ASTM F788 - Fastener Discontinuities
ASTM F788 - Fastener Discontinuities
ASTM F788 - Fastener Discontinuities
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
E 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
F 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection
F 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
2.2 ISO Standard:3
ISO 6157/I Fasteners, Surface Discontinuities on Bolts,
Screws and Studs
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification establishes allowable limits for the
various types of surface discontinuities that may occur during
the manufacture and processing of bolts, screws, and studs,
including heat-treated machine screws, tapping screws, and
sems (the washers of screw-washer assemblies are excluded).
This specification covers metric series products with nominal
diameters of 4 mm and larger and with specified minimum
tensile strengths of 420 MPa and higher; and inch series
products with nominal diameters of No. 5 (0.1250 in.) and
larger and with specified minimum tensile strengths of 60 000
psi and higher.
1.2 When the engineering requirements of the application
necessitate control of surface discontinuities on bolts, screws,
or studs, the purchaser shall specify conformance to ASTM
Specification F 788/F 788M, in the original inquiry and purchase order.
1.2.1 When the engineering requirements of the application
necessitate that surface discontinuities on bolts, screws, and
studs be controlled within limits closer than those specified in
this specification, the purchaser shall specify the applicable
limits in the original inquiry and purchase order.
1.3 The allowable limits established in this specification for
metric bolts, screws, and studs with nominal diameters from 4
to 24 mm inclusive, are essentially identical with requirements
given in ISO 6157/I. There are no ISO standards for surface
discontinuities on any inch-series products.
1.4 The values stated in either SI (metric) or inch-pound
units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values
stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each
system must be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the specification.
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for bolts, screws, and studs requiring discontinuity control shall include the following:
3.1.1 ASTM designation and date of issue of this specification.
3.1.2 Special requirements, for example, closer discontinuity limits (1.2.1) and inspection sampling plan (6.2).
4. Types of Surface Discontinuities (see Terminology
F 1789 for definitions not provided)
4.1 Crack
4.1.1 Quench CracksTypical quench cracks are shown in
Fig. 1. Limits are specified in 5.2.
4.1.2 Forging CracksTypical forging cracks are shown in
Fig. 2. Limits are specified in 5.3.
4.2 BurstTypical bursts are shown in Fig. 3. Limits are
specified in 5.4.
4.2.1 Shear BurstA shear burst is an open break in the
metal located at approximately a 45 angle to the product axis.
Shear bursts occur most frequently at the periphery of products
having flanged or circular heads. Shear bursts may also occur
on the sides of hex-head products. Typical shear bursts are
shown in Fig. 3. Limits are specified in 5.4.
2
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3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
F 788/F 788M 07
products. For metric series products, D and Dc are in millimetres; for inch-series products, D and Dc are in inches.
5.2 Quench CracksQuench cracks of any depth, any
length, or in any location are not permitted.
5.3 Forging CracksForging cracks on the top of the head
of bolts and screws are permitted, provided that (a) no crack
shall have a length exceeding 1.0 D, and (b) no crack shall have
a width or depth exceeding 0.04 D. See Note 1.
FIG. 2 Typical Forging Cracks
5. Allowable Limits
5.1 Letter DefinitionsThroughout the following requirements, D designates the nominal size (basic major diameter of
thread) of bolts, screws, and studs, except for products with
shoulders, in which case D designates the largest shoulder
diameter; and Dc designates flange diameter (specified maximum) or head diameter (specified maximum) of circular head
NOTE 2Bursts and shear bursts within the limits of this specification
may be unsightly, but do not affect the mechanical properties or functional
requirements of the bolt.
5.5 Seams:
5.5.1 Seams in the shanks of bolts, screws, and studs are
permitted provided that no seam has a depth greater than 0.03
D.
2
F 788/F 788M 07
F 788/F 788M 07
5.7.2 The method for determining the area of voids on the
bearing surface shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser
and the producer.
5.8 Tool Marks:
5.8.1 Tool marks on the underhead bearing surface are
permitted, provided the surface roughness measurement does
not exceed 3.2 m or 125 in., determined as the arithmetic
average deviation from the mean surface.
5.8.2 Tool marks on other surfaces of the product are
permitted.
5.9 Nicks and GougesNicks, gouges, dents, and scrapes
are permitted, provided that the functionability of the product
is not impaired.
6. Inspection and Evaluation
6.1 Bolts, screws, and studs shall be inspected for surface
discontinuities in accordance with the procedure in 6.2, 6.3,
and 6.4.
6.2 The purchaser shall specify in the original inquiry and
purchase order the inspection sampling requirements that the
producer must satisfy to demonstrate the acceptability of bolts,
screws, and studs with respect to surface discontinuities.
6.3 In the absence of purchaser instructions (6.2), inspection
and evaluation shall be in accordance with 6.5.
6.4 For referee purposes, unless other procedures have been
specified by the purchaser (6.2), inspection and evaluation shall
be in accordance with 6.5.
6.5 Inspection Procedure:
6.5.1 Visual Inspection:
6.5.1.1 A random sample shall be taken from the lot in
accordance with Guide F 1470 and examined visually (magnetic particle or fluid penetrant are recommended) for the
presence of quench cracks, forging cracks, bursts, shear bursts,
seams, folds, voids, tool marks, and nicks and gouges. Visual
inspection can include the use of devices that provide up to,
and including, 10-power magnification.
6.5.1.2 If, during this inspection, any products are found
with quench cracks in any location or with folds at interior
corners that are at or below the underhead bearing surface, the
lot may be rejected by the purchaser.
6.5.1.3 If, during this inspection, any products are found
with any other surface discontinuity, each discontinuity shall
be measured, and if any is found that exceeds the allowable
dimensional limits for that discontinuity as specified in Section5, the lot may be rejected by the purchaser.
7. Keywords
7.1 bolts; crack; discontinuities (surface); fold; screw (machine, sems, tapping); seam; studs; thread lap; void
F 788/F 788M 07
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the
purchaser in the inquiry and order. Supplementary Requirements shall in no way negate any
requirement of the specification itself.
S1.2.1 Visual InspectionA random sample shall be selected from the lot in accordance with F 1470. The sample
selected shall be surface etched in a 50 % solution of HCl and
H2O at approximately 180F (no more than 5 min of etch time
should be employed as excessive etching may remove shallow
thread laps). After etch, the samples shall be examined under a
103 magnification for the presence of laps.
S1.2.2 Microscopic ExaminationIf laps are present, one of
the samples shall be sectioned longitudinally on the center line
of the bolt/screw and on a plane passing through the point at
which any lap extends closest to the minor diameter of the
thread. The section shall be etched for microscopic examination in accordance with Test Method E 340. Acceptance shall
be based on the requirements of S1.1.
F 788/F 788M 07
NOTE 1Laps which originate below (or originate above and extend below) 20 % thread height are not permissible discontinuities except as shown
in Fig. S1.2.
FIG. S1.2 Typical Starting Serrations
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,
F 788/F 788M-06 that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 15, 2007.)
(1) Revised 4.8.
Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,
F 788/F 788M 05, that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2006.)
(1) Revised the specified strength levels in 1.1 and changed
greater to higher to be more grammatically correct.
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