA
FL
MS
TX
MN
FL
OR
OK
IN
TX
MA
NJ
IL
IL
IL
CT
SC
NY
CA
NY
GA
IA
CT
NJ
MA
CA
IN
AR
NJ
NJ
GA
CT
VA
FL
127
126
126
126
126
125
125
124
124
124
124
123
123
123
122
122
122
122
121
121
120
120
120
120
119
119
118
118
117
117
117
117
116
116
115
115
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
4
2
9
1
2
2
1
1
7.87
7.94
7.94
31.75
15.87
16.00
8.00
8.06
8.06
16.13
32.26
8.13
8.13
8.13
16.39
24.59
8.20
16.39
8.26
8.26
8.33
8.33
25.00
33.33
8.40
8.40
8.47
8.47
34.19
17.09
76.92
8.55
17.24
17.24
8.70
8.70
0.03
1.57
0.38
1.44
2.67
0.26
0.69
0.24
0.19
0.33
2.02
0.25
0.22
0.16
1.18
0.44
0.50
0.23
0.44
0.63
0.03
0.32
0.33
3.05
0.11
0.16
0.07
0.56
3.04
0.98
0.99
0.20
0.22
0.22
2.30
0.06
473
East Chicago Police
Cook
Ottawa
Lee
Catawba
Palm Beach
Buchanan
Wilson
San Mateo
Coconino
New Haven
Kenton
Nassau
St. Charles
Camden
Sullivan
Fairfield
Solano
Barnstable
Lake
Hidalgo
Oklahoma
Middlesex
New Haven
Salt Lake
York
Albany
Florence
Mesa
Palm Beach
Worcester
St. Charles
Pennington
Sumter
Collin
Miami-Dade
Cook
IL
MI
MS
NC
FL
MO
NC
CA
AZ
CT
KY
NY
MO
NJ
TN
CT
CA
MA
IN
TX
OK
MA
CT
UT
PA
NY
SC
CO
FL
MD
MO
SD
SC
TX
FL
IL
115
115
115
114
114
114
114
113
113
113
112
112
112
111
111
111
111
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
109
109
108
108
107
107
107
107
106
106
106
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
2
5
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
6
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
8.70
8.70
8.70
8.77
17.54
8.77
17.54
8.85
8.85
8.85
8.93
8.93
8.93
18.02
27.03
27.03
9.01
18.18
18.18
45.45
18.18
9.09
9.09
9.09
9.09
18.35
18.35
18.52
55.56
9.35
9.35
18.69
28.04
18.87
28.30
9.43
0.02
0.38
1.21
0.65
0.15
1.12
2.46
0.14
0.74
0.12
0.63
0.07
0.28
0.39
1.91
0.33
0.24
0.93
0.40
0.65
0.28
0.07
0.12
0.10
0.23
0.66
1.46
1.36
0.45
1.94
0.28
1.98
2.79
0.26
0.12
0.02
474
Berwyn Police Dept
Bensalem Township Police Department
Carmel Police
Muncie Police
Kokomo Police
Victoria
Shelby
Cook
Broomfield
Alamance
Pottawattomie
Washington
New Haven
Merced
Orange
Dutchess
Bucks
Hamilton
Pierce
Jackson
Pima
Cook
Palm Beach
Delaware
Suffolk
Salt Lake
Wayne
Dubuque
Cuyahoga
Howard
Lorain
Missoula
Orange
Montgomery
Lauderdale
Middlesex
Pinellas
Utah
Los Angeles
Benton
Providence
TX
TN
IL
CO
NC
IA
MD
CT
CA
NY
NY
PA
IN
WA
OR
AZ
IL
FL
IN
NY
UT
NC
IA
OH
IN
OH
MT
CA
TX
MS
CT
FL
UT
CA
AR
RI
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
103
103
103
102
102
102
102
102
101
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
5
1
2
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
4
18.87
9.52
28.57
9.52
28.57
9.52
9.52
19.05
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.62
28.85
9.71
19.42
9.71
9.80
9.80
29.41
9.80
19.61
9.90
30.00
10.00
10.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
20.20
30.30
20.20
20.20
30.30
10.10
10.10
40.40
2.30
0.11
0.06
1.79
1.99
1.07
0.68
0.23
0.39
0.27
0.34
0.16
1.09
0.13
0.98
0.10
0.02
0.08
2.55
0.07
0.19
0.82
3.20
0.08
1.21
1.66
0.91
0.07
0.44
3.74
1.21
0.22
0.58
0.01
0.45
0.64
475
Providence
Eau Claire
Washington
Hidalgo
Norfolk
Atlantic
Hartford
Alameda
Hays
Alameda
Lauderdale
Monroe
Bowie
Fulton
Essex
Riverside
Santa Clara
Sarpy
Suffolk
Jasper
Comal
Cuyahoga
Saginaw
Luzerne
Anderson
Cook
Kent
Tarrant
Benton
Muskogee
Craven
New London
Rockland
Utah
Middlesex
Butler
RI
WI
MS
TX
MA
NJ
CT
CA
TX
CA
AL
NY
TX
GA
MA
CA
CA
NE
MA
MO
TX
OH
MI
PA
SC
IL
DE
TX
WA
OK
NC
CT
NY
UT
NJ
OH
98
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
95
94
94
94
94
93
93
93
93
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
91
91
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
1
1
2
2
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
10.20
10.42
20.83
20.83
10.42
21.05
42.11
21.05
10.53
21.28
10.64
42.55
10.64
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.87
10.87
10.87
21.74
32.61
10.87
10.87
32.97
10.99
22.22
11.11
11.11
44.44
11.11
22.22
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
0.16
1.01
3.91
0.26
0.15
0.73
0.45
0.13
0.64
0.13
1.08
0.54
1.08
0.11
0.13
0.05
0.06
0.63
0.14
0.85
1.84
0.23
0.50
0.31
1.60
0.02
1.23
0.06
0.57
5.63
0.97
0.73
0.32
0.19
0.12
0.27
476
Bradley
Broward
Bonneville
Butte
Sacramento
Cole
Wicomico
Brevard
Deschutes
Summit
Lorain
La Porte
Bay
Suffolk
Rowan
Gloucester
Orange
Rock Island
Alameda
Oakland
Galveston
Ohio
Los Angeles
Sacramento
Tarrant
Troup
Middlesex
Volusia
Essex
Lake
Petersburg City
St. Clair
Du Page
New London
Lee
Cook
TN
FL
ID
CA
CA
MO
MD
FL
OR
OH
OH
IN
FL
MA
NC
NJ
FL
IL
CA
MI
TX
WV
CA
CA
TX
GA
NJ
FL
MA
OH
VA
IL
IL
CT
NC
IL
89
89
89
88
88
88
88
88
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
85
85
85
85
85
84
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
82
82
81
81
81
81
81
4
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
5
1
2
44.94
33.71
11.24
22.73
22.73
11.36
11.36
11.36
23.26
23.26
23.26
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.76
11.76
11.76
11.76
23.53
23.81
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
24.10
24.10
12.20
24.39
12.35
12.35
61.73
12.35
24.69
4.04
0.17
0.96
0.91
0.14
1.32
1.01
0.18
1.27
0.37
0.66
0.90
0.59
0.14
0.72
0.35
0.09
0.68
0.07
0.08
0.69
4.50
0.01
0.07
0.06
1.49
0.12
0.40
0.27
0.43
6.17
0.37
0.11
1.82
1.73
0.04
477
West Bloomfield Township Police Dept
Oakland
MI
81
12.35
0.08
478
Appendix A-6. Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by # FT Sworn)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
MBTA Transit Police
Hudson
New York
Leon
Baltimore
Philadelphia
Sacramento
Franklin
Los Angeles
Albany
Travis
Suffolk
Richland
Hinds
Anne Arundel
Arlington
Essex
Alameda
Palm Beach
Westchester
Camden
Baltimore City
Baltimore City
Dauphin
Richland
Bexar
Santa Fe
Dane
Davidson
Burlington
Dallas
NJ
NY
FL
DC
MD
PA
DC
CA
OH
CA
NY
TX
MA
SC
MS
MD
VA
NJ
CA
FL
NY
NJ
MD
MD
PA
SC
TX
NM
WI
TN
NJ
TX
1667
694
626
484
456
450
442
419
394
340
305
277
256
238
230
224
206
201
192
176
168
144
142
140
136
120
112
106
92
91
90
88
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
0.60
2.88
6.39
2.07
2.19
2.22
4.52
2.39
5.08
5.88
3.28
3.61
7.81
4.20
4.35
4.46
4.85
14.93
5.21
22.73
5.95
6.94
7.04
7.14
7.35
8.33
26.79
9.43
10.87
10.99
11.11
11.36
Per 100,000
Population
0.16
0.13
0.44
0.17
0.16
0.07
0.33
0.10
3.24
0.02
0.21
0.10
0.28
0.26
1.05
0.19
0.09
0.47
0.07
0.30
1.29
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.79
0.26
0.17
0.69
0.20
0.16
0.11
0.04
479
Marion
Montgomery
Alachua
Bexar
Suffolk
Middlesex
Jefferson
Richmond City
Sacramento
Allegheny
Travis
Fulton
Baltimore City
Anchorage
East Baton Rouge
Charleston
Travis
Durham
Newport News City
Volusia
Middlesex
DeKalb
Los Angeles
Champaign
Fairfax
Knox
Franklin
Webb
New Castle
Caddo
Wayne
Harris
Hidalgo
East Baton Rouge
Allegheny
Albany
IN
MD
FL
TX
MA
NJ
AL
VA
CA
PA
TX
GA
MD
AK
LA
SC
TX
NC
VA
FL
MA
IL
CA
IL
VA
TN
OH
TX
DE
LA
MI
TX
TX
LA
PA
NY
88
86
85
83
80
80
79
74
73
73
70
68
68
65
62
62
62
60
60
60
59
59
57
54
52
52
51
51
50
49
49
48
43
43
42
41
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11.36
11.63
11.76
24.10
12.50
12.50
12.66
27.03
27.40
13.70
14.29
14.71
14.71
15.38
16.13
16.13
16.13
16.67
16.67
33.33
16.95
16.95
17.54
18.52
19.23
38.46
19.61
19.61
20.00
20.41
20.41
20.83
23.26
23.26
23.81
24.39
0.11
0.41
0.40
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.15
0.98
0.02
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.16
0.34
0.23
0.29
0.10
0.37
3.02
0.40
0.07
0.95
0.01
0.50
0.09
10.47
0.09
0.40
0.51
0.39
0.05
0.02
0.13
0.23
0.08
0.33
480
Suffolk
Denton
Palm Beach
Miami-Dade
Reno
Pulaski
Macon
Richmond
Erie
Cameron
Harris
Franklin
Franklin
El Paso
Montgomery
Davidson
Watauga
Harris
Jefferson
Isabella
Harris
Orange
Bexar
Monroe
Allen
Northampton
Craighead
Cumberland
St. Joseph
Prince Georges
Travis
El Paso
Lake
Cole
Cambria
Spartanburg
MA
TX
FL
FL
KS
AR
AL
GA
NY
TX
TX
KY
OH
TX
OH
TN
NC
TX
TX
MI
TX
CA
TX
GA
IN
PA
AR
PA
IN
MD
TX
CO
IL
MO
PA
SC
40
40
39
39
39
36
33
32
30
30
30
30
30
30
29
27
25
24
22
21
21
21
20
19
18
18
17
17
17
14
14
14
13
13
13
12
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50.00
25.00
25.64
25.64
25.64
27.78
30.30
31.25
33.33
33.33
33.33
66.67
33.33
33.33
34.48
74.07
40.00
41.67
45.45
47.62
47.62
95.24
50.00
52.63
55.56
55.56
58.82
58.82
58.82
71.43
71.43
71.43
76.92
76.92
76.92
83.33
0.28
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.20
0.26
4.66
0.50
0.11
0.25
0.02
0.27
0.18
0.12
0.19
0.32
1.96
0.02
0.40
1.42
0.02
0.07
0.06
3.78
0.28
0.34
1.04
0.42
0.37
0.12
0.10
0.16
0.14
1.32
0.70
0.35
481
Ventura College
Midland
Phelps
Madison
Madison
Greenwood
Lincoln
Greenville
Lehigh
Sacramento
Dallas
Somerset
Sumter
Ellis
Ventura
McLennan
Cameron
TX
MO
NY
ID
SC
LA
SC
PA
CA
TX
MD
AL
TX
CA
TX
TX
11
11
11
10
10
9
9
9
6
6
6
6
5
5
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
90.91
90.91
90.91
100.00
100.00
222.22
111.11
111.11
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
200.00
200.00
333.33
333.33
0.73
2.21
1.36
2.66
1.44
4.28
0.22
0.29
0.07
0.04
3.78
7.27
0.67
0.12
0.43
0.25
482
Appendix B-1. 200 Largest State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Per 100,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Population
Indianapolis Police
Jersey City Police
Orleans
Milwaukee
Shelby
Santa Fe
Allegheny
Caddo
Polk
Kern
Marion
Hennepin
Hampden
Lucas
Hinds
Baltimore City
Durham
Norfolk City
Summit
Cuyahoga
Shelby
Bexar
Jefferson
Providence
Davidson
Honolulu
Tarrant
Ramsey
Jefferson
Milwaukee
Hudson
Tulsa
Montgomery
El Paso
LA
WI
TN
NM
PA
LA
FL
CA
IN
MN
MA
OH
MS
MD
NC
VA
OH
OH
TN
TX
LA
RI
TN
HI
TX
MN
KY
WI
NJ
OK
MD
TX
1425
1987
1549
528
891
511
600
512
1582
902
464
640
480
2990
494
772
472
1616
516
2020
825
483
1315
1934
1489
598
1197
524
900
826
1206
1132
63
73
46
13
21
12
13
11
33
18
9
12
9
55
9
14
8
27
8
30
12
7
18
26
20
8
16
7
12
11
16
15
44.21
36.74
29.70
24.62
23.57
23.48
21.67
21.48
20.86
19.96
19.40
18.75
18.75
18.39
18.22
18.13
16.95
16.71
15.50
14.85
14.55
14.49
13.69
13.44
13.43
13.38
13.37
13.36
13.33
13.32
13.27
13.25
18.32
7.70
4.96
0.63
1.72
4.71
2.16
1.31
3.65
1.56
1.94
2.72
3.67
8.86
3.36
5.77
1.48
2.11
0.86
1.75
2.77
1.12
2.87
2.73
1.11
1.57
2.16
0.74
1.89
1.82
1.65
1.87
483
Fort Wayne Police
Fulton
Bernalillo
Miami-Dade
Broward
DeKalb
Prince Georges
Montgomery
Mecklenburg
Pinellas
Dallas
Oklahoma
Orange
Wake
Passaic
Lee
Chatham
Richmond
VA Beach City
Multnomah
Orange
Worcester
Richland
Wayne
Hinds
Philadelphia
Broward
Jefferson
Arapahoe
Collier
E. Baton Rouge
Bexar
Marion
Richmond City
Pinellas
Hamilton
Allen
GA
NM
FL
FL
GA
MD
AL
NC
FL
TX
OK
FL
NC
NJ
FL
GA
GA
VA
OR
FL
MA
SC
MI
MS
PA
FL
AL
CO
FL
LA
TX
IN
VA
FL
OH
IN
1719
1020
1104
482
1074
1578
500
1672
510
3389
1046
1398
702
530
621
534
449
813
928
757
482
967
2250
594
6624
1624
816
627
628
630
526
740
752
863
1082
447
22
13
14
6
13
19
6
20
6
39
12
16
8
6
7
6
5
9
10
8
5
10
23
6
66
16
8
6
6
6
5
7
7
8
10
4
12.80
12.75
12.68
12.45
12.10
12.04
12.00
11.96
11.76
11.51
11.47
11.44
11.40
11.32
11.27
11.24
11.14
11.07
10.78
10.57
10.37
10.34
10.22
10.10
9.96
9.85
9.80
9.57
9.55
9.52
9.51
9.46
9.31
9.27
9.24
8.95
2.39
1.96
0.56
0.34
1.88
2.20
2.62
2.17
0.65
1.65
1.67
1.40
0.89
1.20
1.13
2.26
2.49
2.05
1.36
0.70
0.63
0.22
1.26
0.20
4.33
0.92
1.21
1.05
1.87
1.36
0.29
0.77
3.43
0.87
1.25
1.13
484
Omaha Police Dept
Volusia
Leon
Denver
Cobb
Fresno
Guilford
Manatee
Palm Beach
Pasco
Hillsborough
Miami-Dade
Douglas
Orleans
Orange
Mobile
DC
Fulton
Ramsey
El Paso
St. Louis City
Duval
Henrico
Sacramento
King
Harris
King
Denver
Leon
Nueces
Travis
Santa Clara
Suffolk
Leon
Baltimore
Cook
San Diego
FL
FL
CO
GA
CA
NC
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
NE
LA
CA
AL
DC
GA
MN
CO
MO
FL
VA
CA
WA
TX
WA
CO
FL
TX
TX
CA
MA
FL
MD
IL
CA
450
1606
1525
590
828
593
476
1447
485
1223
3093
747
505
1794
515
3742
516
530
668
1351
1662
554
701
1283
5053
721
739
443
448
1515
1382
2181
626
1440
13354
1951
4
14
13
5
7
5
4
12
4
10
25
6
4
14
4
29
4
4
5
10
12
4
5
9
35
5
5
3
3
10
9
14
4
9
83
12
8.89
8.72
8.52
8.47
8.45
8.43
8.40
8.29
8.25
8.18
8.08
8.03
7.92
7.80
7.77
7.75
7.75
7.55
7.49
7.40
7.22
7.22
7.13
7.01
6.93
6.93
6.77
6.77
6.70
6.60
6.51
6.42
6.39
6.25
6.22
6.15
0.81
0.07
2.17
0.73
0.75
1.02
1.24
0.91
0.86
0.81
1.00
1.16
1.16
0.47
0.97
4.82
0.43
0.08
0.80
3.13
1.39
1.30
0.35
0.47
0.86
0.26
0.83
1.09
0.88
0.98
0.51
1.94
0.02
0.16
1.60
0.39
485
Newark Police
Paterson Police
Onondaga
San Bernardino
Essex
Oklahoma
Passaic
Fairfax
Forsyth
Gwinnett
Richland
Tulare
Dauphin
Pima
Gwinnett
Prince William
New York
Jefferson
San Diego
Ingham
Riverside
Erie
Maricopa
Fairfax
Tarrant
Franklin
Sangamon
Anne Arundel
Kent
DC
Loudoun
Dane
Franklin
Wake
Middlesex
Monroe
Mercer
Sacramento
NY
CA
NJ
OK
NJ
VA
NC
GA
SC
CA
PA
AZ
GA
VA
NY
CO
CA
MI
CA
NY
AZ
VA
TX
OH
IL
MD
DE
DC
VA
WI
OH
NC
MA
NY
NJ
CA
489
1797
1310
825
497
499
508
682
512
513
4458
1032
531
546
36023
742
1322
1732
2147
793
3388
1419
610
1886
2105
633
658
442
448
454
455
1827
2310
703
3053
1409
3
11
8
5
3
3
3
4
3
3
26
6
3
3
196
4
7
9
11
4
17
7
3
9
10
3
3
2
2
2
2
8
10
3
13
6
6.13
6.12
6.11
6.06
6.04
6.01
5.91
5.87
5.86
5.85
5.83
5.81
5.65
5.49
5.44
5.39
5.30
5.20
5.12
5.04
5.02
4.93
4.92
4.77
4.75
4.74
4.56
4.52
4.46
4.41
4.40
4.38
4.33
4.27
4.26
4.26
0.64
0.54
1.02
0.13
0.60
0.28
0.86
0.50
0.78
0.68
0.20
0.61
0.37
0.75
2.40
0.08
0.23
0.09
0.50
0.44
0.45
0.65
0.17
0.77
0.08
0.56
0.33
0.33
0.64
0.41
0.17
0.08
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.42
486
Davidson
Clark
Salt Lake
Los Angeles
Brevard
Alameda
Pulaski
Pulaski
San Francisco
Jackson
Franklin
Middlesex
Westchester
Los Angeles
Hillsborough
Marion
Sedgwick
Polk
New York
Clark
Montgomery
Maricopa
Franklin
St. Louis
Maricopa
Maricopa
Suffolk
Dane
Will
Dallas
Santa Clara
Philadelphia
Nassau
El Paso
Knox
Baltimore
TN
NV
UT
CA
FL
CA
AR
AR
CA
MO
KY
CT
NY
CA
FL
IN
KS
IA
NY
NV
AL
AZ
OH
MO
AZ
AZ
NY
WI
IL
TX
CA
PA
NY
CO
TN
MD
942
471
475
968
497
773
520
525
1940
1421
882
1227
641
9727
980
1315
662
669
694
2942
763
766
1560
781
1244
831
2622
437
445
449
450
450
2732
454
456
456
4
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
7
5
3
4
2
30
3
4
2
2
2
8
2
2
4
2
3
2
6
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
4.25
4.25
4.21
4.13
4.02
3.88
3.85
3.81
3.61
3.52
3.40
3.26
3.12
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.02
2.99
2.88
2.72
2.62
2.61
2.56
2.56
2.41
2.41
2.29
2.29
2.25
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.19
0.06
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.37
0.20
0.52
0.07
0.87
0.74
0.07
0.11
0.21
0.31
0.24
0.06
0.40
0.07
0.02
0.41
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.20
0.05
0.05
0.40
0.20
0.15
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.45
0.16
0.23
0.02
487
Fresno
Alameda
Chesterfield
Baltimore
DC
Lancaster
Monmouth
Sacramento
Pima
Thurston
Travis
Calcasieu
E. Baton Rouge
Chesterfield
Los Angeles
Contra Costa
Cook
Ventura
Harris
Albany
Fulton
Wayne
Hudson
New York
CA
CA
VA
MD
DC
NE
NJ
CA
AZ
WA
TX
LA
LA
VA
CA
CA
IL
CA
TX
NY
GA
MI
NJ
NY
461
928
475
1910
484
491
494
7202
554
1132
3529
592
1215
1873
9461
679
5655
755
2558
4847
1048
1062
1667
4500
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
13
1
2
6
1
2
3
14
1
8
1
3
5
1
1
1
1
2.17
2.16
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.04
2.02
1.81
1.81
1.77
1.70
1.69
1.65
1.60
1.48
1.47
1.41
1.32
1.17
1.03
0.95
0.94
0.60
0.22
0.11
0.13
0.32
0.50
0.17
0.05
0.16
0.03
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.52
0.04
0.04
0.14
0.10
0.15
0.12
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
488
Appendix B-2. Nonmetropolitan State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000
Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Per 100,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Population
Mounds Police Dept
Pulaski
Kandiyohi
Somerset
Erie
Orangeburg
St. Joseph
Pemiscot
Grant
Fremont
LaMoure
Covington
Waushara
Nicholas
Paulding
Boyle
Petroleum
Wilcox
Tillman
Evangeline
Huron
Ellsworth
Hardee
Carter
Smyth
Schuylkill
Umatilla
Washburn
Choctaw
Alfalfa
Franklin
Schuylkill
IL
MN
PA
OH
SC
MI
MO
ND
IA
ND
AL
WI
KY
OH
KY
MT
GA
OK
LA
OH
KS
FL
MO
VA
PA
OR
WI
OK
OK
NE
PA
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
666.67
666.67
571.43
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
32.46
2.37
1.29
1.30
3.24
1.63
5.47
41.77
13.44
24.16
2.65
4.08
14.02
5.10
3.52
202.43
10.80
12.51
2.94
1.68
15.39
3.61
31.92
12.42
2.70
1.32
6.28
6.58
17.72
31.01
0.67
489
Ridgeville Police
Ravenna Police Dept
Indiana
Greene
McPherson
Somerset
Sabine
Lenoir
Randolph
Dorchester
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Newaygo
Somerset
Oregon
Sampson
Talbot
Zavala
Maries
St. Francois
Butler
Bryan
La Salle
Columbus
Carroll
Gallatin
Griggs
Guadalupe
Haskell
Kingfisher
Clark
Phillips
Thomas
Merrimack
Buffalo
Orangeburg
Henderson
Morgan
PA
NY
KS
PA
TX
NC
IN
SC
TX
SC
MI
PA
MO
NC
GA
TX
MO
MO
AL
OK
IL
NC
NH
IL
ND
NM
TX
OK
MO
AR
GA
NH
NE
SC
TN
MO
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
8
11
3
3
9
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
400.00
400.00
375.00
363.64
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
1.13
2.03
3.43
1.29
9.23
1.68
3.82
2.57
4.68
1.08
2.06
1.29
18.38
3.15
43.70
34.26
10.90
1.53
14.32
2.36
0.88
1.72
2.09
17.89
41.32
21.34
16.95
6.65
6.58
4.60
2.24
0.68
2.17
2.16
3.60
4.86
490
Garfield
La Salle
Bolivar
Harrison
Seneca
Humboldt
Schuylkill
Luna
Delaware
Chowan
Ottawa
Ottawa
McKean
Curry
Williamsburg
Keokuk
Schuylkill
Henderson
Ottawa
Macon
Vinton
Huron
Juneau
Accomack
Wilcox
Greene
Tallahatchie
Litchfield
Lincoln
Lake
Columbus
Bleckley
Jackson
Allendale
Nicholas
Scott
OK
TX
MS
WV
NY
CA
PA
NM
NY
NC
OH
OK
PA
OR
SC
IA
PA
TX
OH
GA
OH
OH
WI
VA
GA
IL
MS
CT
LA
CO
NC
GA
TN
SC
KY
MO
3
10
7
7
23
4
4
4
4
12
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9
9
9
14
14
10
5
5
1
3
2
2
6
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
333.33
300.00
285.71
285.71
260.87
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
222.22
222.22
222.22
214.29
214.29
200.00
200.00
200.00
1.65
43.57
5.86
2.89
17.02
0.74
0.67
3.98
2.08
20.28
2.41
3.14
2.30
4.47
2.91
9.51
0.67
1.27
2.41
6.78
7.44
1.68
3.75
3.02
10.80
7.20
6.50
0.53
4.28
27.36
3.44
22.97
25.78
19.20
14.02
2.55
491
Middletown Police
Ottawa
Putnam
Union
Richland
Pulaski
Shiawassee
Estill
Oxford
Wood
Grant
Muskogee
Holt
Obion
Lake
Dale
Lewis
Henry
Bear Lake
Mora
Ashtabula
Macon
Young
Atkinson
Pocahontas
Eastland
Pulaski
Moore
Bolivar
Grant
Venango
Tuscarawas
Terrell
Addison
Gallatin
Grafton
Hockley
OK
FL
IA
LA
MO
MI
KY
ME
WI
OK
OK
NE
TN
SD
AL
MO
IN
ID
NM
OH
GA
TX
GA
WV
TX
MO
NC
MS
NM
PA
OH
TX
VT
MT
NH
TX
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
11
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
181.82
3.14
1.34
15.96
4.83
1.91
1.42
6.82
1.73
1.34
22.09
1.41
9.58
3.14
8.93
1.99
9.79
2.02
16.71
20.49
0.99
6.78
5.39
11.94
11.47
5.38
1.91
1.13
2.93
3.39
1.82
1.08
101.63
2.72
1.12
1.12
8.72
492
Byron Police Dept
Macon
Pulaski
Stephens
Klickitat
Jackson
Polk
Escambia
Allendale
Covington
Walworth
Kay
Norton
Redwood
Wise
Sumter
Woodruff
St. Landry
Jackson
Ogle
Clay
Wise
Fleming
Fremont
Claiborne
Gasconade
Orangeburg
Mason
Cherokee
Garfield
St. Landry
Webster
Newton
Franklin
Hampton
Fayette
Phillips
GA
IL
OK
WA
AL
NC
AL
SC
AL
WI
OK
KS
MN
VA
AL
AR
LA
WI
IL
AR
VA
KY
IA
LA
MO
SC
WV
NC
CO
LA
KY
MS
LA
SC
OH
AR
11
11
11
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
32
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
21
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
22
30
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
181.82
181.82
181.82
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
156.25
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
142.86
136.36
133.33
13.57
32.46
4.44
4.92
1.88
4.88
2.61
9.60
2.65
0.98
2.15
17.63
3.86
2.41
7.27
13.77
6.00
4.89
1.87
6.22
2.41
6.97
13.44
5.82
6.57
1.08
10.98
3.64
1.77
1.20
7.34
4.60
4.82
4.74
10.33
18.38
493
Oglesby Police Dept
Otoe
Shelby
Big Horn
Blackford
Calhoun
St. Lawrence
Henderson
Lea
Henry
Kingfisher
Madison
La Salle
Greene
Hardeman
McIntosh
Mercer
Georgetown
Jackson
Cass
Washington
Summit
Winnebago
Clallam
Dawson
Cullman
Clearfield
Oneida
Clarke
Jackson
Merrimack
Bacon
Madison
Hendry
Colorado
Clinton
Concordia
NE
TX
MT
IN
FL
NY
TX
NM
VA
OK
MO
IL
PA
TN
OK
WV
SC
GA
IL
OH
CO
IA
WA
MT
AL
PA
WI
IA
WV
NH
GA
ID
FL
TX
IA
LA
15
15
8
8
8
8
8
8
112
8
8
8
8
8
17
17
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
133.33
133.33
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
117.65
117.65
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
111.11
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
12.71
7.86
7.77
7.83
6.84
0.89
1.27
1.54
25.85
6.65
8.18
0.88
2.58
3.67
9.88
3.21
1.66
1.65
7.33
1.62
3.57
9.20
1.40
11.15
1.24
1.22
2.78
10.77
3.42
0.68
9.01
2.66
5.11
4.79
2.04
4.80
494
Missouri Univ. of Science & Tech Police Dept
Ferry
White
Marquette
Cheshire
Winkler
Garrard
Greenwood
Stephens
Holmes
Montague
Wetzel
Powell
Socorro
Dorchester
Colusa
Winkler
Pemiscot
Putnam
Columbiana
Dodge
Floyd
Muskogee
Greene
Menominee
Gibson
Phelps
DeKalb
Roosevelt
Simpson
Stark
Pitkin
Macon
Polk
Jackson
Avoyelles
Clayton
WA
GA
MI
NH
TX
KY
SC
OK
OH
TX
WV
MT
NM
SC
CA
TX
MO
TN
OH
GA
IA
OK
AL
MI
TN
MO
AL
MT
KY
ND
CO
AL
GA
GA
LA
IA
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
21
11
22
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
23
23
35
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
95.24
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
86.96
86.96
85.71
83.33
83.33
83.33
13.24
3.68
1.49
1.30
14.06
5.91
1.44
2.22
2.36
5.07
6.03
14.23
5.60
2.57
4.67
14.06
10.93
1.38
1.85
4.59
6.13
1.41
11.06
4.16
2.01
2.21
1.41
9.59
5.77
4.13
11.66
9.32
7.23
1.65
2.38
5.52
495
Monticello Police
Custer
Fayette
Franklin
Gage
Lake
Marshall
White
Adams
Perry
Grant
Duplin
Whitley
Whitley
Carroll
Marlboro
Franklin
Benzie
Caroline
Emery
Robeson
Summit
Hempstead
Gibson
Garvin
Randolph
Quay
Wyandot
Winn
Washington
Polk
Appling
Aroostook
Sandusky
Cibola
Morrow
Sullivan
OK
AL
IN
NE
CA
OK
IN
MS
IL
WA
NC
KY
KY
NH
SC
AL
MI
MD
UT
NC
CO
AR
TN
OK
IL
NM
OH
LA
OK
GA
GA
ME
OH
NM
OR
NH
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
48
12
12
12
12
12
12
25
25
13
13
26
13
13
13
26
13
13
13
13
13
54
27
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
80.00
80.00
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
74.07
74.07
71.43
71.43
71.43
71.43
71.43
71.43
3.64
5.80
4.33
4.48
1.55
6.31
4.06
12.39
4.47
1.12
1.71
2.81
2.81
2.09
6.91
6.31
5.71
3.02
18.22
0.75
3.57
4.42
4.03
3.63
2.99
11.06
4.42
6.53
7.85
4.82
5.48
1.39
1.64
3.67
8.95
2.29
496
Greensburg Police
Grays Harbor
Mitchell
Ashley
Del Norte
Grant
Greene
Cleveland
McDowell
Palo Pinto
Grand
Berrien
Franklin
Windsor
Auglaize
Pennington
Craig
Lee
Putnam
Mercer
Dawson
Miller
Phillips
Robeson
Cross
Surry
Lee
Dare
Middlesex
Curry
Muskingum
Washington
Buncombe
Bolivar
Calhoun
Duval
Decatur
WA
GA
AR
CA
WA
AR
NC
WV
TX
UT
GA
GA
VT
OH
MN
OK
SC
GA
KY
TX
MO
AR
NC
AR
NC
IA
NC
VA
NM
OH
VT
NC
MS
FL
TX
IN
14
14
15
30
15
15
30
15
30
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
53
53
18
18
18
18
18
18
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
71.43
71.43
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
56.60
56.60
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
1.37
4.26
4.58
6.99
1.12
2.38
2.04
4.52
7.11
10.84
5.19
4.53
1.76
2.18
7.18
6.65
5.20
4.71
4.69
7.23
4.04
4.60
0.75
5.60
1.36
2.79
2.95
9.12
6.20
3.49
1.68
2.22
2.93
6.84
8.49
3.89
497
Kendallville Police
Central Michigan University Police Dept
Adams
Noble
Washington
Smyth
Osceola
Polk
Clatsop
McNairy
Clay
Monroe
Towns
Humboldt
Cherokee
Brown
Ashtabula
Whitley
Daviess
Walworth
Marengo
Chenango
St. Joseph
Decatur
Avoyelles
Allen
Grant
Concordia
Wilkes
Mercer
Hardeman
Isabella
Lake
San Jacinto
Moffat
Hardeman
Haywood
Steuben
NE
IN
MS
VA
MI
GA
OR
TN
IA
TN
GA
NV
SC
TX
OH
KY
IN
WI
AL
NY
MI
GA
LA
LA
WI
LA
NC
WV
TN
MI
CA
TX
CO
TN
TN
NY
36
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
37
38
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
40
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
54.05
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
47.62
47.62
47.62
47.62
47.62
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
6.38
2.10
1.96
3.10
4.25
2.41
2.70
3.84
6.00
2.25
9.55
6.05
3.61
5.25
0.99
2.81
3.16
0.98
4.76
1.98
1.63
7.18
2.38
3.88
1.95
4.80
1.44
1.61
3.67
1.42
1.55
3.79
7.25
3.67
5.32
1.01
498
Canton Police Dept
Indiana
Ketchikan Gateway
Malheur
Rio Arriba
Routt
Uintah
Fayette
Silver Bow
Muskogee
St. Landry
Bee
Fulton
Danville City
Emmet
Graham
Monroe
Winn
Thomas
Cherokee
Jackson
Beauregard
Beadle
Jefferson Davis
Marion
Orangeburg
Watauga
Assumption
Dillon
Lawrence
Newaygo
St. Lawrence
Chippewa
Dallas
Tuscola
Hampton
Lincoln
PA
AK
OR
NM
CO
UT
OH
MT
OK
LA
TX
IL
VA
MI
AZ
WI
LA
GA
SC
GA
LA
SD
LA
SC
SC
NC
LA
SC
IN
MI
NY
MI
AL
MI
SC
NM
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
45
90
90
23
23
69
23
23
23
23
47
48
24
24
24
24
24
72
25
50
25
25
25
25
25
50
25
26
26
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
44.44
44.44
44.44
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
42.55
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
41.67
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
38.46
38.46
1.13
7.42
3.19
2.48
4.25
3.07
3.44
5.85
5.63
4.80
3.14
2.70
6.97
3.06
2.69
2.24
6.53
4.47
3.61
1.65
2.80
5.75
3.17
3.02
3.24
1.96
8.54
3.12
2.17
2.06
0.89
2.60
4.56
1.79
4.74
4.88
499
Steuben
Accomack
Prince Edward
Jim Wells
San Miguel
Burnet
Marion
Neshoba
Todd
Erie
Merrimack
Lee
Vernon
Eagle
White
Freeborn
Halifax
Lenoir
Titus
Putnam
Ravalli
Covington
Madison
Barton
Greenbrier
Laclede
Luna
Ottawa
Santa Cruz
Okanogan
Otero
Scotts Bluff
Shelby
Warren
Lake
Mower
NY
VA
VA
TX
NM
TX
WV
MS
SD
OH
NH
SC
LA
CO
TN
MN
VA
NC
TX
TN
MT
AL
KY
KS
WV
MO
NM
OK
AZ
WA
NM
NE
OH
NC
CA
MN
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
54
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
58
29
58
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
30
30
30
30
30
61
31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
38.46
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
35.71
35.71
35.71
35.71
35.71
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
32.79
32.26
1.01
3.02
4.28
2.45
3.40
2.34
1.77
3.37
10.40
2.59
0.68
5.20
1.91
1.92
3.87
3.20
2.76
3.36
3.09
2.77
2.49
2.65
1.21
3.61
2.82
2.81
3.98
3.14
4.22
2.43
1.57
2.70
2.02
4.77
3.09
2.55
500
Tuskegee University Police Dept
New Castle Police
Chautauqua
Calloway
Starr
Stephens
Baxter
Grand Traverse
Manitowoc
Randolph
Cattaraugus
Cherokee
Grand Traverse
Vernon
Holmes
Lauderdale
Macon
DeKalb
DeKalb
Martin
Hale
Oconee
Coahoma
Putnam
Grafton
McKinley
Lawrence
Henry
Marlboro
Bryan
Flathead
La Salle
Nye
Obion
Beaufort
Jim Wells
Washington
Harnett
NY
KY
TX
GA
AR
MI
WI
MO
NY
OK
MI
LA
OH
MS
AL
AL
AL
NC
TX
SC
MS
TN
NH
NM
PA
IN
SC
OK
MT
IL
NV
TN
NC
TX
LA
NC
62
31
31
31
32
64
64
32
32
32
32
64
33
99
33
34
34
34
34
34
35
70
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
108
36
36
37
37
37
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
32.26
32.26
32.26
32.26
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
31.25
30.30
30.30
30.30
29.41
29.41
29.41
29.41
29.41
28.57
28.57
28.57
28.57
28.57
28.57
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.03
27.03
27.03
1.48
2.69
1.64
3.82
2.41
2.30
2.46
3.93
1.25
2.13
1.15
3.82
2.36
3.74
4.66
1.41
1.41
4.08
2.76
1.35
3.82
2.77
1.12
1.40
1.10
2.02
3.46
2.36
1.10
0.88
6.83
3.14
2.09
2.45
2.12
0.87
501
Seymour Police
Juneau Police Dept.
Sedalia Police Dept
Webster
Muskogee
Putnam
Watauga
Surry
Alcorn
Klamath
Muscatine
Jackson
Howard
McDowell
Chaves
White
Chesterfield
Rutland
White
Kauai
Pontotoc
Saline
Robeson
Camden
Butler
Gordon
Cortland
Juneau
Lenawee
Saline
Jackson
Pettis
Sullivan
Zapata
Sevier
Campbell
Grant
Harrison
Juneau
IA
OK
FL
NC
NC
MS
OR
IA
IN
TX
NC
NM
GA
SC
VT
AR
HI
OK
IL
NC
GA
MO
GA
NY
AK
MI
KS
AL
MO
NY
TX
TN
WY
IN
TX
WI
37
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
39
40
40
80
40
41
41
41
125
42
42
128
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
27.03
27.03
27.03
26.32
26.32
25.64
25.64
25.64
25.64
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
24.39
24.39
24.39
24.00
23.81
23.81
23.44
23.26
23.26
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
2.63
1.41
1.34
1.96
1.36
2.70
1.51
2.34
2.36
2.86
2.22
3.05
3.68
2.14
1.62
1.30
4.47
2.67
4.01
2.24
1.98
2.34
1.81
2.03
3.20
1.00
1.80
1.88
2.37
1.29
7.13
1.11
2.17
1.43
1.52
3.75
502
Kleberg
Natchitoches
Humboldt
Lincoln
Cerro Gordo
Litchfield
Ross
Lee
Clinton
Washington
Ford
Page
Stanly
La Plata
Kerr
Pottawatomie
Knox
Lamar
Sevier
Elko
Wilson
Campbell
St. Landry
Allegan
Newport News City
Jackson
Lowndes
McKinley
Monroe
Twin Falls
Val Verde
Franklin
Lincoln
Madison
Hendry
Cayuga
TX
LA
CA
LA
IA
CT
OH
NC
NY
MS
KS
VA
NC
CO
TX
OK
IL
TX
TN
NV
NC
WY
LA
MI
VA
FL
MS
NM
FL
ID
TX
KY
OR
KY
FL
NY
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
96
49
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
57
114
58
58
59
60
61
62
62
189
64
65
65
65
65
67
70
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22.22
22.22
21.74
21.74
21.74
21.74
21.28
21.28
21.28
20.83
20.41
20.41
20.41
20.00
19.61
19.23
18.87
18.52
18.18
17.54
17.54
17.24
17.24
16.95
16.67
16.39
16.13
16.13
15.87
15.63
15.38
15.38
15.38
15.38
14.93
14.29
3.12
2.53
0.74
2.14
2.26
0.53
1.28
1.73
1.22
3.91
2.95
4.16
1.65
1.95
2.02
1.44
1.89
2.01
1.11
2.05
2.46
2.17
1.20
0.90
3.02
2.01
1.67
1.40
4.10
1.29
2.05
2.03
2.17
1.21
2.55
1.25
503
Cleveland
Otero
Robeson
Payne
Merrimack
Cullman
Georgetown
Litchfield
Lee
Troup
Orangeburg
Douglas
Lee
Sauk
Pittsylvania
Apache
Westchester
Seneca
Dale
Coos
Harrison
Shelby
Dunn
NC
NM
NC
OK
NH
AL
SC
CT
NC
GA
SC
NV
MS
WI
VA
AZ
NY
OH
AL
NH
OH
OH
WI
70
71
73
74
77
78
78
79
81
83
92
100
115
118
126
393
168
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14.29
14.08
13.70
13.51
12.99
12.82
12.82
12.66
12.35
12.05
10.87
10.00
8.70
8.47
7.94
7.63
5.95
1.02
1.57
0.75
1.29
0.68
1.24
1.66
0.53
1.73
1.49
1.08
2.13
1.21
1.61
1.57
4.19
1.29
1.76
1.99
3.03
6.30
2.02
2.28
504
Appendix B-3. Primary State Police Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000
Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Idaho State Police
Maine State Police
Santa Fe
Pulaski
Richland
Hinds
Providence
Leon
Merrimack
Ramsey
Carson
Baltimore
Oklahoma
Dauphin
Jefferson
Ingham
Laramie
Sangamon
Kent
Wake
Middlesex
Mercer
Davidson
Salt Lake
Pulaski
Ada
Anchorage
Franklin
Middlesex
Washington
Marion
Polk
Kennebec
NM
AR
SC
MS
RI
FL
NH
MN
NV
MD
OK
PA
CO
MI
WY
IL
DE
NC
MA
NJ
TN
UT
AR
ID
AK
KY
CT
VT
IN
IA
ME
528
149
967
594
201
1606
350
530
417
1440
825
4458
742
1732
204
2105
658
1827
2310
3053
942
475
525
264
274
882
1227
307
1315
669
334
Per 1,000
Officers
13
2
10
6
2
14
3
4
3
9
5
26
4
9
1
10
3
8
10
13
4
2
2
1
1
3
4
1
4
2
1
24.62
13.42
10.34
10.10
9.95
8.72
8.57
7.55
7.19
6.25
6.06
5.83
5.39
5.20
4.90
4.75
4.56
4.38
4.33
4.26
4.25
4.21
3.81
3.79
3.65
3.40
3.26
3.26
3.04
2.99
2.99
Per 100,000
Population
0.63
0.07
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.07
0.23
0.08
0.11
0.16
0.13
0.20
0.08
0.09
0.18
0.08
0.33
0.08
0.15
0.15
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.14
0.07
0.11
0.16
0.06
0.07
0.08
505
Montgomery
Franklin
Maricopa
Lancaster
Sacramento
Thurston
Travis
East Baton Rouge
Chesterfield
Albany
Fulton
AL
OH
AZ
NE
CA
WA
TX
LA
VA
NY
GA
763
1560
1244
491
7202
1132
3529
1215
1873
4847
1048
2
4
3
1
13
2
6
2
3
5
1
2.62
2.56
2.41
2.04
1.81
1.77
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.03
0.95
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.01
506
Appendix B-4. Sheriff's Offices in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Agency
County
Agency
Nicholas
Petroleum
Carter
Oregon
Talbot
Baker
Butler
Gallatin
Griggs
Guadalupe
La Salle
Seneca
Bracken
Keokuk
Lake
Jackson
Estill
Grant
Holt
Kent
Lake
Lewis
Dona Ana
Mora
Pocahontas
Terrell
Hockley
Pulaski
Stephens
Union
Woodruff
Clay
KY
MT
MO
MO
GA
GA
AL
IL
ND
NM
TX
NY
KY
IA
CO
TN
KY
OK
NE
DE
SD
MO
NM
NM
WV
TX
TX
IL
OK
IN
AR
AR
1
1
3
5
8
3
9
3
3
3
10
23
4
4
9
14
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
11
11
11
6
6
7
Per 1,000
Officers
1
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
6
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1000.00
1000.00
666.67
400.00
375.00
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
333.33
300.00
260.87
250.00
250.00
222.22
214.29
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
181.82
181.82
181.82
166.67
166.67
142.86
Per 100,000
Population
14.02
202.43
31.92
18.38
43.70
28.98
14.32
17.89
41.32
21.34
43.57
17.02
11.78
9.51
27.36
25.78
6.82
22.09
9.58
0.62
8.93
9.79
0.48
20.49
11.47
101.63
8.72
32.46
4.44
13.30
13.77
6.22
507
Fremont
Mason
Fayette
Big Horn
Blackford
Henry
Henry
Kingfisher
Madison
McIntosh
Ferry
Montague
Powell
Socorro
Winkler
Columbiana
Floyd
Greene
Roosevelt
Simpson
Stark
Dallas
Bibb
Clayton
Custer
Franklin
Gage
Lincoln
Perry
Whitley
Marlboro
Nez Perce
Benzie
Emery
Hempstead
Morgan
IA
WV
OH
MT
IN
AL
VA
OK
MO
OK
WA
TX
MT
NM
TX
OH
IA
AL
MT
KY
ND
IA
AL
IA
OK
IN
NE
GA
IL
KY
SC
ID
MI
UT
AR
IN
7
21
22
8
8
8
112
8
8
17
10
10
10
10
10
22
11
11
11
11
11
23
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
25
25
13
26
13
26
1
3
3
1
1
1
14
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
142.86
142.86
136.36
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
125.00
117.65
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
90.91
86.96
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
80.00
80.00
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
13.44
10.98
10.33
7.77
7.83
5.78
25.85
6.65
8.18
9.88
13.24
5.07
14.23
5.60
14.06
1.85
6.13
11.06
9.59
5.77
4.13
3.02
4.36
5.52
3.64
4.33
4.48
12.51
4.47
2.81
6.91
5.09
5.71
18.22
4.42
2.90
508
Randolph
Hancock
Polk
Lowndes
Morrow
Dearborn
Williamson
Davie
Del Norte
Greene
Jackson
Long
McDowell
De Witt
Miller
Phillips
Russell
Caroline
Centre
Cross
Hunterdon
Lincoln
Middlesex
Bolivar
Calhoun
Clarke
Dauphin
Duval
Osceola
Towns
Liberty
Daviess
Luzerne
Oglethorpe
Pawnee
Burleigh
IL
IN
GA
AL
OR
IN
IL
NC
CA
AR
KS
GA
WV
IL
MO
AR
AL
VA
PA
AR
NJ
SD
VA
MS
FL
VA
PA
TX
MI
GA
TX
IN
PA
GA
OK
ND
13
40
27
14
14
29
29
45
30
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
32
49
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
36
18
18
18
37
19
38
19
19
40
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
76.92
75.00
74.07
71.43
71.43
68.97
68.97
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
61.22
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
58.82
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
55.56
54.05
52.63
52.63
52.63
52.63
50.00
2.99
4.29
4.82
8.85
8.95
4.00
3.01
7.27
6.99
2.38
7.43
6.91
4.52
6.04
4.04
4.60
3.78
10.51
0.65
5.60
0.78
2.23
9.12
2.93
6.84
7.13
0.75
8.49
4.25
9.55
2.64
3.16
0.62
6.71
6.03
2.46
509
San Jacinto
Hardeman
Harrison
Haywood
Rio Arriba
Routt
St. Helena
Emmet
Graham
Monroe
Winn
Thomas
Cherokee
Lincoln
Assumption
Bucks
Dade
Lawrence
Newaygo
Tuscola
Hampton
Steuben
Accomack
Crawford
Jim Wells
Marion
Lee
White
Delaware
Halifax
Lenoir
Orleans
Putnam
Ravalli
San Benito
Clay
TX
TN
IN
TN
NM
CO
LA
MI
AZ
WI
LA
GA
SC
NC
LA
PA
GA
IN
MI
MI
SC
NY
VA
AR
TX
WV
SC
TN
PA
VA
NC
NY
TN
MT
CA
IN
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
47
48
98
50
50
25
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
58
29
58
29
58
29
29
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
47.62
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
45.45
43.48
43.48
43.48
43.48
42.55
41.67
40.82
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
38.46
38.46
37.04
37.04
37.04
37.04
35.71
35.71
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
34.48
33.33
3.79
3.67
2.54
5.32
2.48
4.25
8.93
3.06
2.69
2.24
6.53
4.47
3.61
5.11
8.54
0.32
0.04
2.17
2.06
1.79
4.74
1.01
3.02
1.61
2.45
1.77
5.20
3.87
0.36
2.76
3.36
2.33
2.77
2.49
1.81
3.72
510
Greenbrier
Luna
Okanogan
Otero
Shelby
Warren
Lake
Porter
Starr
Stephens
Baxter
Grand Traverse
Vernon
Livingston
Holmes
Washtenaw
DeKalb
Lake
Madison
Martin
Yakima
Clark
McKinley
La Salle
Nye
Yamhill
Muskogee
Valencia
Woodford
Vigo
Bedford
St. Joseph
Bullitt
Isle of Wight
McDowell
Walker
WV
NM
WA
NM
OH
NC
CA
IN
TX
GA
AR
MI
LA
MI
OH
MI
AL
IN
GA
NC
WA
IN
NM
IL
NV
OR
OK
NM
IL
IN
VA
IN
KY
VA
NC
GA
30
30
30
30
30
30
61
61
31
31
32
64
64
65
33
133
34
170
34
34
69
35
35
36
108
36
37
37
37
38
77
116
40
40
40
80
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
4
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
32.79
32.79
32.26
32.26
31.25
31.25
31.25
30.77
30.30
30.08
29.41
29.41
29.41
29.41
28.99
28.57
28.57
27.78
27.78
27.78
27.03
27.03
27.03
26.32
25.97
25.86
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
2.82
3.98
2.43
1.57
2.02
4.77
3.09
1.22
1.64
3.82
2.41
2.30
3.82
1.11
2.36
1.16
1.41
1.01
3.56
4.08
0.82
0.91
1.40
0.88
6.83
1.01
1.41
1.31
2.59
0.93
2.91
1.12
1.35
2.84
2.22
2.91
511
White
Wood
Iberia
Chesterfield
Columbia
Walton
Pitt
Hawkins
Saline
Middlesex
Wayne
Robeson
La Crosse
Chambers
Lenawee
Saline
St. Croix
Sullivan
Zapata
Grant
Harrison
Juneau
Sandoval
St. Martin
Upshur
Lincoln
Rockingham
Polk
Potter
Kern
Cuyahoga
Lee
Rock
San Juan
Polk
Page
GA
WV
LA
SC
OR
FL
NC
TN
IL
NJ
NC
NC
WI
TX
MI
KS
WI
NY
TX
IN
TX
WI
NM
LA
TX
LA
VA
FL
TX
CA
OH
NC
WI
NM
IA
VA
40
40
242
41
41
165
125
42
42
170
85
128
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
600
93
512
141
47
94
94
143
49
1
1
6
1
1
4
3
1
1
4
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
2
11
3
1
2
2
3
1
25.00
25.00
24.79
24.39
24.39
24.24
24.00
23.81
23.81
23.53
23.53
23.44
23.26
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.73
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
22.22
21.74
21.74
21.67
21.51
21.48
21.28
21.28
21.28
21.28
20.98
20.41
3.68
1.15
8.19
2.14
2.03
7.27
1.78
1.76
4.01
0.49
1.63
2.24
0.87
2.85
1.00
1.80
1.19
1.29
7.13
1.43
1.52
3.75
0.76
1.92
2.54
2.14
1.31
2.16
1.65
1.31
0.23
1.73
1.25
1.54
0.70
4.16
512
Stanly
Baltimore City
Williamson
Hoke
Pottawattomie
Queen Annes
St. Louis
Allegheny
Forsyth
Barnstable
Hidalgo
Cameron
Nassau
Horry
Morgan
Yellowstone
Brunswick
Elko
Pender
Ulster
Campbell
La Porte
Allegan
New York
Jackson
Kershaw
Monroe
Darlington
Hamilton
Shelby
Charleston
Flagler
Laurens
Lincoln
Pennington
NC
MD
TN
NC
IA
MD
LA
MO
PA
GA
MA
TX
TX
FL
SC
AL
MT
NC
NV
NC
NY
WY
IN
MI
NY
FL
SC
FL
SC
IN
TN
SC
FL
SC
OR
SD
49
99
99
50
50
50
150
200
151
253
254
262
107
109
55
55
55
114
57
57
57
58
58
59
120
61
61
189
64
64
516
259
130
65
65
65
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
4
3
5
5
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
8
4
2
1
1
1
20.41
20.20
20.20
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
19.87
19.76
19.69
19.08
18.69
18.35
18.18
18.18
18.18
17.54
17.54
17.54
17.54
17.24
17.24
16.95
16.67
16.39
16.39
15.87
15.63
15.63
15.50
15.44
15.38
15.38
15.38
15.38
1.65
0.32
1.09
2.13
1.07
2.09
6.53
0.40
0.25
2.85
2.32
0.65
0.49
2.73
0.37
0.84
0.68
1.86
2.05
1.92
0.55
2.17
0.90
0.90
2.44
2.01
1.62
4.10
1.46
0.36
0.86
1.14
2.09
1.50
2.17
0.99
513
Portage
Hendry
Marathon
McHenry
Jefferson
Minnehaha
Cleveland
Saginaw
Lucas
Hamilton
Hudson
Outagamie
Milwaukee
Prince William
Santa Fe
Indian River
St. Charles
Dakota
Eaton
Prince Georges
Cullman
Franklin
Madera
San Luis Obispo
Ozaukee
Baltimore
Burke
Delaware
Okaloosa
Washington
Carver
Orange
Smith
Passaic
Wake
Lee
OH
FL
WI
IL
LA
SD
OK
MI
OH
TN
NJ
WI
WI
VA
NM
FL
MO
MN
MI
MD
AL
VA
CA
CA
WI
MD
NC
OH
FL
TN
MN
FL
TX
NJ
NC
FL
66
67
67
134
825
69
70
71
289
146
221
74
524
75
75
226
153
77
77
233
78
78
78
156
83
84
86
86
258
86
87
1398
88
530
354
621
1
1
1
2
12
1
1
1
4
2
3
1
7
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
16
1
6
4
7
15.15
14.93
14.93
14.93
14.55
14.49
14.29
14.08
13.84
13.70
13.57
13.51
13.36
13.33
13.33
13.27
13.07
12.99
12.99
12.88
12.82
12.82
12.82
12.82
12.05
11.90
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.49
11.44
11.36
11.32
11.30
11.27
0.62
2.55
0.75
0.65
2.77
0.59
0.39
0.50
0.91
0.59
0.47
0.57
0.74
0.25
0.69
2.17
0.55
0.25
0.93
0.35
1.24
1.78
0.66
0.74
1.16
0.12
1.10
0.57
1.66
0.81
1.10
1.40
0.48
1.20
0.44
1.13
514
Richmond
Harrison
Monroe
Kane
Orangeburg
Bernalillo
Lancaster
Washington
Rutherford
Clay
Charlotte
Lake
Anderson
Lafourche
Bibb
Johnston
Orange
Bossier
Douglas
Broward
Atlantic
Benton
Columbia
Williamson
Washoe
Collier
Acadia
New Hanover
Sutter
Bexar
Marion
Bay
Madison
Pinellas
Forsyth
Pinal
GA
MS
NY
IL
SC
NM
SC
MD
TN
FL
FL
FL
SC
LA
GA
NC
NY
LA
NV
FL
NJ
AR
GA
TX
NV
FL
LA
NC
CA
TX
IN
FL
AL
FL
NC
AZ
449
90
273
92
92
279
93
94
189
284
285
286
191
287
290
97
99
300
100
1624
103
103
206
206
414
628
105
315
105
526
740
213
107
863
217
218
5
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
1
1
3
1
16
1
1
2
2
4
6
1
3
1
5
7
2
1
8
2
2
11.14
11.11
10.99
10.87
10.87
10.75
10.75
10.64
10.58
10.56
10.53
10.49
10.47
10.45
10.34
10.31
10.10
10.00
10.00
9.85
9.71
9.71
9.71
9.71
9.66
9.55
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.51
9.46
9.39
9.35
9.27
9.22
9.17
2.49
0.53
0.40
0.19
1.08
0.45
1.30
0.68
0.76
1.57
1.88
1.01
1.07
3.11
1.93
0.59
0.27
2.56
2.13
0.92
0.36
0.45
1.61
0.47
0.95
1.87
1.62
1.48
1.06
0.29
0.77
1.18
0.30
0.87
0.57
0.53
515
Butte
Niagara
Volusia
Solano
Clay
Orange
Whitfield
Marion
Ramsey
Sauk
Manatee
East Baton Rouge
St. Marys
Palm Beach
Kitsap
Weld
Pasco
Kenosha
Spokane
Hillsborough
El Paso
Livingston
Catawba
Orleans
Barrow
Brazoria
Orange
Hall
Fulton
Escambia
St. Lucie
Boone
Highlands
Anoka
Clark
Coweta
CA
NY
FL
CA
MO
NC
GA
FL
MN
WI
FL
LA
MD
FL
WA
CO
FL
WI
WA
FL
TX
LA
NC
LA
GA
TX
CA
GA
GA
FL
FL
KY
FL
MN
OH
GA
110
110
450
113
115
115
115
349
235
118
476
359
120
1447
121
121
485
122
244
1223
248
125
126
505
127
127
1794
257
516
388
259
130
130
133
134
137
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
4
3
1
12
1
1
4
1
2
10
2
1
1
4
1
1
14
2
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
9.09
9.09
8.89
8.85
8.70
8.70
8.70
8.60
8.51
8.47
8.40
8.36
8.33
8.29
8.26
8.26
8.25
8.20
8.20
8.18
8.06
8.00
7.94
7.92
7.87
7.87
7.80
7.78
7.75
7.73
7.72
7.69
7.69
7.52
7.46
7.30
0.45
0.46
0.81
0.24
0.45
0.75
0.97
0.91
0.39
1.61
1.24
0.68
0.95
0.91
0.40
0.40
0.86
0.60
0.42
0.81
0.25
0.78
0.65
1.16
1.44
0.32
0.47
1.11
0.43
1.01
0.72
0.84
1.01
0.30
0.72
0.79
516
Winnebago
Snohomish
King
Lowndes
Plaquemines
Pierce
Denver
Leon
Spartanburg
Terrebonne
Waukesha
Newton
Salem
Clackamas
DeKalb
San Bernardino
Fairfax
Union
Richland
Tulare
Boulder
Paulding
Frederick
Gwinnett
Seminole
Chesapeake City
Adams
Sullivan
Lake
San Diego
St. Bernard
Santa Rosa
Osceola
Riverside
Greenville
Marin
IL
WA
WA
GA
LA
WA
CO
FL
SC
LA
WI
GA
NJ
OR
GA
CA
VA
NC
SC
CA
CO
GA
MD
GA
FL
VA
CO
TN
IL
CA
LA
FL
FL
CA
SC
CA
142
287
721
145
145
292
739
443
297
300
150
152
157
319
325
1797
499
170
512
513
174
175
177
531
355
358
364
183
188
1322
189
190
388
2147
397
202
1
2
5
1
1
2
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
11
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
7
1
1
2
11
2
1
7.04
6.97
6.93
6.90
6.90
6.85
6.77
6.77
6.73
6.67
6.67
6.58
6.37
6.27
6.15
6.12
6.01
5.88
5.86
5.85
5.75
5.71
5.65
5.65
5.63
5.59
5.49
5.46
5.32
5.30
5.29
5.26
5.15
5.12
5.04
4.95
0.34
0.28
0.26
0.92
4.34
0.25
0.83
1.09
0.70
1.79
0.26
1.00
1.51
0.53
0.29
0.54
0.28
0.50
0.78
0.68
0.34
0.70
0.43
0.37
0.47
0.90
0.45
0.64
0.14
0.23
2.79
0.66
0.74
0.50
0.44
0.40
517
Wilson
Arapahoe
St. Tammany
Beaufort
Rapides
Richmond City
Montgomery
Loudoun
Chesterfield
Dane
Franklin
Placer
Stanislaus
Sacramento
Galveston
Onondaga
Macomb
Brevard
Hernando
Marion
Morris
Alachua
Harford
Montgomery
St. Charles
Santa Barbara
Hamilton
Maricopa
Summit
Sarasota
Martin
Norfolk City
Ouachita
Cobb
Will
Dallas
TN
CO
LA
SC
LA
VA
OH
VA
VA
WI
OH
CA
CA
CA
TX
NY
MI
FL
FL
OR
NJ
FL
MD
TN
LA
CA
OH
AZ
OH
FL
FL
VA
LA
GA
IL
TX
202
407
409
209
212
424
222
448
225
454
455
228
230
1409
240
242
245
497
249
255
262
276
280
287
291
294
330
766
393
409
414
414
431
435
445
449
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
6
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4.95
4.91
4.89
4.78
4.72
4.72
4.50
4.46
4.44
4.41
4.40
4.39
4.35
4.26
4.17
4.13
4.08
4.02
4.02
3.92
3.82
3.62
3.57
3.48
3.44
3.40
3.03
2.61
2.54
2.44
2.42
2.42
2.32
2.30
2.25
2.23
0.88
0.35
0.86
0.62
0.76
0.98
0.19
0.64
0.32
0.41
0.17
0.29
0.19
0.42
0.34
0.21
0.12
0.37
0.58
0.32
0.20
0.40
0.41
0.58
1.89
0.24
0.12
0.05
0.18
0.26
0.68
0.41
0.65
0.15
0.15
0.04
518
Santa Clara
El Paso
Knox
Fresno
Alameda
Monmouth
Pima
Calcasieu
Los Angeles
Contra Costa
Cook
Ventura
Harris
Wayne
Dale
Westmoreland
Wicomico
CA
CO
TN
CA
CA
NJ
AZ
LA
CA
CA
IL
CA
TX
MI
AL
PA
MD
450
454
456
461
928
494
554
592
9461
679
5655
755
2558
1062
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
14
1
8
1
3
1
1
1
1
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.02
1.81
1.69
1.48
1.47
1.41
1.32
1.17
0.94
0.06
0.16
0.23
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.10
0.52
0.14
0.10
0.15
0.12
0.07
0.05
1.99
0.27
1.01
519
Appendix B-5. County Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Indianapolis Police
Polk
Oldham
Dougherty
Horry
Kauai
Marion
Fulton
Maui
Gaston
Roanoke
Floyd
Honolulu
Montgomery
DeKalb
Prince Georges
Mecklenburg
Chatham
Westchester
James City
Allegheny
Riley
Clarke
Clayton
Cobb
Miami-Dade
Henrico
Howard
Gwinnett
New Castle
Prince William
Fairfax
Anne Arundel
GA
KY
GA
SC
HI
IN
GA
HI
NC
VA
GA
HI
MD
GA
MD
NC
GA
NY
VA
PA
KS
GA
GA
GA
FL
VA
MD
GA
DE
VA
VA
MD
35
31
47
243
125
1582
129
329
133
135
71
1934
1206
1074
1578
1672
534
270
94
202
101
213
336
590
3093
554
424
682
358
546
1419
633
3
2
2
9
3
33
2
5
2
2
1
26
16
13
19
20
6
3
1
2
1
2
3
5
25
4
3
4
2
3
7
3
85.71
64.52
42.55
37.04
24.00
20.86
15.50
15.20
15.04
14.81
14.08
13.44
13.27
12.10
12.04
11.96
11.24
11.11
10.64
9.90
9.90
9.39
8.93
8.47
8.08
7.22
7.08
5.87
5.59
5.49
4.93
4.74
Per 100,000
Population
7.23
3.32
2.11
3.34
4.47
3.65
0.22
3.23
0.97
2.17
1.04
2.73
1.65
1.88
2.20
2.17
2.26
0.32
1.49
0.16
1.41
1.71
1.16
0.73
1.00
1.30
1.04
0.50
0.37
0.75
0.65
0.56
520
Henry
Arlington
St. Louis
Suffolk
Nassau
Chesterfield
Baltimore
GA
VA
MO
NY
NY
VA
MD
225
364
781
2622
2732
475
1910
1
1
2
6
6
1
4
4.44
2.75
2.56
2.29
2.20
2.11
2.09
0.49
0.48
0.20
0.40
0.45
0.32
0.50
521
Appendix B-6. 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000 Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Hackensack Police
Gary Police
Edison Police
Anderson Police
Elkhart Police
South Bend Police
Bergen
New London
Palm Beach
Lorain
Kanawha
Schenectady
Hidalgo
Bradley
Muskogee
Orleans
Monroe
Portsmouth City
Palm Beach
Hartford
Lake
Providence
San Juan
Middlesex
Milwaukee
Madison
Broward
Bibb
Black Hawk
Union
Anderson
Cuyahoga
McLennan
Hamilton
Elkhart
St. Lucie
St. Joseph
Lauderdale
NJ
CT
FL
OH
WV
NY
TX
TN
OK
LA
NY
VA
FL
CT
IN
RI
NM
NJ
WI
IN
FL
GA
IA
NJ
SC
OH
TX
TN
IN
FL
IN
MS
117
81
108
100
182
166
110
89
90
1425
94
235
165
95
243
99
129
189
1987
117
89
270
120
151
91
92
246
434
124
126
255
99
9
5
6
5
9
8
5
4
4
63
4
10
7
4
10
4
5
7
73
4
3
9
4
5
3
3
8
14
4
4
8
3
76.92
61.73
55.56
50.00
49.45
48.19
45.45
44.94
44.44
44.21
42.55
42.55
42.42
42.11
41.15
40.40
38.76
37.04
36.74
34.19
33.71
33.33
33.33
33.11
32.97
32.61
32.52
32.26
32.26
31.75
31.37
30.30
Per 100,000
Population
0.99
1.82
0.45
1.66
4.66
5.17
0.65
4.04
5.63
18.32
0.54
10.47
0.53
0.45
2.02
0.64
3.84
0.86
7.70
3.04
0.17
5.79
3.05
0.93
1.60
0.23
3.41
4.16
2.02
1.44
3.00
3.74
522
Muncie Police
Carmel Police
Berwyn Police Dept
Elgin Police Dept
Cicero Police Dept
Camden Police
Utah
Dubuque
Fairfield
Shelby
Genesee
Delaware
Hamilton
Cook
Alamance
Miami-Dade
Wyandotte
Sumter
Horry
Kane
Cook
Sullivan
Fairfield
Essex
Northampton
Lackawanna
Broward
Camden
Washtenaw
Fulton
Cook
Will
Hartford
Petersburg City
Newport News City
Volusia
Essex
Volusia
Ohio
Allegheny
Lee
Galveston
UT
IA
CT
TN
MI
IN
IN
IL
NC
FL
KS
SC
SC
IL
IL
TN
CT
MA
PA
PA
FL
NJ
MI
GA
IL
IL
CT
VA
VA
FL
MA
FL
WV
PA
FL
TX
99
100
167
1549
204
102
104
105
105
106
354
107
179
181
146
111
111
151
154
155
316
397
160
120
81
122
408
82
415
83
83
250
84
891
170
85
3
3
5
46
6
3
3
3
3
3
10
3
5
5
4
3
3
4
4
4
8
10
4
3
2
3
10
2
10
2
2
6
2
21
4
2
30.30
30.00
29.94
29.70
29.41
29.41
28.85
28.57
28.57
28.30
28.25
28.04
27.93
27.62
27.40
27.03
27.03
26.49
25.97
25.81
25.32
25.19
25.00
25.00
24.69
24.59
24.51
24.39
24.10
24.10
24.10
24.00
23.81
23.57
23.53
23.53
0.58
3.20
0.55
4.96
1.41
2.55
1.09
0.06
1.99
0.12
6.35
2.79
1.86
0.97
0.08
1.91
0.33
0.54
1.34
1.87
0.46
1.95
1.16
0.33
0.04
0.44
1.12
6.17
5.53
0.40
0.27
1.21
4.50
1.72
0.65
0.69
523
Pueblo Police Dept
Caddo
Rutherford
Deschutes
Norfolk
Summit
Lorain
Kern
Richland
Butte
Sacramento
Monterey
Greenville
Adams
Kent
New London
Polk
Osceola
Dougherty
Comal
Albany
Alameda
Atlantic
Alameda
Montgomery
Washington
Hidalgo
Niagara
Pueblo
Spokane
Providence
Montgomery
Wayne
Middlesex
Pinellas
Orange
Hennepin
LA
TN
OR
MA
OH
OH
CA
SC
CA
CA
CA
SC
CO
DE
CT
FL
FL
GA
TX
NY
CA
NJ
CA
TN
MS
TX
NY
CO
WA
RI
TX
MI
CT
FL
CA
MN
511
213
86
129
86
86
348
351
88
88
177
178
178
90
90
226
136
184
92
328
94
95
95
238
96
96
145
195
295
148
99
198
99
99
100
902
12
5
2
3
2
2
8
8
2
2
4
4
4
2
2
5
3
4
2
7
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
4
6
3
2
4
2
2
2
18
23.48
23.47
23.26
23.26
23.26
23.26
22.99
22.79
22.73
22.73
22.60
22.47
22.47
22.22
22.22
22.12
22.06
21.74
21.74
21.34
21.28
21.05
21.05
21.01
20.83
20.83
20.69
20.51
20.34
20.27
20.20
20.20
20.20
20.20
20.00
19.96
4.71
1.90
1.27
0.45
0.37
0.66
0.95
2.08
0.91
0.14
0.96
0.89
0.91
1.23
0.73
0.83
1.12
4.23
1.84
2.30
0.13
0.73
0.13
7.54
3.91
0.26
1.39
2.51
1.27
1.81
0.44
0.22
1.21
0.22
0.07
1.56
524
Hoboken Police
East Chicago Police
Union City Police
Madison
Salt Lake
Jackson
Hampden
Hudson
Harris
Stanislaus
New Haven
San Diego
Sebastian
Collin
Orange
Cumberland
Victoria
Hinds
Lucas
Pennington
Larimer
Mesa
Baltimore City
Albany
Florence
New Haven
Durham
Barnstable
Lake
Oklahoma
Contra Costa
Hudson
Norfolk City
Camden
Palm Beach
Wilson
Fulton
Hartford
Washington
TN
UT
OR
MA
NJ
TX
CA
CT
CA
AR
TX
CA
ME
TX
MS
OH
SD
CO
CO
MD
NY
SC
CT
NC
MA
IN
OK
CA
NJ
VA
NJ
FL
NC
GA
CT
AR
204
102
103
464
156
260
262
105
210
158
106
159
159
106
480
640
107
162
108
2990
109
109
436
494
110
110
110
165
165
772
111
114
114
116
116
117
4
2
2
9
3
5
5
2
4
3
2
3
3
2
9
12
2
3
2
55
2
2
8
9
2
2
2
3
3
14
2
2
2
2
2
2
19.61
19.61
19.42
19.40
19.23
19.23
19.08
19.05
19.05
18.99
18.87
18.87
18.87
18.87
18.75
18.75
18.69
18.52
18.52
18.39
18.35
18.35
18.35
18.22
18.18
18.18
18.18
18.18
18.18
18.13
18.02
17.54
17.54
17.24
17.24
17.09
4.07
0.19
0.98
1.94
0.47
0.12
0.97
0.23
0.13
2.39
0.26
0.10
1.07
2.30
3.67
2.72
1.98
1.00
1.36
8.86
0.66
1.46
0.93
3.36
0.93
0.40
0.28
0.29
0.47
5.77
0.39
0.15
2.46
0.22
0.22
0.98
525
Trenton Police
Cherry Hill Police
Jersey City Police
Summit
Bossier
Cuyahoga
Mercer
McLean
New Haven
Tulsa
Hidalgo
Forrest
Bell
New Haven
Polk
Charleston
Middlesex
Fort Bend
Plymouth
Harrison
Muscogee
Bexar
Weber
Alachua
Yellowstone
Middlesex
Providence
Santa Clara
Shawnee
Camden
Weld
Davidson
Houston
Tarrant
Ramsey
Jefferson
Hudson
Santa Fe
Tulsa
OH
LA
OH
NJ
IL
CT
OK
TX
MS
TX
CT
IA
SC
MA
TX
MA
MS
GA
TX
UT
FL
MT
NJ
RI
CA
KS
NJ
CO
TN
AL
TX
MN
KY
NJ
NM
OK
472
178
1616
361
122
122
124
125
126
190
256
385
325
130
130
197
133
400
2020
137
275
138
138
483
141
283
145
146
1315
148
1489
598
1197
900
150
826
8
3
27
6
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
6
5
2
2
3
2
6
30
2
4
2
2
7
2
4
2
2
18
2
20
8
16
12
2
11
16.95
16.85
16.71
16.62
16.39
16.39
16.13
16.00
15.87
15.79
15.63
15.58
15.38
15.38
15.38
15.23
15.04
15.00
14.85
14.60
14.55
14.49
14.49
14.49
14.18
14.13
13.79
13.70
13.69
13.51
13.43
13.38
13.37
13.33
13.33
13.32
1.48
2.56
2.11
1.64
1.18
0.23
0.33
0.26
2.67
0.97
0.46
1.39
1.43
0.13
0.34
0.61
1.07
3.16
1.75
0.86
1.62
1.35
0.25
1.12
0.11
2.25
0.39
0.79
2.87
1.97
1.11
1.57
2.16
1.89
1.39
1.82
526
Vineland Police
Lubbock
El Paso
Ventura
Calcasieu
Providence
Marion
Lake
Fulton
Bernalillo
Cumberland
Miami-Dade
Ingham
Hartford
Broward
Lancaster
St. Clair
Du Page
Lee
Oakland
Broward
Lake
Los Angeles
Sacramento
Tarrant
Orange
Gaston
Troup
Middlesex
Montgomery
Yuma
Orange
Rock Island
Alameda
Oakland
Pinellas
Broward
TX
TX
CA
LA
RI
FL
IL
GA
NM
NJ
FL
MI
CT
FL
PA
IL
IL
NC
MI
FL
OH
CA
CA
TX
CA
NC
GA
NJ
AL
AZ
FL
IL
CA
MI
FL
FL
376
1132
228
153
153
155
155
1719
1020
157
1104
240
160
482
161
81
81
81
81
164
82
83
83
83
166
166
83
83
500
167
85
85
85
85
510
171
5
15
3
2
2
2
2
22
13
2
14
3
2
6
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
6
2
1
1
1
1
6
2
13.30
13.25
13.16
13.07
13.07
12.90
12.90
12.80
12.75
12.74
12.68
12.50
12.50
12.45
12.42
12.35
12.35
12.35
12.35
12.20
12.20
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.05
12.00
11.98
11.76
11.76
11.76
11.76
11.76
11.70
1.79
1.87
0.36
1.04
0.32
0.60
0.28
2.39
1.96
1.27
0.56
1.07
0.22
0.34
0.39
0.37
0.11
1.73
0.08
0.11
0.43
0.01
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.97
1.49
0.12
2.62
1.02
0.09
0.68
0.07
0.08
0.65
0.11
527
Evansville Police
La Porte
Bay
Suffolk
Rowan
Gloucester
Dallas
Oklahoma
Wake
Cole
Wicomico
Brevard
Wichita
Bonneville
Essex
Oneida
Tarrant
Benton
Craven
Rockland
Utah
Middlesex
Butler
Virginia Beach City
Cook
Hidalgo
Sarpy
Suffolk
Miami-Dade
Jasper
Saginaw
Luzerne
Vanderburgh
Westchester
Multnomah
Anchorage
Fulton
IN
FL
MA
NC
NJ
TX
OK
NC
MO
MD
FL
TX
ID
MA
NY
TX
WA
NC
NY
UT
NJ
OH
VA
IL
TX
NE
MA
FL
MO
MI
PA
IN
NY
OR
AK
GA
86
86
86
86
86
3389
1046
702
88
88
88
177
89
178
179
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
813
91
273
92
92
184
92
92
92
277
185
928
372
93
1
1
1
1
1
39
12
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
10
4
1
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.51
11.47
11.40
11.36
11.36
11.36
11.30
11.24
11.24
11.17
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.07
10.99
10.99
10.87
10.87
10.87
10.87
10.87
10.87
10.83
10.81
10.78
10.75
10.75
0.90
0.59
0.14
0.72
0.35
1.65
1.67
0.89
1.32
1.01
0.18
1.52
0.96
0.27
0.85
0.06
0.57
0.97
0.32
0.19
0.12
0.27
2.05
0.02
0.39
0.63
0.14
0.08
0.85
0.50
0.31
1.67
0.21
1.36
1.37
0.11
528
East Orange Police
Irvington Police
Kokomo Police
Joliet Police Dept
Essex
Riverside
Santa Clara
Lauderdale
Bowie
Essex
Orange
Essex
Hays
Eau Claire
Norfolk
Riverside
Worcester
Fairfield
Wayne
Providence
Linn
Los Angeles
Benton
Cuyahoga
Howard
Missoula
Philadelphia
Will
Wayne
Jefferson
Cook
Palm Beach
Suffolk
Greene
Pierce
Pima
Palm Beach
Bucks
Arapahoe
Alexandria City
MA
CA
CA
AL
TX
NJ
FL
NJ
TX
WI
MA
CA
MA
CT
MI
RI
IA
CA
AR
OH
IN
MT
PA
IL
NC
AL
IL
FL
NY
MO
WA
AZ
FL
PA
CO
VA
93
93
93
94
94
283
757
190
95
96
96
385
482
292
2250
98
197
99
99
100
100
100
6624
302
101
816
102
102
102
306
103
103
310
104
627
315
1
1
1
1
1
3
8
2
1
1
1
4
5
3
23
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
66
3
1
8
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
6
3
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.64
10.64
10.60
10.57
10.53
10.53
10.42
10.42
10.39
10.37
10.27
10.22
10.20
10.15
10.10
10.10
10.00
10.00
10.00
9.96
9.93
9.90
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.71
9.71
9.68
9.62
9.57
9.52
0.13
0.05
0.06
1.08
1.08
0.38
0.70
0.26
0.64
1.01
0.15
0.18
0.63
0.33
1.26
0.16
0.95
0.01
0.45
0.08
1.21
0.91
4.33
0.44
0.82
1.21
0.02
0.08
0.07
1.09
0.13
0.10
0.23
0.16
1.05
2.14
529
Fort Wayne Police
Shelby
East Baton Rouge
Broomfield
Pottawattomie
Washington
Merced
Orange
Dutchess
Cook
Worcester
St. Charles
Richmond City
Webb
Hamilton
Lee
Middlesex
New Haven
Salt Lake
York
Solano
Allen
Kenton
Nassau
St. Charles
San Mateo
Coconino
New Haven
Catawba
Buchanan
Broward
Cook
Ottawa
Lee
Hampton City
Passaic
TN
LA
CO
IA
MD
CA
NY
NY
IL
MD
MO
VA
TX
OH
FL
MA
CT
UT
PA
CA
IN
KY
NY
MO
CA
AZ
CT
NC
MO
VA
FL
IL
MI
MS
VA
NJ
105
630
105
105
105
105
105
105
106
107
107
752
430
1082
220
110
110
110
110
111
447
112
112
112
113
113
113
114
114
115
115
115
115
115
232
117
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
4
10
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.52
9.43
9.35
9.35
9.31
9.30
9.24
9.09
9.09
9.09
9.09
9.09
9.01
8.95
8.93
8.93
8.93
8.85
8.85
8.85
8.77
8.77
8.70
8.70
8.70
8.70
8.70
8.62
8.55
0.11
1.36
1.79
1.07
0.68
0.39
0.27
0.34
0.02
1.94
0.28
3.43
1.60
1.25
0.32
0.07
0.12
0.10
0.23
0.24
1.13
0.63
0.07
0.28
0.14
0.74
0.12
0.65
1.12
2.30
0.06
0.02
0.38
1.21
1.46
0.20
530
North Bergen Police
Omaha Police Dept
Lafayette Police
Denver
Middlesex
Shasta
Fresno
Guilford
Hartford
Hudson
Middlesex
San Diego
Rockland
Washoe
York
Rensselaer
Champaign
Jefferson
Cameron
Hampden
Hudson
Pierce
Seminole
Washington
Douglas
Miami-Dade
Olmsted
Chesapeake City
Pittsylvania
Sacramento
Ocean
Clark
Maricopa
Tippecanoe
Mobile
Multnomah
Seminole
Roanoke City
CO
MA
CA
CA
NC
CT
NJ
MA
CA
NY
NV
SC
NY
IL
TX
TX
MA
NJ
WA
FL
OR
NE
FL
MN
VA
VA
CA
NJ
OH
AZ
IN
AL
OR
DC
FL
VA
1525
118
118
828
593
119
119
239
120
120
362
121
121
122
246
123
123
123
371
124
124
747
374
125
376
126
126
127
127
127
128
515
129
3742
131
264
13
1
1
7
5
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
6
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
29
1
2
8.52
8.47
8.47
8.45
8.43
8.40
8.40
8.37
8.33
8.33
8.29
8.26
8.26
8.20
8.13
8.13
8.13
8.13
8.09
8.06
8.06
8.03
8.02
8.00
7.98
7.94
7.94
7.87
7.87
7.87
7.81
7.77
7.75
7.75
7.63
7.58
2.17
0.07
0.56
0.75
1.02
0.11
0.16
0.13
0.03
0.32
0.71
0.44
0.63
0.50
0.79
0.25
0.22
0.16
0.38
0.24
0.19
1.16
0.12
0.69
1.35
1.57
0.38
0.17
0.72
0.03
0.58
0.97
0.14
4.82
0.24
2.06
531
Orange
Hampden
Morgan
King
Cobb
Williamson
Lowndes
New Hanover
El Paso
Yakima
Butler
Madison
St. Louis City
Harris
Boulder
Middlesex
Santa Barbara
Tulare
Charleston
Frederick
Duval
Broome
Pinellas
Orange
Jefferson
Sacramento
Fairfield
King
Nash
Bristol
Harris
Washington
Escambia
Nueces
Travis
Palm Beach
CA
MA
AL
WA
GA
TX
GA
NC
CO
WA
OH
AL
MO
TX
CO
MA
CA
CA
SC
MD
FL
NY
FL
CA
AR
CA
CT
WA
NC
MA
TX
TN
FL
TX
TX
FL
398
133
133
133
133
133
133
266
668
134
135
405
1351
136
136
136
136
136
137
138
1662
139
140
140
140
701
422
1283
143
288
5053
146
146
448
1515
152
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
1
1
3
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
1
1
5
3
9
1
2
35
1
1
3
10
1
7.54
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.49
7.46
7.41
7.41
7.40
7.35
7.35
7.35
7.35
7.35
7.30
7.25
7.22
7.19
7.14
7.14
7.14
7.13
7.11
7.01
6.99
6.94
6.93
6.85
6.85
6.70
6.60
6.58
0.10
0.22
0.84
0.05
0.15
0.24
0.92
0.99
0.80
0.41
0.27
0.90
3.13
0.02
0.34
0.07
0.24
0.23
0.29
0.43
1.39
0.50
0.11
0.03
1.29
0.35
0.33
0.47
1.77
0.36
0.86
0.81
0.34
0.88
0.98
0.08
532
Clifton Police
Chicago Police Dept
Newark Police
Paterson Police
Decatur Police Dept
Ada
Cabarrus
Fairfield
Midland
New Castle
Santa Clara
Boone
Denton
Dauphin
Suffolk
Passaic
Orange
Brevard
Cook
Contra Costa
Galveston
Johnson
Jefferson
San Diego
Brevard
Onondaga
Essex
Boulder
Comanche
Passaic
Macon
Maricopa
Erie
Dona Ana
Clark
Forsyth
Cumberland
Suffolk
Stark
Dallas
Hillsborough
ID
NC
CT
TX
DE
CA
MO
TX
PA
MA
NJ
CA
FL
IL
CA
TX
KS
LA
CA
FL
NY
NJ
CO
OK
NJ
IL
AZ
PA
NM
NV
NC
NC
VA
OH
TX
NH
306
153
153
153
306
1382
155
155
155
2181
158
158
159
13354
161
161
161
162
1951
163
489
1310
165
165
497
166
333
167
167
336
508
341
171
172
344
172
2
1
1
1
2
9
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
83
1
1
1
1
12
1
3
8
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
6.54
6.54
6.54
6.54
6.54
6.51
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.42
6.33
6.33
6.29
6.22
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.17
6.15
6.13
6.13
6.11
6.06
6.06
6.04
6.02
6.01
5.99
5.99
5.95
5.91
5.87
5.85
5.81
5.81
5.81
0.51
0.56
0.11
0.73
0.37
0.51
0.61
0.15
0.37
1.94
0.20
0.03
0.18
1.60
0.10
0.34
0.18
0.23
0.39
0.18
0.64
1.02
0.34
0.81
0.60
0.90
0.05
0.36
0.48
0.10
0.86
0.63
1.18
0.27
0.08
0.25
533
Woodbridge Police
Pima
San Bernardino
Broward
Alameda
New York
Du Page
Alameda
Alameda
Salt Lake
Los Angeles
Marion
Ouachita
Maricopa
Charleston
Harrison
Racine
Orange
Snohomish
Erie
Maricopa
Lehigh
Tarrant
Westchester
Norfolk
Jackson
Middlesex
San Joaquin
Franklin
Westchester
Hillsborough
Minnehaha
Orange
Dallas
Cameron
Macomb
Monroe
AZ
CA
FL
CA
NY
IL
CA
CA
UT
CA
OR
LA
AZ
SC
MS
WI
CA
WA
NY
AZ
PA
TX
NY
MA
MO
NJ
CA
OH
NY
NH
SD
CA
TX
TX
MI
NY
1032
345
175
182
36023
184
185
186
186
187
187
188
189
382
193
195
197
198
793
3388
200
610
205
205
206
206
415
1886
210
218
221
223
226
230
230
703
6
2
1
1
196
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
17
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5.81
5.80
5.71
5.49
5.44
5.43
5.41
5.38
5.38
5.35
5.35
5.32
5.29
5.24
5.18
5.13
5.08
5.05
5.04
5.02
5.00
4.92
4.88
4.88
4.85
4.85
4.82
4.77
4.76
4.59
4.52
4.48
4.42
4.35
4.35
4.27
0.61
0.10
0.06
0.07
2.40
0.11
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.01
0.32
0.65
0.03
0.57
0.53
0.51
0.03
0.14
0.44
0.45
0.29
0.17
0.11
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.29
0.77
0.11
0.25
0.59
0.03
0.04
0.25
0.12
0.40
534
Peoria Police Dept
Lincoln Police Dept
Elizabeth Police
Clark
Bristol
Broward
Los Angeles
Lafayette
San Diego
Kalamazoo
St. Lucie
Peoria
Pinellas
Alameda
Pulaski
Tuscaloosa
Los Angeles
Middlesex
Sangamon
San Francisco
Jackson
Winnebago
Lancaster
Kent
Westchester
Los Angeles
Hillsborough
Sedgwick
Miami-Dade
Collin
Salt Lake
Union
Maricopa
Leon
Clark
Maricopa
Maricopa
Montgomery
Salt Lake
NV
MA
FL
CA
LA
CA
MI
FL
IL
FL
CA
AR
AL
CA
MA
IL
CA
MO
IL
NE
MI
NY
CA
FL
KS
FL
TX
UT
NJ
AZ
FL
NV
AZ
AZ
OH
UT
471
237
238
968
243
244
244
245
246
255
773
520
263
264
272
273
1940
1421
300
308
319
641
9727
980
662
338
343
342
348
357
364
2942
831
417
421
433
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
7
5
1
1
1
2
30
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
1
4.25
4.22
4.20
4.13
4.12
4.10
4.10
4.08
4.07
3.92
3.88
3.85
3.80
3.79
3.68
3.66
3.61
3.52
3.33
3.25
3.13
3.12
3.08
3.06
3.02
2.96
2.92
2.92
2.87
2.80
2.75
2.72
2.41
2.40
2.38
2.31
0.10
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.45
0.03
0.40
0.36
0.54
0.11
0.20
0.52
0.51
0.01
0.07
0.51
0.87
0.74
0.34
0.35
0.17
0.21
0.31
0.24
0.40
0.04
0.13
0.10
0.19
0.03
0.36
0.41
0.05
0.03
0.19
0.10
535
Dane
WI
437
2.29
0.20
536
Appendix B-7. Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 1,000
Officers)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Ventura College
McLennan
Cameron
Lincoln
Ellis
Ventura
Sacramento
Dallas
Somerset
Sumter
Greenville
Lehigh
Madison
Greenwood
Orange
Midland
Phelps
Madison
Spartanburg
Lake
Cole
Cambria
Davidson
Prince Georges
Travis
El Paso
Franklin
Craighead
Cumberland
St. Joseph
Allen
Northampton
TX
TX
LA
TX
CA
CA
TX
MD
AL
SC
PA
ID
SC
CA
TX
MO
NY
SC
IL
MO
PA
TN
MD
TX
CO
KY
AR
PA
IN
IN
PA
3
3
9
5
5
6
6
6
6
9
9
10
10
21
11
11
11
12
13
13
13
27
14
14
14
30
17
17
17
18
18
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
333.33
333.33
222.22
200.00
200.00
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
111.11
111.11
100.00
100.00
95.24
90.91
90.91
90.91
83.33
76.92
76.92
76.92
74.07
71.43
71.43
71.43
66.67
58.82
58.82
58.82
55.56
55.56
Per 100,000
Population
0.43
0.25
4.28
0.67
0.12
0.07
0.04
3.78
7.27
0.22
0.29
2.66
1.44
0.07
0.73
2.21
1.36
0.35
0.14
1.32
0.70
0.32
0.12
0.10
0.16
0.27
1.04
0.42
0.37
0.28
0.34
537
Monroe
Suffolk
Bexar
Isabella
Harris
Jefferson
Harris
Watauga
Knox
Montgomery
Erie
Cameron
Harris
Franklin
El Paso
Volusia
Richmond
Macon
Pulaski
Sacramento
Richmond City
Bexar
Palm Beach
Miami-Dade
Reno
Denton
Albany
Bexar
Allegheny
Hidalgo
East Baton Rouge
Palm Beach
Harris
Caddo
Wayne
New Castle
GA
MA
TX
MI
TX
TX
TX
NC
TN
OH
NY
TX
TX
OH
TX
FL
GA
AL
AR
CA
VA
TX
FL
FL
KS
TX
NY
TX
PA
TX
LA
FL
TX
LA
MI
DE
19
40
20
21
21
22
24
25
52
29
30
30
30
30
30
60
32
33
36
73
74
112
39
39
39
40
41
83
42
43
43
176
48
49
49
50
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
52.63
50.00
50.00
47.62
47.62
45.45
41.67
40.00
38.46
34.48
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
33.33
31.25
30.30
27.78
27.40
27.03
26.79
25.64
25.64
25.64
25.00
24.39
24.10
23.81
23.26
23.26
22.73
20.83
20.41
20.41
20.00
3.78
0.28
0.06
1.42
0.02
0.40
0.02
1.96
10.47
0.19
0.11
0.25
0.02
0.18
0.12
0.40
0.50
4.66
0.26
0.02
0.98
0.17
0.08
0.04
0.20
0.15
0.33
0.12
0.08
0.13
0.23
0.30
0.02
0.39
0.05
0.51
538
MBTA Transit Police
Franklin
Webb
Fairfax
Champaign
Los Angeles
Middlesex
DeKalb
Durham
Newport News City
East Baton Rouge
Charleston
Travis
Anchorage
Essex
Fulton
Baltimore City
Travis
Allegheny
Jefferson
Suffolk
Middlesex
Alachua
Montgomery
Dallas
Marion
Burlington
Davidson
Dane
Santa Fe
Richland
Suffolk
Dauphin
Baltimore City
Baltimore City
Camden
Leon
OH
TX
VA
IL
CA
MA
IL
NC
VA
LA
SC
TX
AK
NJ
GA
MD
TX
PA
AL
MA
NJ
FL
MD
TX
IN
NJ
TN
WI
NM
SC
MA
PA
MD
MD
NJ
FL
51
51
52
54
57
59
59
60
60
62
62
62
65
201
68
68
70
73
79
80
80
85
86
88
88
90
91
92
106
120
256
136
140
142
144
626
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
19.61
19.61
19.23
18.52
17.54
16.95
16.95
16.67
16.67
16.13
16.13
16.13
15.38
14.93
14.71
14.71
14.29
13.70
12.66
12.50
12.50
11.76
11.63
11.36
11.36
11.11
10.99
10.87
9.43
8.33
7.81
7.35
7.14
7.04
6.94
6.39
0.09
0.40
0.09
0.50
0.01
0.07
0.95
0.37
3.02
0.23
0.29
0.10
0.34
0.47
0.11
0.16
0.10
0.08
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.40
0.41
0.04
0.11
0.11
0.16
0.20
0.69
0.26
0.28
0.79
0.16
0.16
0.19
0.44
539
Westchester
Los Angeles
Alameda
Franklin
Arlington
Anne Arundel
Hinds
Richland
Travis
Albany
New York
Sacramento
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Hudson
NY
CA
CA
OH
VA
DC
MD
MS
SC
TX
NY
NY
CA
PA
MD
DC
NJ
168
340
192
394
206
442
224
230
238
277
305
694
419
450
456
484
1667
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5.95
5.88
5.21
5.08
4.85
4.52
4.46
4.35
4.20
3.61
3.28
2.88
2.39
2.22
2.19
2.07
0.60
1.29
0.02
0.07
3.24
0.09
0.33
0.19
1.05
0.26
0.10
0.21
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.16
0.17
0.16
540
Appendix C-1. 200 Largest State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000
Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Per 100,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Population
Indianapolis Police
Orleans
Baltimore City
Milwaukee
Norfolk City
Shelby
DC
Caddo
Philadelphia
Hinds
Marion
Richmond City
Durham
St. Louis City
Davidson
Jefferson
Honolulu
Lucas
Montgomery
Richmond
New York
Fulton
Chatham
Prince Georges
Mecklenburg
Denver
Polk
Jefferson
Cuyahoga
VA Beach City
Bernalillo
Hampden
LA
MD
WI
VA
TN
DC
LA
PA
MS
IN
VA
NC
MO
TN
LA
HI
OH
AL
GA
NY
GA
GA
MD
NC
CO
FL
KY
OH
VA
NM
MA
1425
2990
1987
772
1549
3742
511
6624
480
1582
752
494
1351
1315
825
1934
640
500
449
36023
1719
534
1578
1672
1525
600
1197
1616
813
1020
464
63
55
73
14
46
29
12
66
9
33
7
9
10
18
12
26
12
6
5
196
22
6
19
20
13
13
16
27
9
13
9
44.21
18.39
36.74
18.13
29.70
7.75
23.48
9.96
18.75
20.86
9.31
18.22
7.40
13.69
14.55
13.44
18.75
12.00
11.14
5.44
12.80
11.24
12.04
11.96
8.52
21.67
13.37
16.71
11.07
12.75
19.40
18.32
8.86
7.70
5.77
4.96
4.82
4.71
4.33
3.67
3.65
3.43
3.36
3.13
2.87
2.77
2.73
2.72
2.62
2.49
2.40
2.39
2.26
2.20
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.11
2.05
1.96
1.94
541
Jersey City Police
Omaha Police Dept
Fort Wayne Police
Newark Police
Suffolk
Hudson
DeKalb
El Paso
Collier
Tulsa
Bexar
Allegheny
Oklahoma
Montgomery
Dallas
Cook
Ramsey
Hennepin
Summit
Orange
Duval
Multnomah
E. Baton Rouge
Kern
Henrico
Wayne
Hamilton
Manatee
Jefferson
Passaic
Douglas
Orleans
Lee
Allen
Providence
Tarrant
Leon
Arapahoe
Guilford
Essex
MA
NJ
GA
TX
FL
OK
TX
PA
OK
MD
TX
IL
MN
MN
OH
FL
FL
OR
LA
CA
VA
MI
OH
FL
AL
NJ
NE
LA
FL
IN
RI
TX
FL
CO
NC
NJ
2181
900
1074
1132
628
826
2020
891
1046
1206
3389
13354
598
902
472
1398
1662
928
630
512
554
2250
1082
476
816
530
747
505
621
447
483
1489
443
627
593
1310
14
12
13
15
6
11
30
21
12
16
39
83
8
18
8
16
12
10
6
11
4
23
10
4
8
6
6
4
7
4
7
20
3
6
5
8
6.42
13.33
12.10
13.25
9.55
13.32
14.85
23.57
11.47
13.27
11.51
6.22
13.38
19.96
16.95
11.44
7.22
10.78
9.52
21.48
7.22
10.22
9.24
8.40
9.80
11.32
8.03
7.92
11.27
8.95
14.49
13.43
6.77
9.57
8.43
6.11
1.94
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.82
1.75
1.72
1.67
1.65
1.65
1.60
1.57
1.56
1.48
1.40
1.39
1.36
1.36
1.31
1.30
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.21
1.20
1.16
1.16
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.09
1.05
1.02
1.02
542
Paterson Police
Miami-Dade
Travis
Mobile
Broward
Palm Beach
Wake
Nueces
Pinellas
San Francisco
Shelby
Pasco
Harris
Forsyth
Denver
Volusia
Hillsborough
El Paso
Richland
Marion
Franklin
Fresno
Prince William
Milwaukee
Jackson
Cobb
Orange
Tulare
Pinellas
Fairfax
Onondaga
Loudoun
Santa Fe
Worcester
Pima
Passaic
Miami-Dade
FL
TX
AL
FL
FL
NC
TX
FL
CA
TN
FL
TX
NC
CO
FL
FL
CO
SC
IN
OH
CA
VA
WI
MO
GA
FL
CA
FL
VA
NY
VA
NM
MA
AZ
NJ
FL
3093
1515
515
1624
1447
702
448
863
1940
516
485
5053
508
739
450
1223
668
512
740
1886
828
546
524
1421
590
757
513
510
1419
489
448
528
482
1032
497
1104
25
10
4
16
12
8
3
8
7
8
4
35
3
5
4
10
5
3
7
9
7
3
7
5
5
8
3
6
7
3
2
13
5
6
3
14
8.08
6.60
7.77
9.85
8.29
11.40
6.70
9.27
3.61
15.50
8.25
6.93
5.91
6.77
8.89
8.18
7.49
5.86
9.46
4.77
8.45
5.49
13.36
3.52
8.47
10.57
5.85
11.76
4.93
6.13
4.46
24.62
10.37
5.81
6.04
12.68
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.73
0.70
0.68
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.61
0.60
0.56
543
Anne Arundel
San Bernardino
Pulaski
Calcasieu
Santa Clara
Gwinnett
Riverside
Baltimore
Orange
King
Maricopa
Nassau
Erie
Fulton
Sacramento
Dane
Clark
Monroe
Sedgwick
Suffolk
San Diego
Gwinnett
Brevard
Sacramento
Broward
Kent
DC
Chesterfield
Los Angeles
Bexar
Fairfax
King
Hillsborough
San Diego
Knox
Richland
MD
CA
AR
LA
CA
GA
CA
MD
CA
WA
AZ
NY
NY
GA
CA
WI
NV
NY
KS
NY
CA
GA
FL
CA
FL
DE
DC
VA
CA
TX
VA
WA
FL
CA
TN
SC
633
1797
520
592
1382
682
2147
1910
1794
1283
3388
2732
793
516
1409
454
2942
703
662
2622
1951
531
497
701
482
658
442
475
9727
526
499
721
980
1322
456
967
3
11
2
1
9
4
11
4
14
9
17
6
4
4
6
2
8
3
2
6
12
3
2
5
6
3
2
1
30
5
3
5
3
7
1
10
4.74
6.12
3.85
1.69
6.51
5.87
5.12
2.09
7.80
7.01
5.02
2.20
5.04
7.75
4.26
4.41
2.72
4.27
3.02
2.29
6.15
5.65
4.02
7.13
12.45
4.56
4.52
2.11
3.08
9.51
6.01
6.93
3.06
5.30
2.19
10.34
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.47
0.47
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.22
544
Westchester
Hinds
Dauphin
Alameda
St. Louis
Dane
Tarrant
Franklin
DC
Baltimore
El Paso
Monmouth
Middlesex
Mercer
Will
Cook
Los Angeles
Oklahoma
Alameda
Ventura
Middlesex
Fresno
Clark
Pima
Contra Costa
Ingham
Ramsey
Jefferson
Sangamon
Wake
Leon
Salt Lake
Pulaski
Franklin
Polk
Philadelphia
NY
MS
PA
CA
MO
WI
TX
OH
DC
MD
CO
NJ
MA
NJ
IL
IL
CA
OK
CA
CA
CT
CA
NV
AZ
CA
MI
MN
CO
IL
NC
FL
UT
AR
KY
IA
PA
641
594
4458
773
781
437
610
455
484
1440
454
494
2310
3053
445
5655
9461
825
928
755
1227
461
471
554
679
1732
530
742
2105
1827
1606
475
525
882
669
450
2
6
26
3
2
1
3
2
1
9
1
1
10
13
1
8
14
5
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
9
4
4
10
8
14
2
2
3
2
1
3.12
10.10
5.83
3.88
2.56
2.29
4.92
4.40
2.07
6.25
2.20
2.02
4.33
4.26
2.25
1.41
1.48
6.06
2.16
1.32
3.26
2.17
4.25
1.81
1.47
5.20
7.55
5.39
4.75
4.38
8.72
4.21
3.81
3.40
2.99
2.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
545
Harris
Davidson
Marion
Santa Clara
Maricopa
Maricopa
Maricopa
Lancaster
Wayne
Los Angeles
Montgomery
Dallas
E. Baton Rouge
Chesterfield
Franklin
Sacramento
Thurston
Albany
Leon
New York
Baltimore
Travis
Fulton
Hudson
New York
TX
TN
IN
CA
AZ
AZ
AZ
NE
MI
CA
AL
TX
LA
VA
OH
CA
WA
NY
FL
NY
MD
TX
GA
NJ
NY
2558
942
1315
450
766
1244
831
491
1062
968
763
449
1215
1873
1560
7202
1132
4847
626
694
456
3529
1048
1667
4500
3
4
4
1
2
3
2
1
1
4
2
1
2
3
4
13
2
5
4
2
1
6
1
1
1
1.17
4.25
3.04
2.22
2.61
2.41
2.41
2.04
0.94
4.13
2.62
2.23
1.65
1.60
2.56
1.81
1.77
1.03
6.39
2.88
2.19
1.70
0.95
0.60
0.22
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
546
Appendix C-2. Nonmetropolitan State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000
Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Per 100,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Population
Mounds Police Dept
Petroleum
Terrell
Talbot
La Salle
Grant
Griggs
Zavala
Pulaski
Pulaski
Carter
Franklin
Lake
Henry
Jackson
LaMoure
Bleckley
Grant
Guadalupe
Mora
Chowan
Allendale
Oregon
Phillips
Emery
Gallatin
Alfalfa
Norton
Seneca
Haskell
Bear Lake
Union
MT
TX
GA
TX
ND
ND
TX
IL
IL
MO
NE
CO
VA
TN
ND
GA
OK
NM
NM
NC
SC
MO
AR
UT
IL
OK
KS
NY
TX
ID
IA
1
5
8
10
1
3
11
1
11
3
2
9
112
14
1
14
5
3
5
12
10
5
30
26
3
2
6
23
3
5
10
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
2
14
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
4
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
1000.00
200.00
375.00
300.00
1000.00
333.33
363.64
2000.00
181.82
666.67
500.00
222.22
125.00
214.29
1000.00
214.29
200.00
333.33
200.00
250.00
200.00
400.00
133.33
76.92
333.33
500.00
166.67
260.87
333.33
200.00
200.00
202.43
101.63
43.70
43.57
41.77
41.32
34.26
32.46
32.46
31.92
31.01
27.36
25.85
25.78
24.16
22.97
22.09
21.34
20.49
20.28
19.20
18.38
18.38
18.22
17.89
17.72
17.63
17.02
16.95
16.71
15.96
547
Ellsworth
Butler
Powell
Winkler
Winkler
Nicholas
Nicholas
Woodruff
Macon
Fremont
Fremont
Ferry
Otoe
Tillman
Smyth
Adams
Atkinson
Pitkin
Pocahontas
Dawson
Greene
Quay
Mason
Pemiscot
Maries
Grand
Wilcox
Wilcox
Clarke
Todd
Fayette
McIntosh
Lewis
Allendale
Roosevelt
Holt
KS
AL
MT
TX
TX
KY
KY
AR
GA
IA
IA
WA
NE
OK
VA
MS
GA
CO
WV
MT
AL
NM
WV
MO
MO
UT
GA
GA
IA
SD
OH
OK
MO
SC
MT
NE
1
9
10
10
10
1
5
6
11
1
7
10
15
1
6
48
5
23
5
9
11
13
21
21
3
15
1
4
9
27
22
17
5
6
11
5
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1000.00
333.33
100.00
100.00
100.00
1000.00
200.00
166.67
181.82
1000.00
142.86
100.00
133.33
1000.00
666.67
83.33
200.00
86.96
200.00
111.11
90.91
76.92
142.86
95.24
333.33
66.67
1000.00
250.00
111.11
37.04
136.36
117.65
200.00
166.67
90.91
200.00
15.39
14.32
14.23
14.06
14.06
14.02
14.02
13.77
13.57
13.44
13.44
13.24
12.71
12.51
12.42
12.39
11.94
11.66
11.47
11.15
11.06
11.06
10.98
10.93
10.90
10.84
10.80
10.80
10.77
10.40
10.33
9.88
9.79
9.60
9.59
9.58
548
Towns
Keokuk
Macon
Sabine
Winnebago
Middlesex
Bacon
Morrow
Lake
Hockley
Assumption
Duval
Madison
Shelby
Washington
Blackford
Big Horn
Vinton
Ketchikan Gateway
Webster
Cass
Sumter
Moffat
Polk
Dawson
Greene
Pennington
Decatur
Zapata
Palo Pinto
Del Norte
Fleming
Danville City
Marlboro
Calhoun
Calhoun
GA
IA
AL
TX
IA
VA
GA
OR
SD
TX
LA
TX
MO
TX
OK
IN
MT
OH
AK
KY
IL
AL
CO
GA
TX
IL
MN
GA
TX
TX
CA
KY
VA
SC
FL
FL
18
4
23
2
9
17
10
14
5
11
50
18
8
15
54
8
8
4
22
7
9
6
22
35
16
4
15
40
44
30
30
7
69
25
8
18
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
55.56
250.00
86.96
500.00
111.11
58.82
100.00
71.43
200.00
181.82
40.00
55.56
125.00
133.33
74.07
125.00
125.00
250.00
45.45
142.86
111.11
166.67
45.45
85.71
62.50
250.00
66.67
50.00
22.73
66.67
66.67
142.86
43.48
80.00
125.00
55.56
9.55
9.51
9.32
9.23
9.20
9.12
9.01
8.95
8.93
8.72
8.54
8.49
8.18
7.86
7.85
7.83
7.77
7.44
7.42
7.34
7.33
7.27
7.25
7.23
7.23
7.20
7.18
7.18
7.13
7.11
6.99
6.97
6.97
6.91
6.84
6.84
549
Nye
Estill
Macon
Macon
Kingfisher
Kingfisher
Craig
Choctaw
Clark
Gasconade
Winn
Winn
Tallahatchie
Adams
Marshall
Franklin
Harrison
Washburn
Clay
Curry
Floyd
Humboldt
Wetzel
St. Landry
Clay
Garrard
Bolivar
Silver Bow
Claiborne
Fayette
Simpson
Beadle
Benzie
Muskogee
Socorro
Cross
NV
KY
GA
GA
OK
OK
OK
OK
MO
MO
LA
LA
MS
NE
OK
AL
OH
WI
AR
NM
IA
NV
WV
LA
IA
KY
MS
MT
LA
AL
KY
SD
MI
OK
NM
AR
108
5
4
5
3
8
15
2
3
7
13
23
4
36
12
25
0
2
7
53
11
18
10
32
18
10
7
45
7
12
11
24
13
90
10
17
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
27.78
200.00
250.00
200.00
333.33
125.00
66.67
500.00
333.33
142.86
76.92
43.48
250.00
55.56
83.33
80.00
500.00
142.86
56.60
90.91
55.56
100.00
156.25
55.56
100.00
285.71
44.44
142.86
83.33
90.91
41.67
76.92
44.44
100.00
58.82
6.83
6.82
6.78
6.78
6.65
6.65
6.65
6.58
6.58
6.57
6.53
6.53
6.50
6.38
6.31
6.31
6.30
6.28
6.22
6.20
6.13
6.05
6.03
6.00
6.00
5.91
5.86
5.85
5.82
5.80
5.77
5.75
5.71
5.63
5.60
5.60
550
Clayton
Appling
Pemiscot
Young
Eastland
Haywood
Brown
Lee
Lee
Berrien
Hendry
Paulding
Montague
Klickitat
Jackson
Polk
Lincoln
Morgan
Richland
Franklin
Polk
Concordia
Concordia
St. Landry
Colorado
Warren
Marengo
Hampton
Hampton
Putnam
Mercer
Calhoun
Colusa
Macon
Phillips
Newton
IA
GA
MO
TX
TX
TN
TX
SC
SC
GA
FL
OH
TX
WA
WI
NC
NM
MO
LA
LA
GA
LA
LA
LA
TX
NC
AL
SC
SC
GA
KY
TX
CA
AL
AR
MS
12
14
1
5
5
22
38
16
28
15
20
1
10
6
7
6
26
3
5
7
27
10
20
90
10
30
19
7
26
16
16
2
10
33
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
83.33
71.43
1000.00
200.00
200.00
45.45
52.63
62.50
35.71
66.67
100.00
1000.00
100.00
166.67
142.86
166.67
38.46
333.33
200.00
142.86
74.07
100.00
50.00
44.44
100.00
33.33
52.63
142.86
38.46
62.50
62.50
500.00
100.00
30.30
333.33
142.86
5.52
5.48
5.47
5.39
5.38
5.32
5.25
5.20
5.20
5.19
5.11
5.10
5.07
4.92
4.89
4.88
4.88
4.86
4.83
4.82
4.82
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.79
4.77
4.76
4.74
4.74
4.71
4.69
4.68
4.67
4.66
4.60
4.60
551
Monticello Police
Phillips
Dodge
Ashley
Dallas
Franklin
McDowell
Gage
Curry
Perry
Thomas
Kauai
Stephens
Hempstead
Wyandot
Franklin
Lincoln
Prince Edward
Mitchell
Osceola
Routt
Santa Cruz
Apache
Menominee
Page
Stark
Monroe
Waushara
Martin
White
Miller
Gibson
Saline
Luna
Luna
Randolph
Washington
AR
GA
AR
AL
GA
WV
NE
OR
IL
GA
HI
OK
AR
OH
IN
LA
VA
GA
MI
CO
AZ
AZ
MI
VA
ND
FL
WI
NC
IN
MO
TN
IL
NM
NM
MO
MS
16
11
15
50
15
15
12
4
12
47
125
11
13
13
12
9
27
14
18
22
60
393
11
49
11
189
1
34
12
16
26
42
4
30
32
96
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
62.50
90.91
66.67
40.00
66.67
66.67
83.33
250.00
83.33
42.55
24.00
181.82
76.92
76.92
83.33
222.22
37.04
71.43
55.56
45.45
33.33
7.63
90.91
20.41
90.91
15.87
1000.00
29.41
83.33
62.50
76.92
23.81
250.00
33.33
31.25
20.83
4.60
4.59
4.58
4.56
4.53
4.52
4.48
4.47
4.47
4.47
4.47
4.44
4.42
4.42
4.33
4.28
4.28
4.26
4.25
4.25
4.22
4.19
4.16
4.16
4.13
4.10
4.08
4.08
4.06
4.04
4.03
4.01
3.98
3.98
3.93
3.91
552
Greensburg Police
Ridgeville Police
Decatur
Allen
White
Redwood
McNairy
Randolph
Stephens
Vernon
Coahoma
San Jacinto
Juneau
Juneau
Lauderdale
White
White
Hardeman
Cibola
Hardeman
Hardeman
Cherokee
Custer
Garvin
Hardee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Barton
Henderson
Summit
Summit
Boyle
Muskingum
Marlboro
Columbus
Fayette
McPherson
Jackson
IN
LA
TN
MN
TN
IN
GA
LA
MS
TX
WI
WI
MS
GA
GA
TN
NM
TN
TN
NC
OK
OK
FL
SC
SC
KS
TN
CO
CO
KY
OH
SC
NC
OH
KS
WV
18
20
28
6
18
2
31
64
35
21
4
45
99
10
40
8
14
21
22
7
12
13
1
37
48
30
3
9
13
1
53
36
9
22
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
55.56
50.00
35.71
166.67
55.56
500.00
32.26
31.25
28.57
47.62
250.00
22.22
30.30
100.00
25.00
125.00
71.43
47.62
45.45
142.86
83.33
76.92
1000.00
54.05
41.67
33.33
333.33
111.11
76.92
1000.00
56.60
27.78
222.22
45.45
500.00
111.11
3.89
3.88
3.87
3.86
3.84
3.82
3.82
3.82
3.82
3.79
3.75
3.75
3.74
3.68
3.68
3.67
3.67
3.67
3.67
3.64
3.64
3.63
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.60
3.57
3.57
3.52
3.49
3.46
3.44
3.44
3.43
3.42
553
Juneau Police Dept.
San Miguel
Grant
Neshoba
Lenoir
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Mercer
Freeborn
Juneau
Malheur
Jefferson Davis
Daviess
Sampson
Ottawa
Ottawa
Obion
Bee
Ottawa
Obion
Dillon
Kleberg
Smyth
Titus
Lake
Uintah
Emmet
Chaves
Coos
Accomack
Caroline
Marion
Accomack
Newport News City
Randolph
Dare
Ford
NM
NM
MS
NC
SC
SC
WV
MN
AK
OR
LA
IN
NC
OK
OK
TN
TX
OK
TN
SC
TX
VA
TX
CA
UT
MI
NM
NH
VA
MD
SC
VA
VA
IL
NC
KS
27
5
27
58
3
72
17
29
44
22
24
19
5
4
5
5
23
30
36
25
45
18
29
61
22
23
80
0
4
13
24
27
60
13
17
49
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
37.04
200.00
37.04
34.48
1000.00
41.67
117.65
34.48
22.73
45.45
41.67
52.63
400.00
250.00
200.00
200.00
43.48
33.33
27.78
40.00
22.22
55.56
34.48
32.79
45.45
43.48
25.00
250.00
76.92
41.67
37.04
16.67
76.92
58.82
20.41
3.40
3.39
3.37
3.36
3.24
3.24
3.21
3.20
3.20
3.19
3.17
3.16
3.15
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.12
3.12
3.10
3.09
3.09
3.07
3.06
3.05
3.03
3.02
3.02
3.02
3.02
3.02
2.99
2.95
2.95
554
Canton Police Dept
Evangeline
Bolivar
Bolivar
Williamsburg
Harrison
Howard
Greenbrier
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Laclede
Beauregard
Lee
Oneida
Putnam
Putnam
Halifax
Hale
Addison
Schuylkill
Clatsop
Fulton
Scotts Bluff
Alcorn
Graham
Calloway
Pontotoc
Madison
Covington
Covington
Covington
Webster
Escambia
Chippewa
Erie
Greene
LA
MS
MS
SC
WV
TX
WV
KY
KY
KY
MO
LA
IA
WI
TN
TN
VA
TX
VT
PA
OR
IL
NE
MS
AZ
KY
OK
ID
AL
AL
AL
IA
AL
MI
OH
PA
1
5
18
4
7
40
30
12
12
19
30
24
17
9
58
70
29
34
5
7
18
23
30
39
23
31
42
10
1
6
30
37
6
25
54
8
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1000.00
200.00
55.56
250.00
285.71
25.00
33.33
83.33
83.33
52.63
33.33
41.67
58.82
111.11
34.48
28.57
34.48
29.41
200.00
571.43
55.56
43.48
33.33
25.64
43.48
32.26
23.81
100.00
1000.00
166.67
33.33
27.03
166.67
40.00
37.04
125.00
2.94
2.93
2.93
2.91
2.89
2.86
2.82
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.80
2.79
2.78
2.77
2.77
2.76
2.76
2.72
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.69
2.69
2.67
2.66
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.63
2.61
2.60
2.59
2.58
555
Sedalia Police Dept
Seymour Police
Dorchester
Dorchester
Scott
Mower
Hendry
Natchitoches
Ravalli
Rio Arriba
Manitowoc
Wilson
Jim Wells
Jim Wells
Okanogan
Ottawa
Ottawa
Wise
Wise
Polk
Baxter
Avoyelles
Greene
Avoyelles
Kandiyohi
Pettis
Bryan
Holmes
Holmes
Bryan
Jackson
Burnet
Muscatine
Butler
McKean
Grand Traverse
Sullivan
Dunn
SC
SC
MO
MN
FL
LA
MT
NM
WI
NC
TX
TX
WA
OH
OH
VA
VA
GA
AR
LA
AR
LA
MN
MO
OK
OH
OH
OK
IN
TX
IA
MO
PA
MI
NH
WI
2
10
5
31
67
45
29
22
64
114
27
37
30
4
4
6
7
18
32
12
15
20
1
44
3
10
33
36
39
27
39
43
4
64
14
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
500.00
100.00
200.00
32.26
14.93
22.22
34.48
45.45
31.25
17.54
37.04
27.03
33.33
250.00
250.00
166.67
142.86
55.56
31.25
83.33
66.67
50.00
1000.00
22.73
333.33
100.00
30.30
27.78
25.64
37.04
25.64
23.26
250.00
31.25
71.43
2.57
2.57
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.53
2.49
2.48
2.46
2.46
2.45
2.45
2.43
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.37
2.37
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.28
556
Ravenna Police Dept
Kendallville Police
Cerro Gordo
Monroe
Thomas
Monroe
Robeson
Stephens
Buncombe
McDowell
Phelps
Auglaize
Buffalo
Lawrence
Campbell
Campbell
Lincoln
Orangeburg
Kay
Chesterfield
Lincoln
Cherokee
Douglas
Washington
Noble
Carroll
Carroll
Beaufort
Delaware
Newaygo
Newaygo
Elko
Val Verde
Clinton
Cleveland
Greene
Cortland
Franklin
IA
TN
GA
WI
NC
OK
NC
NC
MO
OH
NE
IN
WY
WY
OR
SC
OK
SC
LA
OK
NV
LA
IN
NH
NH
NC
NY
MI
MI
NV
TX
IA
NC
NY
NY
KY
46
18
3
23
128
10
18
40
11
15
3
25
45
58
65
6
6
41
46
32
100
37
18
3
12
36
4
2
25
57
65
10
30
2
44
65
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
21.74
55.56
333.33
43.48
23.44
100.00
55.56
25.00
90.91
66.67
333.33
40.00
22.22
17.24
15.38
333.33
166.67
24.39
21.74
31.25
10.00
27.03
55.56
333.33
83.33
27.78
250.00
500.00
40.00
17.54
15.38
100.00
66.67
500.00
22.73
15.38
2.26
2.25
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.03
557
Middletown Police
New Castle Police
Byron Police Dept
Henry
Shelby
Henry
Kerr
Shelby
Gibson
Lamar
Jackson
Dale
Dale
Chenango
Camden
Washington
Watauga
Watauga
Grant
La Plata
Eagle
Pulaski
Pulaski
Vernon
Knox
Jackson
Jackson
Ogle
Columbiana
Venango
Gordon
Saline
Tuscola
Garfield
Marion
Windsor
Seneca
Oxford
Lee
IN
OH
IN
TX
OH
TN
TX
FL
AL
AL
NY
GA
MS
NC
NC
WI
CO
CO
MO
MO
LA
IL
AL
AL
IL
OH
PA
GA
KS
MI
CO
WV
VT
OH
ME
NC
5
30
35
51
0
11
54
61
5
0
19
43
18
25
38
20
50
28
5
5
28
53
6
44
7
22
5
44
44
25
7
27
15
0
5
47
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
200.00
33.33
28.57
19.61
90.91
18.52
16.39
200.00
52.63
23.26
55.56
40.00
26.32
50.00
20.00
35.71
200.00
200.00
35.71
18.87
166.67
22.73
142.86
90.91
200.00
22.73
22.73
40.00
142.86
37.04
66.67
200.00
21.28
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.73
1.73
558
Lee
Columbus
Duplin
Huron
Lenoir
Huron
Washington
Lowndes
Georgetown
Georgetown
Garfield
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Stanly
Sandusky
Starr
St. Joseph
St. Joseph
Washington
Rutland
Mercer
Sauk
Otero
Otero
Pittsylvania
Lake
Lake
Lea
St. Francois
Harrison
Klamath
Marquette
Troup
Chautauqua
Greenwood
NC
NC
NC
OH
NC
OH
VT
MS
SC
SC
OK
GA
GA
GA
NC
OH
TX
MI
MI
OH
VT
WV
WI
NM
NM
VA
CA
CA
NM
MO
TX
OR
MI
GA
NY
SC
81
3
12
1
2
4
18
62
9
78
3
9
12
24
49
14
31
1
19
9
41
21
118
30
71
126
12
21
8
3
45
39
10
83
62
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
12.35
333.33
83.33
1000.00
500.00
250.00
55.56
16.13
111.11
12.82
333.33
111.11
83.33
41.67
20.41
71.43
32.26
1000.00
52.63
111.11
24.39
47.62
8.47
33.33
14.08
7.94
83.33
47.62
125.00
333.33
22.22
25.64
100.00
12.05
32.26
100.00
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.44
559
Wilkes
Pottawatomie
Grant
Shiawassee
Isabella
Muskogee
Muskogee
DeKalb
DeKalb
DeKalb
Muskogee
Clallam
McKinley
McKinley
Aroostook
Putnam
Grays Harbor
Surry
Surry
Oconee
Putnam
Wood
Putnam
Umatilla
Erie
Cheshire
White
Somerset
Somerset
Somerset
Sullivan
Twin Falls
Payne
Westchester
Ross
Henderson
NC
OK
IN
MI
MI
OK
OK
AL
AL
AL
OK
WA
NM
NM
ME
TN
WA
NC
NC
SC
FL
WI
FL
OR
OH
NH
AR
PA
PA
PA
NY
ID
OK
NY
OH
TX
20
52
45
5
21
5
11
11
34
34
37
9
35
62
14
11
14
17
38
34
5
5
37
2
1
10
41
1
2
2
44
64
74
168
47
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50.00
19.23
22.22
200.00
47.62
200.00
90.91
90.91
29.41
29.41
27.03
111.11
28.57
16.13
71.43
90.91
71.43
58.82
26.32
29.41
200.00
200.00
27.03
500.00
1000.00
100.00
24.39
1000.00
500.00
500.00
22.73
15.63
13.51
5.95
21.28
250.00
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.32
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.27
560
Henderson
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Cullman
Cullman
Clearfield
Clinton
Madison
Madison
Lee
St. Landry
St. Landry
Grand Traverse
Indiana
Moore
Indiana
Gallatin
Grafton
Grant
Grant
Grafton
Sevier
Sevier
Lawrence
Flathead
Orangeburg
Tuscarawas
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Cleveland
Steuben
Steuben
Lenawee
Ashtabula
Ashtabula
Walworth
TX
NY
NY
AL
AL
PA
NY
KY
KY
MS
LA
LA
MI
PA
NC
PA
MT
NH
WA
WA
NH
TN
TN
PA
MT
SC
OH
SC
SC
NC
NY
NY
MI
OH
OH
WI
8
32
70
9
78
9
47
30
65
115
7
58
32
2
5
22
5
5
12
15
35
45
55
35
36
2
5
7
92
70
22
26
44
5
19
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
125.00
31.25
14.29
111.11
12.82
111.11
21.28
33.33
15.38
8.70
142.86
17.24
31.25
500.00
200.00
45.45
200.00
200.00
83.33
66.67
28.57
22.22
18.18
28.57
27.78
500.00
200.00
142.86
10.87
14.29
45.45
38.46
22.73
200.00
52.63
166.67
1.27
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
561
Oglesby Police Dept
Walworth
Allegan
St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
La Salle
La Salle
La Salle
Harnett
Robeson
Robeson
Robeson
Humboldt
Humboldt
Merrimack
Merrimack
Merrimack
Merrimack
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Schuylkill
Litchfield
Litchfield
Litchfield
WI
MI
NY
NY
IL
IL
IL
NC
NC
NC
NC
CA
CA
NH
NH
NH
NH
PA
PA
PA
CT
CT
CT
19
59
8
25
3
8
36
37
13
16
73
4
46
3
10
28
77
2
4
4
4
46
79
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
52.63
16.95
125.00
40.00
333.33
125.00
27.78
27.03
76.92
62.50
13.70
250.00
21.74
333.33
100.00
35.71
12.99
500.00
250.00
250.00
250.00
21.74
12.66
0.98
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.53
0.53
0.53
562
Appendix C-3. Primary State Police Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000 Population
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Maine State Police
Idaho State Police
Santa Fe
Kent
Merrimack
Richland
Hinds
Dauphin
Providence
Laramie
Baltimore
Washington
Middlesex
Mercer
Anchorage
Oklahoma
Carson
Middlesex
Ingham
Ramsey
Jefferson
Sangamon
Wake
Kennebec
Pulaski
Leon
Salt Lake
Pulaski
Franklin
Polk
Davidson
Ada
Marion
Maricopa
NM
DE
NH
SC
MS
PA
RI
WY
MD
VT
MA
NJ
AK
OK
NV
CT
MI
MN
CO
IL
NC
ME
AR
FL
UT
AR
KY
IA
TN
ID
IN
AZ
528
658
350
967
594
4458
201
204
1440
307
2310
3053
274
825
417
1227
1732
530
742
2105
1827
334
149
1606
475
525
882
669
942
264
1315
1244
13
3
3
10
6
26
2
1
9
1
10
13
1
5
3
4
9
4
4
10
8
1
2
14
2
2
3
2
4
1
4
3
Per 100,000
Population
24.62
4.56
8.57
10.34
10.10
5.83
9.95
4.90
6.25
3.26
4.33
4.26
3.65
6.06
7.19
3.26
5.20
7.55
5.39
4.75
4.38
2.99
13.42
8.72
4.21
3.81
3.40
2.99
4.25
3.79
3.04
2.41
0.63
0.33
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
563
Lancaster
Montgomery
East Baton Rouge
Chesterfield
Franklin
Sacramento
Thurston
Albany
Travis
Fulton
NE
AL
LA
VA
OH
CA
WA
NY
TX
GA
491
763
1215
1873
1560
7202
1132
4847
3529
1048
1
2
2
3
4
13
2
5
6
1
2.04
2.62
1.65
1.60
2.56
1.81
1.77
1.03
1.70
0.95
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
564
Appendix C-4. Sheriff's Offices in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000 Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Agency
County
Agency
Petroleum
Terrell
Talbot
La Salle
Griggs
Pulaski
Carter
Baker
Lake
Henry
Jackson
Grant
Guadalupe
Mora
Oregon
Emery
Gallatin
Seneca
Butler
Powell
Winkler
Nicholas
Woodruff
Fremont
Union
Ferry
Lincoln
Bracken
Pocahontas
Greene
Mason
Caroline
MT
TX
GA
TX
ND
IL
MO
GA
CO
VA
TN
OK
NM
NM
MO
UT
IL
NY
AL
MT
TX
KY
AR
IA
IN
WA
GA
KY
WV
AL
WV
VA
1
5
8
10
3
11
3
3
9
112
14
5
3
5
5
26
3
23
9
10
10
1
6
7
6
10
12
4
5
11
21
49
1
1
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
14
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
Per 1,000
Officers
1000.00
200.00
375.00
300.00
333.33
181.82
666.67
333.33
222.22
125.00
214.29
200.00
333.33
200.00
400.00
76.92
333.33
260.87
333.33
100.00
100.00
1000.00
166.67
142.86
166.67
100.00
83.33
250.00
200.00
90.91
142.86
61.22
Per 100,000
Population
202.43
101.63
43.70
43.57
41.32
32.46
31.92
28.98
27.36
25.85
25.78
22.09
21.34
20.49
18.38
18.22
17.89
17.02
14.32
14.23
14.06
14.02
13.77
13.44
13.30
13.24
12.51
11.78
11.47
11.06
10.98
10.51
565
Fayette
McIntosh
Lewis
Roosevelt
Holt
Towns
Keokuk
Middlesex
Morrow
Lake
St. Helena
Lowndes
Hockley
Assumption
Duval
Iberia
Madison
Blackford
Big Horn
Jackson
Davie
Walton
Clarke
Zapata
Del Norte
Marlboro
Long
Calhoun
Nye
Estill
Oglethorpe
Kingfisher
Winn
Clay
Floyd
OH
OK
MO
MT
NE
GA
IA
VA
OR
SD
LA
AL
TX
LA
TX
LA
MO
IN
MT
KS
NC
FL
VA
TX
CA
SC
GA
FL
NV
KY
GA
OK
LA
LA
AR
IA
22
17
5
11
5
18
4
17
14
5
22
14
11
50
18
242
8
8
8
15
45
165
18
44
30
25
15
18
108
5
19
8
23
150
7
11
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
6
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
136.36
117.65
200.00
90.91
200.00
55.56
250.00
58.82
71.43
200.00
45.45
71.43
181.82
40.00
55.56
24.79
125.00
125.00
125.00
66.67
66.67
24.24
55.56
22.73
66.67
80.00
66.67
55.56
27.78
200.00
52.63
125.00
43.48
20.00
142.86
90.91
10.33
9.88
9.79
9.59
9.58
9.55
9.51
9.12
8.95
8.93
8.93
8.85
8.72
8.54
8.49
8.19
8.18
7.83
7.77
7.43
7.27
7.27
7.13
7.13
6.99
6.91
6.91
6.84
6.83
6.82
6.71
6.65
6.53
6.53
6.22
6.13
566
De Witt
Pawnee
Henry
Simpson
Benzie
Socorro
Cross
Clayton
Haywood
Lee
Lincoln
Nez Perce
Montague
Polk
Warren
Hampton
Phillips
McDowell
Gage
Perry
Thomas
Stephens
Hempstead
Bibb
Plaquemines
Franklin
Hancock
Osceola
Routt
Page
Stark
Monroe
Martin
Miller
Saline
Dearborn
IL
OK
AL
KY
MI
NM
AR
IA
TN
SC
NC
ID
TX
GA
NC
SC
AR
WV
NE
IL
GA
OK
AR
AL
LA
IN
IN
MI
CO
VA
ND
FL
NC
MO
IL
IN
16
19
8
11
13
10
17
12
22
28
98
25
10
27
30
26
16
15
12
12
47
11
13
12
145
12
40
18
22
49
11
189
34
16
42
29
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
62.50
52.63
125.00
90.91
76.92
100.00
58.82
83.33
45.45
35.71
40.82
80.00
100.00
74.07
33.33
38.46
62.50
66.67
83.33
83.33
42.55
181.82
76.92
83.33
6.90
83.33
75.00
55.56
45.45
20.41
90.91
15.87
29.41
62.50
23.81
68.97
6.04
6.03
5.78
5.77
5.71
5.60
5.60
5.52
5.32
5.20
5.11
5.09
5.07
4.82
4.77
4.74
4.60
4.52
4.48
4.47
4.47
4.44
4.42
4.36
4.34
4.33
4.29
4.25
4.25
4.16
4.13
4.10
4.08
4.04
4.01
4.00
567
Luna
White
Stephens
Vernon
San Jacinto
Russell
Juneau
Clay
White
Hardeman
Custer
Cherokee
Madison
Lenoir
Daviess
Lafourche
Lake
Emmet
Dallas
Accomack
Williamson
Randolph
Bolivar
Bedford
Walker
Morgan
Chambers
Forsyth
Isle of Wight
Greenbrier
Whitley
St. Bernard
Putnam
Jefferson
Halifax
Nassau
NM
TN
GA
LA
TX
AL
WI
IN
GA
TN
OK
SC
GA
NC
IN
LA
CA
MI
IA
VA
IL
IL
MS
VA
GA
IN
TX
GA
VA
WV
KY
LA
TN
LA
VA
FL
30
28
31
64
21
32
45
30
40
22
12
48
34
58
19
287
61
23
23
27
29
13
18
77
80
26
44
253
40
30
12
189
58
825
29
109
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
2
12
1
2
33.33
35.71
32.26
31.25
47.62
62.50
22.22
33.33
25.00
45.45
83.33
41.67
29.41
34.48
52.63
10.45
32.79
43.48
86.96
37.04
68.97
76.92
55.56
25.97
25.00
76.92
22.73
19.76
25.00
33.33
83.33
5.29
34.48
14.55
34.48
18.35
3.98
3.87
3.82
3.82
3.79
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.68
3.67
3.64
3.61
3.56
3.36
3.16
3.11
3.09
3.06
3.02
3.02
3.01
2.99
2.93
2.91
2.91
2.90
2.85
2.85
2.84
2.82
2.81
2.79
2.77
2.77
2.76
2.73
568
Graham
Liberty
Woodford
Bossier
Hendry
Harrison
Upshur
Ravalli
Richmond
Rio Arriba
Burleigh
Jim Wells
New York
Okanogan
Baxter
Greene
Holmes
Orleans
Barnstable
Grand Traverse
Monroe
Robeson
Lincoln
McDowell
Lawrence
Campbell
Lincoln
Indian River
Polk
Chesterfield
Lincoln
Hoke
Douglas
Queen Annes
Flagler
Newaygo
AZ
TX
IL
LA
FL
IN
TX
MT
GA
NM
ND
TX
NY
WA
AR
AR
OH
NY
MA
MI
WI
NC
SD
NC
IN
WY
OR
FL
FL
SC
LA
NC
NV
MD
FL
MI
23
37
37
300
67
22
45
29
449
22
40
27
120
30
32
15
33
29
254
64
23
128
17
40
25
58
65
226
600
41
46
50
100
50
130
25
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
13
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
43.48
54.05
27.03
10.00
14.93
45.45
22.22
34.48
11.14
45.45
50.00
37.04
16.67
33.33
31.25
66.67
30.30
34.48
19.69
31.25
43.48
23.44
58.82
25.00
40.00
17.24
15.38
13.27
21.67
24.39
21.74
20.00
10.00
20.00
15.38
40.00
2.69
2.64
2.59
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.54
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.46
2.45
2.44
2.43
2.41
2.38
2.36
2.33
2.32
2.30
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.22
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.09
2.09
2.06
569
Elko
Columbia
Shelby
Jackson
Dale
Bibb
St. Martin
Pender
St. Charles
Charlotte
Collier
Brunswick
Columbiana
San Benito
Saline
Tuscola
Terrebonne
Pitt
Franklin
Marion
Hawkins
Lee
Okaloosa
Potter
Stanly
Starr
Wayne
Kershaw
Acadia
Crawford
Columbia
Sauk
Otero
Clay
San Juan
Harrison
NV
OR
OH
FL
AL
GA
LA
NC
LA
FL
FL
NC
OH
CA
KS
MI
LA
NC
VA
WV
TN
NC
FL
TX
NC
TX
NC
SC
LA
AR
GA
WI
NM
FL
NM
TX
57
41
30
61
0
290
45
57
291
285
628
114
22
29
44
25
300
125
78
27
42
47
258
93
49
31
85
61
105
27
206
118
30
284
94
45
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
6
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
17.54
24.39
33.33
16.39
10.34
22.22
17.54
3.44
10.53
9.55
17.54
90.91
34.48
22.73
40.00
6.67
24.00
12.82
37.04
23.81
21.28
11.63
21.51
20.41
32.26
23.53
16.39
9.52
37.04
9.71
8.47
33.33
10.56
21.28
22.22
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.73
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.57
1.57
1.54
1.52
570
Salem
Laurens
New Hanover
Darlington
Barrow
Grant
DeKalb
Muskogee
McKinley
Orange
Bullitt
Valencia
Rockingham
Kern
Lancaster
Sullivan
Rock
Cullman
Manatee
Porter
Passaic
St. Croix
Bay
Washtenaw
Ozaukee
Orleans
Wood
Charleston
Lee
St. Joseph
Livingston
Hall
Burke
Carver
Williamson
Leon
NJ
SC
NC
SC
GA
IN
AL
OK
NM
FL
KY
NM
VA
CA
SC
NY
WI
AL
FL
IN
NJ
WI
FL
MI
WI
LA
WV
SC
FL
IN
MI
GA
NC
MN
TN
FL
157
65
315
64
127
45
34
37
35
1398
40
37
46
512
93
44
94
78
476
61
530
44
213
133
83
505
40
259
621
116
65
257
86
87
99
443
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
16
1
1
1
11
1
1
2
1
4
2
6
1
2
4
1
4
1
4
7
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
6.37
15.38
9.52
15.63
7.87
22.22
29.41
27.03
28.57
11.44
25.00
27.03
21.74
21.48
10.75
22.73
21.28
12.82
8.40
32.79
11.32
22.73
9.39
30.08
12.05
7.92
25.00
15.44
11.27
25.86
30.77
7.78
11.63
11.49
20.20
6.77
1.51
1.50
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.43
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.35
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.09
571
Orangeburg
Pottawattomie
Anderson
Sutter
Steuben
Lake
Yamhill
Lake
Escambia
Highlands
Wicomico
Lenawee
Newton
Pennington
Richmond City
Whitfield
Washoe
St. Marys
Vigo
Eaton
Broward
Lowndes
Clark
Lucas
Marion
Palm Beach
La Porte
Allegan
Chesapeake City
La Salle
Wilson
La Crosse
Pinellas
Shelby
Pasco
St. Tammany
SC
IA
SC
CA
NY
IN
OR
FL
FL
FL
MD
MI
GA
SD
VA
GA
NV
MD
IN
MI
FL
GA
IN
OH
FL
FL
IN
MI
VA
IL
TN
WI
FL
TN
FL
LA
92
50
191
105
26
170
36
286
388
130
0
44
152
65
424
115
414
120
38
77
1624
145
35
289
349
1447
58
59
358
36
202
43
863
516
485
409
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
16
1
1
4
3
12
1
1
2
1
1
1
8
8
4
2
10.87
20.00
10.47
9.52
38.46
29.41
27.78
10.49
7.73
7.69
22.73
6.58
15.38
4.72
8.70
9.66
8.33
26.32
12.99
9.85
6.90
28.57
13.84
8.60
8.29
17.24
16.95
5.59
27.78
4.95
23.26
9.27
15.50
8.25
4.89
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.95
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
572
Morgan
Boone
Denver
Yakima
Washington
Volusia
Hillsborough
Coweta
Hunterdon
Livingston
Richland
Marion
Sandoval
Rutherford
Rapides
Dauphin
Marathon
Orange
Milwaukee
San Luis Obispo
Osceola
St. Lucie
Clark
Polk
Spartanburg
Paulding
Santa Fe
Yellowstone
Washington
East Baton Rouge
Tulare
Martin
Madera
Santa Rosa
Centre
Hidalgo
AL
KY
CO
WA
TN
FL
FL
GA
NJ
LA
SC
IN
NM
TN
LA
PA
WI
NC
WI
CA
FL
FL
OH
IA
SC
GA
NM
MT
MD
LA
CA
FL
CA
FL
PA
TX
55
130
739
69
86
450
1223
137
17
125
512
740
45
189
212
36
67
115
524
156
388
259
134
143
297
175
75
55
94
359
513
414
78
190
17
262
1
1
5
2
1
4
10
1
1
1
3
7
1
2
1
2
1
1
7
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
5
18.18
7.69
6.77
28.99
11.63
8.89
8.18
7.30
58.82
8.00
5.86
9.46
22.22
10.58
4.72
55.56
14.93
8.70
13.36
12.82
5.15
7.72
7.46
20.98
6.73
5.71
13.33
18.18
10.64
8.36
5.85
2.42
12.82
5.26
58.82
19.08
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.79
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.72
0.72
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.65
573
McHenry
Catawba
Ouachita
Sullivan
Loudoun
Kent
Luzerne
Portage
Beaufort
Kenosha
Minnehaha
Hamilton
Johnston
Hernando
Montgomery
Outagamie
Delaware
Forsyth
Ulster
St. Charles
San Bernardino
Harrison
Pinal
Clackamas
Calcasieu
Saginaw
Union
Riverside
Middlesex
Cameron
Dona Ana
Smith
Hudson
Williamson
Orange
Seminole
IL
NC
LA
TN
VA
DE
PA
OH
SC
WI
SD
TN
NC
FL
TN
WI
OH
NC
NY
MO
CA
MS
AZ
OR
LA
MI
NC
CA
NJ
TX
NM
TX
NJ
TX
CA
FL
134
126
431
183
448
5
38
66
209
122
69
146
97
249
287
74
86
217
57
153
1797
90
218
319
592
71
170
2147
170
107
5
88
221
206
1794
355
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
11
1
2
2
1
1
1
11
4
2
1
1
3
2
14
2
14.93
7.94
2.32
5.46
4.46
200.00
52.63
15.15
4.78
8.20
14.49
13.70
10.31
4.02
3.48
13.51
11.63
9.22
17.54
13.07
6.12
11.11
9.17
6.27
1.69
14.08
5.88
5.12
23.53
18.69
200.00
11.36
13.57
9.71
7.80
5.63
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.64
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
574
Niagara
Bernalillo
Benton
Butte
Clay
Adams
Wake
Greenville
Fulton
Frederick
Spokane
Sacramento
Dane
Harford
Norfolk City
St. Louis
Monroe
Kitsap
Weld
Marin
Alachua
Cleveland
Ramsey
Horry
Gwinnett
Brevard
Delaware
Hamilton
Atlantic
Prince Georges
Arapahoe
Winnebago
Boulder
Galveston
Bucks
Baltimore City
NY
NM
AR
CA
MO
CO
NC
SC
GA
MD
WA
CA
WI
MD
VA
MO
NY
WA
CO
CA
FL
OK
MN
SC
GA
FL
PA
IN
NJ
MD
CO
IL
CO
TX
PA
MD
110
279
103
110
115
364
354
397
516
177
244
1409
454
280
414
200
273
121
121
202
276
70
235
55
531
497
58
64
103
233
407
142
174
240
50
99
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
2
4
1
2
6
2
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
9.09
10.75
9.71
9.09
8.70
5.49
11.30
5.04
7.75
5.65
8.20
4.26
4.41
3.57
2.42
20.00
10.99
8.26
8.26
4.95
3.62
14.29
8.51
18.18
5.65
4.02
34.48
15.63
9.71
12.88
4.91
7.04
5.75
4.17
40.00
20.20
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.32
0.32
575
Brazoria
Chesterfield
Marion
Madison
Anoka
Bexar
DeKalb
Placer
Snohomish
Fairfax
Orange
Westmoreland
King
Waukesha
Sarasota
Allegheny
Prince William
Dakota
El Paso
Pierce
Solano
Santa Barbara
Cuyahoga
San Diego
Knox
Onondaga
Morris
Kane
Montgomery
Stanislaus
Summit
Franklin
El Paso
Monmouth
Cobb
Will
TX
VA
OR
AL
MN
TX
GA
CA
WA
VA
NY
PA
WA
WI
FL
PA
VA
MN
TX
WA
CA
CA
OH
CA
TN
NY
NJ
IL
OH
CA
OH
OH
CO
NJ
GA
IL
127
225
255
107
133
526
325
228
287
499
99
0
721
150
409
151
75
77
248
292
113
294
141
1322
456
242
262
92
222
230
393
455
454
494
435
445
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
2
3
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
7.87
4.44
3.92
9.35
7.52
9.51
6.15
4.39
6.97
6.01
10.10
6.93
6.67
2.44
19.87
13.33
12.99
8.06
6.85
8.85
3.40
21.28
5.30
2.19
4.13
3.82
10.87
4.50
4.35
2.54
4.40
2.20
2.02
2.30
2.25
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
576
Cook
Lake
Los Angeles
Alameda
Baltimore
Macomb
Hamilton
Ventura
Fresno
Pima
Contra Costa
Harris
Santa Clara
Maricopa
Wayne
Dade
Dallas
IL
IL
CA
CA
MD
MI
OH
CA
CA
AZ
CA
TX
CA
AZ
MI
GA
TX
5655
188
9461
928
84
245
330
755
461
554
679
2558
450
766
1062
25
449
8
1
14
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1.41
5.32
1.48
2.16
11.90
4.08
3.03
1.32
2.17
1.81
1.47
1.17
2.22
2.61
0.94
40.00
2.23
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
577
Appendix C-5. County Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000 Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Indianapolis Police
Polk
Kauai
Marion
Horry
Oldham
Maui
Honolulu
Chatham
Prince Georges
Roanoke
Mecklenburg
Dougherty
DeKalb
Clarke
Montgomery
James City
Riley
Henrico
Clayton
Floyd
Howard
Miami-Dade
Gaston
Prince William
Cobb
Fairfax
Anne Arundel
Gwinnett
Baltimore
Henry
Arlington
Nassau
GA
HI
IN
SC
KY
HI
HI
GA
MD
VA
NC
GA
GA
GA
MD
VA
KS
VA
GA
GA
MD
FL
NC
VA
GA
VA
MD
GA
MD
GA
VA
NY
35
125
1582
243
31
329
1934
534
1578
135
1672
47
1074
213
1206
94
101
554
336
71
424
3093
133
546
590
1419
633
682
1910
225
364
2732
3
3
33
9
2
5
26
6
19
2
20
2
13
2
16
1
1
4
3
1
3
25
2
3
5
7
3
4
4
1
1
6
85.71
24.00
20.86
37.04
64.52
15.20
13.44
11.24
12.04
14.81
11.96
42.55
12.10
9.39
13.27
10.64
9.90
7.22
8.93
14.08
7.08
8.08
15.04
5.49
8.47
4.93
4.74
5.87
2.09
4.44
2.75
2.20
Per 100,000
Population
7.23
4.47
3.65
3.34
3.32
3.23
2.73
2.26
2.20
2.17
2.17
2.11
1.88
1.71
1.65
1.49
1.41
1.30
1.16
1.04
1.04
1.00
0.97
0.75
0.73
0.65
0.56
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.45
578
Suffolk
New Castle
Westchester
Chesterfield
Fulton
St. Louis
Allegheny
NY
DE
NY
VA
GA
MO
PA
2622
358
270
475
129
781
202
6
2
3
1
2
2
2
2.29
5.59
11.11
2.11
15.50
2.56
9.90
0.40
0.37
0.32
0.32
0.22
0.20
0.16
579
Appendix C-6. 500 Largest Municipal Police Departments in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000
Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
State
Sworn Personnel
Agency
Officers
Orleans
Portsmouth City
Baltimore City
Milwaukee
Montgomery
Wyandotte
Petersburg City
Bibb
Norfolk City
Muskogee
Newport News City
Schenectady
Shelby
Caddo
Kanawha
Ohio
Philadelphia
Dougherty
Hamilton
Madison
Bradley
Washington
San Juan
Lauderdale
Hinds
Richmond City
McLennan
Durham
Dubuque
Muscogee
LA
VA
MD
WI
TN
KS
VA
GA
VA
OK
VA
NY
TN
DC
LA
WV
WV
PA
GA
TN
TN
TN
MS
NM
MS
MS
VA
TX
NC
IA
GA
1425
235
2990
1987
238
354
82
270
772
90
415
166
1549
3742
511
182
84
6624
184
434
204
89
96
129
99
480
752
246
494
100
400
63
10
55
73
5
10
2
9
14
4
10
8
46
29
12
9
2
66
4
14
4
4
2
5
3
9
7
8
9
3
6
Per 100,000
Population
44.21
42.55
18.39
36.74
21.01
28.25
24.39
33.33
18.13
44.44
24.10
48.19
29.70
7.75
23.48
49.45
23.81
9.96
21.74
32.26
19.61
44.94
20.83
38.76
30.30
18.75
9.31
32.52
18.22
30.00
15.00
18.32
10.47
8.86
7.70
7.54
6.35
6.17
5.79
5.77
5.63
5.53
5.17
4.96
4.82
4.71
4.66
4.50
4.33
4.23
4.16
4.07
4.04
3.91
3.84
3.74
3.67
3.43
3.41
3.36
3.20
3.16
580
Anderson Police
South Bend Police
Muncie Police
Pueblo Police Dept
Gary Police
Elkhart Police
Camden Police
St. Louis City

Black Hawk
Madison
St. Joseph
Davidson
Sumter
Lucas
Forrest
Montgomery
Bossier
Delaware
Pueblo
Wilson
New York
Sebastian
Fulton
Albany
Victoria
Shawnee
Denver
Jefferson
Alexandria City
Cuyahoga
Richland
Roanoke City
Virginia Beach City
Lake
Elkhart
Alamance
Pennington
Houston
Bernalillo
Camden
Hampden
Worcester
MO
IA
IN
IN
TN
SC
OH
MS
AL
LA
IN
CO
NC
NY
AR
GA
NY
TX
VA
KS
CO
KY
VA
OH
SC
VA
VA
IN
IN
NC
SD
AL
NM
NJ
MA
MD
1351
120
117
255
1315
107
640
126
500
178
102
195
114
36023
158
1719
328
106
115
283
1525
1197
315
1616
351
264
813
243
124
105
107
148
1020
397
464
107
10
4
4
8
18
3
12
2
6
3
3
4
2
196
3
22
7
2
1
4
13
16
3
27
8
2
9
10
4
3
2
2
13
10
9
1
7.40
33.33
34.19
31.37
13.69
28.04
18.75
15.87
12.00
16.85
29.41
20.51
17.54
5.44
18.99
12.80
21.34
18.87
8.70
14.13
8.52
13.37
9.52
16.71
22.79
7.58
11.07
41.15
32.26
28.57
18.69
13.51
12.75
25.19
19.40
9.35
3.13
3.05
3.04
3.00
2.87
2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.56
2.55
2.51
2.46
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.25
2.17
2.16
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.02
2.02
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.94
581
Jersey City Police
Evansville Police
Trenton Police
Chicago Police Dept
Suffolk
Sullivan
Rutherford
Hudson
Lackawanna
El Paso
Horry
Comal
New London
Tulsa
Providence
Lubbock
Broomfield
Nash
Bexar
Lee
Allegheny
Oklahoma
Vanderburgh
Lorain
Dallas
Mercer
Alachua
Anderson
Webb
Cook
Ramsey
Pittsylvania
Hennepin
Wichita
Troup
Summit
Florence
Hampton City
St. Lucie
Charleston
MA
TN
TN
NJ
PA
TX
SC
TX
CT
OK
RI
TX
CO
NC
TX
NC
PA
OK
IN
OH
TX
NJ
FL
SC
TX
IL
MN
VA
MN
TX
GA
OH
SC
VA
FL
SC
2181
111
213
900
155
1132
179
92
81
826
148
376
105
143
2020
81
891
1046
277
100
3389
361
275
91
430
13354
598
126
902
177
83
472
109
232
126
325
14
3
5
12
4
15
5
2
5
11
3
5
1
1
30
1
21
12
3
5
39
6
4
3
4
83
8
1
18
2
1
8
2
2
4
5
6.42
27.03
23.47
13.33
25.81
13.25
27.93
21.74
61.73
13.32
20.27
13.30
9.52
6.99
14.85
12.35
23.57
11.47
10.83
50.00
11.51
16.62
14.55
32.97
9.30
6.22
13.38
7.94
19.96
11.30
12.05
16.95
18.35
8.62
31.75
15.38
1.94
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.67
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.52
1.49
1.48
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.43
582
Vineland Police
Kokomo Police
Omaha Police Dept
Fort Wayne Police
Carmel Police
Genesee
Niagara
Polk
Santa Fe
Duval
Anchorage
Mesa
Multnomah
East Baton Rouge
Yellowstone
Chesapeake City
Northampton
Cole
Jefferson
Deschutes
Spokane
Cumberland
Wayne
Hamilton
Kent
Volusia
Middlesex
Howard
Jefferson
Lee
McLean
Suffolk
Washtenaw
Douglas
Allen
Hartford
Osceola
Providence
Buchanan
Tarrant
Hamilton
MI
NY
IA
NM
FL
AK
CO
OR
LA
MT
VA
PA
MO
AR
OR
WA
NJ
MI
OH
DE
FL
CT
IN
AL
MS
IL
VA
MI
NE
IN
CT
FL
RI
MO
TX
IN
204
145
385
150
1662
372
108
928
630
138
376
154
88
140
86
295
157
2250
1082
90
250
99
100
816
115
122
171
160
747
447
408
136
483
114
1489
104
6
3
6
2
12
4
2
10
6
2
3
4
1
1
2
6
2
23
10
2
6
2
1
8
1
2
1
4
6
4
10
3
7
1
20
3
29.41
20.69
15.58
13.33
7.22
10.75
18.52
10.78
9.52
14.49
7.98
25.97
11.36
7.14
23.26
20.34
12.74
10.22
9.24
22.22
24.00
20.20
10.00
9.80
8.70
16.39
5.85
25.00
8.03
8.95
24.51
22.06
14.49
8.77
13.43
28.85
1.41
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.32
1.29
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.23
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.18
1.18
1.16
1.16
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.09
583
Newark Police
Hackensack Police
Elgin Police Dept
Greene
Lauderdale
Bowie
Cumberland
Harrison
Ingham
Pottawattomie
Arapahoe
Calcasieu
Yuma
Guilford
Essex
Wicomico
Eau Claire
Larimer
Bergen
New Hanover
Jackson
Washington
Travis
Kane
Stanislaus
Bell
Gaston
Craven
Mobile
Monterey
Bonneville
Kern
Linn
Union
New Haven
Barnstable
Lowndes
Butte
Adams
MO
AL
TX
ME
MS
MI
IA
CO
LA
AZ
NC
NJ
MD
WI
CO
NJ
NC
OR
AR
TX
IL
CA
TX
NC
NC
AL
CA
ID
CA
IA
NJ
CT
MA
GA
CA
CO
306
94
94
159
133
240
105
627
153
167
593
1310
88
96
162
117
266
103
117
1515
181
262
190
166
90
515
177
89
348
197
151
436
110
133
88
178
3
1
1
3
2
3
1
6
2
2
5
8
1
1
3
9
2
2
2
10
5
5
3
2
1
4
4
1
8
2
5
8
2
1
2
4
9.80
10.64
10.64
18.87
15.04
12.50
9.52
9.57
13.07
11.98
8.43
6.11
11.36
10.42
18.52
76.92
7.52
19.42
17.09
6.60
27.62
19.08
15.79
12.05
11.11
7.77
22.60
11.24
22.99
10.15
33.11
18.35
18.18
7.52
22.73
22.47
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.05
1.04
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.91
584
Decatur Police Dept
Edison Police
Missoula
La Porte
Madison
Macon
Greenville
Wake
Nueces
San Francisco
Middlesex
Weber
Harris
Forsyth
Oneida
Jasper
Morgan
Polk
Wayne
Washington
Comanche
El Paso
Weld
Jefferson
Franklin
Fresno
Coconino
Jackson
New London
Atlantic
Midland
Rowan
Clark
Washoe
Orange
Galveston
Olmsted
Rock Island
MT
IN
AL
IL
SC
NC
TX
CA
NJ
UT
TX
NC
NY
MO
AL
FL
NC
TN
OK
CO
CO
TX
OH
CA
AZ
MO
CT
NJ
TX
NC
OH
NV
FL
TX
MN
IL
100
86
405
166
178
702
448
1940
189
137
5053
508
179
92
133
226
101
146
165
668
146
246
1886
828
113
1421
90
95
153
86
127
362
757
85
125
85
1
1
3
1
4
8
3
7
7
2
35
3
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
2
2
9
7
1
5
2
2
1
1
1
3
8
2
1
1
10.00
11.63
7.41
6.02
22.47
11.40
6.70
3.61
37.04
14.60
6.93
5.91
11.17
10.87
7.52
22.12
9.90
6.85
6.06
7.49
13.70
8.13
4.77
8.45
8.85
3.52
22.22
21.05
6.54
11.63
7.87
8.29
10.57
23.53
8.00
11.76
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.68
585
Paterson Police
Lafayette Police
Peoria Police Dept
Washington
Lorain
Albany
Hidalgo
Lee
Pinellas
Catawba
Ouachita
Providence
Hays
Onondaga
Sarpy
Worcester
Kenton
Rensselaer
Cumberland
Plymouth
Boone
Pima
Marion
Passaic
Bay
Minnehaha
Utah
Tippecanoe
Benton
Charleston
Miami-Dade
Shasta
Cabarrus
Fairfield
Monroe
Essex
Peoria
Palm Beach
Harrison
MD
OH
NY
TX
FL
FL
NC
LA
RI
TX
NY
NE
MA
KY
NY
NC
MA
MO
AZ
FL
NJ
FL
SD
UT
IN
WA
SC
FL
CA
NC
CT
NY
MA
IL
FL
MS
105
86
109
110
170
510
114
188
99
95
489
92
482
112
121
341
197
155
1032
155
497
86
221
99
128
90
382
1104
118
153
167
94
151
246
165
193
1
2
2
5
4
6
1
1
4
1
3
1
5
1
1
2
3
1
6
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
14
1
1
5
4
4
1
7
1
9.52
23.26
18.35
45.45
23.53
11.76
8.77
5.32
40.40
10.53
6.13
10.87
10.37
8.93
8.26
5.87
15.23
6.45
5.81
12.90
6.04
11.63
4.52
30.30
7.81
11.11
5.24
12.68
8.47
6.54
29.94
42.55
26.49
4.07
42.42
5.18
0.68
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.60
0.60
0.59
0.59
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.53
586
Hoboken Police
Union City Police
Joliet Police Dept
East Chicago Police
Pulaski
Ada
Santa Clara
Racine
Tuscaloosa
Sangamon
Saginaw
Champaign
Broome
Dona Ana
Hudson
Hudson
King
Broward
New Haven
Palm Beach
Hartford
Norfolk
Benton
Maricopa
Lafayette
Will
Montgomery
Will
York
Erie
Lake
Frederick
Yakima
Clark
Volusia
Lake
Monroe
Kalamazoo
Sedgwick
Camden
AR
ID
CA
WI
AL
IL
MI
IL
NY
NM
NJ
NJ
WA
FL
CT
FL
CT
MA
AR
AZ
LA
IL
TX
IL
SC
NY
OH
MD
WA
NV
FL
IN
NY
MI
KS
NJ
520
306
1382
195
263
273
92
122
139
167
156
165
1283
316
256
108
95
129
99
3388
243
122
99
302
121
793
82
138
134
2942
83
110
703
244
662
111
2
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
9
8
4
6
4
3
1
17
1
3
2
3
1
4
1
1
1
8
2
2
3
1
2
2
3.85
6.54
6.51
5.13
3.80
3.66
10.87
8.20
7.19
5.99
19.23
18.18
7.01
25.32
15.63
55.56
42.11
23.26
10.10
5.02
4.12
24.59
20.20
9.93
8.26
5.04
12.20
7.25
7.46
2.72
24.10
18.18
4.27
4.10
3.02
18.02
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.48
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.43
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.39
587
Cherry Hill Police
East Orange Police
Lincoln Police Dept
Camden
Lancaster
Hidalgo
Merced
San Diego
Essex
Ottawa
Pierce
Sacramento
Summit
St. Clair
New Castle
Dauphin
Ventura
Bristol
Erie
St. Lucie
Leon
Gloucester
Sacramento
Lancaster
Fort Bend
Broward
Dutchess
Boulder
Escambia
Galveston
Boulder
Winnebago
Fairfield
Fulton
Tulsa
Fairfield
Fairfield
Providence
Rockland
NJ
PA
TX
CA
CA
NJ
MI
WA
CA
OH
IL
DE
PA
CA
MA
PA
FL
FL
NJ
CA
NE
TX
FL
NY
CO
FL
TX
CO
IL
CT
GA
OK
CT
CT
RI
NY
145
161
273
105
1951
283
115
371
126
86
81
306
155
228
288
167
245
364
86
701
308
130
482
105
136
146
161
165
300
111
120
124
292
422
153
90
2
2
3
1
12
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
3
3
2
1
13.79
12.42
10.99
9.52
6.15
10.60
8.70
8.09
7.94
23.26
12.35
6.54
6.45
13.16
6.94
5.99
4.08
2.75
11.63
7.13
3.25
15.38
12.45
9.52
7.35
6.85
6.21
6.06
3.33
27.03
25.00
16.13
10.27
7.11
13.07
11.11
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.32
588
Irvington Police
Lee
Rockland
Marion
Luzerne
Los Angeles
Contra Costa
Charleston
Lehigh
San Joaquin
Oklahoma
Lake
St. Charles
St. Charles
Essex
Essex
Butler
Orange
Butler
Stark
Hidalgo
Collin
Hidalgo
Essex
Middlesex
Cameron
Hillsborough
Hillsborough
Cameron
Solano
Seminole
Seminole
Williamson
Santa Barbara
Hillsborough
Cuyahoga
New Haven
FL
NY
OR
PA
CA
CA
SC
PA
CA
OK
IL
MO
MO
MA
MA
OH
NY
OH
OH
TX
TX
TX
NJ
NJ
TX
NH
NH
TX
CA
FL
FL
TX
CA
FL
OH
CT
220
120
187
92
9727
165
137
200
415
110
155
107
112
83
178
90
105
135
172
96
106
125
190
138
123
172
218
230
111
124
131
133
136
980
92
105
2
1
1
1
30
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
9.09
8.33
5.35
10.87
3.08
18.18
7.30
5.00
4.82
18.18
12.90
9.35
8.93
24.10
11.24
11.11
9.52
7.41
5.81
20.83
18.87
16.00
10.53
14.49
8.13
5.81
4.59
4.35
9.01
8.06
7.63
7.52
7.35
3.06
32.61
19.05
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
589
Clifton Police
Elizabeth Police
New Haven
Palm Beach
York
Tulare
Jefferson
Wayne
Pinellas
Fulton
Hartford
Hartford
Hampden
Hampden
Westchester
Westchester
Passaic
Passaic
Alameda
Dane
Salt Lake
Utah
Washington
Union
Montgomery
Brevard
Riverside
Brevard
Johnson
Brevard
Bristol
Broward
Ocean
Tarrant
Kent
Providence
Bucks
Hudson
CT
FL
PA
CA
LA
MI
FL
GA
CT
CT
MA
MA
NY
NY
NJ
NJ
CA
WI
UT
UT
OR
NJ
OH
FL
CA
FL
KS
FL
MA
FL
NJ
TX
MI
RI
PA
NJ
122
310
110
136
162
198
99
116
116
160
123
133
185
641
117
158
773
437
102
90
124
348
421
88
385
159
161
163
237
89
127
610
319
98
104
119
2
3
1
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
16.39
9.68
9.09
7.35
6.17
20.20
20.20
17.24
17.24
12.50
8.13
7.52
10.81
3.12
8.55
6.33
3.88
2.29
19.61
11.11
8.06
2.87
2.38
11.36
10.39
6.29
6.21
6.13
4.22
33.71
7.87
4.92
3.13
10.20
9.62
8.40
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
590
North Bergen Police
Woodbridge Police
Hudson
Palm Beach
Norfolk
Cobb
Denton
Norfolk
Jackson
Sacramento
Suffolk
Suffolk
San Mateo
Multnomah
Snohomish
Alameda
Alameda
San Diego
Middlesex
Essex
Pierce
Middlesex
Collin
Miami-Dade
Harris
Middlesex
Middlesex
New Haven
New Haven
Miami-Dade
Middlesex
Macomb
Santa Clara
Du Page
Broward
Broward
Fulton
Shelby
NJ
FL
MA
GA
TX
MA
MO
CA
MA
MA
CA
OR
WA
CA
CA
CA
MA
MA
WA
MA
TX
FL
TX
NJ
NJ
CT
CT
FL
NJ
MI
CA
IL
FL
FL
GA
TN
123
114
96
133
155
205
206
88
86
92
113
129
198
94
95
210
130
93
103
239
343
106
260
83
90
110
113
374
206
230
141
81
164
171
93
105
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
1
3
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
8.13
17.54
10.42
7.52
6.45
4.88
4.85
22.73
11.63
10.87
8.85
7.75
5.05
21.28
21.05
19.05
15.38
10.75
9.71
8.37
2.92
28.30
19.23
12.05
11.11
9.09
8.85
8.02
4.85
4.35
14.18
12.35
12.20
11.70
10.75
9.52
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
591
Cicero Police Dept
Hartford
Pinellas
Fairfield
Du Page
Westchester
Westchester
Pinellas
Orange
Pima
Salt Lake
Orange
Contra Costa
Clark
San Bernardino
Salt Lake
Clark
Salt Lake
Salt Lake
Orange
Cook
Oakland
Oakland
Miami-Dade
Cuyahoga
Palm Beach
Palm Beach
Dallas
Orange
Sacramento
Orange
Alameda
Suffolk
Middlesex
Nassau
Middlesex
Middlesex
CT
FL
CT
IL
NY
NY
FL
CA
AZ
UT
CA
CA
NV
CA
UT
NV
UT
UT
FL
IL
MI
MI
FL
OH
FL
FL
TX
CA
CA
CA
CA
NY
MA
NY
MA
MA
119
140
153
184
205
210
255
159
103
110
398
161
336
345
186
471
342
433
85
146
81
85
184
100
102
152
344
100
83
166
85
102
110
112
118
136
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
8.40
7.14
6.54
5.43
4.88
4.76
3.92
18.87
9.71
9.09
7.54
6.21
5.95
5.80
5.38
4.25
2.92
2.31
11.76
27.40
12.35
11.76
10.87
10.00
9.80
6.58
5.81
20.00
12.05
12.05
11.76
9.80
9.09
8.93
8.47
7.35
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
592
Berwyn Police Dept
Alameda
Alameda
Alameda
Middlesex
Cook
Tarrant
Tarrant
Santa Clara
Broward
Broward
Broward
Riverside
King
Maricopa
Maricopa
Cook
Dallas
Los Angeles
Miami-Dade
San Diego
Maricopa
Orange
Orange
Maricopa
Orange
Orange
San Diego
Maricopa
Maricopa
Cook
Cook
Cook
Cook
Harris
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
CA
CA
CA
MA
IL
TX
TX
CA
FL
FL
FL
CA
WA
AZ
AZ
IL
TX
CA
FL
CA
AZ
CA
CA
AZ
CA
CA
CA
AZ
AZ
IL
IL
IL
IL
TX
CA
CA
182
185
186
272
105
83
90
93
115
175
238
93
133
333
831
81
226
968
338
120
127
140
158
189
197
223
244
357
417
91
102
106
115
136
83
99
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5.49
5.41
5.38
3.68
28.57
12.05
11.11
10.75
8.70
5.71
4.20
10.75
7.52
6.01
2.41
24.69
4.42
4.13
2.96
8.33
7.87
7.14
6.33
5.29
5.08
4.48
4.10
2.80
2.40
10.99
9.80
9.43
8.70
7.35
12.05
10.10
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
593
Los Angeles
Los Ange+B468les
CA
CA
187
264
1
1
5.35
3.79
0.01
0.01
594
Appendix C-7. Special State & Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Study: Rates of Officers Arrested, 2005-2011 (Sorted by Rate per 100,000
Population)
# of Full-Time
Per
Per 1,000
Agency
County
Agency
Officers
Knox
Sumter
Macon
Lincoln
Somerset
Monroe
Franklin
Newport News City
Madison
Phelps
Watauga
Greenwood
Isabella
Madison
Cole
Westchester
Hinds
Craighead
Richmond City
DeKalb
Dauphin
Midland
Cambria
Santa Fe
Ellis
New Castle
Richmond
Champaign
Essex
Leon
McLennan
TN
AL
AL
LA
MD
GA
OH
VA
ID
MO
NC
SC
MI
NY
MO
NY
MS
AR
VA
IL
PA
TX
PA
NM
TX
DE
GA
IL
NJ
FL
TX
52
6
33
9
6
19
394
60
10
11
25
10
21
11
13
168
230
17
74
59
136
11
13
106
5
50
32
54
201
626
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
38.46
166.67
30.30
222.22
166.67
52.63
5.08
16.67
100.00
90.91
40.00
100.00
47.62
90.91
76.92
5.95
4.35
58.82
27.03
16.95
7.35
90.91
76.92
9.43
200.00
20.00
31.25
18.52
14.93
6.39
333.33
Per 100,000
Population
10.47
7.27
4.66
4.28
3.78
3.78
3.24
3.02
2.66
2.21
1.96
1.44
1.42
1.36
1.32
1.29
1.05
1.04
0.98
0.95
0.79
0.73
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.43
595
MBTA Transit Police
Cumberland
Montgomery
Jefferson
Volusia
Webb
Alachua
Caddo
St. Joseph
Durham
Spartanburg
Northampton
Anchorage
Albany
Davidson
Palm Beach
Lehigh
Charleston
Allen
Suffolk
Suffolk
Franklin
Pulaski
Richland
Richland
Cameron
Cameron
East Baton Rouge
East Baton Rouge
Greenville
Albany
Reno
Dane
Montgomery
Camden
Anne Arundel
PA
MD
TX
FL
TX
FL
LA
IN
NC
SC
PA
AK
NY
DC
TN
FL
PA
SC
IN
MA
MA
KY
AR
SC
SC
TX
TX
LA
LA
SC
NY
KS
WI
OH
NJ
MD
17
86
22
60
51
85
49
17
60
12
18
65
41
442
27
176
9
62
18
40
256
30
36
120
238
3
30
43
62
9
305
39
92
29
144
224
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58.82
11.63
45.45
33.33
19.61
11.76
20.41
58.82
16.67
83.33
55.56
15.38
24.39
4.52
74.07
22.73
111.11
16.13
55.56
50.00
7.81
66.67
27.78
8.33
4.20
333.33
33.33
23.26
16.13
111.11
3.28
25.64
10.87
34.48
6.94
4.46
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
596
Ventura College
Franklin
Bexar
El Paso
Baltimore City
Davidson
Baltimore City
Baltimore City
Baltimore
Hudson
Denton
Jefferson
Lake
Suffolk
Hidalgo
New York
Ventura
Prince Georges
El Paso
Bexar
Middlesex
Erie
Fulton
Marion
Burlington
Travis
Travis
Travis
Travis
Sacramento
Franklin
Fairfax
Arlington
Palm Beach
Allegheny
Allegheny
OH
TX
DC
CO
MD
TN
MD
MD
MD
NJ
TX
AL
IL
MA
TX
NY
CA
MD
TX
TX
NJ
NY
GA
IN
NJ
TX
TX
TX
TX
CA
OH
VA
VA
FL
PA
PA
30
112
484
14
68
91
140
142
456
1667
40
79
13
80
43
694
5
14
30
83
80
30
68
88
90
14
62
70
277
419
51
52
206
39
42
73
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
33.33
26.79
2.07
71.43
14.71
10.99
7.14
7.04
2.19
0.60
25.00
12.66
76.92
12.50
23.26
2.88
200.00
71.43
33.33
24.10
12.50
33.33
14.71
11.36
11.11
71.43
16.13
14.29
3.61
2.39
19.61
19.23
4.85
25.64
23.81
13.70
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
597
Sacramento
Orange
Middlesex
Alameda
Philadelphia
Bexar
Wayne
Dallas
Miami-Dade
Dallas
Harris
Harris
Harris
Sacramento
Harris
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
CA
CA
MA
CA
PA
TX
MI
TX
FL
TX
TX
TX
TX
CA
TX
CA
CA
6
21
59
192
450
20
49
6
39
88
21
24
30
73
48
340
57
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
166.67
95.24
16.95
5.21
2.22
50.00
20.41
166.67
25.64
11.36
47.62
41.67
33.33
27.40
20.83
5.88
17.54
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
598
Appendix D: State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies: Police Crime Arrest Cases (N = 6,724)
Agency
City
County
State
Agency ID
Arrest
Cases
Abbeville Police Department

Aberdeen Police Department
Acworth Police Department
Alamo Police Department
Alcester Police Department
Alexander Police Department
Alexandria Police
Algonquin Police Dept
Abbeville
Aberdeen
Crowley
Accomac
Acworth
Ada
Brighton
Akron
Montgomery
Gainesville
Oakland
Alameda
Alamo
Alamogordo
Anchorage
Albany
Albany
Albany
Albert Lea
Albuquerque
Alcester
Alexander
Alexandria
Alexandria
Algonquin
Algood
Alhambra
Alice
Allegan
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Henry
Brown
Acadia
Accomack
Cobb
Pontotoc
Adams
Summit
Montgomery
Alachua
Alameda
Alameda
Hidalgo
Otero
Anchorage
Albany
Linn
Dougherty
Freeborn
Bernalillo
Union
Pulaski
Madison
Alexandria City
McHenry
Putnam
Los Angeles
Jim Wells
Allegan
Allegheny
Allegheny
Allegheny
AL
OH
LA
VA
GA
OK
CO
OH
AL
FL
CA
CA
TX
NM
AK
NY
OR
GA
MN
NM
SD
AR
IN
VA
IL
TN
CA
TX
MI
PA
PA
PA
13947490
12664570
12018700
12188710
13069400
11665940
11549150
12234580
13191010
11719100
11629140
11098570
12526390
11264980
11914750
12534810
12855640
13969090
12432730
11464990
12676620
13081100
12070640
13414740
13153610
13922190
13518750
12306300
12098750
11975540
11689110
11277060
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
8
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
9
1
4
1
13
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
3
1
599
Alorton Police Dept
Alton Police Department
Alton Police Dept
Altoona Police Department
Amber Police Department
Amboy/Vernon Center Police Department
Amite Police Department
Anderson Police
Annville Township Police Department
Ansonia Police Department
Aquia Harbour Police Department
Allen
Allendale
Allenstown
Allentown
Alma
Alorton
Altamonte Springs
Alton
Alton
Altoona
Amber
Amboy
Amite
Anaheim
Anchorage
Anchorage
Andalusia
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Andrews
Ann Arbor
Millersville
Annville
Anoka
Ansonia
Apopka
Boone
Baxley
Stafford
Centennial
Jefferson
Phoenix
Little Rock
Little Rock
Collin
Allendale
Merrimack
Lehigh
Bacon
St. Clair
Seminole
Hidalgo
Madison
Blair
Grady
Blue Earth
Tangipahoa
Orange
Anchorage
Anchorage
Covington
Anderson
Madison
Anderson
Shasta
Georgetown
Washtenaw
Anne Arundel
Lebanon
Anoka
New Haven
Orange
Watauga
Appling
Stafford
Arapahoe
Jackson
Maricopa
Pulaski
Pulaski
TX
SC
NH
PA
GA
IL
FL
TX
IL
PA
OK
MN
LA
CA
AK
AK
AL
SC
IN
SC
CA
SC
MI
MD
PA
MN
CT
FL
NC
GA
VA
CO
GA
AZ
AR
AR
12636310
12876730
12633470
11635550
13337130
13041000
13960890
11804130
13716370
11455590
11575920
12332720
12741840
11402520
13995990
13579150
13400140
11149160
12460620
12126790
13061700
12266720
12921160
12291250
11865590
11039180
13023000
13453640
13369530
12568680
99900022
11409140
13013000
13129410
13540550
13279920
2
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
7
1
11
1
3
7
3
1
1
4
3
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
600
Ashland Police Department
Athens Police Department
Atlantic Beach Police Department
Aubrey Police Department
Auburndale Police Department
Aurora Police
Avalon Borough Police Department
Avoca Borough Police
Avon Park Police Department
Avon Police Department
Ayden Police Department
Aztec Police Department
Babbitt Police Department
Bal Harbour Village Police Department
State University
Arlington
Arlington
Arlington
Ashland
Aspen
Napoleonville
Athena
Athens
Athens
Atlanta
Atlantic Beach
Mays Landing
Atwater
Aubrey
Auburn
Auburn
Auburndale
Aurora
Aurora
Aurora
Aurora
Austin
Austin
Austin
Pittsburgh
Avoca
Avon Park
Avon
Ayden
Aztec
Babbitt
Bainbridge
Newton
Bakersfield
Bal Harbour
Craighead
Arlington
Tarrant
Middlesex
Boone
Pitkin
Assumption
Umatilla
Limestone
Clarke
Fulton
Horry
Atlantic
Kandiyohi
Denton
Cayuga
Androscoggin
Polk
Dearborn
Portage
Marion
Arapahoe
Travis
Mower
Travis
Allegheny
Luzerne
Highlands
Hartford
Pitt
San Juan
St. Louis
Decatur
Baker
Kern
Miami-Dade
AR
VA
TX
MA
MO
CO
LA
OR
AL
GA
GA
SC
NJ
MN
TX
NY
ME
FL
IN
OH
OR
CO
TX
MN
TX
PA
PA
FL
CT
NC
NM
MN
GA
GA
CA
FL
13047000
11947620
12226340
12891500
12022580
13336630
12178640
12715660
11834090
13318230
11961870
12006770
12848680
12792770
12016380
12184810
12911270
11112240
12420680
12024500
12795670
13444440
13474440
12142790
12356380
11415550
11025540
11677630
13874780
12453850
13647160
12602740
11580490
12418660
13959390
13851380
1
1
6
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
22
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
7
1
1
11
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
11
1
601
Bally Borough Police Department
Bangor Police Department
Barnegat Township Police
Barstow Police Department
Bartow Police Department
Battlefield Police Department
Bay Village Police Department
Bayou La Batre Police Department
Bedford Police Department
Belchertown Police Department
Belen Police Department
Bally
Baltimore
Baltimore
Towson
Towson
Baltimore
Bangor
Barnegat
Bourne
Hyannis
Barre
Barre
Winder
Barstow
Oakland
Bartlesville
Bartlett
Bartow
Baton Rouge
Battlefield
Mountain Home
Panama City
Bay Village
Bayou La Batre
Baytown
Beardstown
Beaufort
Beaumont
Beaumont
Beaumont
Beaverton
Bedford
Bedford
Beeville
Belchertown
Belen
Berks
Baltimore City
Baltimore City
Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore City
Penobscot
Ocean
Barnstable
Barnstable
Worcester
Washington
Barrow
San Bernardino
Alameda
Washington
Shelby
Polk
East Baton Rouge
Greene
Baxter
Bay
Cuyahoga
Mobile
Harris
Cass
Beaufort
Jefferson
Jefferson
Riverside
Washington
Bedford
Hillsborough
Bee
Hampshire
Valencia
PA
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
ME
NJ
MA
MA
MA
VT
GA
CA
CA
OK
TN
FL
LA
MO
AR
FL
OH
AL
TX
IL
SC
TX
TX
CA
OR
VA
NH
TX
MA
NM
11835590
12428670
13048100
12941270
12278650
12651260
12331200
12553360
11898670
12881580
12281580
12607470
12569110
13495440
13581450
11525930
13677160
13103010
11021750
12142510
11928670
12679190
12874500
13335630
12496390
13213020
12469140
13348930
12436390
13768970
13343230
11508690
12923420
12486380
12131550
13171710
1
2
1
4
1
62
1
1
5
4
2
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
7
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
602
Belgium Police Dept
Bell Police Department
Bella Vista Police Department
Bellaire Police Department
Belle Plaine Police Department
Bellville Police Department
Bellwood Police Dept
Beloit Police Department
Benton Harbor Police Department
Benton Police Department
Berlin Police Department
Berlin Police Department
Bernalillo Police Department
Bernville Borough Police Department
Berryville Police Department
Berwyn Police Dept
Bethany Beach Police Department
Bethel Police Department
Bethlehem Township Police Department
Westville
Bell
Bella Vista
Bellaire
Belle Plaine
Belle
Belle
Belleville
Bellevue
Bellville
Bellwood
Beloit
Belpre
Bend
Bennettsville
Bensalem
Bentonville
Benton Harbor
Benton
Beulah
Berea
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berlin
Berlin Heights
Berlin
Kensington
Albuquerque
Bernalillo
Bernville
Berryville
Berwyn
Bethany Beach
Bethel
Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Vermilion
Los Angeles
Benton
Harris
Scott
Kanawha
Maries
St. Clair
Sarpy
Richland
Cook
Rock
Washington
Deschutes
Marlboro
Bucks
Benton
Berrien
Saline
Benzie
Madison
St. Louis
Alameda
Somerset
Erie
Worcester
Hartford
Bernalillo
Sandoval
Berks
Clarke
Cook
Sussex
Fairfield
Northampton
Northampton
IL
CA
AR
TX
MN
WV
MO
IL
NE
OH
IL
WI
OH
OR
SC
PA
AR
MI
AR
MI
KY
MO
CA
PA
OH
MA
CT
NM
NM
PA
VA
IL
DE
CT
PA
PA
13316430
13682260
13321230
12406330
12632740
12028990
12782580
13282220
11553550
12014520
13007900
12717210
12274590
12505670
12506760
12145590
12908650
12241080
13276920
12288690
12200010
12532520
13410240
12725510
12524560
12671560
13126410
12059140
13777370
12775590
11867600
13438140
13241520
13269120
12735580
12735520
7
11
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
6
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
3
1
3
4
1
603
Beverly Police Department
Big Sandy Police Department
Birch Run Police Department
Blacksburg Police Department
Blakely Borough Police Department
Bloomer Police Department
Bloomingdale Police Department
Blue Ash Police Department
Boiling Spring Lakes Police Department
Beverly
San Antonio
Macon
Centreville
Hardin
Big Sandy
Big Springs
Billings
Biloxi
White Salmon
Binghamton
Birch Run
Birchwood
Birmingham
Bishopville
Bismarck
Black Mountain
Black River Falls
Hartford City
Blacksburg
Peckville
Bloomer
Bloomingdale
Bloomington
Bloomville
Blountstown
Blue Ash
Blue Lake
Bluefield
Bogalusa
Southport
Boise
Bolingbrook
Cleveland
Bolivar
Burlington
Essex
Bexar
Bibb
Bibb
Big Horn
Upshur
Howard
Yellowstone
Harrison
Klickitat
Broome
Saginaw
Washburn
Jefferson
Lee
St. Francois
Buncombe
Jackson
Blackford
Montgomery
Lackawanna
Chippewa
Van Buren
McLean
Seneca
Calhoun
Hamilton
Humboldt
Mercer
Washington
Brunswick
Ada
Will
Bolivar
Hardeman
Boone
MA
TX
GA
AL
MT
TX
TX
MT
MS
WA
NY
MI
WI
AL
SC
MO
NC
WI
IN
VA
PA
WI
MI
IL
OH
FL
OH
CA
WV
LA
NC
ID
IL
MS
TN
KY
12731560
12619130
12049190
12538660
12778610
12656360
12776350
12293970
12662130
13076800
13285220
12651050
12847220
13738970
12276730
12052450
12663810
12687270
12818650
11547660
12525590
12397240
12181020
11780660
99900095
13849980
12794450
99900024
12608910
11031700
12053890
13545850
13303430
12688650
12196590
12769120
1
5
3
1
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
2
7
1
1
1
6
4
1
1
1
604
Boonsboro Police Department
Boonville Police Department
Bosque Farms Police Department
Boyce Police Department
Braceville Police Department
Braddock Borough Police Department
Bradley Police Dept
Brady Township Police Department
Braintree Police Department
Brazil Police
Brentwood Police Department
Brentwood Police Department
Brewster Police Department
Bridgeton Police
Brigantine Police
Brighton Police Department
Bristol Borough Police Department
Boone
Boonsboro
Boonville
Peralta
Bossier City
Benton
Boston
Boston
Boswell
Boulder
Boulder
Bowie
Bowman
Boyce
Boynton Beach
Newton Falls
Brooksville
Braddock
Bradley
Oakley
Braintree
Braselton
Brazil
Angleton
Brentwood
Brentwood
Titusville
Brewster
Brick
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeton
Brigantine
Brighton
Bristol
Watauga
Washington
Yadkin
Valencia
Bossier
Bossier
Suffolk
Suffolk
Choctaw
Boulder
Boulder
Prince Georges
Orangeburg
Rapides
Palm Beach
Trumbull
Bracken
Allegheny
Kankakee
Saginaw
Norfolk
Jackson
Clay
Brazoria
Rockingham
Prince George's
Brevard
Barnstable
Ocean
Belmont
Jackson
Fairfield
Cumberland
Atlantic
Jefferson
Bucks
NC
MD
NC
NM
LA
LA
MA
MA
OK
CO
CO
MD
SC
LA
FL
OH
KY
PA
IL
MI
MA
GA
IN
TX
NH
MD
FL
MA
NJ
OH
AL
CT
NJ
NJ
AL
PA
12643880
12471270
12693840
13556950
11281730
12329120
12031520
11990083
12295980
12799150
13654860
13888480
13492840
11431750
13589350
12984420
11388510
12645530
13127310
99900015
12141530
13118410
11080650
12809160
13173510
99900101
12209190
12591540
12283200
12364460
13492440
13975390
12473230
12063200
13306130
12715500
1
1
1
2
3
3
17
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
605
Brookfield Police Department
Brookneal Police Department
Brookshire Police Department
Brooksville Police Department
Broussard Police Department
Brownstown Police Department
Brunswick Police Department
Buena Vista Township Police Department
Bullard Police Department
Burgettstown Borough Police Department
Burnham Police Department
Burns Police Department
Bristol
Bristol
Brockton
Broken Arrow
Brookfield
Brookline
Brookneal
Brookshire
Brooksville
Broomfield
Broussard
Fort Lauderdale
Brownstown
Brownsville
Brownwood
Bolivia
Brunswick
Doylestown
Saginaw
Buffalo
Buffalo
Bullard
Shepherdsville
Bunkie
Burgettstown
Morganton
Bismarck
Burlington
Burnham
Burns
Burr Oak
Greenville
Dayton
Ashland
Butte
Oroville
Bristol City
Hartford
Plymouth
Tulsa
Waukesha
Norfolk
Campbell
Waller
Hernando
Broomfield
Lafayette
Broward
Wayne
Cameron
Brown
Brunswick
Frederick
Bucks
Saginaw
Erie
Erie
Smith
Bullitt
Avoyelles
Washington
Burke
Burleigh
Alamance
Cook
Dickson
St. Joseph
Butler
Montgomery
Schuylkill
Silver Bow
Butte
VA
CT
MA
OK
WI
MA
VA
TX
FL
CO
LA
FL
MI
TX
TX
NC
MD
PA
MI
NY
NY
TX
KY
LA
PA
NC
ND
NC
IL
TN
MI
AL
OH
PA
MT
CA
11007620
13466940
12461510
12685960
12687210
12941540
11377680
12666250
13046300
11464710
11571770
12709120
12351000
12586230
13866580
12439110
12971210
11758500
12101040
12134820
11322170
13157710
12599170
11591760
12195550
13074100
13991390
12843860
13235220
12276510
12531060
12878530
12724480
12805590
12208580
12779160
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
22
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
606
Byron Police Dept
Caldwell Police Department
Caledonia Police Department
Calumet Park Police Dept
Calvert Police Department
Camden Police
Camden Police Department
Cameron County Constable Pct. 1
Cameron County Constable Pct. 4
Cameron County District Attorney Investigations Div
Canton Police Dept
Cape Girardeau Police Department
Carbondale Police Dept
Carmel Police
Byron
Rexburg
Caddo
Lake Charles
Caldwell
Caledonia
Blountstown
Calhoun
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Calumet City
Calumet Park
Calvert
Cambridge
Camden
Camden
Port Isabel
Rio Hondo
Brownville
Olmito
Gillette
Canton
Canton
Canton
Canton
Canton
Cape Coral
Cape Girardeau
Carbondale
Caribou
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carmel
Bowling Green
Ogle
Madison
Bryan
Calcasieu
Canyon
Racine
Calhoun
Gordon
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Cook
Cook
Robertson
Middlesex
Camden
Kershaw
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Campbell
Lincoln
Stark
Hartford
Fulton
St. Lawrence
Lee
Cape Girardeau
Jackson
Aroostook
Nicholas
Warren
Hamilton
Caroline
IL
ID
OK
LA
ID
WI
FL
GA
CA
CA
CA
CA
IL
IL
TX
MA
NJ
SC
TX
TX
TX
TX
WY
SD
OH
CT
IL
NY
FL
MO
IL
ME
KY
IA
IN
VA
13506950
99900010
12225940
12609150
13307830
11767260
13965890
11639970
99900008
13106110
13907090
13998690
13710870
13280820
12976240
12111510
12033290
12706740
13852280
13545050
99900100
12598530
12008510
12386620
12684470
13510050
13758570
12734850
13198210
12752430
13309030
11331110
12790030
13262620
11060600
12188590
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
19
1
1
1
1
15
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
607
Caryville Police Department
Casselberry Police Department
Cathedral City Police Department
Centerville Police Department
Central Point Police Department
Centreville Police Dept
Chalfont Borough Police Department
Chambersburg Borough Police Department
Chamblee Police Department
Channahon Police Dept
Charlack Police Department
Chattahoochee Police Department
Van Buren
Caruthersville
Chaska
Caryville
Casselberry
Newton
Cathedral City
Cedar Rapids
Centerville
Mount Pleasant
Central Point
Bellefonte
Centreville
Chaffee
Chalfont
Anahuac
Chambersburg
Chamblee
Champaign
Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Channahon
Charlack
Charleston
Charleston
Charleston
Charlotte
Punta Gorda
Charlottesville
Chattahoochee
Chattanooga
Chelsea
Chelsea
Gaffney
Cherokee
Carter
Pemiscot
Carver
Campbell
Seminole
Catawba
Riverside
Linn
Davis
Isabella
Jackson
Centre
St. Clair
Scott
Bucks
Chambers
Franklin
DeKalb
Champaign
Henderson
Lincoln
Maricopa
Will
St. Louis
Charleston
Kanawha
Charleston
Mecklenburg
Charlotte
Gadsden
Hamilton
Suffolk
Rogers
Cherokee
Alfalfa
MO
MO
MN
TN
FL
NC
CA
IA
UT
MI
OR
PA
IL
MO
PA
TX
PA
GA
IL
TX
OK
AZ
IL
MO
SC
WV
SC
NC
FL
VA
FL
TN
MA
OK
SC
OK
12538560
12842420
12198570
12196560
13822380
12359030
13790770
13500750
12487780
13108110
12045680
12758530
13894180
12822440
12305560
12818590
12035430
13208920
13095600
12496270
12805990
13198410
13671460
12832480
12389000
12628960
12666770
12483880
12829030
11937610
13616960
12556570
12391530
13409240
12668410
13349530
4
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
7
10
2
27
3
1
1
15
1
1
2
1
608
Cherry Hill Police
Cheshire Police Department
Chester Township Police Department
Chicago Police Dept
Chickasaw Police Department
Chickasha Police Department
Chillicothe Police Dept
Chippewa Township Police Department
Cicero Police Dept
Cicero Town Police Department
Circleville Police Department
Clairton City Police Department
Clanton Police Department
Clarendon Hills Police Dept
Clarksville Police
Clatskanie Police Department
Cherry Hill
Chesapeake
Chesapeake
Cheshire
Chester
Chesterfield
Chesterfield
Chesterfield
Chicago
Chickasaw
Chickasha
Chico
Chicopee
Chilhowie
Chillicothe
Chillicothe
Chillicothe
Beaver Falls
Chula Vista
Cicero
Cicero
Cincinnati
Circleville
Citrus Heights
Oregon City
Clairton
Clanton
Clarendon Hills
Jeffersonville
Springfield
Berryville
Clarksdale
Clarksville
Clarksville
Clatskanie
Brazil
Camden
Chesapeake City
Chesapeake City
New Haven
Delaware
Chesterfield
Chesterfield
Chesterfield
Cook
Mobile
Grady
Butte
Hampden
Smyth
Livingston
Ross
Peoria
Beaver
San Diego
Cook
Onondaga
Hamilton
Pickaway
Sacramento
Clackamas
Allegheny
Chilton
Du Page
Clark
Clark
Clarke
Coahoma
Clark
Montgomery
Columbia
Clay
NJ
VA
VA
CT
PA
VA
VA
SC
IL
AL
OK
CA
MA
VA
MO
OH
IL
PA
CA
IL
NY
OH
OH
CA
OR
PA
AL
IL
IN
OH
VA
MS
IN
TN
OR
IN
12773210
12428400
11707600
13937190
12285480
12497610
12268420
12718400
13642360
13594350
13512350
13771570
12211540
12347650
12872420
13977890
13372330
12735490
13051200
13022800
13143610
11320790
13484840
13172110
12229030
12255460
13683260
13786670
12069090
12969040
11558400
12992140
12310690
12456500
12845600
11628470
2
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
106
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
9
1
12
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
1
1
609
Clayton Police
Cliffside Park Police
Clifton Police
Clinton Department of Public Safety
Clinton Police
Clinton Police
Clinton Police Department
Clinton Police Dept
Clinton Township Police
Coal Valley Police Dept
Coatesville Police Department
Cockrell Hill Police Department
Cocoa Beach Police Department
Cocoa Police Department
Colebrookdale District Police
Colfax Police Department
Piggott
Green Cove Springs
Liberty
Jonesboro
St. Olaf
Clayton
Clearlake
Clearwater
Norman
Cleveland
Cleveland
Clewiston
Cliffside Park
Clifton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Annandale
Clovis
Clyde
Coal Valley
Coatesville
Marietta
Marietta
Cochran
Dallas
Cocoa Beach
Cocoa
Coconut Creek
Coeburn
Boyertown
Colfax
Grayslake
College Park
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clayton
Clayton
Gloucester
Lake
Pinellas
Cleveland
Cuyahoga
Bradley
Hendry
Bergen
Passaic
Laurens
Vermillion
Hunterdon
Anderson
De Witt
Hunterdon
Curry
Sandusky
Rock Island
Chester
Cobb
Cobb
Bleckley
Dallas
Brevard
Brevard
Broward
Wise
Berks
Grant
Lake
Fulton
AR
FL
MO
GA
IA
NJ
CA
FL
OK
OH
TN
FL
NJ
NJ
SC
IN
NJ
TN
IL
NJ
NM
OH
IL
PA
GA
GA
GA
TX
FL
FL
FL
VA
PA
LA
IL
GA
11928450
12819080
12869070
11930160
11878470
12363270
11620500
13170810
11928420
11784440
12936540
13324630
12823290
12733200
12396720
12700640
12793290
12026550
13413440
12413230
13935390
11954450
13920690
12995410
13703970
12088430
13996890
13200020
13759070
13215120
13061300
12697680
13275520
11991750
13626960
13676560
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
27
7
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
3
1
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
610
Collin County Constable Pct. 4
Collingswood Police
Colonial Regional Police Department
Columbiana Police Department
Columbus Police
Conshohocken Borough Police Department
Conway Police Department
Conway Springs Police Department
Conyers Police Department
Naples
Frisco
Collingswood
Bethlehem
Latham
Colorado Springs
Lakewood
Saint Helens
Appling
Columbia
Columbia
Lisbon
Columbiana
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Commerce
Commerce
Concord
Concord
Concord
Waco
Conneaut
Middletown
Conroe
Conshohocken
Martinez
Conway
Conway Springs
Conyers
Chicago
Cookeville
Collier
Collin
Camden
Northampton
Albany
El Paso
Jefferson
Columbia
Columbia
Richland
Boone
Columbiana
Shelby
Bartholomew
Franklin
Polk
Colorado
Luna
Lowndes
Muscogee
Ottawa
Jackson
Cabarrus
Merrimack
Contra Costa
McLennan
Ashtabula
Middlesex
Montgomery
Montgomery
Contra Costa
Horry
Sumner
Rockdale
Cook
Putnam
FL
TX
NJ
PA
NY
CO
CO
OR
GA
SC
MO
OH
AL
IN
OH
NC
TX
NM
MS
GA
OK
GA
NC
NH
CA
TX
OH
CT
TX
PA
CA
SC
KS
GA
IL
TN
12819050
13747370
12093230
12275470
13675260
13976090
13399230
12248440
12289050
12376730
13706270
11808340
13665160
12400690
11554400
11583850
11763350
11854970
12682150
13439540
12965960
13513850
11743850
11843400
13071400
13529050
11794450
13660860
11776260
12135400
12109030
12616720
11150200
13897980
12639000
12416560
8
1
1
1
2
27
4
1
2
9
1
2
1
2
10
2
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
9
2
611
Coon Rapids Police Department
Coopersburg Borough Police Department
Coraopolis Borough Police Department
Cordova Police Dept
Cottage Grove Police Department
Coventry Police Department
Coweta Police Department
Cowpens Police Department
Crafton Borough Police Department
Cranberry Township Police Department
Cranford Police
Crescent Police Department
Crestview Police Department
Crookston Police Department
Crowley Police Department
Coon Rapids
Coopersburg
Cooter
Coral Gables
Coraopolis
Corbin
Cordova
Corinth
Corpus Christi
Cortland
Costa Mesa
Cottage Grove
Council Bluffs
Coventry
Covington
Covington
Covington
Newnan
Coweta
Cowpens
Pittsburgh
Craig
Cranberry Twp
Cranford
Cranston
Van Buren
Crescent City
Crescent
Creston
Crestview
Crookston
Wynne
Crossett
Crowley
Crystal City
Cullman
Anoka
Lehigh
Pemiscot
Miami-Dade
Allegheny
Whitley
Rock Island
Alcorn
Nueces
Cortland
Orange
Washington
Pottawattomie
Kent
Kenton
St. Tammany
Newton
Coweta
Wagoner
Spartanburg
Allegheny
Moffat
Butler
Union
Providence
Crawford
Putnam
Logan
Union
Okaloosa
Polk
Cross
Ashley
Acadia
Zavala
Cullman
MN
PA
MO
FL
PA
KY
IL
MS
TX
NY
CA
MN
IA
RI
KY
LA
GA
GA
OK
SC
PA
CO
PA
NJ
RI
AR
FL
OK
IA
FL
MN
AR
AR
LA
TX
AL
12792740
12575490
11722460
13040600
12075400
11451990
11792220
12632100
11956220
11314810
13771170
12812700
13179710
11066710
11021910
12581750
13424940
11269070
12115990
12926740
11845420
13641360
11245480
12793200
11236780
13660660
13526050
12105980
13888580
13504350
12702720
11388360
13662860
12091700
12156270
12288380
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
612
Cumberland Police Department
Dallas County Constable Pct. 5
Dallas Township Police Department
Damascus Police Department
Danvers Police Department
Danville Police
Danville Police Dept
Darby Township Police Department
Darlington Police Department
Cumberland
Arapaho
Cleveland
Cuyahoga Falls
Trenton
Hastings
Ozark
Dallas
Dallas
Adel
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Daly City
Damascus
Danbury
Madison
Danvers
Danville
Danville
Danville
Danville
Danville
Sharon Hill
Darlington
Darlington
Harrisburg
Mocksville
Davie
Washington
Vandalia
Dayton
Daytona Beach
Lawrenceburg
Dearborn
Allegany
Custer
Cuyahoga
Summit
Dade
Dakota
Dale
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Polk
Luzerne
San Mateo
Washington
Fairfield
Dane
Essex
Danville City
Hendricks
Pittsylvania
Contra Costa
Vermilion
Delaware
Darlington
Darlington
Dauphin
Davie
Broward
Daviess
Montgomery
Montgomery
Volusia
Dearborn
Wayne
MD
OK
OH
OH
GA
MN
AL
TX
TX
IA
TX
TX
OR
PA
CA
VA
CT
WI
MA
VA
IN
VA
CA
IL
PA
SC
SC
PA
NC
FL
IN
OH
OH
FL
IN
MI
12081260
12188320
11939040
12284450
12388300
12438350
12448320
13131610
11059080
11289090
13471340
12236230
12395680
11555470
13849180
12647690
13900890
11749010
12641530
12898300
11410540
12477680
99900021
11207050
11625450
12658370
12926710
12758350
12568380
13017300
12328390
13227820
12664420
13039000
13508950
11911030
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
47
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
1
3
4
4
2
1
2
2
6
2
4
613
Decatur Police Dept
Dedham Police Department
Defuniak Springs Police Department
DeKalb Police Dept
Delcambre Police Department
Denham Springs Police Department
Denville Police
Deptford Police
Desert Hot Springs Police Department
Decatur
Decatur
Dedham
Defuniak Springs
Tucker
Decatur
Fort Payne
DeKalb
Crescent City
Del Rio
Delavan
Media
Delaware
New Castle
Camden
Dover
Delcambre
Delhi
Delhi
Delray Beach
Demopolis
Denham Springs
Denton
Denton
Denver
Denver
Denville
Deptford
Deridder
Des Moines
Des Moines
Des Plaines
Desert Hot Springs
Detroit
Clinton
Dewitt
Morgan
Macon
Norfolk
Walton
DeKalb
DeKalb
DeKalb
DeKalb
Del Norte
Val Verde
Walworth
Delaware
Delaware
New Castle
Camden
Kent
Vermilion
Richland
Delaware
Palm Beach
Marengo
Livingston
Denton
Caroline
Denver
Denver
Morris
Gloucester
Beauregard
King
Polk
Cook
Riverside
Wayne
De Witt
Clinton
AL
IL
MA
FL
GA
GA
AL
IL
CA
TX
WI
PA
OH
DE
NJ
DE
LA
LA
NY
FL
AL
LA
TX
MD
CO
CO
NJ
NJ
LA
WA
IA
IL
CA
MI
IL
IA
11816360
13779370
12431510
13080300
13691660
11709030
12798390
13942390
12618370
12346210
12737200
12618340
12648300
13607560
13387130
13737770
12141750
12711780
11744860
13138010
11896750
12271720
12866230
12951280
99900005
13778270
12713210
13375330
12131710
11337490
13226720
13738070
11732710
11561090
11309010
13964190
1
1
1
1
18
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
19
2
5
1
1
7
1
2
27
1
1
614
Dickson City Police Department
District of Columbia Protective Srvc Police Dept
Dobbs Ferry Village Police Department
Dolgeville Village Police Department
Dolton Police Dept
Donna Police Department
Dora Police Department
Doraville Police Department
Draper Police Department
Duluth Police Department
Dunbar Police Department
Dunnellon Police Department
Dupont Borough Police Department
Dupont Police Department
Duquesne Police Department
Duxbury Police Department
Dickson City
Dillon
Dillon
Washington
Dixon
Dobbs Ferry
Dodge City
Dolgeville
Dolton
Donna
Dora
Doraville
Dothan
Albany
Minden
Dover
Downers Grove
Draper
Dubuque
Durham
Duluth
Dunbar
Dunn
Dunnellon
Dupont
Dupont
Duquesne
Durand
Durango
Durant
Durham
San Diego
Duxbury
Earlville
Baton Rouge
East Brewton
Lackawanna
Dillon
Summit
Pulaski
Westchester
Ford
Herkimer
Cook
Hidalgo
Walker
DeKalb
Houston
Dougherty
Douglas
Kent
Du Page
Salt Lake
Dubuque
Durham
Gwinnett
Kanawha
Harnett
Marion
Luzerne
Pierce
Allegheny
Shiawassee
La Plata
Bryan
Durham
Duval
Plymouth
La Salle
East Baton Rouge
Escambia
PA
SC
CO
DC
MO
NY
KS
NY
IL
TX
AL
GA
AL
GA
NV
DE
IL
UT
IA
NC
GA
WV
NC
FL
PA
WA
PA
MI
CO
OK
NC
TX
MA
IL
LA
AL
11845450
12636770
13842680
99900173
11712450
11084830
11810200
11034880
13455740
12286220
13239920
13339830
13153710
13005200
12228330
13173910
13971890
12247730
13563550
99900102
13553350
12078820
11833820
11215750
12675430
11077450
12895430
11781080
13991090
12755910
11713890
12248340
12051540
13541850
12459010
13777770
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
3
1
615
East Chicago Police
East Cleveland Police Department
East Conemaugh Borough Police Department
East Deer Township Police Department
East Earl Township Police Department
East Greenwich Police
East Kingston Police Department
East Orange Police
East Rochester Village Police Department
East Spencer Police Department
East St. Louis Police Dept
East Washington Borough Police Department
East Wenatchee Police Department
East Windsor Police Department
Eastchester Town Police Department
Eastlake Police Department
Easton Police Department
Edcouch Police Department
Eden Police Department
Edgewood Borough Police Department
Edison Police
Edwardsville Police Department
El Mirage Police Department
East Chicago
East Cleveland
Johnstown
Creighton
East Earl
East Greenwich
East Kingston
East Orange
East Point
East Providence
East Rochester
East Spencer
East St. Louis
Washington
East Wenatchee
East Windsor
Eastchester
Eastlake
Eastman
Easton
Charlotte
Eatonton
Eau Claire
Edcouch
Eden
Edenton
Pittsburgh
Edinburg
Edison
Edmond
Edwardsville
Egg Harbor Township
El Cajon
El Mirage
El Paso
Colorado Springs
Lake
Cuyahoga
Cambria
Allegheny
Lancaster
Kent
Rockingham
Essex
Fulton
Providence
Monroe
Rowan
St. Clair
Washington
Douglas
Hartford
Westchester
Lake
Dodge
Northampton
Eaton
Putnam
Eau Claire
Hidalgo
Rockingham
Chowan
Allegheny
Hidalgo
Middlesex
Oklahoma
Wyandotte
Atlantic
San Diego
Maricopa
El Paso
El Paso
IN
OH
PA
PA
PA
RI
NH
NJ
GA
RI
NY
NC
IL
PA
WA
CT
NY
OH
GA
PA
MI
GA
WI
TX
NC
NC
PA
TX
NJ
OK
KS
NJ
CA
AZ
TX
CO
11940510
12904400
12375450
12655410
12345480
11306790
11993450
13012400
13104110
11886700
12744890
11543810
13458740
12325490
11247430
13715570
12334830
12354480
11223410
12875440
12638200
11523000
12427210
11176140
11373890
11733840
11975330
11726150
13891180
12595970
11580280
11013910
13139610
13442140
12149070
12709000
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
8
1
1
3
1
1
1
7
1
7
1
1
1
3
1
6
7
2
4
2
8
1
2
1
616
El Paso Police Dept
Elgin Police Dept
Eliot Police Department
Elizabeth Police
Elkhart Police
Elm Springs Police Department
Elmwood Place Police Department
Elsa Police Department
Elwood Police
Ely Police Department
Emmett Police Department
Energy Police Dept
Essex Police Department
Eudora Police Department
El Paso
El Paso
Elgin
Elgin
Eliot
Elizabeth
Elk Grove
Elkhart
Elkin
Elko
Elm Springs
Elmore
Cincinnati
Elsa
Elwood
Ely
Elyria
Castle Dale
Petoskey
Emmett
Energy
Enfield
Ennis
Ephrata
Erie
Erie
Errol
Pensacola
Essex Junction
Irvine
Euclid
Eudora
Euless
Eunice
Eunice
Eureka
El Paso
Woodford
Grant
Kane
York
Union
Sacramento
Elkhart
Surry
Elko
Washington
Ottawa
Hamilton
Hidalgo
Madison
St. Louis
Lorain
Emery
Emmet
Gem
Williamson
Hartford
Ellis
Grant
Erie
Weld
Coos
Escambia
Chittenden
Estill
Cuyahoga
Douglas
Tarrant
St. Landry
Lea
Humboldt
TX
IL
ND
IL
ME
NJ
CA
IN
NC
NV
AR
OH
OH
TX
IN
MN
OH
UT
MI
ID
IL
CT
TX
WA
PA
CO
NH
FL
VT
KY
OH
KS
TX
LA
NM
CA
11246150
13134710
11453600
13578350
11761160
13154910
13727570
11110560
11533860
13077500
13702270
12224450
12014430
11576130
11770560
12552660
12514460
12118280
12858290
13626260
13057300
13084700
13599350
11197440
11135310
13819380
99900018
13408040
12157460
11478260
11194360
12750290
11146110
12371700
12884930
13093100
22
1
1
6
1
12
1
5
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
617
Evansville Police
Evansville Police Department
Fair Grove Police Department
Fair Haven Police
Fair Oaks Ranch Police Department
Fairchance Borough Police Department
Fairfield Township Police Department
Fairview Heights Police Dept
Fairview Police Department
Fallowfield Township Police Department
Falls Township Police Department
Falmouth Police Department
Far Hills Police
Federal Heights Police Department
Felicity Police Department
Fernandina Beach Police Department
Fitchburg Police Department
Flagler Beach Police Department
Evansville
Evansville
Everett
Fair Bluff
Fair Grove
Fair Haven
Fair Oaks Ranch
Fairchance
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Hamilton
Fairland
Fairmont
Fairview Heights
Fairview
Fall River
Charleroi
Fairless Hills
Falmouth
Far Hills
Farmington
Farmington
Farmville
Washington Court House
Fayette
Fayetteville
Fayetteville
Federal Heights
Federal Way
Felicity
Fernandina Beach
Ferriday
Republic
Fitchburg
Flagler Beach
Vanderburgh
Rock
Snohomish
Columbus
Greene
Monmouth
Bexar
Fayette
Fairfax
Fairfax
Allendale
Butler
Ottawa
Robeson
St. Clair
Williamson
Bristol
Washington
Bucks
Barnstable
Somerset
Davis
San Juan
Prince Edward
Fayette
Fayette
Cumberland
Washington
Adams
King
Clermont
Nassau
Concordia
Ferry
Worcester
Flagler
IN
WI
WA
NC
MO
NJ
TX
PA
VA
VA
SC
OH
OK
NC
IL
TN
MA
PA
PA
MA
NJ
UT
NM
VA
OH
AL
NC
AR
CO
WA
OH
FL
LA
WA
MA
FL
11320520
11187130
11957410
11333850
12672410
11183280
13168310
13139210
12377650
13575050
12606710
11104390
12205900
11753890
13208520
12336420
12211480
11055350
11835310
12151420
11173210
12017790
12284970
11457540
12398210
11425280
12993850
13666860
13443140
11497430
11254300
13284820
12431720
12528250
12101430
13443840
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
5
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
618
Flat Rock Police Department
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Foley Police Department
Fond Du Lac Police Department
Fordland Police Department
Forest Acres Police Department
Forest Park Police Department
Forest Park Police Department
Forest Park Police Dept
Forks Township Police Department
Fort Deposit Police Department
Fort Meade Police Department
Fort Oglethorpe Police Dept
Bunnell
Flagstaff
Flat Rock
Flemingsburg
Flint
Florala
Florence
Florence
Boca Raton
Tallahassee
Tallahassee
Miami
Rome
Charles City
Foley
Folsom
Fond Du Lac
Fordland
Columbia
Forest City
Forest Park
Forest Park
Forest Park
Forks
Easton
Winston Salem
Cumming
Fort Collins
Fort Deposit
Fort Dodge
Ft. Gibson
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Madison
Fort Meade
Fort Myers
Ft Oglethorpe
Flagler
Coconino
Wayne
Fleming
Genesee
Covington
Florence
Lauderdale
Palm Beach
Leon
Leon
Miami-Dade
Floyd
Floyd
Baldwin
Sacramento
Fond du Lac
Webster
Richland
Winnebago
Hamilton
Clayton
Cook
Clallam
Northampton
Forsyth
Forsyth
Larimer
Lowndes
Webster
Muskogee
Broward
Lee
Polk
Lee
Catoosa
FL
AZ
MI
KY
MI
AL
SC
AL
FL
FL
FL
FL
GA
IA
AL
CA
WI
MO
SC
IA
OH
GA
IL
WA
PA
NC
GA
CO
AL
IA
OK
FL
IA
FL
FL
GA
13813880
13606860
12821090
11181910
12601000
13690660
12626790
13181410
11990103
11990019
13311630
11990070
13862480
13118510
13917390
13995490
11767110
99900025
12026790
13575950
11564350
13630260
13875380
11717400
12115350
13256320
13663260
13444840
13438240
13541450
12285820
13299420
13902890
99900017
13761270
13210520
2
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
4
14
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
7
3
2
1
1
6
1
1
4
1
619
Fort Valley Police Department
Fort Wayne Police
Frankfort Town Police Department
Frankfort Village Police Department
Franklin Borough Police
Franklin Police Department
Freedom Township Police Department
Freehold Township Police
Freeland Borough Police Department
Freemansburg Borough Police Department
Frenchtown Borough Police
Fruitland Police Department
Fulton Police Department
Fort Payne
Fort Pierce
Fort Smith
Fort Valley
Fort Wayne
Fort Worth
Bradford
Framingham
Frankfort
Frankfort
Frankfort
Franklin
Brookville
Rocky Mount
Columbus
Franklin
Franklin
Frederick
Frederick
Freedom
Freedom
Freehold
Freeland
Bethlehem
Sidney
Fremont
Frenchtown
Fresno
Fresno
Frisco
Fruitland
Fryeburg
Fullerton
Atlanta
Atlanta
Fulton
DeKalb
St. Lucie
Sebastian
Peach
Allen
Tarrant
McKean
Middlesex
Franklin
Herkimer
Herkimer
Sussex
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Milwaukee
Franklin
Frederick
Frederick
Carroll
Outagamie
Monmouth
Luzerne
Northampton
Fremont
Alameda
Hunterdon
Fresno
Fresno
Summit
Wicomico
Oxford
Orange
Fulton
Fulton
Oswego
AL
FL
AR
GA
IN
TX
PA
MA
KY
NY
NY
NJ
IN
VA
OH
WI
NE
MD
MD
NH
WI
NJ
PA
PA
IA
CA
NJ
CA
CA
CO
MD
ME
CA
GA
GA
NY
13050200
13330130
13048200
13486340
12330500
12086110
12915390
12731460
11691940
12864890
12214810
11513230
11348200
11478200
13260720
11027160
12183500
13762070
12341210
11863420
11787130
11953260
12535300
12775320
13467940
11638020
11163290
13219820
13715970
13216520
12491290
11211170
11742600
13620360
11256130
11924730
1
5
3
1
4
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
620
Gahanna Police Department
Gallatin Police Department
Galt Police Department
Garden City Police Department
Garden City Police Department
Gardner Police Department
Garfield Heights Police Dept.
Garretson Police Department
Gary Police
Gatesville Police Department
Gautier Police Department
Gaylord Police Department
Geneva Police Department
Geneva Police Department
Gentry Police Department
Georgetown Police Department
Georgetown Police Department
Gaffney
Beatrice
Gahanna
Gainesville
Galesburg
Shawneetown
Gallatin
Gallup
Galt
Galveston
Galveston
Garden City
Garden City
Garden Grove
Gardner
Garfield Heights
Garretson
Gary
Gastonia
Gastonia
Gatesville
Gatlinburg
Gautier
Gaylord
Geneva
Geneva
Lake Geneva
Gentry
Fairfax
Georgetown
Georgetown
Georgetown
Atlanta
Forsyth
Atlanta
Gillette
Cherokee
Gage
Franklin
Alachua
Knox
Gallatin
Sumner
McKinley
Sacramento
Galveston
Galveston
Wayne
Ada
Orange
Worcester
Cuyahoga
Minnehaha
Lake
Gaston
Gaston
Coryell
Sevier
Jackson
Sibley
Ontario
Geneva
Walworth
Benton
Fairfax
Georgetown
Sussex
Williamson
Fulton
Monroe
Fulton
Campbell
SC
NE
OH
FL
IL
IL
TN
NM
CA
TX
TX
MI
ID
CA
MA
OH
SD
IN
NC
NC
TX
TN
MS
MN
NY
AL
WI
AR
VA
SC
DE
TX
GA
GA
GA
WY
12986770
11278220
11394370
13057600
13022400
11198270
12196400
12694960
13204520
13870980
12986130
12241020
13073800
13492340
12171440
13931390
99900003
12720570
12763810
12163810
12366170
12696460
12782030
13946190
11414720
13003600
11067190
13582050
13851080
13263820
11959520
12696120
13090900
99900175
13131210
12968700
2
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
12
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
621
Glendale Heights Police
Glendora Police Department
Glens Falls Police Department
Glenville Town Police Department
Goddard Police Department
Golden Beach Police Department
Golden Meadow Police Department
Golden Valley Police Department
Goose Creek Police Department
Gordonsville Police Department
Graham Police Department
Granby Police Department
Grand Forks Police Department
Granite City Police Dept
Grant Park Police Dept
Grayslake Police Dept
Greenacres Department of Public Safety
Glendale Heights
Glendale
Glendive
Glendora
Glens Falls
Glenville
Blackwood
Goddard
Gold Beach
Golden Beach
Golden Meadow
Golden Valley
Goldsboro
Goose Creek
Gordonsville
Safford
Graham
Grambling
Granby
Grand Forks
Grand Junction
Grand Rapids
Wisconsin Rapids
Traverse City
Granite City
Medford
Marion
Grant Park
Grants
Grapevine
Grayslake
Great Bend
Rochester
Greeley
Greenacres
Lewisburg
Du Page
Los Angeles
Dawson
Los Angeles
Warren
Schenectady
Camden
Sedgwick
Curry
Miami-Dade
Lafourche
Hennepin
Wayne
Berkeley
Smith
Graham
Alamance
Lincoln
Hartford
Grand Forks
Mesa
Kent
Wood
Grand Traverse
Madison
Grant
Grant
Kankakee
Cibola
Tarrant
Lake
Barton
Monroe
Weld
Palm Beach
Greenbrier
IL
CA
MT
CA
NY
NY
NJ
KS
OR
FL
LA
MN
NC
SC
TN
AZ
NC
LA
CT
ND
CO
MI
WI
MI
IL
OK
IN
IL
NM
TX
IL
KS
NY
CO
FL
WV
13273020
13195910
12253960
13469240
11924790
11954700
12563280
11150110
11925640
13741870
12011710
12172690
12723800
12306750
12136410
11798110
12293880
13540350
13293220
11073600
13097500
11172940
11647110
11388110
13704970
11258140
11848190
13726670
12994980
12066160
13171110
11490100
11984790
13805680
13246420
13567050
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
6
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
622
Greenfield Police Department
Greensburg Police
Greenwich Township Police
Greenwood Police
Gregory Police Department
Gretna Police Department
Groton (Town) Police Department
Grove City Police Department
Gulf Breeze Police Department
Gurnee Police Dept
Guthrie Police Department
Hackensack Police
Hackettstown Police
Hadley Police Department
Haines City Police Department
Eutaw
Paragould
Greenfield
Greensboro
Greensburg
Greenville
Greenville
Greenville
Greenville
Greenville
Gibbstown
Greenwood
Gregory
Gresham
Gretna
Cooperstown
Groton
Grove City
Santa Rosa
Gulf Breeze
Gulfport
Gurnee
Guthrie
Lawrenceville
Lawrenceville
Hackensack
Hackettstown
Hadley
Hagerstown
Haines City
Halifax
Gainesville
Hamburg
Hamden
Noblesville
Cincinnati
Greene
Greene
Milwaukee
Guilford
Decatur
Greenville
Greenville
Washington
Hunt
Greenville
Gloucester
Johnson
San Patricio
Multnomah
Gadsden
Griggs
New London
Franklin
Guadalupe
Santa Rosa
Harrison
Lake
Logan
Gwinnett
Gwinnett
Bergen
Warren
Hampshire
Washington
Polk
Halifax
Hall
Fremont
New Haven
Hamilton
Hamilton
AL
AR
WI
NC
IN
SC
SC
MS
TX
SC
NJ
IN
TX
OR
FL
ND
CT
OH
NM
FL
MS
IL
OK
GA
GA
NJ
NJ
MA
MD
FL
VA
GA
IA
CT
IN
OH
12018150
12068110
12107110
12873800
12540550
13412440
12486710
12912060
12956160
13683960
12933240
12580590
12286190
13824980
13412040
13394530
13138210
12824390
12078150
13077000
12652060
13426840
12815840
13250220
13129110
12763200
12003200
12891400
12031240
13549750
12308160
13746670
13367830
13090800
12748160
13036900
1
1
1
6
1
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
5
9
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
623
Hammonton Police
Hamtramck Police Department
Hanahan Police Department
Hanging Rock Police Department
Hanover Police Department
Hanover Township Police Department
Harahan Police Department
Hardeeville Police Department
Harker Heights Police Department
Harper Woods Police Department
Harrah Police Department
Harrington Police Department
Harris County Constable Pct. 4
Hartsville Police Department
Harvard Police Department
Harvey Police Dept
Chattanooga
Hamilton
Hammonton
Hampton
Hampton
Hamtramck
Hanahan
Hanceville
Greenfield
Hanging Rock
Wilson
Hanover
Burgettstown
Harahan
Hardeeville
Bolivar
Bel Air
Harker Heights
Harlingen
Harper Woods
Harrah
Harrington
Spring
Houston
Houston
Houston
Harrisburg
Marshall
Gulfport
Corydon
Harrodsburg
Hartford
Hartsville
Harvard
Harvey
Haskell
Hamilton
Butler
Atlantic
Hampton
Hampton City
Wayne
Berkeley
Cullman
Hancock
Lawrence
Menominee
Plymouth
Washington
Jefferson
Jasper
Hardeman
Harford
Bell
Cameron
Wayne
Oklahoma
Kent
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Dauphin
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Mercer
Hartford
Darlington
Worcester
Cook
Muskogee
TN
OH
NJ
SC
VA
MI
SC
AL
IN
OH
MI
MA
PA
LA
SC
TN
MD
TX
TX
MI
OK
DE
TX
TX
TX
TX
PA
TX
MS
IN
KY
CT
SC
MA
IL
OK
13482940
12134330
12163260
13979590
11887530
11572900
12186790
13265820
12108150
12644310
11732900
12931440
12035330
12561760
12886740
12428150
13313030
12926130
12056150
11482930
12925830
13434640
13752270
13948690
13469940
11414020
12325310
12438100
13190310
13441440
12681960
13377230
12566790
12061460
13431340
12735830
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
12
2
1
7
2
624
Hastings Police Department
Hawthorne Police Department
Hephzibah Police Department
Herkimer Village Police Department
Herrin Police Dept
Hialeah Gardens Police Department
Hillside Police
Haskell
Hastings
Hastings
Hattiesburg
Haverhill
Rogersville
Hawthorne
Haynesville
Hayward
Brownsville
Valley View
Helen
West Helena
Hemingway
Hope
Hempstead
Henderson
Henderson
Labelle
Hennessey
Henrico
McDonough
Martinsville
Abbeville
Hephzibah
Herkimer
Hermann
Brooksville
Herrin
Hialeah Gardens
Hialeah
Hickory
Edinburg
Sebring
Tampa
Hillside
Haskell
Dakota
Adams
Forrest
Essex
Hawkins
Alachua
Claiborne
Alameda
Haywood
Schuylkill
White
Phillips
Williamsburg
Hempstead
Nassau
Clark
Chester
Hendry
Kingfisher
Henrico
Henry
Henry
Henry
Richmond
Herkimer
Gasconade
Hernando
Williamson
Miami-Dade
Miami-Dade
Catawba
Hidalgo
Highlands
Hillsborough
Union
TX
MN
NE
MS
MA
TN
FL
LA
CA
TN
PA
GA
AR
SC
AR
NY
NV
TN
FL
OK
VA
GA
VA
AL
GA
NY
MO
FL
IL
FL
FL
NC
TX
FL
FL
NJ
12926100
12392630
12473500
12402060
12541460
12558190
13878680
12211750
13469640
13013500
12955370
13714070
13099800
12106710
12838030
12214750
12044920
12646470
13326130
12345850
11047570
11644700
11797320
12828050
13729270
12894730
11631060
11528550
13678460
13425040
13397130
12863880
13216720
13898580
13370130
11093190
1
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
7
2
10
2
625
Hilltown Township Police Department
Hinesburg Police Department
Hingham Police Department
Hiram Police Department
Hitchcock Police Department
Hoboken Police
Hobson City Police Department
Holden Beach Police Department
Holden Police Department
Holland Police Department
Holland Police Department
Hollidaysburg Borough Police Department
Hollister Police Department
Holly Springs Public Safety
Hondo Police Department
Hope Mills Police Department
Hopkinsville Police Department
Horsham Township Police Department
Houma Police Department
Hilltown
Hinesburg
Hingham
Hiram
Hitchcock
Hoboken
Hobson City
Levelland
Raeford
Holden Beach
Holden
Holland
Holland
Hollidaysburg
Hollister
Holly Hill
Holly Springs
Hollywood
Holmesville
Oneill
Holyoke
Homer City
Homestead
Hondo
Honolulu
Hooksett
Hope Mills
Hopkinsville
Hornell
Conway
Conway
Horsham
Houma
Houston
Houston
Houston
Bucks
Chittenden
Plymouth
Portage
Galveston
Hudson
Calhoun
Hockley
Hoke
Brunswick
Worcester
Ottawa
Hampden
Blair
San Benito
Orangeburg
Wake
Broward
Holmes
Holt
Hampden
Indiana
Miami-Dade
Medina
Honolulu
Merrimack
Cumberland
Christian
Steuben
Horry
Horry
Montgomery
Terrebonne
Harris
Harris
Harris
PA
VT
MA
OH
TX
NJ
AL
TX
NC
NC
MA
MI
MA
PA
CA
SC
NC
FL
OH
NE
MA
PA
FL
TX
HI
NH
NC
KY
NY
SC
SC
PA
LA
TX
TX
TX
12175320
12607410
12931410
12034390
12436060
11133110
99900013
13467340
13009500
11703780
12251460
11982960
99900026
12155300
11846670
12166620
11083730
13845080
13380930
12048060
12031460
12455370
13734570
12286060
13346430
12203480
11713730
12291950
12914720
12126640
12388080
12335320
12741750
99900170
13350930
12476060
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
8
1
1
1
1
3
1
28
1
2
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
38
626
Howard Lake Police Department
Howey-In-The-Hills Police Department
Hudson Police Department
Huntington Park Police Department
Hurricane Police Department
Hurricane Police Department
Hutto Police Department
Hyattsville Police Department
Idaho State Police
Ilion Village Police Department
Indiana Township Police Dept.
Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne University Police
Indianapolis Police
Inkster Police Department
Ellicott City
Howard Lake
Howey-In-The-Hills
Jersey City
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Humble
Humboldt
Tannersville
Flemington
Huntington Beach
Huntington Park
Huntsville
Huron
Hurricane
Hurricane
Hutto
Hyattsville
New Iberia
Idaho Falls
Meridian
Ilion
Springfield
Independence
Independence
Vero Beach
Indiana
Indianapolis
Indianapolis
Pittsburgh
Fort Wayne
Indianapolis
Inglewood
Inkster
Inman
Howard
Wright
Lake
Hudson
Hillsborough
Summit
Middlesex
Harris
Gibson
Greene
Hunterdon
Orange
Los Angeles
Madison
Beadle
Washington
Putnam
Williamson
Prince Georges
Iberia
Bonneville
Ada
Herkimer
Sangamon
Jackson
Tangipahoa
Indian River
Indiana
Marion
Marion
Allegheny
Allen
Marion
Los Angeles
Wayne
McPherson
MD
MN
FL
NJ
NH
OH
MA
TX
TN
NY
NJ
CA
CA
AL
SD
UT
WV
TX
MD
LA
ID
ID
NY
IL
MO
LA
FL
PA
IN
IN
PA
IN
IN
CA
MI
KS
11481280
13334730
13050400
13316030
12013450
12514390
12951430
13257420
13548750
12934710
13870380
13297220
13612960
13624860
11296530
12237630
12348840
12006040
11701220
13432140
13680760
13780170
13963290
13900790
12232320
12261710
13852180
12265250
13869580
13119110
12305230
99900171
12690540
13253920
12052910
12940140
3
1
1
4
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
7
1
1
1
19
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
43
4
2
4
627
Iowa City Police Department
Iowa Police Department
Irondequoit Town Police Department
Irvington Police
Iva Police Department
Jackson Township Police Department
Jackson Township Police Department
Jacksonville Beach Police Department
Jeffersontown Police Department
Jersey City Police
Johnson City Village Police Department
Johnston Police Department
Joliet Police Dept
Iowa City
Des Moines
Iowa
Rochester
Irvine
Irving
Irvington
Ishpeming
Isle Of Wight
Iva
Marianna
Holton
Gainesboro
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Massillon
Zelienople
Jacksonville Beach
Jacksonville
Jaffrey
Williamsburg
Jamestown
Jefferson City
Harvey
Jeffersontown
Jennings
Jersey City
Alice
Johnson City
Johnson City
Smithfield
Johnston
Joliet
Johnson
Polk
Calcasieu
Monroe
Orange
Dallas
Essex
Marquette
Isle of Wight
Anderson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Cape Girardeau
Jackson
Hinds
Madison
Butts
Stark
Butler
Duval
Duval
Cheshire
James City
Chautauqua
Cole
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson Davis
Hudson
Jim Wells
Washington
Broome
Johnston
Providence
Will
IA
IA
LA
NY
CA
TX
NJ
MI
VA
SC
FL
KS
TN
MO
MI
MS
TN
GA
OH
PA
FL
FL
NH
VA
NY
MO
LA
KY
LA
NJ
TX
TN
NY
NC
RI
IL
13439940
13118710
12611770
13326830
13657760
12806050
11193110
12132930
11318020
12686600
11688070
11908040
13360030
12762350
12772940
12842030
12926410
13021700
12194330
12525260
13792170
13517850
12173490
13559350
13871780
12552390
12338070
12491990
12871720
11123190
11093650
12736410
13893480
12678060
13382830
13216820
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
3
1
9
5
1
1
1
1
16
1
1
2
1
15
1
1
14
1
1
2
1
1
3
628
Juneau Police Dept.
Kemp Police Department
Kendallville Police
Kenly Police Department
Kennebunk Police Department
Kennedale Police Department
Kennedy Township Police Department
Kennett Square Borough Police Department
Kildeer Police Dept
Kilgore Police Department
Joplin
Mauston
Juneau
Jupiter
Kahoka
Kalamazoo
Kalispell
Geneva
Kansas City
Kansas City
Hutchinson
Lihue
Kaw City
Kemp
Kendallville
Kenly
Kennebunk
Kennedale
Coraopolis
Kenner
Kennett Square
Kennewick
Kenosha
Dover
Kenton
Frankfort
Frankfort
Sigourney
Kermit
Bakersfield
Kerrville
Lugoff
Ketchikan
Lake Zurich
Kilgore
Killeen
Jasper
Juneau
Juneau
Palm Beach
Clark
Kalamazoo
Flathead
Kane
Jackson
Wyandotte
Reno
Kauai
Kay
Kaufman
Noble
Johnston
York
Tarrant
Allegheny
Jefferson
Chester
Benton
Kenosha
Kent
Obion
Franklin
Franklin
Keokuk
Winkler
Kern
Kerr
Kershaw
Ketchikan Gateway
Lake
Gregg
Bell
MO
WI
AK
FL
MO
MI
MT
IL
MO
KS
KS
HI
OK
TX
IN
NC
ME
TX
PA
LA
PA
WA
WI
DE
TN
KY
KY
IA
TX
CA
TX
SC
AK
IL
TX
TX
12402300
13699460
13197410
13162610
12092340
12842910
12903980
13299320
12092370
12240100
99900168
13024300
12165860
11486010
12020590
13493340
11011190
11506090
11835040
12161640
13705470
12257410
13800880
99900020
12616440
13210820
13988390
13889480
11736070
13536350
11176050
11859940
13500450
13941790
11166070
11616020
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
5
11
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
16
1
1
1
1
1
3
629
King City Police Department
Kingman Police Department
Kingston Police Department
Kittery Police Department
Knightdale Police Department
Kokomo Police
La Grange Park Police Dept
Lafayette Police
Lafollette Police Department
Lake Angelus Police Department
Lake City Police Department
King City
Seattle
Kingfisher
Kingman
Kings Mountain
Kingsland
Kingsport
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingsville
Kissimmee
Port Orchard
Kittery
Kitty Hawk
Klamath Falls
Knightdale
Knoxville
Kokomo
La Crosse
La Grange Park
La Porte
Ottawa
Cotulla
Easton
Lafayette
Lafayette
Lafayette
Lafayette
Lafollette
Thibodaux
LaGrange
Auburn Hills
Lake Charles
Lake City
Washington
King
Kingfisher
Kingman
Cleveland
Camden
Sullivan
Ulster
Rockingham
Plymouth
Luzerne
Kleberg
Osceola
Kitsap
York
Dare
Klamath
Wake
Knox
Howard
La Crosse
Cook
La Porte
La Salle
La Salle
Northampton
Tippecanoe
Lafayette
Walker
Boulder
Campbell
Lafourche
Troup
Oakland
Calcasieu
Florence
OR
WA
OK
KS
NC
GA
TN
NY
NH
MA
PA
TX
FL
WA
ME
NC
OR
NC
TN
IN
WI
IL
IN
IL
TX
PA
IN
LA
GA
CO
TN
LA
GA
MI
LA
SC
11035610
13531950
11709950
12570120
11263790
13778470
12376490
12604790
12713490
12721480
13112610
11526020
13856580
13560950
12271170
11943740
11985670
11703720
13546150
12840590
13920190
13739870
11979970
11779990
12499960
99900160
12030450
12741690
13112910
13450540
12776420
13787770
13424540
12422990
12621660
12806600
1
7
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
3
630
Lake Crystal Police Department
Lake Mary Police Department
Lake St. Louis Police Department
Lake Wales Police Department
Lakes Area Police Department
Lakeville Police Department
Lakeway Police Department
Lancaster Town Police Department
Lansford Police Department
Lantana Police Department
Leadville
Tavares
Madison
Lakeport
Waukegan
Crown Point
Lake Crystal
Lake Mary
Lake St Louis
Lake Wales
Lakeland
Lakeland
Lakeport
Lindstrom
Lakeville
Austin
Lakewood
Lamesa
Lamoure
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lancaster
Greenwood
Lansford
Lansing
Lansing
Lantana
Laredo
Largo
Las Cruces
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Lauderhill
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Blue Earth
Seminole
St. Charles
Polk
Polk
Lanier
Lake
Chisago
Dakota
Travis
Pierce
Dawson
LaMoure
Lancaster
Dallas
Fairfield
Garrard
Lancaster
Erie
Greenwood
Carbon
Leavenworth
Ingham
Palm Beach
Webb
Pinellas
Dona Ana
Clark
San Miguel
Broward
CO
FL
SD
CA
IL
IN
MN
FL
MO
FL
FL
GA
CA
MN
MN
TX
WA
TX
ND
SC
TX
OH
KY
PA
NY
SC
PA
KS
MI
FL
TX
FL
NM
NV
NM
FL
12219900
13264720
13454740
13583250
13749970
13951990
11472650
13713070
12972310
13800180
13478940
13942690
13846280
11832690
11462670
12536060
12837480
12116020
12983630
12919970
13203720
12214320
12271960
12315270
12294730
13876980
12625230
12110100
12432910
13099100
12026000
11670000
12744950
12244990
12194940
13834980
21
3
1
3
1
5
1
1
1
6
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
1
4
1
1
9
1
1
631
Laurel Police Department
Laurel Police Department
Laurens Police Department
Lavergne Police Department
Lawrence Township Police
Lebanon Junction Police Department
Lebanon Police
Leetsdale Borough Police Department
Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority Police Dept
Leighton Police Department
Lemont Police Dept
Leominster Police Department
Lexington Police Department
Lexington Police Department
Liberty Police Department
Liberty Township Police Department
Laurel
Laurel
Laurens
Laurens
Lavergne
Bedford
Lawrence
Lawrenceville
Hyde
Lawton
Lebanon Junction
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Bishopville
Sanford
Fort Myers
Leesville
Leetsdale
Allentown
Leighton
Leland
Lemont
Adrian
Kinston
Leominster
Tallahassee
Daleville
Monticello
Lexington
Lexington
Liberty
Liberty
Youngstown
Prince Georges
Kent
Laurens
Laurens
Rutherford
Lawrence
Essex
Mercer
Clearfield
Comanche
Bullitt
Boone
Grafton
Wilson
Laclede
Warren
Lee
Lee
Lee
Vernon
Allegheny
Lehigh
Colbert
Washington
Cook
Lenawee
Lenoir
Worcester
Leon
Dale
Lewis
Richland
Lexington
Liberty
Pickens
Trumbull
MD
DE
SC
SC
TN
IN
MA
NJ
PA
OK
KY
IN
NH
TN
MO
OH
SC
NC
FL
LA
PA
PA
AL
MS
IL
MI
NC
MA
FL
AL
MO
OH
SC
TX
SC
OH
11491200
13043700
12879990
12616630
12896470
12869950
11391440
11933150
13806580
13177110
12631950
12440420
11713310
12076410
12202320
12484370
12669940
12739920
13183810
12031610
13101110
13376630
13830280
12962020
11240930
12529960
11651510
11971450
13042700
13006200
12819960
12094230
12926680
13237420
12796680
12864210
2
2
4
1
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
632
Lima Police Department
Lincoln Police Department
Lincoln Police Dept
Lindale Police Department
Lisbon Police Department
Litchfield Police Department
Little Egg Harbor Township Police
Little River-Academy Police Department
Little Silver Police
Littleton Police Department
Lockport Police Department
Lockport Police Dept
Logan Township Police Department
Longboat Key Police Department
Longwood Police Department
Loris Police Department
Los Lunas Police Department
Loudon Police Department
Lima
Lincolnton
Newport
Lincolnton
Canton
Ruston
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lindale
Lisbon
Litchfield
Little Egg Harbor
Little River
Little Rock
Little Silver
Littleton
Howell
Livingston
Lockhart
Lockport
Lockport
Altoona
Long Beach
Ludowici
Longboat Key
Longmont
Longwood
Lorain
Loris
Monterey Park
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Lunas
Loudon
Leesburg
Baton Rouge
Allen
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Providence
Lancaster
Smith
Waukesha
Hillsborough
Ocean
Bell
Pulaski
Monmouth
Middlesex
Livingston
Livingston
Covington
Niagara
Will
Blair
Los Angeles
Long
Manatee
Boulder
Seminole
Lorain
Horry
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Valencia
Loudon
Loudoun
East Baton Rouge
OH
NC
OR
GA
SD
LA
RI
NE
TX
WI
NH
NJ
TX
AR
NJ
MA
MI
LA
AL
NY
IL
PA
CA
GA
FL
CO
FL
OH
SC
CA
CA
CA
NM
TN
VA
LA
12944290
12169980
12189930
12339990
12969930
12109980
13881480
12563590
12576010
99900014
11093350
12833150
12606010
13714970
11543140
11291470
12149990
13410040
13102910
12964710
13213820
11645220
11790270
12689900
13374930
13580750
13698660
12564230
12566670
13080500
13545150
11331990
12434900
11896440
13200720
13138310
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
6
1
1
1
3
5
1
17
33
2
1
10
2
2
633
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Police Dept
Loves Park Police Dept
Lower Paxton Township Police Department
Lower Township Police
Lubbock County Constable Pct. 3
Lumberton Township Police Department
Luna Pier Police Department
Luther Police Department
Lykens Borough Police Department
Lyndhurst Police Department
Lynwood Police Dept
Madbury Police Department
Madison Heights Police Department
Shreveport
Baton Rouge
Louisville
Loves Park
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Harrisburg
Erma
Valdosta
Hayneville
Lubbock
Lubbock
Toledo
Lumberton
Lumberton
Deming
Luna Pier
Luther
Wilkes Barre
Lykens
Lyndhurst
Lynn
Lynwood
Mount Clemens
Macon
Madbury
Madera
Madill
Huntsville
Fredericktown
Danielsville
Madison Heights
Madison
Madison
Madison
Caddo
East Baton Rouge
Jefferson
Winnebago
Middlesex
Kent
Benton
Dauphin
Cape May
Lowndes
Lowndes
Lubbock
Lubbock
Lucas
Robeson
Burlington
Luna
Monroe
Oklahoma
Luzerne
Dauphin
Cuyahoga
Essex
Cook
Macomb
Bibb
Strafford
Madera
Marshall
Madison
Madison
Madison
Oakland
Dane
Morris
Madison
LA
LA
KY
IL
MA
MI
AR
PA
NJ
GA
AL
TX
TX
OH
NC
NJ
NM
MI
OK
PA
PA
OH
MA
IL
MI
GA
NH
CA
OK
AL
MO
GA
MI
WI
NJ
AL
13587250
13300930
12561910
13086900
11241450
12182980
13023400
11755270
12453180
13008400
13460440
13774370
11907910
13850380
12143730
12573170
12759880
12412920
11945880
12989820
12425280
12754290
11351430
11810960
13309530
13429340
99900023
13862980
11255850
13738470
13870580
13983590
12682970
12167140
12953170
13913390
1
1
16
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
4
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
634
Maine State Police
Malverne Village Police Department
Manalapan Township Police
Manassas Park Police Dept.
Manhattan Beach Police Department
Manheim Borough Police Department
Manheim Township Police Department
Manitou Springs Police Department
Mansfield Police Department
Mansfield Police Department
Mantua Township Police
Maple Shade Township Police
Maplewood Police Department
Marana Police Department
Marco Island Police Department
Marcus Hook Borough Police Department
Maricopa Police Department
Madison
Mahanoy City
Augusta
Malakoff
Malverne
Manalapan
Manassas Park
Palmetto
Manchester
Manchester
Manhattan Beach
Manheim
Lancaster
Manitou Springs
Manitowoc
Mansfield
Mansfield
Mantua
Maple Shade
Maplewood
Marana
Wausau
Marble Falls
Marble Head
Marco Island
Marcus Hook
Phoenix
Maricopa
Marietta
San Rafael
Indianapolis
Salem
Fairmont
Ocala
Marion
Marion
New Haven
Schuylkill
Kennebec
Henderson
Nassau
Monmouth
Manassas Park City
Manatee
Hillsborough
Hartford
Los Angeles
Lancaster
Lancaster
El Paso
Manitowoc
Bristol
De Soto
Gloucester
Burlington
Ramsey
Pima
Marathon
Burnet
Ottawa
Collier
Delaware
Maricopa
Kern
Cobb
Marin
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Smyth
Marion
CT
PA
ME
TX
NY
NJ
VA
FL
NH
CT
CA
PA
PA
CO
WI
MA
LA
NJ
NJ
MN
AZ
WI
TX
OH
FL
PA
AZ
CA
GA
CA
IN
OR
WV
FL
VA
SC
13966390
12255240
13505850
11697990
12504750
12193140
12997510
13065500
11453390
13359630
13861280
12875260
12565210
13628160
12167110
11751480
12621600
12423180
12433100
11852620
11774920
12949850
11237970
12704270
13482340
12585260
13195710
99900097
13932890
13045300
12429830
12719810
13139810
13767470
12027520
12756610
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
7
1
1
3
1
1
635
Marlborough Township Police Department
Martins Ferry Police Department
Martinsburg Police Department
Martinsville Police
Maryland National Capital Park Police - Montgomery County
Marysville Borough Police Department
Marysville Police Department
Mason Police Department
Massachusetts Department of Mental Health Police Department
Massillon Police Department
Mathis Police Department
Maywood Police Department
Maywood Police Dept
MBTA Transit Police
McCandless Township Police Department
McCullom Lake Police Dept
Wautoma
Marksville
Bennettsville
Green Lane
Marlow
Marshallville
Williamston
Stuart
Martins Ferry
Martinsburg
Martinsville
Marvell
Baltimore
Silver Spring
Annapolis
Pikesville
Baltimore
Baltimore
Marysville
Marysville
Mason City
Point Pleasant
Mason
Boston
Framingham
Massillon
Mathis
Wailuku
Maywood
Maywood
Boston
McAllen
McAllen
McArthur
Wexford
McHenry
Waushara
Avoyelles
Marlboro
Montgomery
Stephens
Macon
Martin
Martin
Belmont
Berkeley
Morgan
Phillips
Baltimore City
Montgomery
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Baltimore City
Baltimore
Perry
Yuba
Cerro Gordo
Mason
Warren
Suffolk
Middlesex
Stark
San Patricio
Maui
Los Angeles
Cook
Suffolk
Hidalgo
Hidalgo
Vinton
Allegheny
McHenry
WI
LA
SC
PA
OK
GA
NC
FL
OH
WV
IN
AR
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
PA
CA
IA
WV
OH
MA
MA
OH
TX
HI
CA
IL
MA
TX
TX
OH
PA
IL
12717150
12711600
11699880
12725240
11055810
13833980
11789810
13052400
12904280
13971990
12400410
13969690
13044300
13699060
13819680
13301330
13307730
13021300
12545220
13697060
13915890
11139890
12814290
99900174
13071700
12464250
11917950
13155310
13202220
12460990
13962590
13955090
11644030
12184200
11545190
12740950
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
10
1
1
15
2
1
3
1
2
12
1
1
5
4
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
636
McDonough Police Department
McKeesport Police Department
McMechen Police Department
Medical Lake Police Department
Melbourne Beach Police Department
Melrose Park Police Dept
Mendenhall Police Department
Mercersburg Borough Police Department
Merrillville Police
Miami Township Police Department
McDonough
Welch
Marion
Woodstock
Eufaula
McKeesport
Gallup
McMechen
Medford
Medford
Augusta
Medical Lake
Charleston
Medina
Meigs
Melbourne Beach
Melbourne
Melrose Park
Memphis
Mendenhall
Mentor
Merced
Mercersburg
Meriden
Meridian
Merrillville
Mesa
Mesilla
Mesquite
Arlington
Meyersdale
Miami Beach
Miami
Miami
Miamisburg
Miami
Henry
McDowell
McDowell
McHenry
McIntosh
Allegheny
McKinley
Marshall
Middlesex
Jackson
Richmond
Spokane
Charleston
Gibson
Thomas
Brevard
Brevard
Cook
Shelby
Simpson
Lake
Merced
Franklin
New Haven
Lauderdale
Lake
Maricopa
Dona Ana
Dallas
Arlington
Somerset
Miami-Dade
Ottawa
Miami-Dade
Montgomery
Miami-Dade
GA
WV
NC
IL
OK
PA
NM
WV
MA
OR
GA
WA
SC
TN
GA
FL
FL
IL
TN
MS
OH
CA
PA
CT
MS
IN
AZ
NM
TX
VA
PA
FL
OK
FL
OH
FL
13960190
11159840
11809890
13395030
13280020
11855150
12999840
11990093
11371450
11845660
11314140
11957380
13277220
11096460
13577450
13788570
13763970
13243420
11736410
13517350
11714220
13543750
11565170
13820480
11202080
12510460
13251620
13260020
13572450
13874080
11785170
13925190
11015800
13780370
11494220
13076900
1
1
1
2
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
64
3
1
2
1
2
4
2
5
1
1
1
3
4
1
16
1
26
637
Middle Township Police
Middlesex Police Department
Middletown Borough Police Department
Middletown Police
Midland Borough Police Department
Midland Park Police
Millbrook Police Department
Millcreek Township Police Department
Millsboro Police Department
Milltown Police
Millville Police
Milton Police Department
Minden Police Department
Minerva Police Department
Minneapolis Park Police Department
Minnetonka Police Department
Michigan City
East Lansing
Cape May Court House
New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Saluda
Middlesex
Middletown
Middletown
Middletown
Middletown
Midland
Midland
Midland Park
Midland
Midland
Milford
Millbrook
Erie
Tuscumbia
Millersburg
Millsboro
Milltown
Millville
Milton
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
Minden
Mineral Wells
Minerva
Minneapolis
Minneapolis
Sioux Falls
St. Paul
Minnetonka
Minocqua
La Porte
Ingham
Cape May
Middlesex
Middlesex
Middlesex
Nash
Dauphin
Henry
Butler
Middlesex
Beaver
Midland
Bergen
Midland
Midland
New Haven
Elmore
Erie
Miller
Holmes
Sussex
Middlesex
Cumberland
Santa Rosa
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
Webster
Palo Pinto
Stark
Hennepin
Hennepin
Minnehaha
Ramsey
Hennepin
Oneida
IN
MI
NJ
NJ
NJ
VA
NC
PA
IN
OH
CT
PA
TX
NJ
TX
MI
CT
AL
PA
MO
OH
DE
NJ
NJ
FL
WI
WI
LA
TX
OH
MN
MN
SD
MN
MN
WI
12080440
13148110
13324130
13810580
11885390
12439870
12893750
11585160
12150450
11784260
13508650
11245110
13550650
12043150
11877950
12522910
13750470
13432440
11205130
13334930
11794240
13212520
12293170
12323140
13537250
13102210
12207020
12071620
12187920
11154230
13499440
12882650
13651260
13790070
12962690
12867020
1
9
3
3
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
8
85
1
2
1
1
22
1
4
3
1
638
Mint Hill Police Department
Missouri University of Science And Technology Police Dept
Missouri Valley Police Department
Moncks Corner Police Department
Monongahela City Police
Monroe Public Safety
Mont Vernon Police Department
Montevallo Police Department
Montgomery Town Police Department
Monticello Police
Mint Hill
Miramar
Mission
Jackson
Jackson
Missoula
Jefferson City
Rolla
Missouri Valley
Cambridge
Moab
Moberly
Mobile
Modesto
Moline
Moncks Corner
Freehold
Monongahela
Sparta
Rochester
Key West
Monroe
Monroe
Monroeville
Monroeville
Mount Vernon
Montague
Montevallo
Montezuma
Rockville
Clarksville
Dayton
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Monticello
Mecklenburg
Broward
Hidalgo
Hinds
Hinds
Missoula
Cole
Phelps
Harrison
Middlesex
Grand
Randolph
Mobile
Stanislaus
Rock Island
Berkeley
Monmouth
Washington
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Ouachita
Union
Huron
Allegheny
Hillsborough
Montague
Shelby
Macon
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Fayette
Orange
White
NC
FL
TX
MS
MS
MT
MO
MO
IA
MA
UT
MO
AL
CA
IL
SC
NJ
PA
WI
NY
FL
LA
NC
OH
PA
NH
TX
AL
GA
MD
TN
OH
AL
WV
NY
IN
12373710
13547050
12417960
13252320
13651560
12873920
99900166
13818380
13114010
99900096
12177640
12592270
13610360
13421740
12500940
13341430
11899740
12705190
11529710
13001500
13479940
12101650
13690960
11724230
12895160
13260920
11819780
13923990
13120410
11571250
13203220
13233420
11146780
11308860
12954790
12450490
1
2
2
3
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
6
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
16
1
1
9
2
2
1
639
Moore Township Police Department
Moorestown Township Police
Mooresville Police
Moosic Borough Police Department
Morningside Police Department
Morristown Police
Morrow Police Department
Morton Police Dept
Mosby Police Department
Moss Point Police Department
Moulton Police Department
Mounds Police Dept
Mount Gilead Police Department
Mount Healthy Police Department
Mount Holly Township Police
Mount Hope Police Department
Mount Kisco Village Police Department
Mount Rainier Police Department
Mount Washington Police Department
Mountlake Terrace Police Department
Muhlenberg Township Police Department
Mukwonago Police Department
Mulberry Police Department
Muncie Police
Munhall Borough Police Department
Montpelier
Bath
Moorestown
Mooresville
Moosic
Mora
Decatur
Martinsville
Suitland
Morristown
Morristown
Morrisville
Heppner
Morrow
Morton
Mosby
Moss Point
Moulton
Mounds
Mount Airy
Mount Gilead
Cincinnati
Mount Holly
Mount Hope
Mount Kisco
Mt. Pleasant
Mount Pleasant
Mt. Rainier
Mount Vernon
Mount Washington
Mountlake Terrace
Temple
Mukwonago
Mulberry
Muncie
Homestead
Bear Lake
Northampton
Burlington
Morgan
Lackawanna
Mora
Morgan
Morgan
Prince Georges
Morris
Morris
Madison
Morrow
Clayton
Tazewell
Clay
Jackson
Lawrence
Pulaski
Surry
Morrow
Hamilton
Burlington
Fayette
Westchester
Titus
Charleston
Prince Georges
Westchester
Bullitt
Snohomish
Berks
Waukesha
Polk
Delaware
Allegheny
ID
PA
NJ
IN
PA
NM
AL
IN
MD
NJ
NJ
NY
OR
GA
IL
MO
MS
AL
IL
NC
OH
OH
NJ
WV
NY
TX
SC
MD
NY
KY
WA
PA
WI
FL
IN
PA
13391230
12995190
12073110
12150410
12455160
13689960
11419700
13704070
11941270
12339740
12403130
13744770
13953890
13728970
12630910
12532250
11602040
13226120
12230920
12483720
12004240
12944260
12503100
11168850
12584740
12047970
13614360
11851270
12554740
12661850
11407310
12375110
12817000
13893580
11460470
12885180
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
640
Muskegon Heights Police Department
Mustang Police Department
Nashville Police
Naugatuck Police Department
Navajo Nation Tribal Department of Law Enforcement
Navassa Police Department
Needham Police Department
New Albany Police
New Britain Borough Police Department
New Castle Police
Murfreesboro
Murphy
Murray
Muscatine
Muskegon
Muskogee
Muskogee
Mustang
Myrtle Beach
Naperville
Nashua
Nashville
Nashville
Nashville
Mineola
Yulee
Natchez
Natchitoches
Naugatuck
Window Rock
Navassa
Nebraska City
Lincoln
Needham
Carson City
New Albany
New Athens
New Bedford
New Bern
New Braunfels
Doylestown
New Britain
New Brunswick
New Castle
New Castle
New Castle
Rutherford
Cherokee
Calloway
Muscatine
Muskegon
Muskogee
Muskogee
Canadian
Horry
Du Page
Hillsborough
Davidson
Brown
Berrien
Nassau
Nassau
Adams
Natchitoches
New Haven
Apache
Brunswick
Otoe
Lancaster
Norfolk
Carson
Floyd
Harrison
Bristol
Craven
Comal
Bucks
Hartford
Middlesex
Lawrence
New Castle
Henry
TN
NC
KY
IA
MI
OK
OK
OK
SC
IL
NH
TN
IN
GA
NY
FL
MS
LA
CT
AZ
NC
NE
NE
MA
NV
IN
OH
MA
NC
TX
PA
CT
NJ
PA
DE
IN
11286490
12913740
12071800
13795270
12922870
12349720
12515800
12175870
13993690
12130910
13819580
11846420
11200460
13687360
12974750
12059750
11462030
13523250
13099000
13381830
12353720
12733510
13293320
12421410
13844380
11510460
99900012
12481470
12573780
13834680
12655140
13743070
12913190
12355160
13672160
11410480
6
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
5
1
1
21
1
1
6
2
6
3
2
3
2
2
1
1
6
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
641
New Ellenton Police Department
New Hope Borough Police Department
New Melle Police Department
New Port Richey Police Department
New York City Department of Environmental Protection Police
New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
Newark Division of Police
Newark Police
Newark Police Department
Newnan Police Department
New Castle
New Castle
New Ellenton
Concord
Castle Hayne
New Haven
New Hope
Trenton
West Trenton
Newark
New Lisbon
New London
New Martinsville
New Melle
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
New Milford
New Orleans
New Port Richey
New Rochelle
Valhalla
New York
New York
New York
New York
Albany
Albany
Newark
Newark
Newark
White Cloud
Newburgh
Newbury
Newnan
Newport Beach
Newport News
Rockingham
Garfield
Aiken
Merrimack
New Hanover
New Haven
Bucks
Burlington
Mercer
Essex
Juneau
New London
Wetzel
St. Charles
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Litchfield
Orleans
Pasco
Westchester
Westchester
New York
New York
New York
New York
Albany
Albany
Licking
Essex
New Castle
Newaygo
Orange
Merrimack
Coweta
Orange
Newport News City
NH
CO
SC
NH
NC
CT
PA
NJ
NJ
NJ
WI
CT
WV
MO
NM
NM
CT
LA
FL
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
NY
OH
NJ
DE
MI
NY
NH
GA
CA
VA
11643360
13383330
12746630
13164810
13829480
13787170
12795120
13100910
11285940
13415440
12017020
13142710
11798820
12192220
13953290
13671560
13195110
11181690
13456840
12884600
13218020
12414630
12639700
99900167
13880680
13797870
13651360
11644150
12593130
11881820
12769700
12574640
11593370
13891280
13916090
12617570
1
1
1
3
4
9
1
1
16
3
1
2
1
2
1
13
1
98
1
2
1
229
2
1
2
1
5
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
642
Newport Township Police Department
Newtown Police Department
Newtown Police Department
Nicoma Park Police Department
Niles Police Department
Niles Police Dept
Noble Police Department
Noblesville Police
Normandy Police Department
North Adams Police Department
North Augusta Public Safety
North Bergen Police
North Catasauqua Borough Police Department
North Cornwall Township Police Department
North Courtland Police Department
North Muskegon Police Department
North Pekin Police Dept
North Providence Police Department
North Randall Police Department
Newport
Newport
Nanticoke
Covington
Newton
Cincinnati
Newtown
Lewiston
Lockport
Niagara Falls
Carlisle
Nicoma Park
Niles
Niles
Noble
Noblesville
Nogales
Norfolk
Norfolk
Normandy
North Adams
North Augusta
North Bergen
North Brunswick
Raleigh
Catasauqua
North Charleston
Lebanon
North Courtland
Houston
North Kingsville
North Las Vegas
Muskegon
North Pekin
No. Providence
North Randall
Sullivan
Campbell
Luzerne
Newton
Middlesex
Hamilton
Fairfield
Nez Perce
Niagara
Niagara
Nicholas
Oklahoma
Berrien
Cook
Cleveland
Hamilton
Santa Cruz
Norfolk City
Norfolk City
St. Louis
Berkshire
Aiken
Hudson
Middlesex
Wake
Northampton
Charleston
Lebanon
Lawrence
Harris
Ashtabula
Clark
Muskegon
Tazewell
Providence
Cuyahoga
NH
KY
PA
GA
MA
OH
CT
ID
NY
NY
KY
OK
MI
IL
OK
IN
AZ
VA
VA
MO
MA
SC
NJ
NJ
NC
PA
SC
PA
AL
TX
OH
NV
MI
IL
RI
OH
11771780
12761830
12115170
12879780
12141410
11134150
13228920
13328530
13038200
12784660
13236020
12035820
12152860
12400990
12885880
12730400
13207620
12799730
12937520
12132230
12601400
12756640
12713120
12323170
13708270
12645070
12336690
12115080
13270120
13221520
11384180
12684960
12052880
12770980
11426750
11944140
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
15
1
1
2
1
1
9
1
5
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
9
1
643
North Syracuse Village Police Department
North Topsail Beach Police Department
Northampton Police Department
Northbridge Police Department
Northern Cambria Borough Police Department
Northwoods Police Department
Nueces County Constable Pct. 3
Oakwood Village Police Department
Ocean Beach Village Police Dept
Ocean Springs Police Department
Ocean View Police Department
Ocoee Police Department
Oglesby Police Dept
Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Office of Law Enforcement
North Syracuse
North Topsail Bch
Northampton
Northbridge
Barnesboro
Dekalb
San Antonio
Northwoods
Norton
Norwalk
Norwich
Norwich
Bishop
Pahrump
O'Fallon
Oak Lawn
Oak Park
Oakdale
Oakland
Oakland
Oakwood
Bedford
Ocala
Ocean Beach
Ocean City
Ocean Shores
Ocean Springs
Ocean View
Oceanside
Ocoee
Ogden
Ogdensburg
Oglesby
Lexington
Oglethorpe
Columbus
Onondaga
Onslow
Hampshire
Worcester
Cambria
DeKalb
Bexar
St. Louis
Norton
Fairfield
Chenango
New London
Nueces
Nye
St. Charles
Cook
Cook
Allen
Alameda
Orange
Paulding
Cuyahoga
Marion
Suffolk
Worcester
Grays Harbor
Jackson
Sussex
San Diego
Orange
Weber
St. Lawrence
La Salle
Oglethorpe
Macon
Franklin
NY
NC
MA
MA
PA
IL
TX
MO
KS
CT
NY
CT
TX
NV
MO
IL
IL
LA
CA
FL
OH
OH
FL
NY
MD
WA
MS
DE
CA
FL
UT
NY
IL
GA
GA
OH
12784690
12613790
12661490
12441400
12845050
11764970
13083900
13679060
12780170
13459140
12464680
13340530
13642860
13250920
13342230
12640830
12880850
11711660
13387330
13399830
11974140
13090300
13824680
13240620
11891250
13701370
11382010
11596670
13563250
13313730
13172610
13370830
12860800
12069700
13161210
13648660
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
6
1
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
644
Okay Police Department
Olanta Police Department
Old Forge Borough Police Department
Olmsted Township Police Department
Olyphant Borough Police Department
Omaha Police Dept
Opa Locka Police Department
Opelika Police Department
Orange Police Department
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
Shalimar
Okanogan
Okay
Okla. City
Okla. City
Olanta
Olathe
Old Forge
Lagrange
Olean
Olmsted Twp.
Olney
Olyphant
Omaha
Onley
Syracuse
Ontario
Opa Locka
Opelika
Opelousas
Santa Ana
Goshen
Hillsborough
Orlando
Orange
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Alton
Orem
Orlando
Albion
New Orleans
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Okaloosa
Okanogan
Wagoner
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Florence
Johnson
Lackawanna
Oldham
Cattaraugus
Cuyahoga
Young
Lackawanna
Douglas
Accomack
Onondaga
Malheur
Miami-Dade
Lee
St. Landry
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
New Haven
Orangeburg
Orangeburg
Rockland
Oregon
Utah
Orange
Orleans
Orleans
OH
OH
OH
FL
WA
OK
OK
OK
SC
KS
PA
KY
NY
OH
TX
PA
NE
VA
NY
OR
FL
AL
LA
CA
NY
NC
FL
CT
SC
SC
NY
MO
UT
FL
NY
LA
99900019
13873780
13517650
13308630
12879750
12205860
12515860
13400740
12566640
12380180
12555040
12461870
13522550
13452740
12457940
12065090
12783590
12327570
13679960
11625600
13346830
13217820
11231680
13955890
12039610
13731470
13823880
13384630
12519610
12686660
12314690
12139640
13060000
13908790
12869680
13457940
1
4
1
4
1
1
17
6
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
3
1
1
22
1
1
17
1
1
4
1
2
1
8
2
4
645
Orleans Police Department
Osawatomie Department of Public Safety
Oswego Police Department
Ottawa Hills Police Department
Overland Police Department
Owens Crossroad Police Department
Oxford Police Department
Oxford Police Department
Oxford Township Police
Pacific Police Department
Pacific Police Department
Palisade Police Dept
Palmer Township Police Department
Palos Verdes Estates Police Department
Paola Police Department
Park Ridge Police Dept
Orleans
Oro Valley
Osawatomie
Reed City
Kissimmee
Osceola
Oswego
Alamogordo
West Olive
Toledo
Monroe
Appleton
Overland
Owens Crossroad
Oxford
Oxford
Oxford
Oxnard
Port Washington
Pacific
Pacific
Luray
Palatka
Palisade
Palm Bay
West Palm Beach
West Palm Beach
Palm Beach Gardens
Palm Springs
Easton
Palo Alto
Palos Verdes Estates
Panama City
Paola
Paris
Park Ridge
Barnstable
Pima
Miami
Osceola
Osceola
Clarke
Oswego
Otero
Ottawa
Lucas
Ouachita
Outagamie
St. Louis
Madison
New Haven
Butler
Warren
Ventura
Ozaukee
King
Franklin
Page
Putnam
Mesa
Brevard
Palm Beach
Palm Beach
Palm Beach
Riverside
Northampton
Santa Clara
Los Angeles
Bay
Miami
Lamar
Cook
MA
AZ
KS
MI
FL
IA
NY
NM
MI
OH
LA
WI
MO
AL
CT
OH
NJ
CA
WI
WA
MO
VA
FL
CO
FL
FL
FL
FL
CA
PA
CA
CA
FL
KS
TX
IL
11511370
13905390
12670150
12969680
13308230
13926290
12604600
12809650
13237320
13948390
13218120
12399620
12412250
11659230
11658010
13086100
12383140
13539450
12599690
11767350
12702290
12769640
13472040
11284970
13140510
13797570
13141210
13631660
13209920
11075010
13519250
13250820
13566150
12100090
12727950
12430870
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
1
1
13
1
1
1
5
13
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
646
Parker Police Department
Parma Heights Police Department
Paterson Police
Peachtree City Police Dept
Pearl Police Department
Pendel Borough Police Department
Penn Hills Township Police Department
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Pennsylvania State Constable--Allegheny County
Pennsylvania State Constable--Montgomery County
Peoria Police Dept
Perry Police Department
Perry Township Police Department
Perrysburg Police Department
Perrysburg Township Police Department
Petal Police Department
Parker
Parma Heights
Parma
Pasadena
New Port Richey
Wayne
Paterson
Dallas
Pauls Valley
Pawnee
Pawtucket
Peachtree City
Pearl
Pearson
Pelham
Pelham
Pembroke Pines
Pendel
Burgaw
Pittsburgh
Rapid City
Harrisburg
Pittsburgh
Norristown
Harrisburg
Pensacola
Peoria
Peoria
Pinckneyville
Perry
Massillon
Perrysburg
Perrysburg
Perryville
Petal
Petersburg
Bay
Cuyahoga
Cuyahoga
Harris
Pasco
Passaic
Passaic
Paulding
Garvin
Pawnee
Providence
Fayette
Rankin
Atkinson
Hampshire
Mitchell
Broward
Bucks
Pender
Allegheny
Pennington
Dauphin
Allegheny
Montgomery
Dauphin
Escambia
Maricopa
Peoria
Perry
Box Elder
Stark
Wood
Wood
Boyle
Forrest
Petersburg City
FL
OH
OH
TX
FL
NJ
NJ
GA
OK
OK
RI
GA
MS
GA
MA
GA
FL
PA
NC
PA
SD
PA
PA
PA
PA
FL
AZ
IL
IL
UT
OH
OH
OH
KY
MS
VA
13252720
12804190
13225220
12967940
13290020
13930390
12743090
13383430
11925710
12959640
12206780
13329930
11012050
13245020
11211360
13717070
13658960
99900099
13681160
11855060
13359330
99900011
99900029
99900073
11916890
13928190
13804680
12990860
13112210
13282120
12474170
12424120
12144160
12381860
11352010
12097560
2
1
3
5
4
7
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
36
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
3
647
Pewaukee (city) Police Department
Pickens Police Department
Piedmont Police Department
Pilot Point Police Department
Pinckney Police Department
Pine Lake Police Department
Pine Lawn Police Department
Pinetops Police Department
Pineville Police Department
Pittsboro Police
Pittston City Police Department
Plainfield Township Police Department
Winnett
Pewaukee
Pharr
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Helena
Phoenix
Pickens
Piedmont
Tacoma
Pilot Point
Tucson
Florence
Pinckney
Pine Bluff
Pine Lake
Pine Lawn
Pineland
Largo
Pinellas Park
Pinetops
Pineview
Pineville
Pink Hill
Piscataway
Greenville
Pittsboro
Pittsburgh
Pittston
Auburn
Plainfield
Nazareth
Plainview
Plano
Belle Chasse
Platteville
Petroleum
Waukesha
Hidalgo
Neshoba
Philadelphia
Phillips
Maricopa
Pickens
Calhoun
Pierce
Denton
Pima
Pinal
Livingston
Jefferson
DeKalb
St. Louis
Sabine
Pinellas
Pinellas
Edgecombe
Wilcox
Rapides
Lenoir
Middlesex
Pitt
Hendricks
Allegheny
Luzerne
Placer
Union
Northampton
Hale
Collin
Plaquemines
Grant
MT
WI
TX
MS
PA
AR
AZ
SC
AL
WA
TX
AZ
AZ
MI
AR
GA
MO
TX
FL
FL
NC
GA
LA
NC
NJ
NC
IN
PA
PA
CA
NJ
PA
TX
TX
LA
WI
11169640
11877030
12137930
11652060
12035060
11719620
13934890
11546650
13246920
13244620
12917950
13536450
13565450
12362850
13602860
13975090
12892260
12137810
13244220
13147710
12393790
13484940
11451620
12553790
12543080
13264420
12810470
12355030
12165000
13787070
13551650
12275050
12347800
12147880
13820980
11167080
1
1
2
1
70
1
17
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
26
1
2
5
2
1
1
1
1
648
Platteville Police Dept
Pleasant Hill Police Department
Pleasant Valley Police Department
Plum Borough Police Department
Plymouth Township Police Department
Pocola Police Department
Pohatcong Township Police
Point Pleasant Borough Police
Pojoaque Tribal Police Department
Pompton Lakes Police
Ponchatoula Police Department
Pontiac Police Department
Pontoon Beach Police Dept
Poquoson Police Department
Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Police Department
Port Huron Police Department
Port Orchard Police Department
Port Richey Police Department
Port Vue Borough Police Department
Platteville
Plattsburgh
Pleasant Hill
Pleasant Valley
Pleasanton
Pittsburgh
Plymouth Meeting
Marlinton
Pocola
Philipsburg
Point Pleasant
Santa Fe
Cedartown
Cedartown
Bartow
Des Moines
Pompton Lakes
Ponchatoula
Pontiac
Pontoon Beach
Poplar Bluff
Poquoson
Jersey City
Port Barre
Port Huron
Port Jefferson
Port Orange
Port Orchard
Port Richey
Port St. Lucie
Mc Keesport
Ravenna
Valparaiso
Portland
Portland
Portsmouth
Weld
Clinton
Polk
Clay
Alameda
Allegheny
Montgomery
Pocahontas
Le Flore
Warren
Ocean
Santa Fe
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Passaic
Tangipahoa
Oakland
Madison
Butler
Poquoson City
Hudson
St. Landry
St. Clair
Shelby
Volusia
Kitsap
Pasco
St. Lucie
Allegheny
Portage
Porter
Multnomah
Cumberland
Portsmouth City
CO
NY
IA
MO
CA
PA
PA
WV
OK
NJ
NJ
NM
GA
GA
FL
IA
NJ
LA
MI
IL
MO
VA
NJ
LA
MI
OH
FL
WA
FL
FL
PA
OH
IN
OR
ME
VA
13254820
11676560
13354230
12842240
13430640
12795030
12635030
12589650
11155790
13026100
13612660
13390230
13662160
12289630
13297720
13511750
13355930
12411640
11762840
13630660
11972210
12817520
13915290
11990094
11022820
99900105
13542550
12177360
13276320
13671160
12855030
12939680
12019680
12805650
12961140
12037590
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
14
3
3
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
1
2
26
4
11
649
Prattville Police Department
Prescott Police Department
Princeton Borough Police
Prior Lake Police Department
Pueblo Police Dept
Pulaski Police Department
Purcell Police Department
Puyallup Police Department
Radcliff Police Department
Ramsey Police
Randolph Police Department
Portsmouth
Council Bluffs
Amarillo
Poughkeepsie
Deer Lodge
Prattville
Prescott
Landover
Upper Marlboro
Prince William
Manassas
Princeton
Princeton
Prior Lake
Providence
Providence
Provo
Pueblo
Mound City
Pulaski
Purcell
Cookeville
Puyallup
Centreville
Quincy
Quincy
Racine
Radcliff
Rainsville
Raleigh
Suffern
Saint Paul
Ramsey
Chester
Randolph
Ranger
Rockingham
Pottawattomie
Potter
Dutchess
Powell
Autauga
Pierce
Prince Georges
Prince Georges
Prince William
Prince William
Mercer
Mercer
Scott
Webster
Providence
Utah
Pueblo
Pulaski
Pulaski
McClain
Putnam
Pierce
Queen Annes
Norfolk
Grant
Racine
Hardin
DeKalb
Wake
Rockland
Ramsey
Bergen
Randolph
Clay
Eastland
NH
IA
TX
NY
MT
AL
WI
MD
MD
VA
VA
NJ
WV
MN
KY
RI
UT
CO
IL
VA
OK
TN
WA
MD
MA
WA
WI
KY
AL
NC
NY
MN
NJ
IL
MO
TX
12883380
13094900
13733770
11624650
12829610
13159110
12537040
11801260
13865780
12017510
11179530
13995390
12708880
11942580
12171870
12356710
12717610
13667460
11559500
12137540
11185720
11369530
12937360
11499500
11141380
12037350
12677080
12031860
13045900
12513750
11064660
13160810
13507650
13288020
13586050
13473040
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
30
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
7
3
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
1
1
1
1
650
Ravenna Police Dept
Red Bank Police
Redmond Police Department
Reidsville Police Department
Reynoldsburg Police Department
Richfield Police Department
Richmond Police Dept
Ridgefield Police Department
Ridgeville Police
Ridley Township Police Department
Ringwood Borough Police
River Rouge Police Department
Riverdale Park Police Department
Rapid City
Alexandria
Hamilton
Ravenna
Red Bank
Red Springs
Redding
Redmond
Redondo Beach
Reidsville
Reno
Revere
Reynoldsburg
North Scituate
Richfield
Columbia
Richland
Richmond
Augusta
Richmond
Richmond
Richmond
Richmond
Richmond
Ridgefield
Ridgeville
Ridgeville
Folsom
Manhattan
Ringwood
Espanola
Ripley
River Rouge
Riverdale Park
Riverside
Riverside
Pennington
Rapides
Ravalli
Buffalo
Monmouth
Robeson
Shasta
Deschutes
Los Angeles
Rockingham
Washoe
Suffolk
Franklin
Providence
Hennepin
Richland
Pulaski
Richmond City
Richmond
Ray
Richmond City
Madison
Contra Costa
McHenry
Fairfield
Randolph
Dorchester
Delaware
Riley
Passaic
Rio Arriba
Jackson
Wayne
Prince Georges
Riverside
Riverside
SD
LA
MT
NE
NJ
NC
CA
OR
CA
NC
NV
MA
OH
RI
MN
SC
MO
VA
GA
MO
VA
KY
CA
IL
CT
IN
SC
PA
KS
NJ
NM
WV
MI
MD
CA
CA
13888280
13119910
13491040
12513480
12273060
12803700
13531350
12345660
13884880
12633780
12564930
11661330
12914140
13892980
12442500
13007300
13333430
12259540
13743570
11391750
12037560
12451800
13237220
11200830
13539850
11020320
11366630
11926960
12580040
12523000
12469560
12488880
11732840
12251270
13056100
13931490
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
5
1
8
1
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
14
12
651
Riverton Borough Police
Robbins Police Dept
Robbinsdale Police Department
Robinson Police Department
Robinson Township Police Department
Rockledge Police Department
Rockport Police Department
Rockville Police Department
Roman Forest Police Department
Romulus Police Department
Roseland Police
Roselle Borough Police
Ross Township Police Department
Riverton
Riviera Beach
Roanoke
Roanoke
Robbins
Robbins
Robbinsdale
Lumberton
Robinson
Pittsburgh
Rochelle
Rochester
Rochester
Janesville
Rock Hill
Rockford
Harrisonburg
Rockledge
Rockmart
Rockport
Rockville
Rocky Mount
Rocky Mount
Rogers
Roman Forest
Romulus
Roodhouse
Wolf Point
Roseboro
Rosebud
Rosedale
South Bend
Roselle
Pittsburgh
Roswell
Round Rock
Burlington
Palm Beach
Roanoke City
Roanoke
Moore
Cook
Hennepin
Robeson
McLennan
Allegheny
Wilcox
Monroe
Olmsted
Rock
York
Winnebago
Rockingham
Brevard
Polk
Essex
Montgomery
Nash
Franklin
Benton
Montgomery
Wayne
Greene
Roosevelt
Sampson
Todd
Bolivar
St. Joseph
Union
Allegheny
Chaves
Williamson
NJ
FL
VA
VA
NC
IL
MN
NC
TX
PA
GA
NY
MN
WI
SC
IL
VA
FL
GA
MA
MD
NC
VA
AR
TX
MI
IL
MT
NC
SD
MS
IN
NJ
PA
NM
TX
12103080
13178410
12767530
12317530
12983720
11980880
13884080
12639510
12467860
11556900
13774070
11484610
13660160
13817580
11806690
11360890
13288820
13641460
13257220
11911330
12881240
12243710
12797560
13534450
11947830
11092830
11870840
12959580
12303760
11990043
12882010
11120320
13278720
11216940
12684990
11507890
1
6
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
652
Roxbury Township Police
Rutland Police Department
Sag Harbor Village Police Department
Salem Police
Sallisaw Police Department
San Benito Police Department
Steamboat Springs
Ledgewood
Royal Oak
Royston
Ruidoso
Phenix City
Russellville
Murfreesboro
Rutland
Rutland
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sag Harbor
Saginaw
Saginaw
Salem
Salem
Salem
Salem
Salinas
Salina
Harrisburg
Salisbury
Salisbury
Salisbury
Sallisaw
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City
San Antonio
San Antonio
Hollister
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Diego
Routt
Morris
Oakland
Franklin
Lincoln
Russell
Franklin
Rutherford
Worcester
Rutland
Sacramento
Sacramento
Suffolk
Saginaw
Saginaw
Salem
Salem
Essex
Marion
Monterey
Saline
Saline
Rowan
Essex
Wicomico
Sequoyah
Salt Lake
Salt Lake
Bexar
Bexar
San Benito
Cameron
San Bernardino
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Diego
CO
NJ
MI
GA
NM
AL
AL
TN
MA
VT
CA
CA
NY
MI
MI
NJ
NJ
MA
OR
CA
KS
IL
NC
MA
MD
OK
UT
UT
TX
TX
CA
TX
CA
CA
CA
CA
13895180
11173090
11272850
13551750
13346730
12239590
13758870
13567350
12361380
12407400
13630060
13762270
11594690
13128010
11722860
12299520
11803030
12071310
12875690
13753970
12859580
13221920
12103630
12591390
12881210
13593950
12257650
13836780
13062000
11387840
12679580
11877820
13771270
13415240
13846180
13560350
1
2
1
1
1
2
8
2
2
1
6
6
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
39
4
2
21
2
7
18
653
San Rafael Police Department
San Ramon Police Department
Sandown Police Department
Sandwich Police Department
Sanger Police Department
Santa Clara Tribal Police Department
Santa Rosa Police Department
Saratoga County Sheriff's Office
Saratoga Springs Police Department
Saugerties Village Police Department
San Francisco
Coldspring
San Jose
Aztec
San Leandro
San Luis Obispo
San Marcos
San Rafael
San Ramon
Rio Rancho
Sandown
Sandusky
Sandwich
Sandy
Sandy
Sandy Springs
Sanford
Sanford
Sanger
Santa Ana
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
San Jose
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Espanola
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Milton
Santa Rosa
Santee
Sarasota
Ballston Spa
Saratoga Springs
Saugerties
Baraboo
San Francisco
San Jacinto
Santa Clara
San Juan
Alameda
San Luis Obispo
Hays
Marin
Contra Costa
Sandoval
Rockingham
Erie
Barnstable
Clackamas
Salt Lake
Fulton
Lee
Seminole
Denton
Orange
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Grant
Rio Arriba
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Rosa
Cameron
Orangeburg
Sarasota
Saratoga
Saratoga
Ulster
Sauk
CA
TX
CA
NM
CA
CA
TX
CA
CA
NM
NH
OH
MA
OR
UT
GA
NC
FL
TX
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
NM
NM
NM
NM
FL
TX
SC
FL
NY
NY
NY
WI
13180510
12709550
13415640
12719590
11489190
13047600
11867850
13514050
13832480
11255390
13824080
12714100
12121360
12465600
12987690
13802480
12293630
13333130
11997850
13043000
13642660
13877680
11671410
13711170
99900009
12144950
12309500
12584980
13874680
11927810
11126610
13855480
12219540
11714650
11444630
13474340
8
1
10
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
7
1
4
1
654
Saukville Police Department
Schodack Town Police Department
Scotia Village Police Department
Sea Isle Police
Seabrook Police Department
Seaside Park Police
Sedalia Police Dept
Sedgwick Police Department
Seguin Police Department
Sellersburg Police
Seminole Tribal Police Department
Senoia Police Department
Seward Police Dept
Seymour Police
Seymour Police Department
Saukville
Sault Sainte Marie
Savannah
Schenectady
Castleton
Philadelphia
Scotia
Scotts Hill
Scottsbluff
Scottsboro
Scottsdale
Scranton
Sea Isle
Seabrook
Seadrift
Searcy
Seaside Park
Seaside
Seaside
Seattle
Sedalia
Sedgwick
Seguin
Sellersburg
Selma
Selma
Selmer
Sanford
Hollywood
Romulus
Seneca
Senoia
Sevierville
Seward
Seymour
Seymour
Ozaukee
Chippewa
Chatham
Schenectady
Rensselaer
Philadelphia
Schenectady
Henderson
Scotts Bluff
Jackson
Maricopa
Lackawanna
Cape May
Rockingham
Calhoun
White
Ocean
Monterey
Clatsop
King
Pettis
Harvey
Guadalupe
Clark
Fresno
Dallas
McNairy
Seminole
Broward
Seneca
Oconee
Coweta
Sevier
Seward
Jackson
New Haven
WI
MI
GA
NY
NY
PA
NY
TN
NE
AL
AZ
PA
NJ
NH
TX
AR
NJ
CA
OR
WA
MO
KS
TX
IN
CA
AL
TN
FL
FL
NY
SC
GA
TN
NE
IN
CT
11048980
12672870
13229520
11034690
12274680
11990037
12444660
12226430
12203450
13569050
13152810
12386950
11813040
12363390
11847800
13734370
11693010
11471270
12255670
12967330
11512260
12430070
12437890
12960310
13199610
13449440
12826490
13185110
13522450
12369410
11776630
13126210
12386400
12263450
12070340
13427240
1
1
6
16
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
11
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
6
1
3
1
1
1
3
655
Shafter Police Department
Sharon Hill Borough Police Department
Sharon Township Police Department
Sharpsburg Police Department
Sheboygan Falls Police Department
Shelby Township Police Department
Shelbyville Police Department
Shelton Police Department
Shenandoah Police Department
Sherman Police Department
Sherwood Police Department
Shillington Police Department
Shively Police Department
Silverton Police Department
Simpsonville Police Department
Skaneateles Village Police Department
Slaton Police Department
Sleepy Hollow Village Police Department
Slidell Police Department
Smith Township Police Department
Smithfield Police Department
Smithfield Police Department
Shafter
Sharon Hill
Columbus
Sharpsburg
Shawnee
Sheboygan Falls
Center
Memphis
Sidney
Shelby
Shelby
Utica
Shelbyville
Shelton
Shenandoah
Shenandoah
Sherman
Sherwood
Shillington
Shinnston
Shippensburg
Shively
Shreveport
Silverton
Franklin
Simpsonville
Sioux Falls
Skaneateles
Slaton
Sleepy Eye
Sleepy Hollow
Slidell
Tyler
Slovan
Smithfield
Smithfield
Kern
Delaware
Franklin
Nash
Pottawatomie
Sheboygan
Shelby
Shelby
Shelby
Bolivar
Cleveland
Macomb
Shelby
Fairfield
Schuylkill
Montgomery
Grayson
Washington
Berks
Harrison
Cumberland
Jefferson
Caddo
Marion
Simpson
Greenville
Minnehaha
Onondaga
Lubbock
Redwood
Westchester
St. Tammany
Smith
Washington
Johnston
Isle of Wight
CA
PA
OH
NC
OK
WI
TX
TN
OH
MS
NC
MI
KY
CT
PA
TX
TX
OR
PA
WV
PA
KY
LA
OR
KY
SC
SD
NY
TX
MN
NY
LA
TX
PA
NC
VA
13165510
12456930
12824140
12643630
12295740
11468950
12609420
13018600
13909990
11493980
12713640
12982800
11091880
13851180
12926960
12747880
12167840
12245600
12666950
12578880
13907190
11031890
12011620
12315600
12769430
11236690
11356500
12964680
12317800
12632560
12124630
12151670
12949450
12386920
12893600
12917590
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
14
2
3
1
3
1
3
5
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
14
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
12
1
5
1
1
656
Smithville Police Department
Smyrna Police Department
Smyrna Police Department
Solon Police Department
Somerset Police Department
Somerton Police Department
South Bend Police
South Carolina Department of Mental Health-Public Safety
South Carolina Law Enforcement Division
South Charleston Police Department
South Fayette Township Police Department
South Londonderry Township Police Department
South Milwaukee Police Department
South Ogden Police Department
South Plainfield Police
South Shore Police Department
South Tucson Police Dept.
Southbury Police Department
Southgate Police Department
Southport Police Department
Southside Police Department
Southwest City Police Dept
Smithville
Smyrna
Smyrna
Everett
Socorro
El Paso
Fairfield
Solon
Somerset
Somerton
Somerville
Somerville
South Bend
Columbia
Columbia
Blythewood
Columbia
South Charleston
Morgan
Campbelltown
South Milwaukee
South Ogden
South Plainfield
South Shore
South Tucson
Hampton Bays
Southbury
Baton Rouge
Southgate
Southport
Southside
Southwest City
Spartanburg
Spencer
Spokane
Spokane
Lee
Kent
Rutherford
Snohomish
Socorro
El Paso
Solano
Cuyahoga
Perry
Yuma
Burleson
Middlesex
St. Joseph
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Clark
Allegheny
Lebanon
Milwaukee
Weber
Middlesex
Greenup
Pima
Suffolk
New Haven
East Baton Rouge
Wayne
Marion
Etowah
McDonald
Spartanburg
Clay
Spokane
Spokane
GA
DE
TN
WA
NM
TX
CA
OH
OH
AZ
TX
MA
IN
SC
SC
SC
SC
OH
PA
PA
WI
UT
NJ
KY
AZ
NY
CT
LA
MI
IN
AL
MO
SC
IA
WA
WA
13511950
11570790
12136440
11356130
12819480
13299220
13691860
12354120
12204190
11387900
12197810
12691360
12080380
99900172
13666460
13640860
13187110
12134030
13316730
12196950
11368920
12737660
11463000
11291830
13121010
12154600
13928090
13179610
12652820
99900103
13885880
12062280
13986890
13699960
13323030
12637380
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
9
1
1
11
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
6
657
Spring Grove Police Dept
Spring Lake Police Department
Spring Valley Village Police Department
Springettsbury Township Police Department
Springfield Dept of Public Safety
Springfield Township Police Department
St. Cloud Police Department
St. George Police Dept
St. Martinville Police Department
Spring Grove
Spring Lake
Spring Valley
York
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Springfield
Chalmette
O Fallon
Hahnville
St Charles
St. Cloud
Hudson
Austin
St. George
St Louis County
Greensburg
La Place
South Bend
South Bend
St Joseph
Opelousas
St Louis
St Louis
Clayton
Fort Pierce
Saint Martinville
Saint Martinville
Leonardtown
San Antonio
McHenry
Cumberland
Rockland
York
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Clark
Hampden
Windsor
Bay
Sangamon
Greene
Union
St. Bernard
St. Charles
St. Charles
St. Charles
Osceola
St. Croix
Travis
Dorchester
St. Louis
St. Helena
St. Joseph
St. Joseph
Buchanan
St. Landry
St. Louis City
St. Louis
St. Louis
St. Lucie
St. Martin
St. Martin
St. Marys
Bexar
IL
NC
NY
PA
MI
SC
OH
MA
VT
FL
IL
MO
NJ
LA
MO
LA
MO
FL
WI
TX
SC
MO
LA
LA
IN
IN
MO
LA
MO
MO
MO
FL
LA
LA
MD
TX
11000730
12073630
12714680
12846970
12752860
11086690
12034020
12241330
12977400
13150810
11610710
12812270
99900165
13692460
13653060
13368230
12902240
13465640
13281920
99900158
11656640
12542230
11229450
13069700
13875580
13990390
12982220
11776320
12882250
12052210
99900002
13030900
11139430
11511590
13948090
99900004
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
17
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
4
12
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
658
St. Matthews Police Department
Stafford Police Department
Stallings Police Department
State College Borough Police Department
Statesville Police Department
Stayton Police Department
Steger Police Dept
Steubenville Police Department
Stoneville Police Department
Stoughton Police Department
Stratham Police Department
Streamwood Police Dept
Struthers Police Department
Stuart Police Department
St. Marys
Louisville
St. Paul
St. Paul
St. Petersburg
Covington
Stafford
Stallings
Stamford
Modesto
Albemarle
Dickinson
Rio Grande City
State College
Albany
Statesville
Stayton
Steger
Duncan
Toccoa
Bath
Steubenville
Stillwater
Stillwater
Stockton
Stoneville
Stoughton
Stover
Stratford
Stratham
Streamwood
Struthers
Stuart
Sturgis
Yaphank
Suffolk
Auglaize
Jefferson
Wise
Ramsey
Pinellas
St. Tammany
Fort Bend
Union
Fairfield
Stanislaus
Stanly
Stark
Starr
Centre
Albany
Iredell
Marion
Cook
Stephens
Stephens
Steuben
Jefferson
Payne
Washington
San Joaquin
Rockingham
Norfolk
Morgan
Fairfield
Rockingham
Cook
Mahoning
Guthrie
St. Joseph
Suffolk
Suffolk
OH
KY
VA
MN
FL
LA
TX
NC
CT
CA
NC
ND
TX
PA
NY
NC
OR
IL
OK
GA
NY
OH
OK
MN
CA
NC
MA
MO
CT
NH
IL
OH
IA
MI
NY
VA
12664110
11501850
12247550
13723970
13135210
13723070
11817740
13676160
13625060
13613660
13195810
13556550
13902290
12586930
13257720
12763660
12275630
11070730
11109400
11539480
11069420
12484090
12385700
13709170
13711570
12933610
12271350
12322290
13100110
12443350
11900770
12894060
13789270
11772750
12534630
12847520
2
1
1
9
7
2
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
659
Suisun City Police Department
Sullivan City Police Department
Summerhill Township Police Department
Sunland Park Police Department
Sunset Hills Police Department
Superior Police Department
Surfside Beach Police Department
Surfside Beach Public Safety Department
Surfside Police Department
Swampscott Police Department
Swansea Police Department
Sylvania Police Department
Tarpon Springs Police Department
Tarrytown Village Police Department
Taylorsville Police Department
Tea Police Department
Sugar Land
Franklin
Sugarcreek
Suisun City
Sullivan City
Monticello
Blountville
Beaverdale
Akron
Sumter
Sunland Park
Sunrise
Sunset Hills
Superior
Surfside Beach
Surfside Beach
Surfside
Surprise
Yuba City
Swampscott
Swansea
Sweetwater
Sylvania
Syracuse
Syracuse
Tabor City
Tacoma
Tahlequah
Talbotton
Tallahassee
Tampa
Tarpon Springs
Tarrytown
Taylorsville
Tea
Tempe
Fort Bend
Venango
Tuscarawas
Solano
Hidalgo
Sullivan
Sullivan
Cambria
Summit
Sumter
Dona Ana
Broward
St. Louis
Douglas
Brazoria
Horry
Miami-Dade
Maricopa
Sutter
Essex
Lexington
Monroe
Lucas
Onondaga
Davis
Columbus
Pierce
Cherokee
Talbot
Leon
Hillsborough
Pinellas
Westchester
Salt Lake
Lincoln
Maricopa
TX
PA
OH
CA
TX
NY
TN
PA
OH
SC
NM
FL
MO
WI
TX
SC
FL
AZ
CA
MA
SC
TN
OH
NY
UT
NC
WA
OK
GA
FL
FL
FL
NY
UT
SD
AZ
11157770
12116850
12124020
13097900
11997700
12109400
13418240
12196800
13347930
11946640
12894910
13827680
12332240
12458940
11397730
11426630
13190710
13309730
12199430
12891370
11246610
11166310
12824050
11144590
13722170
13942090
12597370
12255730
11389330
13151310
13287620
11790820
11184590
11307670
12776570
13350630
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
4
5
3
3
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
660
Temple Police Department
Temple Terrace Police Department
Tennessee State Constable--Carter County
Thebes Police Department
Thibodaux Police Department
Thomasville Police Department
Tilton Police Dept
Tiltonsville Police Department
Tohono O'Odham Tribal Police
Tolleson Police Department
Travelers Rest Police Department
Trenton Police
Trotwood Police Department
Truro Police Department
Tukwila Police Department
Temple
Temple Terrace
Nashville
Elizabethton
Nashville
Houma
Sanderson
Texarkana
Austin
Texas City
Austin
Thebes
Thibodaux
Thief River Falls
Thomasville
Thomasville
Tilton
Tiltonsville
Tinley Park
Tipton
Titusville
Sells
Toledo
Tolleson
Topeka
Torrington
Young Harris
Travelers Rest
Traverse City
Trenton
Trotwood
Troy
Truro
Tucson
Tucumcari
Tukwila
Carroll
Hillsborough
Davidson
Carter
Davidson
Terrebonne
Terrell
Bowie
Travis
Galveston
Travis
Alexander
Lafourche
Pennington
Thomas
Davidson
Vermilion
Jefferson
Cook
Tillman
Brevard
Pima
Lucas
Maricopa
Shawnee
Litchfield
Towns
Greenville
Grand Traverse
Mercer
Montgomery
Rensselaer
Barnstable
Pima
Quay
King
GA
FL
TN
TN
TN
LA
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
IL
LA
MN
GA
NC
IL
OH
IL
OK
FL
AZ
OH
AZ
KS
CT
GA
SC
MI
NJ
OH
NY
MA
AZ
NM
WA
13342830
13754670
13306930
99900110
13035400
13402040
11599350
13863880
13951090
11395620
11198080
99900164
11391560
12882550
11069330
12533620
12890790
13043300
12320700
12895770
13749370
13575850
13184510
13597550
12740040
13784270
13318930
11436610
11332790
12143090
12984020
11524560
12141320
13353730
12024930
12237330
2
2
7
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
9
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
15
1
5
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
9
1
1
661
Tulare Police Department
Turlock Police Department
Turner Police Department
Turrell Police Department
Tuscumbia Police Department
Tuxedo Park Village Police Department
Tyrone Police Department
Unified Police Department
Union City Police
Union Public Safety Department
Uniontown Police Department
University of Maryland Eastern Shore Dept of Public Safety
Visalia
Tulare
Tulsa
Tupelo
Turkey Creek
Turlock
Turner
Turrell
Tuscaloosa
Caro
Tuscumbia
Tuskegee
Tuskegee
Tutwiler
Tuxedo Park
Twin Falls
Tyrone
Kingston
Salt Lake
Union City
Union City
Liberty
Monroe
Union
Union
Uniontown
Laredo
Birmingham
Little Rock
Los Angeles
Colorado Springs
Gainesville
Urbana
Princess Anne
Denton
Pittsburgh
Tulare
Tulare
Tulsa
Lee
Evangeline
Stanislaus
Marion
Crittenden
Tuscaloosa
Tuscola
Colbert
Macon
Macon
Tallahatchie
Orange
Twin Falls
Fayette
Ulster
Salt Lake
Hudson
Obion
Union
Union
Newton
Union
Fayette
Webb
Jefferson
Pulaski
Los Angeles
El Paso
Alachua
Champaign
Somerset
Denton
Allegheny
CA
CA
OK
MS
LA
CA
OR
AR
AL
MI
AL
AL
AL
MS
NY
ID
GA
NY
UT
NJ
TN
IN
NC
MS
SC
PA
TX
AL
AR
CA
CO
FL
IL
MD
TX
PA
13775670
13202820
12995740
13588850
11771500
13679860
12575610
13970990
13576450
12529350
13597150
13554750
99900027
13272520
11084560
13655360
13426340
12219350
99900007
12603050
11656360
12309320
13964790
11928480
12076650
12246820
13953790
13506650
11954480
13449340
13029200
11990107
13997090
13351730
13201320
13295020
3
1
11
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
662
University of South Carolina - Upstate Police Department
Uplands Park Police Department
Valley Brook Police Department
Valparaiso Police
Van Buren Township Police Department
Vandergrift Borough Police Department
Velda City Police Department
Venice Police Dept
Ventura College
Vian Police Department
Vidor Police Department
Vineland Police
Johnstown
Spartanburg
Knoxville
Austin
Livingston
Uplands Park
Upper Sandusky
Gilmer
Salt Lake City
Utica
Vacaville
Vail
Valdosta
Los Lunas
Valley Brook
Valparaiso
Belleville
Nashville
Vandergrift
Velda City
Venice
Ventura
Ventura
Vergennes
Waterbury
Vernal
Leesville
Vian
Victoria
Vidalia
Vidor
Terre Haute
Vineland
Vinita
Virginia Beach
Richmond
Cambria
Spartanburg
Knox
Travis
Sumter
St. Louis
Wyandot
Upshur
Salt Lake
Oneida
Solano
Eagle
Lowndes
Valencia
Oklahoma
Porter
Wayne
Davidson
Westmoreland
St. Louis
Madison
Ventura
Ventura
Addison
Washington
Uintah
Vernon
Sequoyah
Victoria
Concordia
Orange
Vigo
Cumberland
Craig
Virginia Beach City
Richmond City
PA
SC
TN
TX
AL
MO
OH
TX
UT
NY
CA
CO
GA
NM
OK
IN
MI
TN
PA
MO
IL
CA
CA
VT
VT
UT
LA
OK
TX
LA
TX
IN
NJ
OK
VA
VA
13089800
13554650
13000900
11990045
11572650
11212150
12294060
13869780
13510150
11464590
13030800
13129510
13982290
13543650
12185720
12220390
11832750
99900159
13902790
11782150
12660720
13090700
13904790
12027460
13167510
12957600
12419390
12505760
12997730
11861500
12057790
12149380
12313010
12355730
12417590
11956410
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
10
2
663
Virginia Police Department
Vivian Police Department
Wagoner Police Department
Waite Hill Police Department
Walkerton Police
Wall Township Police
Walla Walla Police Department
Waller Police Department
Wallingford Police Department
Walnut Cove Police Department
Walnut Creek Police Department
Warrensburg Police Dept
Warsaw Police Department
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Police
Washington Park Police Dept
Newport News
Virginia
Richmond
Visalia
Vivian
Daytona Beach
Deland
Waco
Wagoner
Waite Hill
Raleigh
Wakeman
La Fayette
Walkerton
Wall Township
Walla Walla
Wallace
Waller
Wallingford
Walnut Cove
Walnut Creek
Defuniak Springs
Warrenton
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warrensburg
Warsaw
Hagerstown
Johnson City
Washington Court House
Washington
Washington
Washington Park
Washington
Olympia
Newport News City

St. Louis
Chesterfield
Tulare
Caddo
Volusia
Volusia
McLennan
Wagoner
Lake
Wake
Huron
Walker
St. Joseph
Monmouth
Walla Walla
Duplin
Waller
New Haven
Stokes
Contra Costa
Walton
Warren
Macomb
Worcester
Trumbull
Macon
Gallatin
Washington
Washington
Fayette
St. Clair
Beaufort
Thurston
VA
MN
VA
CA
LA
FL
FL
TX
OK
OH
NC
OH
GA
IN
NJ
WA
NC
TX
CT
NC
CA
FL
NC
MI
MA
OH
IL
KY
MD
TN
OH
DC
DC
IL
NC
WA
13976990
12512590
13186710
13058300
11111570
11961470
11811330
12777760
12005760
11234090
13154110
11474050
12589340
12210350
12403070
12107320
12153650
12227750
11188590
12913650
13447140
13503350
13200420
11752700
12771350
13332530
12650780
11701890
12819290
13831380
13453240
13375830
13766670
12940720
12413660
13008900
1
1
3
1
2
3
4
8
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
32
3
1
2
664
Washington Township Police Department
Washington Township Police Department
Waterford Township Police
Wausau Police Department
Waxhaw Police Department
Wayne Police Department
Waynesboro Borough Police Department
Waynesboro Police Department
Waynesville Police Department
Webb County Constable Pct. 1
Weirton Police Department
Wellston Police Department
Wesson Police Department
West Bloomfield Township Police Department
West Chester Borough Police Department
West Columbia Police Department
West Concord Police Department
West Des Moines Police Department
West Fargo Police Department
Sewell
Bangor
Belle Vernon
Reno
Ann Arbor
Waterbury
Atco
Waterloo
Waukegan
Waukesha
Waukomis
Wausau
Waxhaw
Goldsboro
Detroit
Wayne
Detroit
Wayne
Waynesboro
Waynesboro
Waynesburg
Waynesville
Laredo
Weirton
Greeley
Saint Louis
Wesson
West Bloomfield
West Chester
West Chester
West Columbia
West Concord
West Des Moines
West Fargo
West Haven
West Jordan
Gloucester
Northampton
Fayette
Washoe
Washtenaw
New Haven
Camden
Black Hawk
Lake
Waukesha
Garfield
Marathon
Union
Wayne
Wayne
McClain
Wayne
Passaic
Franklin
Burke
Greene
Haywood
Webb
Hancock
Weld
St. Louis
Copiah
Oakland
Chester
Butler
Brazoria
Dodge
Polk
Cass
New Haven
Salt Lake
NJ
PA
PA
NV
MI
CT
NJ
IA
IL
WI
OK
WI
NC
NC
MI
OK
MI
NJ
PA
GA
PA
NC
TX
WV
CO
MO
MS
MI
PA
OH
TX
MN
IA
ND
CT
UT
12233060
11276820
11756820
13378930
13571750
13775970
11124990
13707570
12000700
13793370
12205710
13721670
12563650
13412140
13497440
12275780
13755870
11954940
11386830
13677860
11526880
12643670
11331230
11118770
12189230
13423240
12163960
13283120
11696860
11014000
11867330
12322500
13312330
11163540
13033500
13990890
1
1
1
4
4
5
2
5
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
665
West Manchester Township Police Department
West Melbourne Police Department
West Memphis Police Department
West Mifflin Borough Police Department
West Milton Police Department
West Paterson Borough
West Pittston Borough Police Department
West Point Police Department
West Reading Borough Police Department
West Richland Police Department
West Seneca Town Police Department
West View Borough Police Department
West Warwick Police Department
West York Borough Police Department
Westchester Police Dept
Westerly Police Department
Westfield Police
Westlake Hills Police Department
Weston Police Department
Wetumpka Police Department
Wheatland Police Department
Wheaton Police Dept
York
West Melbourne
West Memphis
West Mifflin
West Milton
West New York
West Palm Beach
West Paterson
Exeter
West Point
Reading
West Richland
West Seneca
West Valley City
Pittsburgh
West Warwick
West Yellowstone
York
Hawthorne
Westchester
Westerly
Westfield
Austin
Westminster
Westminster
Greensburg
Weston
Wetumpka
Weymouth
Wheatland
Wheaton
Wheeler
Wheeling
White Cloud
Sparta
Cleveland
York
Brevard
Crittenden
Allegheny
Miami
Hudson
Palm Beach
Passaic
Luzerne
Hardin
Berks
Benton
Erie
Salt Lake
Allegheny
Kent
Gallatin
York
Westchester
Cook
Washington
Hamilton
Travis
Orange
Adams
Westmoreland
Platte
Elmore
Norfolk
Yuba
Du Page
Dunn
Ohio
Newaygo
White
White
PA
FL
AR
PA
OH
NJ
FL
NJ
PA
KY
PA
WA
NY
UT
PA
RI
MT
PA
NY
IL
RI
IN
TX
CA
CO
PA
MO
AL
MA
CA
IL
WI
WV
MI
TN
GA
12816820
13923690
13972490
12526880
11154020
11784960
13509150
11024990
12706810
11451830
12126820
12037380
13024200
13503650
12566880
12066710
12663900
12916890
12464500
12140710
12376790
12910330
12177790
13775170
13399330
12919210
13581550
13091300
12231380
13365630
12290700
99900104
11138760
13515450
12349200
13037600
1
1
3
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
4
1
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
666
White House Police Department
White Township Police Department
Whitehall Police Department
Whitemarsh Township Police Department
Whitpain Township Police Department
Wildwood Police
Wilkinsburg Borough Police Department
Willimantic Police Department
Wilmette Police Dept
Wilton Police Department
Windermere Police Department
Windsor Locks Police Department
Winfield Police Department
White House
White Plains
Beaver Falls
Whitehall
Lafayette Hill
Whiteville
Dalton
Williamsburg
Blue Bell
Wichita Falls
Wichita
Salisbury
Wildwood
Wilkes Barre
Wilkesboro
Pittsburgh
Joliet
Williams
Williamsburg
Marion
Franklin
Georgetown
Willimantic
Wilmette
Wilmington
Wilmington
Lebanon
Wilson
Wilson
Wilton
Windber
Windermere
Windsor Locks
Winfield
Kermit
Winnfield
Sumner
Westchester
Beaver
Franklin
Montgomery
Hardeman
Whitfield
Whitley
Montgomery
Wichita
Sedgwick
Wicomico
Cape May
Luzerne
Wilkes
Allegheny
Will
Colusa
Whitley
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Windham
Cook
New Castle
New Hanover
Wilson
Ellsworth
Wilson
Fairfield
Somerset
Orange
Hartford
Lincoln
Winkler
Winn
TN
NY
PA
OH
PA
TN
GA
KY
PA
TX
KS
MD
NJ
PA
NC
PA
IL
CA
KY
IL
TN
TX
CT
IL
DE
NC
TN
KS
NC
CT
PA
FL
CT
MO
TX
LA
12236320
12674580
12746840
12114010
12406880
12816390
13740270
13748770
12836840
12917740
11980090
13013200
11784990
12286800
11673600
12006890
11552330
13599050
12171810
11439200
11569200
13387030
13654060
12360770
11324450
13250420
13711670
11730030
12553670
13587450
11316760
13476040
11005730
11222100
13810280
11549240
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
1
667
Winooski Police Department
Winter Haven Police Department
Winters Police Department
Winterville Police Department
Wisconsin Dells Police Department
Wisconsin Dept of Justice - Criminal Investigation Division
Woburn Police Department
Wolcott Police Department
Womelsdorf Police Department
Woodbridge Police
Woodburn Police Department
Woodland Police Department
Woodridge Police Dept
Woodstock Police Dept
Worthington Police Department
Wyandotte Police Department
Wynona Police Department
Wyoming Borough Police Department
Wyoming Police Department
Yakama Nation Tribal Police
Rockford
Winnemucca
Winnfield
Winnsboro
Winooski
Winsted
Winston-Salem
Winter Haven
Winters
Winterville
Wisconsin Dells
Madison
Woburn
Wolcott
Wolfeboro
Womelsdorf
Parkersburg
Woodbridge
Woodburn
Eureka
Woodland
Woodridge
Augusta
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woonsocket
Worcester
Worthington
Wyandotte
Wynona
Wyoming
Cheyenne
Wyoming
Toppenish
Yakima
Winnebago
Humboldt
Winn
Franklin
Chittenden
Litchfield
Forsyth
Polk
Yolo
Pitt
Columbia
Dane
Middlesex
New Haven
Carroll
Berks
Wood
Middlesex
Marion
Woodford
Yolo
Du Page
Woodruff
Grafton
Cherokee
McHenry
Providence
Worcester
Greenup
Wayne
Osage
Luzerne
Laramie
Kent
Yakima
Yakima
IL
NV
LA
LA
VT
CT
NC
FL
CA
NC
WI
WI
MA
CT
NH
PA
WV
NJ
OR
IL
CA
IL
AR
NH
GA
IL
RI
MA
KY
MI
OK
PA
WY
DE
WA
WA
13877180
12514880
12061580
12601520
12917440
99900016
11962750
13206020
13447540
11883620
12058980
13504950
12571250
13276520
12813370
11946700
11159200
11844900
11005580
12059260
13599450
12130640
13059400
12223320
13278820
12100670
12326710
12141260
12661820
12852770
12585650
11126760
11224330
13116110
12937390
12689230
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
668
Yorkville Police Department
Yorkville Police Dept
Youngsville Police Department
Yakima
McMinnville
Billings
Yemassee
Yonkers
York
Yorkville
Yorkville
Youngsville
Yuma
Zanesville
Zapata
Zolfo Springs
Yakima
Yamhill
Yellowstone
Hampton
Westchester
York
Jefferson
Kendall
Lafayette
Yuma
Muskingum
Zapata
Hardee
WA
OR
MT
SC
NY
PA
OH
IL
LA
AZ
OH
TX
FL
12467370
12859210
12399280
12766620
12984510
11686760
12534080
12670640
12081510
13165910
12464040
12799240
13452440
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
1
669
Appendix E. Entity Relationship Diagram of Stinsons Police Crime Database

Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested

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Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested

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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S.

Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:

Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law

Philip Matthew Stinson, Sr., J.D, Ph.D., John

Opinions or points of view expressed are those

POLICE INTEGRITY LOST: A STUDY OF

Sex-related Police Crime

Alcohol-related Police Crime

Drug-related Police Crime

Violence-related Police Crime

Profit-motivated Police Crime

Profit-motivated police crime included 1,592 cases of 1,396 sworn officers

Sex-related Police Crime

Alcohol-related Police Crime

Drug-related Police Crime

Violence-related Police Crime

Profit-motivated Police Crime

Strengths and Limitations

Prediction of profit-motivated police crime arrest cases are explained through

Officer Duty Status

Region of United States

Full-Time Sworn Officers

Part-Time Sworn Officers

Online Solicitation of a Child

Victim's Law Enforcement Status

Victim Adult or Child

Full-Time Sworn Personnel Categorical

Victim Relationship to Offender

DUI in a Personally-owned Vehicle

OIDV: Weapon: Verbal Threat / Violent Ultimatum

OIDV: Victim Injured, Nonfatal

OIDV: Victim Injured, Fatal

Most Serious Offense Charged

Years of Service Categorical

Cox & Snell R

95% CI for AUC

Urban to Rural County Continuum (V13)

Internal versus Organizational Crime (V91)

Alcohol-related Crime (V94)

Sex-related Crime (V95)

Police Sexual Violence (V98)

Officer was Reassigned (V102)

Officer was Suspended (V104)

Family Violence (V126)

42 USC 1985 Civil Defendant at Some Point (V177)

Cox & Snell R

95% CI for AUC

Child Victim (V84)

Victim Relationship to Offender (V85)

Alcohol-related Crime (V94)

Profit-motivated Crime (V97)

Agency Scandal / Cover up (V107)

Citizen Complaint as Method of Crime Detection (V108)

Family Violence (V126)

OIDV: Weapon: Hands/Fist (V164)

OIDV: Weapon: Miscellaneous Objects (V166)

42 USC 1983 Civil Defendant at Some Point (V176)

Victim Age Difference

Cox & Snell R

95% CI for AUC