Historical Survey

International Journal of Unconventional Science

Unconventional research
in USSR and Russia:
short overview

Issue E1, pp. 35-57, 2016

c Authors, 2016

received: 05.12.2013
accepted: 12.12.2013
http://www.unconv-science.org/en/e1/kernbach2
c Association of Unconventional Science, 2016

Serge Kernbach1

AbstractThis work briefly surveys unconventional

research in Russia from the end of the 19th until
the beginning of the 21th centuries in areas related
to generation and detection of a high-penetrating
emission of non-biological origin. The overview is
based on open scientific and journalistic materials.
The unique character of this research and its history,
originating from governmental programs of the USSR,
is shown. Relations to modern studies on biological
effects of weak electromagnetic emission, several areas
of bioinformatics and theories of physical vacuum are
discussed.

I. Introduction
In the USSR and Russia, from about 1921 up
until now, many different research activities, denoted
today as unconventional, have been conducted. For
instance, these are related to the impact of weak and
strong electromagnetic emission on biological objects,
quantum entanglement in macroscopic systems, nonlocal signal transmission based on the Aharonov-Bohm
effect, human operator phenomena, and others. This
research, especially after the 80s, was very broad
it dealt with several boundary areas of psychology on
one side and touched theoretical physics on other side.
Since USSR had in fact no unsupported-by-government
research, unlike Europe and USA, where such research
can be supported by private funds, all these activities can
be interpreted as government programs. Single scientists
such as A.L.Chigevskiy (..), N.A.Kozyrev
(..) or N.I.Kobosev (..), who
worked outside state programs, encountered substantial
difficulties and were almost unknown in their time.
Several such governmental programs are not officially
published up to now. For instance, documents on
experiments performed in OGPU and NKVD even 80
years after still remain classified. Information about these
works originates mainly from indirect sources, such as
interviews of participating persons, solitary scientific and
popular publications. From popular sources, works [1], [2],
[3], [4], [5], [6] can be mentioned. More scientifically based
works are [7],[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], from last years [13],
[14]. Works [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21] are foreign
1 Cybertronica Research, Research Center of Advanced Robotics
and Environmental Science, Melunerstr. 40, 70569 Stuttgart,
Germany, serge.kernbach@cybertronica.co

sources about the state of unconventional research in the

USSR and Russia in this area. Unfortunately, there are
also a number of unserious publications. In this situation
it is difficult to survey this research unambiguously.
In this work we attempt, based on a large number
of open publications, to estimate the boundary of
unconventional research in the USSR and Russia. We
demonstrate that these works are historically concentrated
within three large areas: (1) long-distance biological signal
transmission, inc. plants, animal and humans, mindmatter phenomena, different ESP effects and similar
topics; (2) non-ionizing, in particular electromagnetic,
emissions from human and its impact on human physiology
and more generally on different biological systems; (3)
phenomena related to the generation and detection of
a high-penetrating emission from biological and nonbiological origin. A large part of this article is focused
primarily on (3) in the non-biological context. In the
terminology of this paper, the areas (2) and (3) are
considered as the areas of unconventional research. For
an in-depth overview, especially in the classical area
(1), we can suggest other works, e.g. E.K.Haumov
(..) and colleagues [8], A.P.Dubrov and
V.N.Pushkin (.., ..) [7] and others.
Since unconventional research in the USSR and Russia has
a cyclic character, we distinguish three following periods:
from 1917 to 1937, from 1955 to 1980, from 1980 to 2003.
These periods are different from the viewpoint of their
character, obtained results and position of government.
To create a full picture of the situation, we shortly
demonstrate the state before 1917 and after 2003.
This work is prepared within the presentation on the
same topic in the institute for frontier areas of psychology
and mental health (IGPP institute) in Freiburg, Germany,
in October 2013. We pointed out historical roots of the
unconventional research, caused primarily by a specific
Soviet funding strategy, and its evolution, which developed
differently from similar Western works. The positive
potential of obtained results, e.g. for a signal transmission
on long and super-long distances, metallurgy, biological
and biophysical areas, as well as a possibility of their
unethical applications, were discussed.
This paper has the following structure. In Sec. II several
prerequisites of unconventional research in the USSR and
Russia are shown. Sec. III, IV, V, VI are devoted to

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International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

corresponding historical periods. In Sec. VII we shortly

survey the current state of art. Finally, this work is
summarized in Sec. VIII.
II. Understanding the background of
unconventional research
For a proper understanding of the situation in Russia
and the USSR in the field of unconventional research,
first of all it needs to note the positive perception of
unusual and supernatural phenomena among the general
population. In folklore, mythical creatures such as Baba
Yaga, Koshei the Deathless, Zmey Gorynych, the
Princess Frog, brownies and others, as well as the popular
belief in e.g. evil eye are an integral part of fairy tales,
novels, films and are in cultural, publicity and everyday
use. This cultural specificity, in the terminology of positive
operator effect [22], [23], [24] was also emphasized by
several western researchers [15].
The contacting of psychics within regime G.J.Rasputin
and the last Tsar family [20], W.Messing and J.W.Stalin
[25], E.Y.Davitashvili (Juna) and L.I.Brezhnev [26] or
a group of psychics at B.N.Yeltsin [27], [28] were
present in the days of the Russian Empire and the Soviet
Union. Due to such contacts, many of the phenomena
demonstrated by these people are scientifically explored
by the Soviet Academy of Science. Despite the fact that
the Soviet Union conducted a large amount of statefunded unconventional research, the official position to
several aspects of this research, especially in boundary
areas of psychology, was negative. It was conditioned
primarily by ideological considerations. Unfortunately, in
Russia after 1991, there is the same tendency, however
originating not from the political, but from the academic
community. Thus, there is an extremely polarized response
of different government agencies, where there are a lot of
supporters and opponents of these programs at various
levels of hierarchy. Depending on the involvement into
governmental programs, researchers can receive support
and funding, and vice versa lose their jobs (and freedom
at the time of the NKVD) for being engaged in alternative
technologies.
So-called alternative or traditional medicine is
widespread: according to data published by the Research
Center of the Academy of Medical Science, 80 percent
of patients are addressed by the healers and sorcerers
[29]. In Soviet time unlawful practice of medicine was a
criminal offense (Article 221 of the Criminal Code of the
RSFSR), in 1997 the concept of traditional medicine was
introduced, for which a healer diploma and not a medical
license was required. Horoscopes drawn up on a variety
of topics the so-called astro-forecast (astroprognoz)
can be found on pages of many newspapers, even central
ones such as Russiyskay Gazeta. At the making of Battle
of psychics1 (Russian version of Psychic Challenge) a
long queue of people appeared each time, who consider
themselves gifted by various abilities.
1 http://bitvaextrasensov.tnt-online.ru/

It is necessary to note a large appearance of New

Age literature after 1991. Almost all publishers have one
or several series devoted to this topic. This situation
is radically different from the state before 1991. In the
USSR, esoteric literature was generally prohibited, and
published in small amounts in the form of underground
samizdat [30]. Among the authors, it needs to point out
E.P.Blavatsky [31], especially in the Soviet era, whose
Hermetic philosophy had a great influence on researchers.
III. Before 1917
The first official contact between the Russian science
and phenomena, denoted today generally as paranormal,
occurred in the 70s of the 19th century. The commission,
headed by Prof. D.I.Mendeleev (..),
investigated the phenomena of Spiritualism [32]. The
commission included, among others, Prof. A.M.Butlerov
(..) and Prof. N.P.Vagner (..)
who believed in the existence of these phenomena. The
traces of the work of this Commission can be found
in correspondence between the Russian and German
scientists and even in the works of H.P.Blavatsky [33].
The conclusion of the commission in 1876:
Spiritualistic phenomena occur on the
unconscious movements or conscious deception,
and spiritualistic doctrine is superstition.
Despite the Commission denying these phenomena, many
questions remained open. Taking into account books and
periodic publications of A.M.Butlerov, it can be assumed
that further discussion was sharply polarized. This polarity
in the acceptance and rejection of research, touching (even
indirectly) on any paranormal phenomena, is characteristic
for all future Russian and Soviet studies.
To explain the phenomenon of mental suggestion,
Butlerov hypothesized that the nervous system and the
brain are a source of specific radiation. By analogy, the
movement of nerve currents in the body is similar to
the electric currents in conductors, as shown in Fig. 1.
Transmission of signals from the brain of one person to
another one occurs due to the electro-inductive effect.
Despite this assumption sounding naive from todays point
of view, this attitude was typical for the late 19th century.
It was primarily motivated by developments of radio at
that time, where many researchers tried to find radiowaves also in the psychic area. For example, W.Crookes
assumed the human brain is capable of sending and
receiving some sort of electromagnetic rays of very high
frequency. A similar view was shared also by Albert
Abrams [34], whose work led to the emergence of radionics
in USA. However, Russian engineering works, despite a
similar start in the 19th century, evolved in a different
direction as it will be shown later.
Vitalistic theories also had their own development
in Russia. For example, the famous psychiatrist
Y.L.Ohotrovich (..), since 1867 developed
magnetic hypnotic therapy based on the theory of animal
magnetism (Mesterism) [35]. Following Ohotrovich, all

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

living organisms emit a particular magnetic field (in

the Ohotrovich terminology Hard-rays), which is of
organic origin. In 1910-1912 he lectured on this subject
and even was awarded by the Paris Academy of Sciences.
Ohatrovichs great merit is the pursuit of interdisciplinary
works on studying these phenomena.
It should be mentioned that Y.Ohorovich has
devoted many years to study the phenomena
of telepathy and mediumship. After a series
of experiments with well-known medium
E.Palladino, the scientist came to the conclusion
that these are manifestations of an organic
energy of the medium, which can be investigated
by experimental methods. The result of his
research was a five-volume work mediumistic
phenomena. In his book The Secret Knowledge
in Egypt (1894), which complements even the
modern Egyptology, Y.Ohorovich argues that
paranormal phenomena, being physical, consist
in the transmission of a low-level energy, which
are however measurable by technical means [35].

Figure 1. Paper of A.Barchenko (.) on mental suggestion and

a distant transfer of thoughts, published in 1911. A.Barchenko

is known from the Soviet OGPU programs in 1921-1937.

37

It can be assumed that between the Commissions

report in 1876 and the revolution of 1917, there was an
interest in the study of mental phenomena by means
of physiological research. It was driven by a scientific
community not only in Russia but also abroad. For
example, in 1890 the Russian society of experimental
psychology formed a commission to study the phenomenon
of mind reading. In 1907 it published the works of the first
All-Russian Congress of Spiritualists. In 1907, by decree of
Emperor Nicholas II the St. Petersburg Research Institute
of neuropsychiatrics was founded [36]. Its founder was
V.M.Bechterev (..). St. Petersburg institute
was one of the main centers, where unconventional studies
were later conducted. Bechterevs works before 1917 are
related to various aspects of mental suggestion:
In view of all what has been said, it is
impossible not to agree with the fact that
hysteria and spoilage largely owe their origin
to the side of home life of Russian people.
It is obvious that peculiar superstitions and
religious beliefs of people give a psychic coloring
of the disease state, which is known under the
name of spoilage, hysterics and possession. The
question of the development of these diseases in
our nation is deeply interesting. In this respect,
it plays apparently a huge role involuntary
suggestion experienced by individuals under
different conditions [37].
To summarize the period before 1917, it should be
noted that a well-known school of mental suggestion
was formed in Russia. Here some vitalistic works and
original psychological developments can be found. On the
technological side, there is a tendency to explain these
phenomena with the help of electromagnetism, which
is typical for that time. In performed experiments we
observe an attempt to measure these mental effects. Due
to extensive contacts between Russian and European
researchers, there was a similar formulation of problems
and experimental methodology. In subsequent periods,
the number of scientific communications was dramatically
reduced, and the topics of Russian works increasingly took
a specific character, which was subsequently referred to as
the Soviet program.
IV. The period between 1917 and 1937
The period after 1917 is primarily related to the October
Revolution. As we will see, the unconventional research
in Russia is characterized by periodical movement from
broad support to almost total closing. The first such
period began in 1917-1918. Organizations, not supported
by the new regime, were closed. This was especially
related to masonic and spiritualistic movements, see [5].
The parapsychological journal Rebus, published since
1881, was closed [8]. There appeared a new scientific
system, where scientists also played some roles in relevant
government agencies. For example, Bechterev was a
member of the Academic Council at the Commissariat
(Ministry) of Education [38].

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International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

It can be assumed that a, more or less,

coordinated Soviet program began in 1924, when
the Commissar (Minister) of Education A.V.Lunacharskiy
(..) formed the Russian Committee for
Psychical Research at the International Committee of
the Psychical Research. Many authors (e.g. [39], [8], [1])
point to a program of the USSRs Commissar of Defense
in 1932-1937, related to transfer of information in a
biological way. These works were conducted in two places:
in Leningrad at the Bechterevs Brain Institute, led2
by Prof. L.L.Vasilyev (..) and in Moscow
at the laboratory of biophysics, Academy of Science,
led by Prof. P.P.Lazarev (Director of Laboratory) and
Prof. S.Y.Turlygin (.., ..).
The Biophysics laboratory was asked to investigate the
physical nature of telepathy. For instance, in Moscows
laboratory the first results of biological emission from
humans were obtained. In Leningrad, the Brain Institute
was requested to perform more psychologically oriented
works, such as transferring visual images and remotely
influencing the percipient. Both research organizations
did not know about the works of each other [1].
The book by B.B.Kazhinskiy (..) [40]
points to works of A.V.Leontovych (..),
L.L.Vasiliev, V.M.Bechterev and P.P.Lazarev, which are
related to electrophysiology and were made between 1916
and 1921. Thus, in the 20s there were various groups
of researchers, both in Leningrad and Moscow. The
fundamental works of B.B.Kazhinsky, A.V.Leontovich,
L.L.Vasiliev and V.M.Bechterev focus on the effect of
suggestion [37] and signal transmission in a biological
way, see Fig. 2 (for example experiments with animals
performed by Lev Durov (.) [41]).

Figure 2.
The original scheme of transmitting and receiving bio-circuitry of the human nervous system, image by
B.B.Kazhinskiy [40].

It was already clear in 1927, that electromagnetism does

not explain the nature of telepathy:
2 V.M.Bechterev

died in 1927.

Chambers (Faraday cage) were made of metal.

The subjects were first placed in the chambers,
then the experiments were conducted outside
the chambers. There was no difference! The
phenomenon of telepathy manifested equally in
the chamber and outside it! It turned out that
the iron walls of the chambers were not a barrier
to telepathic radiation? Well, then it is not radio
waves... [5].
Since these experiments, the telepathic radiation is
denoted as high-penetrating and non-electromagnetic.
However, the works with EM emission have shown that
mechanisms of higher nervous activity can be affected by
technical means, in particular by microwave radiation. In
this context, the effects discovered by B.G.Michaylovskiy
(..) can be mentioned. It is about
impact of medium/short EM waves modulated by lowfrequency signals on separate areas of the brain, which
are responsible for emotional state and functionality of
different organs [5]. Turlygin in the introduction to his
work [42] described the biological effects of electromagnetic
radiation:
Various biological effects can be explained
by unequal absorption of microwave energy
by different tissues of the body, as well as
by an excitation of some parts of a nervous
system ... This method is new and apparently
powerful enough to estimate this absorption of
electromagnetic energy from both qualitative and
quantitative sides. Indeed, if the absorption of
electromagnetic energy takes place in nerves
and nerve cells, a negligible portion of the
energy absorbed by the nerve is enough to
produce a number of secondary phenomena in
the body caused by the excitation of a nerve.
It is essential that such secondary processes
occur due to a comparatively high internal
energy of the body (for example, due to the
energy of tissues, which are innervated by the
modified nerve in our experiments), but not
due to a relatively insignificant absorbed external
energy by the nerve. Thus, all parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum contains some bands,
which act differently on biological objects, in
particular, on the nervous system of a living
organism ... The search for radiation emitted by
organisms represents the second way of finding
biologically active waves and of clarifying the
issues of absorption of the electromagnetic field.
If the experiment confirms the existence of an
active emitting of electromagnetic waves by a
living organism, it is necessary to clarify the
biological significance of it, since it is no matter
how small is its intensity, it can be one of
the strongest factors in the daily life of living
organisms [42].

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

Thus, Turlygin confirms the orientation and the subject

of the Soviet pre-war program. This program, as it is
followed from open publications, focused on problems of
information transfer and their practical applications for
biological objects. It must be said that similar works
were carried out in other countries, see e.g. the book of
Kazhinskiy [40]. For example, the well-known experiments
were made by Ferdinando Cazzamalli in Italy for the
detection of meter and centimeter EM waves emitted by
the brain during increased mental activity [43]. As it can be
seen from the publishers of this book (Research Laboratory
of the U.S. Army, fort Balvuar), this research was also
pursued in other countries.
The role of special services in shaping the USSR
unconventional programs should be mentioned separately.
Apparently, OGPU-NKVD was interested in the
possibilities of this technology. As an example, the
name of A.Barchenko can be indicated. In 1921 he
organized an expedition to the Kola Peninsula on
Bechterevs orders [44]. Another Barchenkos expedition
to the Crimea was financed by the OGPU, and was
related to the chief of special department G.Bokia
(.). Some sources mentioned the existence of
several special laboratories. For example, one of them neuro-energetic laboratory at the special department
of the OGPU [5] - was initially with the Moscow Power
Engineering Institute, after 1934 (1935) - in the building
of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. The name of
Barchenkos work is very characteristic: Introduction to
the methodology of experimental influence of volumetric
energy field [4] (unfortunately the text of the work is
not available). Funding of some Barchenko projects
was apparently performed on personal instructions of
F.Dzerzhinskiy (.) [44], [5]. Due to the
fact that Barchenkos documents are still classified, we
can only guess what was happening in his laboratory.
(Barchenko) undertook repeated attempts to
organize an expedition to Tibet, made a trip
to the caves of the Crimea, bear corners of
the Kostroma region, the Altai, where many
occult objects were collected... The scientist was
a consultant during investigations of all kinds
of healers, shamans, psychics and hypnotists. To
test these human anomalies Bokias department
equipped a special black room [5].
The pre-war research was performed within a narrow
program, supervised by the state. Single researchers,
even if they obtained interesting results in this area,
were strongly persecuted. In this context the name of
A.L.Chizhevskiy can be mentioned. Despite Chizhevskiy
collaborated with Bechterev and Kazhinskiy in Durovs
zoo-psychological laboratory [1], his fate is different. In
the years 1930-1936 he expressed an interesting theory
about unknown Z-rays in sun emission. These rays
are presumably of non-electromagnetic nature, possess a
high-penetrating character and interact with biological
organisms [45]. The standard test for erythrocyte

39

sedimentation under the influence of high-penetrating

emission has also been developed by Chizhevskiy [45],
[46]. He invented so-called Chizhevskiy Chandelier in
the 30s, which has an effect of aeronisation, see Fig. 3.
As it revealed later, this device is also a generator of
high-penetrating emission [47], whose design is similar
to another generator the so-called Veiniks chronal
generator of the 90s.

So-called Chizhevskiy Chandelier. A high voltage is

applied to this object to create the aeronisation effect.
Figure 3.

Chizhestvskiys Z-rays can be related to the works

of N.P.Myshkin (..), who introduced
pondemotor forces of the light field and also have
a high-penetrating character [48]. In connection
with Chizhevskiy, it needs to mention the name of
K.E.Ziolkovskiy (..), who was also a
supporter of cosmism and whose philosophic and ethic
works had been classified for a long time after his death
[49].
As indicated by many sources, all these studies and
programs were partially or completely collapsed in 1937.
Some of the researchers and their families were repressed.
Barchenko, Bokia, as well as some members (see e.g. [3])
of Roerichs Central-Asian expedition were shot [5]. In
1936 Chizhevskiy was dismissed as incompetent and in
1942 was arrested for counter-revolutionary activities and
exiled. All research results and manuscripts were classified,
only S.J.Turlygin published abridged results of his research
in the field of human microwave radiation in the early 40s
[42].
Closing programs for almost 20 years indicated the first
cycle in the development of unconventional research (and
also several more general areas of parapsychology) in the
USSR. Due to the tightening of the totalitarian regime,
war and ideological differences several western works have
been overlooked and remained almost unknown in the
USSR, e.g. in the field of radionics, screw effects and
instrumental parapsychology. These works also dealt with
high-penetrating emissions, but from different points of
view. For example, the idea of subtle-field resonances,
which is characteristic for radionics, has not found its way
into the Soviet Union, at least in the 60s and 70s. This
is also related to the strange non-biological radiation
detected by Chizhevskiy and Myshkin, which was also
found in the West, for example in the works of Thomas
Hieronymus (including radiation from celestial bodies)
[34], [50] and Victor Schauberger [51]. Further Soviet

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International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

works at the end of the 50s and early 60s began with
repeating experimental results made prior to 1937.
V. The period from 1955 until 1980
Many sources indicate that the post-war Soviet works
began with a study of Germanys Ahnenerbe archives
removed from the castle Altan [52]. We cannot say
whether this is true or not. On the one hand, these sources
claim the documents have not been worked out in the 60s
(only later in 80s-90s). In publications of that period, we
cannot detect any significant breakthrough in the field of
unconventional research. However, on the other hand, it is
indicated that German NS specialists were involved in U.S.
programs such as MKULTRA [53]. In the Soviet Union the
question of continuing unconventional research was raised
by the president of the USSRs Academy of Science in
1961, which was resolved positively [8]. It can be assumed
that the documents from Ahnenerbe archive were known
to Soviet top leaders and to some extent they stimulated
extensive studies in the 60s and 70s.
The research in this period was split into a few areas.
First of all, the classic parapsychological experiments
with a variety of phenomena exhibited by psychics were
continued. Second, the program on the influence of EM
radiation on biological objects received essential attention.
This is the largest program with many sub-branches and
funding, which eventually led to the emergence of the
psychotronic weapons discussed in media. Both the first
and second programs had open and closed parts. And
third, a new direction related to the high-penetrating
emission of non-biological nature was founded. In this
review, we pay more attention to this research.
Let us return to the work of S.Y.Turlygin described
in [2], [40] and partly in [42]. Turlygin was a wellknown expert in the field of high frequency EM emission
[54], thus he possessed an excellent understanding of the
subject of experiments. The structure of one of Turlygins
experiments is shown in Fig. 4.

a hard rubber or copper mirror intended to

reflect the radiation flux. By passing through
the grating it must demonstrate a diffraction
pattern the highs and lows of the energy
density. In some cases, the alleged flow of
radiation can pass between the plates of a
capacitor. After going through a particular plugin device, which transformed it, the radiation
reached the test person. Thus, the study was
intended to clarify a purely physical picture
of the phenomenon, and the test person has
served as a bioindicator, the hypnotist as a
biogenerator of radiation. Analysis and summary
of the results gave Turlygin a weighty reason to
come to the conclusion that the lead shield holds
the radiation. This was manifested by increasing
time until the test person fell down in comparison
with experiments in which the screen was not
used. The experiments with mirrors confirmed
the presence of radiation and optical law of
its reflection. Experiments with a diffraction
grating allowed to determine the wavelength of
the radiation - it was in the range of 1.8-2.1 mm.
However, the electric field of the capacitor does
not deviate the radiation.
Some concluding Turlygins remarks are
interesting. He wrote: From the viewpoint of
physics, the most significant fact is that the
behavior of a test person the duration of the
exposition gives a clear optical picture, which
can be explained only by the presence of radiant
energy. He continues, These experiments do
not leave us in doubt about presence of radiation
emanating from the human body .... According
to him, he [Turlygin] came to the conclusion
that some of the properties and parameters of
recorded radiation differ from electromagnetic
radiation, for example, it does not deviate in the
electric field of a capacitor [2, p.72].

lead chamber
pipe
source of
emission
(human)

biological
sensor
(human)
plag-in devices:
- lead screen
- rubber, copper mirror
- difraction grating
- electric capacitor

Figure 4.

Structure of experimental setup developed by

S.Y.Turlygin.

We will quote from [2]:

Among used removable devices, that supply a
pipe, was a lead screen, which should presumably
delay a radiation. This radiation should also meet

This work is extremely important, as it establishes

the possibility of physical manipulation with biological
radiation. Thus, Turlygins works in the 30s are very close
with the works of Hieronymus, also in the 30s. Hieronismus
also found that specific radionic radiation has some
properties of electrical and optical radiation. However, as
we said in the previous section, neither Hieronymus nor
Turlygin knew about each other. After the war, in 1952,
Turlygin carried out a series of telepathic experiments
with D.G.Mirza (..) and opened a laboratory
for the study of parapsychology in 1955. After the death
of Turlygin in 1958, D.G.Mirza became a head of the
laboratory. Interestingly, the question about continuing
the research in this laboratory was decided, not only by
the Institute of Biophysics, but most likely splashed in the
Academy of Science. However, in 1958, no specific decisions
or activities followed from this side.

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

The next phase of research begins in the 60s. As

indicated by [8] in 1961, a special meeting at the
President of the USSRs Academy of Sciences academician
M.V.Keldysh (..) considered the question
about the laboratory led by D.G.Mirza. Academicians
E.L.Asatryan, A.I.Berg, Y.B.Kobzarev, A.D.Minz,
I.E.Tamm, A.A.Kharkevich (.., ..,
.., .., .., ..)
attended this meeting. The question about the laboratory
was resolved positively. Apparently 1961 represents the
beginning of a new program, since after 1961 the books
of Kazhinskiy [40] (1963) and Vasiliev [55], [56] (1962,
1963 new edition from 1959) appeared. They contained
results from the 30s and provided the first look into Soviet
pre-war research. In the USSR, since the parapsychology
belonged to the category of bourgeois mysticism, the
publication of these books has meant the state gave a
green light for starting works in this area.
Another hypothesis about 1960 as the start of a new
program is expressed in [1]. The Minister of Defence
R.J.Malinoskiy (..) received documents
in 1960 about U.S. attempts to use telepathy in military
purposes. Although these publications appeared later as
unserious, they triggered the USSR and in turn the USA
to new military programs. Further development of this
Soviet program, in particular in marine, is related to many
names, e.g. G.A.Sergeev (..) [57]. He worked at
that time in the Popov Higher Naval Academy of Radio
Electronics in the field of hydroacoustics. Surprisingly, we
found a number of his patents, e.g. [58] from 1964, which
dealt with the measurement of biological potentials, in
particular EEG. This would confirm the hypothesis of
starting military programs after 1961 (EEG are used to
measure brain activities also in Perovs experiments with
rabbits).
Thus, in 1961 the Soviet unconventional research
received new impulses. A number of separate programs
both in open and closed areas were started, performed
sometime by the same organization and researchers.
I. Parapsychological works. Based on publications of
L.L.Vasiliev [55], [56] and G.F.Plekhanov (..)
[39], it can be argued that the orientation of research
on biophysical fields and information transfer remained
the same. We can give some examples of studies in
the 60s. In 1963, Vasiliev, together with the Bechtrevs
Brain Institute conducted successful sessions of telepathic
communication between Leningrad and Sevastopol. They
repeated results of such experiments from the 30s
this was one of the first works intended to replicate
experimental data. In 1965-1967, the group led by
V.P.Perov (..) held telepathic experiments on
rabbits, which had implanted electrodes in the lateral
nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus. Rabbits-inductors
and Rabbits-percipient were removed from each other on
the distance of 7 km. The behavioral responses of rabbit
percipients in relation to rabbit inductors stimulated
by 1.5-2.5 volt signal were investigated. A series of 36

41

experiments have been carried out, which included 535

cycles. As pointed out by V.P.Perov [59]:
... the number of matches is well over a half
of the total number of cycles. The probability
of obtaining these results randomly, determined
by the significance level, is very low, which gives
reasons to accept the hypothesis of existence of
connection between rabbits, distant from each
other at a distance of 7 km.
As claimed in [1], these rabbits were used as a system
of biological communication in marine experiments, in
particular with submarines.
From the 60s different academic institutes started
the study of such phenomena as the dermo-optical
perception of Rosa Kuleshova ( ), and later
in the 70s the telekinesis of Nina Kulagina (
). In 1969, a studio of science-documentary
films created the first movie about Nina Kulagina and
her abilities. This film marked the beginning of film
making about parapsychological research. In the U.S.
report Defense Intelligence Agency document: Controlled
Offensive Behaviour - USSR, July 1972 it is stated that
in 1967 the USSR had more than 20 centers for the study
of paranormal phenomena, with a budget of $21 million.
One of the most important points in the early
70s is the special commission established by the
order of P.N.Demichev (..) the Secretary
of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
The commission was requested to investigate psychic
phenomena and to provide a scientific conclusion to
Soviet leaders. Between the meeting in the Academy
of Sciences and this commission was about 10 years
during that time a sufficient amount of experimental
results were collected to enable the assessment by the
commission. This again points to the intensity of work
in the 60s. The Commission recognized the reality
of psychic phenomena. The report was published in
1973 [60], one year later it was translated into several
languages, including English, German, French and Italian.
V.P.Zinchenko (..), one of members of the
commission, said about this report:
The main thing: we were able to articulate and
to defend a principal point. The phenomenon
exists. The communication channel is unknown.
The affecting channel is unknown. Fans can look
for! [61].
The commissions work is the basis for the assumption
that the interest of the Central Committee of CPSU
for biological radiation and paranormal humans abilities
(that was in the focus of the commission) appeared only
in the first half of the 70s. This coincides with the
early psychotronic movement and first symposiums (in
1970 and in 1973) as well as with public information
about U.S. programs. It is likely that both countries
have used each other in the arguments in favor of such
studies and the struggle for funding. For instance, the
Soviet representative in the International Association

42

for the Study of Psychotronics was Prof. G.A.Samoilov

(..) from the Ministry of Internal Affairs [1].
II. Impact of electromagnetic fields on biological
objects. The idea about the electromagnetic nature of
biological radiation was rejected already in the 20s and
30s. However, studies on the impact of EM radiation on
biological objects were continued and enlarged. Following
the work of Michailovskiy and others from the 30s, it was
found that the EM field, with certain parameters, can
cause a variety of bio-physical and mental effects. It can be
assumed that the psycho-physiological effects of microwave
emission were actively investigated during the NS regime
in Germany [6], and after 1945 the technology was adopted
by the countries-winners. According to another version,
e.g. [62], the first mentioning of the fact that the pulsemodulated EM radiation can cause auditory hallucination
was in 1956. Anyway, already in the 50s, the USSR and
the USA had their own programs on studying the impact
of EM fields on biological objects.
In 1953 the USA started the program MKULTRA
the CIA program, in which, according to the U.S.
Supreme Court [63], about 80 institutions, including 44
universities, 12 hospitals, three prisons and 185 private
researchers participated [64]. As mentioned in the public
documents, the program to some extent was motivated
by the corresponding NKVDs program, with similar
strategies of using psychotropic (e.g. drugs) substances and
technical equipment.
According to some authors, several German physicians
with experience from NS concentration camps, were
involved into MKULTRA [53]. This supports the
hypothesis about works by Hitlers Germany in the field
of psychotronics and the role of Ahnenerbe documents
in Soviet programs. In the mid-70s, the program drew
public attention; in 2011 some of these documents were
declassified. Part of the MKULTRA program was also
devoted to the influence of EM fields on the human
physiological and psychological conditions [65].
In the 60s and the 70s the Soviet Union had a large
number of studies and research results on this topic.
Y.A.Cholodov (..) [66] in 1982 so described
the situation:
Proceedings of the listed symposiums and
conferences [more than 20 in 70s] constitute
only a small part of the literature that are
scattered in various journals and publications.
After the publication of the collection of works
on [subject] The effect of magnetic fields
[MF] on biological objects [1971], published
by the Scientific Council on complex problems
Cybernetics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR;
several books and review articles were published.
Dozens of dissertations were defended on specific
issues of biological activity of magnetic field.
There were published a number of bibliographies.
In 1978 the second collection of the Scientific
Council on complex problem Cybernetics was
published, entitled as reactions of biological

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

Note on a possible connection between methods to

influence the objects from the project MKULTRA (1953) with
Soviet works from the 30s, image from wikipedia.
Figure 5.

systems to magnetic fields. Today, there are

more than four thousand references on biological
effects of magnetic field, most of which appeared
in the last decade. Approximately half of the
publications devoted to the reactions of the
nervous system to MF.
In the area of influencing EM fields on biological objects,
several authors point to the application of research results
in the form of new weapons (in the USA and the Soviet
Union), see e.g. [67]:
Over the past years, U.S. researchers have
confirmed the possibility of affecting functions
of the NS [nervous system] by weak EMFs
[electromagnetic fields], as it was previously
said by Soviet researchers. EMFs may cause
acoustic hallucination (radiosound) and reduce
the sensitivity of humans and animals to some
other stimuli, to change the activity of the brain
(especially the hypothalamus and the cortex),
to break the processes of formation processing
and information storage in the brain. These
nonspecific changes in the CNS [central nervous
system] can serve as a basis for studying the
possibilities of the direct influence of EMFs on
specific functions of CNS [66].

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

Moreover, according to various authors [6], [65], there

exist documents that would confirm the development of
appropriate hardware in the USSR:
The top-secret works were supervised by
the twice Hero of the Soviet Union Marshal
E.Y.Sawicki. It is said in one of the inquiries
related to this invention, and stamped by the
Institute of Radio Electronics of the USSRs
Academy of Sciences: In 1973, the military unit
71592 of the city Novosibirsk, established the
first installation Radioson and conducted pretests. The positive results are reflected in the
act of tests of this military unit ....... according
to calculations made in 1974, the generator
Radioson can effectively treat the city of about
a hundred of square kilometers, plunging its
inhabitants into a deep sleep and at a distance
of up to 55 kilometers away from the transmitter
[6].
Other work [65] claimed that the act of testing, in
addition to stamps of the military unit and the academic
institution, was also signed by academician Y.B.Kobzarev
and Dr. E.E.Godik (..).
The use of microwave radiation in the areas of SHF and
EHF3 for impacting the psyche was covered many times
in the press. The most well-known fact the discovery of
strange antenna in the office of President of the Russian
Federation Boris Yeltsin:
In the early 90s all headlines reported about
this sensational discovery. In the media Yuri
Malin confirmed: Experts have concluded that
the antenna has been installed to provide
psychological impact on the president [6].
Generally, the psychotronic SHF and EHF emission
represents a topic for separate survey. On the basis of
these studies, later, in the early 90s, some of the so-called
non-lethal weapons have been developed [68]. Although
many of the modern generators utilize the source of EHF
waves [69], [70], it was shown that high-penetrating
emission has some characteristic properties, which differ
from electromagnetic radiation, see e.g. [71]. For those who
are interested in more detail, a good overview of research
in the 70s and 80s in the area of biological radiation can
be found in the book of P.Kneppo and L.Titomir [72]. It
should also be noted that the impact of EM and other nonionizing radiation on biological objects became a normal
research topic, which at the moment doesnt belong to
either parapsychology or to unconventional research. On
contrary, this topic has become increasingly popular in
todays scientific landscape, see e.g. [73], [74], [75], [76].
III. Instrumental psychotronics. Parapsychology
of the 60s refers primarily to the field of psychology,
for example, the members of Demichev commission
are well-known psychologists. However, technical aspects
of biological radiation, in line with the Turlygins
3 Super High Frequency and Extremely High Frequency, 330 GHz
and 30300 GHz.

43

experiments and books of Kazhinskiy and Vasiliev, were

also very interesting for the technically-oriented scientific
community. In 1965, the section of bio-information was
organized by the Moscows board of scientific and
technical society of radio engineering, electronics, and
telecommunications, chaired by I.M.Kogan (..).
In 1968 the technical section of parapsychology and
biointroscopy was organized under the central board of
scientific and technical society of the instrument-making
industry, led G.A.Sergeev.
It seems that the breakthrough in unconventional
research and its separation from parapsychology is related
to the discovery of high-penetrating radiation from nonbiological origin. Even in the 30s it was already known that
a high-penetrating radiation possesses some properties of
light and can be handled with prisms and gratings, as well
as some properties of EM radiation and can be handled
with a variety of screens and mirrors.
Before the 70s, Myshkings pondemotor forces (related
to spinning objects) and Chizhestvskiys Z-rays (from sun
emission) were two approaches of generating non-biological
high-penetrating emission. However in that time,
nobody connected these early works with the performed
parapsychological research. The first approach of operatorindependent detection of this emission is related to the
Chizhevskiy-Velchover (-) effect,
discovered in the 30s, and repeated in the 60s and
later. This effect is about changes in metachromasia
of corynebacterium several hours prior to changes of
sun activities [77]. The second approach was developed
by the family Kirlian, they received a patent in 1949.
In 1964 the book of Kirlians [78] appeared, which
described the glow effect of objects in the strong EM
field, see Fig. 6. Interest in the Kirlian effect in the
context of unconventional research emerged later, with
the development of psychotronics, in particular, with
the first conference on psychotronics [79]. The third
approach of detecting the emission goes to N.A.Kozyrev
(..) and is about a change of conductivity and
mechanical properties in some materials and systems. The
first unconventional Kozyrevs work had been published
in 1958 [80], however, since he was not in the framework
of the state programs [81], his work became known only
after the death of the scientist in 1983. Thus in the early
70s, several approaches for generating and detecting the
high-penetrating emission without human operator were
developed it was only a question of time before somebody
started to connect these independent results. This process
started in the mid-70s.
The first instrumental generators of non-biological highpenetrating generators were created in 60s by Robert
Pavlita in Czechoslovakia. Pavlitas talk at the First
International Conference on psychotronics caused a furore,
the conference itself was reported in central Soviet
scientific journals of that period for example in the
journal Science and Technology for 1974 [82]. Heres what
the magazine said:

44

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

in Czechoslovakia. Kitajgorodskiy was a well-known

opponent of such phenomena, see e.g. [85], it seems this
choice was motivated by two-side policy of the USSR in
this area. He later wrote a number of sceptical reports.
However, the KGB representative became very interested
in these devices. Here is a quote from the book of David
Sutter Age of Delirium: The Decline and Fall of the Soviet
Union (quote from the Russian version of the book):
(a)

(b)

Figure 6.
() Family Kirlian, image from login.ru/articles/effekt-kirliana/; (b) Kirlian image of a leaf with
cut part, image from lebendige-ethik.net/4-kirlian-pribor.html.

Experiments of Czechoslovak researchers

R.Pavlita and D.Krmesski prove the possibility
of remote impact to light moving objects. To
enhance the impact, R. Pavlita offered a special
device an accumulator of energy. These
accumulators are made of different materials
and have different shapes ... R. Pavlita found
a number of other interesting properties of the
investigated energy. Empirically, it is found that
seeds of beans irradiated by this kind of energy
germinated earlier than usual, the plant itself
has evolved significantly faster than the control
specimens ... R.Pavlita also discovered the
accelerated deposition of aqueous suspensions
under the influence of bio-energy. For example,
if a water contaminated with industrial waste
was filled into a container with metal shavings,
irradiated by such energy, then 12 hours later
the water becomes crystal clear. Furthermore,
the chemical analysis shows that this is achieved
with a very high degree of water purification.
If the same water was in contact with nonirradiated metal shavings, then the effect was
not observed ... It is also necessary to point out
the findings of the Estonian physicist T.Neeme.
He experimentally confirmed an accelerated
deposition of colloidal solutions under the
impact of human bioenergy.
As the term parapsychology embarrassed Soviet
researchers due to a relation to inexplicable and
mystical phenomena which was contrary to the
spirit of materialistic science in the USSR the term
psychotronics fitted well in the scientific picture of that
time and has remained in use. On the contrary, the
word psychotronics is not widely accepted by Western
parapsychologic community.
Intelligence services (KGB and DIA) were also
interested in the works of R.Pavlita. As published in [83]
and reprinted in [84], in 1972 Czech Ministry of Internal
Affairs asked the USSR to assist in the investigation
of Pavlitas devices. Two representatives: from Academy
of Science A.Kitajgorodskiy (.)
and from KGB Y.Azarov (.) arrived

They talked about parapsychology and problems

of communication. In the end, one that was
lower and active, said that they are interested
in experiments with a plate because they want
to get an answer to a very important question.
They said they have information that the Czech
parapsychologist named Pavlita developed an
apparatus for creating a biological field without
human presence, and added that this discovery
is of great interest, and that they need to
find Pavlita, unfortunately, two years ago he
disappeared, and they heard nothing about him.
- When he died talkative one said he was
not buried in the cemetery. We have checked
all the cemeteries in Czechoslovakia. Block and
Hronopulo suddenly lost all desire to participate
in the experiment, because there was only one
organization able to check all the cemeteries in
Czechoslovakia [86].
As mentioned in [87], the U.S. Defence Intelligence
Agency (DIA) also indicated interest to Pavlitas work. He
has registered many patents, however the secret of these
devices he never opened (he died in 1991) so we can only
assume the working principles of his generators. Based on
some interviews [21], it can be assumed the generators are
passive devices that use so-called effect of shapes (effect
of forms):
We saw a gallery of objects matt and shiny,
rough and smooth, made of steel, bronze, copper,
iron and gold, which were presented to us as
psychotronic generators ... Mystery generators
claimed by Pavlita lies in their form. Important
is also the material from which they are made. A
position and shape of the material, which they
are made from, are able to cause the desired
effect. If the generator is designed properly, as
claimed by Pavlita, it is able to accumulate bioenergy from all living things animals, plants,
humans and then release it outside [1].
In the USSR, the first works of that time on the devicebased generators were made by A.A.Beridze-Stakhovsky
(..-). His generator Cerpan, as
shown in Fig. 7, is a passive device. The exact structure
is unknown, both A.A.Beridze-Stakhovsky and R.Pavlita
feared unethical use of their devices. According to some
researchers [88], testing and verifying the work of these
generators was controlled at the level of the Central
Committee of CPSU.

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

45

generator were made in Kiev. In general, Kiev, during

this period, was one of the main centers of instrumental
psychotronics.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.
Different versions of the generator
Cerpan, images are published with permission of
kabkopLIV.
(a)
generators
A.A.Beridze-Stakhovsky
from the movie Lambada for Hiller; (b,c) generators
Cerpan, the comment from a modern manufacturer
(www.liveinternet.ru/users/kabkopliv//post145559206/):
The first three are original samples produced for BeridzeStakhovsky. The fourth one is the advanced design created
by us. The first two samples were made of stainless steel,
the third one of titanium, the fourth one of steel. The
main difference of the fourth sample it has complex internal
structure associated with our ideas about the geometry of space
and its energy properties.
Figure

VI. From 1980 to 2003

Works of the 80s and early 90s are primarily
characterized by an appearance of centralized strategic
programs at the level of the State Committee for Science
and Technology at the Council of Ministers (SCST USSR).
The role of the SCST USSR was to determine the main
directions of the development of science and technology,
planning and organization of the major developments of
national importance for scientific and technical problems,
the organization and introduction into production of
discoveries, inventions, and the results of exploratory
research (e.g. nuclear power). Thus, the strategic role
of some unconventional areas, including instrumental
psychotronics, was recognized. These works also received a
significant amount of funding. Selection of 1980 (early 80s)
as the last period in the development of unconventional
research is motivated by the following reasons.
First, the instrumental generators of the mid 70s, have
been improved and the first experimental results of their
work are obtained in 80s, as shown in Fig. 8 for generators
of A.A.Beridze-Stakhovsky. Most of these works with this

Survey of experiments conducted with the

generator Cerpan from 1981 to 1990, data from
www.liveinternet.ru/users/kabkoplivENG/, published with
permission of kabkopLIV.
Figure 8.

V.A.Sokolova (..) describes experiments

that were carried out in 1984-1987, which are supervised
by the USRRs Ministry of Health, the Ministry of
Agriculture, and which took an interest in the Ministry
of Defence.
Works with torsion generators are mainly
performed on the basis of Biophysical Laboratory
of the Patrice Lumumbas University in the
period from 1984 to 1987. In addition, our
torsion generators have been tested in Moscows
leading institutions the Institute of Virology
of Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute
of Bioengineering, at the Gamals Institute,
Pharmacological Institute , NPO Volna, NPO
of engineering, Institute of Crystallography, etc.
Moreover, our team and generators are tested in
a production environment in some farms of the
Moscow area: cattle farm Kamenka in Podolsk
district, plant growing on state farms, and the
farm Tarasovskay in Pushkin area. With us at
the farm Istra worked ...[89].

46

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

As a part of these experiments various virological,

biological, medical and agricultural works were carried out.
The objects of these experiments were microorganisms,
mice, plants, and even medical works with patients.
According to Sokolova [89], already in 1986 more than 30
torsion generators were produced.
Second, due to contacts between authorities and
psychics (it is assumed there existed contacts between
Juna and Brezhnev [26]), various research institutes
received official orders to explore these phenomena. In
1980, the SCST and the Presidium of the USSRs
Academy of Sciences commissioned the Institute of Radio
Engineering and Electronics, AS USSR the lead agency
of the Academy of Sciences to study weak signals
the program of studying physical fields from biological
objects in order to create fundamentally new methods
of medical diagnostics. In particular, it included a study
of physical fields from E.Y. Davitashvili (Juna) [90].
These works were carried out under supervision of
U.V.Gulyaev and E.E.Godik [91]. Name of Y.V.Gulyaev
is closely linked with other two names D.B.Kobzarev
and N.S.Kulagina. The group of academics Gulyaev and
Kobzarev investigated the phenomenon of Kulagina [10],
which has been studied since 1977 in the St. Petersburg
Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics, where we meet
the name of G.N.Dulnev (..) [92]. These works
stimulated the development of a psychic line of Soviet
parapsychology.
Third, in the 70s and 80s United States had a number
of programs in the fields of applied parapsychology
and psychotronics. The first declassified (in 1995), and
therefore the most well-known, state program of studying
psi phenomena is the program on clairvoyance (non-local
perception). Experts believe that there are actually a few
independent programs in the CIA, counter-intelligence,
naval and air forces. Two of them are the most famous.
The first one was held on the CIA initiative since the
early 1970s and since 1989 in SRI International (formerly
known as Stanford Research Institute) and then from
1992 to 1994 at SAIC (Science Applications International
Corporation), and later known as Anomalous Mental
Phenomena. The second program, known by various
names Star Gate, was conducted under the auspices
of counterintelligence. There are different opinions about
these programs (although the CIA declassified 80,000
pages of text) [93], [94]. In Russia there are several books
on this subject, such as the work of J.Mc Monigla Secrets
of remote viewing [95].
It is obvious that the USA and USSR competed in
this area research on the one side stimulated equivalent
studies on the other side. Some representatives4 of power
structures in the Soviet Union so characterized the 80s:
In general, in 80s, in this country, it was created
a system of well-organized and conspiratorial
4 Interview

of the head of Energy and Information Laboratory

Russian NAST Academy major general FSO B.K.Ratnikov
(..) to the magazine Security on August 29, 2010.

work to develop new methods and means

of resolving interstate and internal political
problems without involving intimidating power
forces and damaging effects. It includes methods
of obtaining timely information, other than the
traditionally known.
Since the mid-80s the central coordinator of
unconventional research became the State Committee
for Science and Technology at the Council of Ministers
(SCST USSR) with the direct participation of the
Ministry of Defence and the KGB. In the middle of
1986, N.I.Ryzhkov5 (..) on a memo about the
perspectives of torsion technologies wrote a resolution:
Take steps to organize the works [96]. Many authors6
point to the classified document by the Central Committee
of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers N137-47
of 27 January 1986 about the program Management of
living objects, including human. For obvious reasons,
the text of this resolution is not in the public domain,
but this document has several indirect evidences. In
May 1991, the Committee on Science and Technology at
the Supreme Council of the USSR received a document
from the member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
E.B.Aleksandrov (..), which states:
From the mid-80s the defense agencies and
KGB funded disjointed pseudoscientific closed
developments, related to the problems of
communication, weapons, and drug-free impact
on human. In 1986, different groups were
consolidated: they have entered into a document
of CM [Council of Ministers][97].
It is clear that Alexandrov is referring to the above
mentioned decree of the Council of Ministers of the
USSR from 1986. The instrumental psychotronics became
a part of open programs on 22 December 1989. Decree
N724 formed a Center of unconventional technologies that
should deal exclusively with instrumental psychotronics,
see Fig. 9.
A.E.Akimov (..) became the head of the
Center. From 1989 to 1991, these studies were open and
coordinated by the Center. The unconventional works
of the late 80s early 90s are mainly associated with
this organization. In 1991, there appeared the well-known
conflict between the Center and some representatives of
the USSRs Academy of Sciences [97]. On 26 June 1991
the SCST USSR created the interdisciplinary center of
unconventional technologies Vent, which received all the
functions, including financial ones, for coordinating the
program, see Fig. 10. However, a week later, an 4 July 1991
the same SCST USSR issued the resolution about Vicious
practice of financing ..., where it blamed the performed
unconventional research and the Center. This is the oddest
fact, where the same state organization within a very short
5 The last chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR the
head of the government of the USSR.
6 see psyterror.narod.ru, interwiki.info/index.php, www.uznaipravdu.ru

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

47

Annex to the Resolution of the SCST USSR N724

from 22.12.89 on the establishment of a center of unconventional technologies at the State Committee for Science and
Technology USSR, from [97].

Figure 9.

period of time issued two distinctly different decrees, which

had dramatic consequences for the whole country.
As it is repeatedly stressed in this work, the Russian
unconventional research is characterized by a strong
antagonistic position of supporters and opponents of this
research, even in the same state agency. As stated by
A.E.Akimov, see [98], [97], this program should be about
500 million rubles (more than $500 million). It seems that
several organizations claimed the coordinating role at the
end of the 80s, including the Academy of Science, which
traditionally dealt with these issues.
According to the statement of A.V.Bobrow
(..), published in [97], the center Vent in different forms existed until 2005, with funding
and active works up to the end of the 90s. According
to publications in [97], the work of the center has
lasted at least until 1995, more recent publications are
related to the International Institute of Theoretical and
Applied Physics. Publications, see Fig. 11, show that the
peak of research activity associated with instrumental
psychotronics, continued until 2002-2003.
It should be noted that in addition to the program
supervised by SCST USSR, there were several other
activities relating to parapsychology. One of them is the
Association of applied eniology created in 1989 by the
Federation of Soviet engineers, led by F.R.Hantseverov
(..) [99]. As stated in [99], there was
a close cooperation with the International academy of
energy science (MAEN). In 1991 a fund of parapsychology
named L.L.Vasilev was created. From 1991 to 2000,

Resolution of the SCST USSR CK 2-11-33

establishing the ISTC Vent, from [97].
Figure 10.

Number of publications on the spin-torsion interactions, image from [97] with permission of V.A.Zhigalov.
Figure 11.

the fund published the magazine Parapsychology and

Psychophysics. After 1991 a lot of organizations began
to appear, such as the scientific committee Bioenergy,
headed by academician V.P.Kaznacheev (..);
the Center for psychotronics and traditional healing, led
E.K.Naumov; the International committee of the socio-

48

scientific human ecology and energoinformatics, led by

Prof. V.N.Volchenko (..). In 1994, in St.
Petersburg the Energy technology center, led G.N.Dulnev,
was established.
According to many sources, 2003-2004 represents the
end of this period in unconventional research. After 2000
the group of Kreml psychics [100] was dissolved; the
magazine Parapsychology and Psychophysics was closed;
many laboratories, see e.g. [70], were closed in 2004; at the
end of 2003 the military unit 10003, established in 1989
to explore the possibilities of military use of paranormal
phenomena [101], was eliminated. Unfortunately, most of
the organizations that arose during the period of the early
90s without proper funding and in terms of ideological
pressure from the Russian Academy of Sciences no longer
existed in the first decade of 21st century.
Summing up the section on the period from 1980 to
2003, it should be noted that with the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991, these program are first reduced, and
around 2002-2003 completely closed. Due to a conflict with
the Academy of Sciences that is attributed by many
authors to the financial conflict inside SCST USSR and
not to scientific issues the whole unconventional research
was announced as pseudoscience by the Academy of
Sciences. Due to this conflict, even a publication of already
obtained high-quality results was stopped researchers
feared losing their academic jobs. It seems this conflict
caused essential damages to Russian science in total. In
this period we observe again a cyclical development with
breaks in 1917, 1937 and 2003. Due to academic and
non-academic researchers the instrumental psychotronics,
denoted sometimes as torsionics, still continue to grow, but
we cannot speak about government programs in Russia
any longer.
VII. Devices and research of the period
1980-2003
As shown in the previous section, the breakthrough
in unconventional research was archived with the
development of operator-independent ways to generate
and to sense the emission, which was previously
detected only by human operators. A critical amount of
experimental data in the field of instrumental generators
appeared first in the 80s. If in the 70s mostly passive
generators, such as of A.A.Beride-Stakhovskiy, were
developed, already in the mid-80s at least two active
generators were present: one developed by A.F.Ohatrin
(..) [65] (according to some claims, the
Okhatrins generator existed before 1982) and another
one developed by A.A.Deev (..) [102], [89] (author
in [102] claims that devices of A.A.Deev were tested
at the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,
Academy of Medical Sciences (Director V.P.Kaznacheev)
in 1981). The Deevs generator was based on spin-polarized
materials [102].
In parallel with practical developments, researchers tried
to understand the working principles of their devices,
and often, not from theory to practice, but rather from

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

practice to theory. Successful instruments were analyzed;

researchers then tried to build a theory that would
explain how they work. When in the experimental area a
measurable progress was observed, in the theoretical area
many questions remained unanswered. In the period from
1980 to 2003, a large number of such theories appeared;
they often required reviewing of all the physics from the
16th century. A short overview of that research can be
found in [71] although a detailed analysis of all those
approaches would require a much larger work. Here we
would like to focus on three interesting topics that emerged
during that period: 1) research on passive structures (the
effect of shapes/forms); 2) the works, performed within the
state program through the center Vent, which received a
solid grounding in the theory of G.I.Shipov (..);
3) studying the impact of generated emission on a variety
of materials and the development of instrumental sensors.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
Figure 12. (a) The effect of hollow structures, image from [103];

(b) Golods Pyramid at Riga highway near Moscow, image

from ivg.name/2009/02/02/pyramid/; (c) Passive generator
Gamma-7 of A.F.Ohatrina, image from interwiki.info; (d)
The Veinik hedgehog; (e) Smirnovs passive generator, image
from [14].

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

Passive structure (shape/form effect). In 1983, at a

meeting of the Novosibirsks Branch of the Entomological
Society of AS USSR V.S.Grebennikov (..)
introduced the discovered effect of hollow structures
[104]. The magazine Tekhnika Molodezhi in N6 for 1984
wrote:
Physiologists, physicists and doctors are deeply
interested in this phenomenon. We are carrying
out research to find instruments that could
capture and detect this effect ... its nature (of the
phenomenon) is not clear, even approximately
[104].
Although the effect of hollow structures was known
prior to this publication, e.g. from the French authors
of the 60s and 70s [105], [106], both the paper and
works of V.S.Grebennikov [103] have stimulated a lot of
research in the 80s and in the 90s: Veinik hedgehogs [107],
Cylinders [108], research on effects of pyramids [109],
[110], [111]. The first reference and research on Veinik
hedgehog refers to the period before 1981 [112], but this
manuscript, apparently, had not been published in the
80s. Widely known are Golods pyramids [113], which
from the beginning of the 90s were built in many cities
of Russia, which triggered a broad public debate.
It is assumed that passive structures based on so-called
shape/form effect are similar to active instrumental
generators. First passive generators were in fact objects of
complex geometry. There is even such a notion as Pavlita
geometry [114], which should represent the basis of passive
generators. Active generators, as shown in Fig. 14, use the
effects of forms. Some of such famous structures are shown
in Fig. 12.
Works within the center Vent. Since the center
Vent was planned as a central coordinator of the program,
all real works were performed by subcontractors with
different research organizations. According to A.E.Akimov
[98] about 20 such organizations were involved after the
collapse of the USSR in 1991. After the funding of
programs was reduced, the core of researchers remained
connected within the network. They organized and
performed special conferences and created various research
groups on the territory of CIS countries. Therefore, the
works within the center Vent mean, in fact, a very
broad section of topics, of different authors, and of
different organizations. The majority of developments
in the instrumental psychotronics in Russia from 1991
to 2013 was united in this movement. The Vent
research program was related to five following topics, see
Fig. 9: communication, material research, new sensing
technologies (e.g. for forecasting earthquakes), water
cleaning, medical diagnostics.
There are not many known facts about the appearance
of the center Vent and backstair financial deals within
SCST USSR in 1986-1991. According to akimovae.com,
A.E.Akimov in 1977-1983 worked at the Moscow Scientific
Research Institute of Radio, in 1983-1987 at the Research
Institute for Communication Systems and Control, and
in 1987-1991 as the department head at the Research

49

Institute of Microdevices (NII MP). Research topics

covered by Akimov related to communication systems,
thus we find the theme of communication as the point N1
in the list of unconventional technologies. There are many
copies of contracts between the NII MP and the various
research institutes regarding the study of the spin fields,
as shown in Fig. 13, where NII MP provided generators of
torsion fields [115]. In these contracts A.E.Akimov acted
as a supervisor on this topic. It can be concluded that the
instrumental generators were developed by NII MP from
the second half of the 80s, and the texts of resolutions for
SCST USSR were prepared in this organization. However,
the communication experiments from 1986 were performed
at the Research Institute for Communication Systems and
Control this implies that many top Soviet research
institutes were involved in these programs. As mentioned
in [1], the general Hantseverov also prepared a proposal
for the program, however due to some reasons, Akimovs
programme was accepted.

Example of contracts between NII MP and other

organizations for the study of spinor emission of late 80s, from
[97].
Figure 13.

The publications of the center Vent indicate a

very good knowledge of corresponding literary sources,
including Western patents, up to the beginning of the
20th century. For example, N4 in the list of technologies
water cleaning with spin generators this topic has been
developed in the 70s by R.Pavlita (unfortunately this topic
was not further developed within Vent activities), direct
links to Western patents in the policy document [116];
wording of the patent [117]. On the one hand, it can be
assumed that spinor topics were carefully studied in the
NII MP, probably long before 1988. On the other hand,

50

such concepts as the microlepton field of A.F.Ohatrin, the

axion field of V.Tatur (.) were not included into
the Vent program this points to a certain ideological
competition7 . Old works on morphogenetic fields of
A.G.Gurvich (..) or on psichons of B.Kobozev
were also not followed further.
The word torsion appeared after 1990 (probably in
1991). Before 1990, the spin concept was used. In the
list of Akimovs publications, one of the first works
about spin systems refers to 1987 [118], in collaboration
with L.B.Boldyreva and N.B.Sotina (..,
..). L.B.Boldyreva in [102] described that
Akimov, around 1986-1987, was greatly impressed by the
work A.A.Deev had done with spin-polarized materials.
The basis of work [118] represents the model of Dirac
vacuum. After the start of cooperation with G.I.Shipov
the concept received the name torsion (or spin-torsion)
and includes the torsion effects [119]. However, analysing
literature, e.g. [18] (prepared probably by intelligence
service), comparing Puthoffs [120] and Akimovs patent
[117], we found a number of evidences, that the issue of
torsion generators is closely related to the AharonovBohm effect [121], and to several effects of quantum
phenomena in macroscopic systems [122]. It is very
characteristic, that patents [120], [117] and the work
[18] appeared in a short time at the end of the 80s
beginning of 90s. Moreover, it seems this represents a
connection between Russian spin-torsion and Western
quantum works.
Almost all experiments in the late 80s and early 90s
within state programs were performed with so-called small
and large Akimovs generator, see Fig. 14.
Other generators of that time, e.g. developed by
A.Y.Smirnov [70], also had a similar philosophy for their
design and operating principles. Later, there appeared
other generators, based on the principles described in
[116], and some new principles, such as LED generators
of A.V.Bobrov [123]. An overview can be found in [14].
3) Development of instrumental sensors. One of
the main problems associated with the high-penetrating
radiation is the problem of how to detect this radiation.
Without generators it is not possible to develop the
sensors, and without sensors it is not possible to design
generators. This is well-known cycle of instrumental
psychotronics, without resolving this problem it is
impossible to do research in this area.
In the early 80s there were already some principles of
detection known based on Kozyrevs work (changing the
conductivity of materials and the impact on mechanical
systems), works of Chizhevskij (settling red blood cells)
and the Kirlian effect (glow in the strong EM field).
In addition to this, widely used methods were dowsing
(more generally biolocation) and biological sensors, such
as the germination test. In 1982-1984 some research on
the Kozyrevs method was carried out, in particular
7 See e.g. the work of L.I.Holod, I.V.Goryachev, On vacuum
models developed by Y.Terletskiy, G.Shipov, A.Akimov and
A.Okhatrin-B.Tatur.

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Examples of instrumental generators of a highpenetrating radiation developed at NII MP or under contracts

with the center Vent: (a,b) small and large Akimov generators, (c,d) generators of A.Y.Smirnov, images from [97].
Figure 14.

with biological systems [124]. However, these works were

fragmented, researchers often did not know each other.
This situation substantially changed after 1989.
In 1988 the first note of A.V.Bobrov about the electric
double layer (EDL) [125] as a sensor had appeared.
In his book [126], he confirmed the program of the
USSRs Ministry of Defense on the study of psychics and
instrumental psychotronics. Bobrovs EDL sensors have
been proven as very sensitive devices. The book edited
by Lunev [127] describes the work carried out at the
Tomsk Polytechnic University from 1983 to 1993, including
a number of sensors based on quartz resonators and
detectors of radioactivity. In 1989 a patent of G.A.Sergeev
[128] on capacitive sensors is issued. Since 1989 various
tests with crystallized structures are conducted [129], [130]
and, further, with the melting of metals. Attempts were
made to develop sensors on that basis. In the early 90s
sensors of Y.P.Kravchenko appeared (..)
[131], based on measurements of electric fields. In the
Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, the
results related to Kozyrevs sensors are verified [132] (these
and other works have stimulated the development of solidstate sensors). The book of G.N.Dulnev and colleagues [9]
describes the research conducted between 1995-1998 at the
Center for Energy and Information Technologies at the St.
Petersburg State Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics
(TSEIT GITMO). In those experiments more biological,
optical, magnetic and thermal sensors are used. Interesting
works are performed on bioelectrogenesis of plants [133]
and the application of such sensors in experiments [134].
By 2000, there is already a large amount of works on
the impact of high-penetrating radiation on different
semiconductor devices, see e.g. [135]. In the review [71] in

S.Kernbach. Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview

2013 related to metrology of high-penetrating emission,

there are 19 groups of physical effects that can represent
a basis for the development of sensors, with dozens of
technical sensors.
The appearance of generators and detectors of
high-penetrating radiation in 2003-2004 indicated the
beginning of a new stage in the development of
instrumental psychotronics. These effects can by examined
by independent researchers and even by non-technical (e.g.
biologists) experts. This factor played a major role in the
evolution of this research area after minimizing and closing
governmental programs.
VIII. Conclusion
To sum up this review, first of all, we note a
characteristic feature of Soviet and Russian programs
specific position of the state, which during the entire
existence of the Soviet Union has funded certain areas
of parapsychology and blocked all others. In addition,
since 1917, international contacts have been significantly
reduced or even discontinued. As a result of this the
USSR, since the early 70s, began to shape a specific
area of instrumental psychotronics. By 2003-2004, with
the development of sensors capable of detecting a highpenetrating emission, an entirely independent line of
research had emerged in Russia. This combined sources
and detectors of radiation, and explored the appeared
effects in a variety of materials and systems. Analyzing
Western works, such as USPA8 and SSE9 conferences, the
corresponding European and American magazines, we note
only a small number of publications on related topics.
Second, an existence of many enthusiastic researchers
in Russia after 1991 should be underlined. The concept
of firm in the garage, widely known in the West, has a
special meaning in Russia, since many studies have been
performed not only by the academic community, but also
by private researches. Regarding the difficulties in these
works we can refer to the statements of Plekhanov [39],
Kulagina [10], Dulnev [92] Bobrov [126], and many others.
It should be noted that the Soviet Union coordinated
the activities in this area at the Scientific Council of the
USSRs Academy of Science in the 60s, 70s and 80s, while
after 1991 the Academy of Sciences suddenly announced
this research as pseudoscientific. Such rapid change is
surprising, and is an argument in favor of the hypothesis
that this was primarily related to financial issues within
the SCST USSR.
Regarding the funding we found the following data10 :
the DIA Report Controlled Offensive Behaviour USSR,
July 1972 estimated the budget $21 million in 1967 (in the
area 1), Hantseverovs estimation [16] about 700 involved
researchers after 1987 (about 7 million ruble per year
in the area 1), Akimovs estimation about the required
8 USPA

- US Psychotronics Association, www.psychotronics.org

Society
for
Scientific
Exploration
(SSE),
www.scientificexploration.org
10 Exchange rate of 1 Soviet ruble was slightly larger than 1USD.
9 The

51

500 million ruble in 1990-1995 [97] (the area 3), data

from [97] about spent 23 million ruble from Ministry of
Defence around 1986-1989, data from [16] with estimated
400 involved researchers after 1990 (about 4 million ruble
per year in the area 1), data from [101] about the military
unit 10003, which consumed 4 million ruble per year and
existed for 15 years (the area 1). Based on these data it
can be estimated that open funding in the 80s and 90s
was between $200 million and $400 million. Extrapolating
data from the 60s and 70s it can be assumed that the
upper boundary for open funding in after-war programs
was about $500 million.
However, there is no data about studies from KGB and
USSRs Ministry of Defense in areas 1 and 2. A.V.Bobrov
in [97] and in discussions reported about studies performed
at Gagarin Air Force Academy in Monino and by St.
Petersburg I.I.Mechnikov State Medical Academy in the
80s and 90s. These studies are open and covered a large
number of technical systems and human operators. It
would make sense to assume that classified programs in
the area 1 were larger than open programs. Since the area
2 was a strategic program, its funding should be assumed
larger than of 1 and 3. In total we can assume an upper
boundary of $0.5-1 billion for all areas within 40 years. It
is vital to repeat these are estimates based on published
data and some common sense consideration. To compare,
U.S. Startgate program costs about $20 million [136],
some programs for nonlethal technologies $37.2 million
[137], MKULTRA $87.5 million [137]. Thus, Soviet and
U.S. costs are comparable at least on a level of separate
programs.
Third, it needs to underline the ethical position in
instrumental psychotronics. A.E.Akimov in 1995 at the
conference KGB: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow wrote:
As we are the leading organization in Russia on
torsion technologies, I can responsibly say that
while technological experiments allow sometimes
obtaining results that go far beyond our fantasy,
modern torsion generators are rather primitive,
and it is difficult to expect that tomorrow or
the day after tomorrow may appear sources of
torsion radiation that could solve the problem
of controlling human behavior. I do not believe
in this. There is an international organization of
scientists involved in the study of electromagnetic
radiation, including their effect on humans. From
a technical point of view, there is no reason why
it would be impossible to make a machine, which
impacts the human. And I have no doubt about
the fact that this kind of technique exists in many
countries of the world [138].
The technology that was primitive in 1995, has become
less primitive in 2013, and will be even more advanced in
the future. Even now it is not too difficult to develop a
high-power generator based on e.g. the Puthoffs patent
[120], Akimovs patent [117] or results of many other
researchers, e.g. [139]. We also do not believe that human

52

International Journal of Unconventional Science, Issue E1, 2016

behavior can be controlled. However, we want to draw

attention to the significant potential of a long-term use
of these devices and the risk of unethical use of this
technology for so-called mild correction, such as the PID
effect11 studied in plants and laboratory animals, see [140],
[141], [142], [143], [70], [69], [144], [145] and others.
To conclude this work, it should be noted that
after 2003, the instrumental psychotronics in Russia
was developing further, although not as fast as before.
There are conferences, workshops, seminars and published
specialized journals. According to [16], the number of
Russian researchers in the areas around instrumental
psychotronics is between 400 and 700 between 1987-1993.
Currently, based on major conferences, this number can
be estimated between 200 and 500. We believe that this
figure is kept at this level and beyond, but there is a
noticeable increase in the age of researchers. There is
also an interesting process of distributing this research
to the west. First of all, it is done by researchers from
CIS counties and who is living in Western countries. This
is also happening due to the inclusion of countries from
the former Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact in the EU
and the gradual introduction of these works in Western
research organizations.
IX. Acknowledgment
Author would like to thank the group Second physics
and Association of Unconventional Science for fruitful
discussions and multiple comments for improving this
work. Especial thanks are expressed to A.V.Bobrov and
V.A.Zhigalov for discussions about historical evolution of
unconventional research in Russia.
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