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Logarithmic Functions: Tony U

The document discusses logarithmic functions and natural logarithms. It provides examples of calculating logarithms with different bases and solving exponential growth and decay problems using natural logarithms. The key points covered are: the definition of logarithms as the inverse of exponential functions; properties and graphs of the natural logarithm function; and applications of logarithms and natural logarithms to population growth, bacterial growth, radioactive decay, and logistic growth models.

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李华夏
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
77 views

Logarithmic Functions: Tony U

The document discusses logarithmic functions and natural logarithms. It provides examples of calculating logarithms with different bases and solving exponential growth and decay problems using natural logarithms. The key points covered are: the definition of logarithms as the inverse of exponential functions; properties and graphs of the natural logarithm function; and applications of logarithms and natural logarithms to population growth, bacterial growth, radioactive decay, and logistic growth models.

Uploaded by

李华夏
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

Logarithmic Functions
Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 Logarithms

2 Natural Logarithms

3 Summary

Logarithms

Logarithms

For a, b > 0 and b 6= 1, we have a = b x


In the above expression, x is defined as the logarithm of a to
the base b
For simplicity: we denote x = logb a where b 6= 1

-1-

Logarithms

Example 1

Solve the following expressions

(a) log2 8 
(b) log3 91

(d) log2

(c) log0.15 (0.0225)

(f) loge (e 6 )

(e) log3 (1)

-2-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3

-3-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3


 
(b) log3 19 = log3 32 = 2

-3-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3


 
(b) log3 19 = log3 32 = 2
(c) log0.15 (0.0225) = log0.15 0.152 = 2

-3-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3


 
(b) log3 19 = log3 32 = 2
(c) log0.15 (0.0225) = log0.15 0.152 = 2
(d) log2

2 = log2 20.5 = 0.5

-3-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3


 
(b) log3 19 = log3 32 = 2
(c) log0.15 (0.0225) = log0.15 0.152 = 2
(d) log2

2 = log2 20.5 = 0.5

(e) log3 (1) = log3 30 = 0

-3-

Logarithms

Sol.: (a) log2 8 = log2 23 = 3


 
(b) log3 19 = log3 32 = 2
(c) log0.15 (0.0225) = log0.15 0.152 = 2
(d) log2

2 = log2 20.5 = 0.5

(e) log3 (1) = log3 30 = 0


(f) loge (e 6 ) = 6.

-3-

Natural Logarithms

Natural Logarithms

Natural logarithms: logarithm with base e


For simplicity, loge b is denoted as ln b
Law of logarithms is consistent in natural logarithms

-4-

Natural Logarithms

Law of natural logarithms. Let x, y be positive real numbers.


(i) ln x + ln y = ln xy
x 
(ii) ln x ln y = ln
y
(iii) ln(x ) = ln x, can be any real number
(iv) x = y ln x = ln y
In particular, ln 1 = 0, ln e = 1, e ln x = x and logx y =

-5-

ln y
ln x

Natural Logarithms

Natural logarithmic function: f (x) = ln x


Dom(f ) = {x R

and

x > 0}

Range(f ) = R
As x tends to zero, ln x is very negative

-6-

Natural Logarithms

1.5
1
0.5

y=lnx

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5

0.5

1.5

2
x

-7-

2.5

3.5

Natural Logarithms

Example 2
Suppose the population of a developing country grows
exponentially at the rate of 5% p.a. How long will it take to
double the countrys present population?

-8-

Natural Logarithms

Example 2
Suppose the population of a developing country grows
exponentially at the rate of 5% p.a. How long will it take to
double the countrys present population?
Sol.: Let the initial population be a then the population function
P(t) = ae 0.05t , Therefore the time that doubles the population is
P(t)/P(0) = 2
e 0.05t

= 2

0.05t

= ln 2

t = 13.86(years).

-8-

Natural Logarithms

Example 3
A culture of bacteria E. coli is being grown in a medium consisting
of inorganic salts and glucose. The bacterium has an initial
population of 106 per millimeter and it grows at an exponential
rate with growth constant k = 0.7 per hour.
a. Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in
hours.
b. What is the doubling time?
c. What is the tripling time?

-9-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.

-10-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.
Sol.: f (t) = 106 e 0.7t

-10-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.
Sol.: f (t) = 106 e 0.7t
(b) What is the doubling time?

-10-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.
Sol.: f (t) = 106 e 0.7t
(b) What is the doubling time?
Sol.: t =

ln 2
= 0.99(hr )
0.7

-10-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.
Sol.: f (t) = 106 e 0.7t
(b) What is the doubling time?
Sol.: t =

ln 2
= 0.99(hr )
0.7

(c) What is the tripling time?

-10-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential growth function f (t), where t is in


hours.
Sol.: f (t) = 106 e 0.7t
(b) What is the doubling time?
Sol.: t =

ln 2
= 0.99(hr )
0.7

(c) What is the tripling time?


Sol.: t =

ln 3
= 1.57(hrs)
0.7

-10-

Natural Logarithms

Example 4
A yeast culture grows at an exponential rate. The population of
the culture doubles after 5 hours. Determine the growth constant
k. (Hint: Let V0 be the initial value).

-11-

Natural Logarithms

Example 4
A yeast culture grows at an exponential rate. The population of
the culture doubles after 5 hours. Determine the growth constant
k. (Hint: Let V0 be the initial value).
Sol.: Let V0 be the initial value, then the value at time t is
V (t) = V0 e kt ,
e k5 = V (5)/V (0) = 2
ln 2
k =
5
k = 0.1386.

-11-

Natural Logarithms

Example 5
A radioactive isotope used to check the thyroid gland has a decay
constant k = 0.150. If a tracer of 4 units of the isotope is
introduced into the bloodstream:
a. Determine the exponential decay function f (t), where t is in
days.
b. What amount of radioactivity is expected to be in the blood
after 8 days?
c. What is the half-life for the isotope?

-12-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential decay function f (t), where t is in


days.

-13-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential decay function f (t), where t is in


days.
Sol.: f (t) = 4e 0.15t

-13-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential decay function f (t), where t is in


days.
Sol.: f (t) = 4e 0.15t
(b) What amount of radioactivity is expected to be in the blood
after 8 days?

-13-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Determine the exponential decay function f (t), where t is in


days.
Sol.: f (t) = 4e 0.15t
(b) What amount of radioactivity is expected to be in the blood
after 8 days?
Sol.: The expected amount
f (8) = 4e 0.15(8) = 1.2(units)

-13-

Natural Logarithms

(c) What is the half-life for the isotope?

-14-

Natural Logarithms

(c) What is the half-life for the isotope?


Sol.: f (t) = 2/4 = 0.5,
= f (t)/f (0) = 0.5
ln 0.5
t =
0.15
t = 4.62(days).

e 0.15t

-14-

Natural Logarithms

Example 6
Suppose that the worlds population (in billions) t years after 1960
40
, where C and k
is given by a logistic function P(t) =
1 + Ce kt
are positive constants.
a. Find the function of this form that is consistent with the fact
that the worlds population was approximately 3 billions in
1960 and 4 billions in 1975.
b. According to the model, what will the population be in the
year 2000?

-15-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Find the function of this form that is consistent with the fact
that the worlds population was approximately 3 billions in 1960
and 4 billions in 1975.

-16-

Natural Logarithms

(a) Find the function of this form that is consistent with the fact
that the worlds population was approximately 3 billions in 1960
and 4 billions in 1975.
Sol.: P(0) = 3 and P(15) = 4,
40
1 + Ce k(0)
40
1+C
C

= P(0) = 3
= 3
=

-16-

37
,
3

Natural Logarithms

and
40
1+
4+

37 k(15)
3 e

= P(15) = 4

148 k(15)
e
= 40
3
e 15k

27
37

15k = ln

27
37

k = 0.021,

-17-

Natural Logarithms

thus the population function


P(t) =

40
1+

37 0.021t
3 e

-18-

Natural Logarithms

thus the population function


P(t) =

40
1+

37 0.021t
3 e

(b) According to the model, what will the population be in the


year 2000?

-18-

Natural Logarithms

thus the population function


P(t) =

40
1+

37 0.021t
3 e

(b) According to the model, what will the population be in the


year 2000?
Sol.: The population in the year 2000
40

P(40) =

37 0.021(40)
3 e

1+
P(40) = 6.325(billions)

-18-

Summary

Summary

Logarithmic function (logb a): inverse function of exponential


function, b 6= 1 is the base.
Natural logarithmic function [f (x) = ln x]: logarithmic
function with the base equals natural exponent e.
Law of natural logarithms
Domain of f is all positive real numbers.
Range of f is all real numbers

-19-

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