Chapter 3 Nodal and Mesh Equations - Circuit Theorems 3.14 Exercises

Chapter 3 Nodal and Mesh Equations - Circuit Theorems
3.14 Exercises
Multiple Choice
1. The voltage across the 2 resistor in the circuit of Figure 3.67 is
A. 6 V
B. 16 V
C. 8 V
D. 32 V
E. none of the above
+
6V
8A
8A
Figure 3.67. Circuit for Question 1
2. The current i in the circuit of Figure 3.68 is

A. 2 A
B. 5 A
C. 3 A
D. 4 A

4V
2
10 V
2
i
3-52
Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB Applications

Orchard Publications
Exercises
3. The node voltages shown in the partial network of Figure 3.69 are relative to some reference
node which is not shown. The current i is
A. 4 A
B. 8 3 A
C. 5 A
D. 6 A
6V
4V
8V
8V
12 V
6V
8V
13 V
2
4. The value of the current i for the circuit of Figure 3.70 is

A. 3 A
B. 8 A
C. 9 A
D. 6 A
6
12 V
3
6
i
8A

3-53

5. The value of the voltage v for the circuit of Figure 3.71 is
A. 4 V
B. 6 V
C. 8 V
D. 12 V
+
+
2A
vX
2
+ 2v
X
6. For the circuit of Figure 3.72, the value of k is dimensionless. For that circuit, no solution is possible if the value of k is
A. 2
B. 1
C.
D. 0
+
2A
4
+ kv
3-54

Exercises
7. For the network of Figure 3.73, the Thevenin equivalent resistance R TH to the right of terminals
a and b is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 5
D. 10
a
3
2
4
R TH
2
Figure 3.73. Network for Question 7
8. For the network of Figure 3.74, the Thevenin equivalent voltage V TH across terminals a and b is
A. 3 V
B. 2 V
C. 1 V
D. 5 V
2V
2
2A
b

3-55

9. For the network of Figure 3.75, the Norton equivalent current source I N and equivalent parallel
resistance R N across terminals a and b are
A. 1 A, 2
B. 1.5 A, 25
C. 4 A, 2.5
D. 0 A, 5
a
5
2A
2A
b
10. In applying the superposition principle to the circuit of Figure 3.76, the current i due to the 4 V
source acting alone is
A. 8 A
B. 1 A
C. 4 A
D. 2 A
i
2
2
8A
+ 4V
3-56

Exercises
Problems
1. Use nodal analysis to compute the voltage across the 18 A current source in the circuit of Figure
3.77. Answer: 1.12 V
4
8
4
v 18 A
18 A
12 A
10
24 A
Figure 3.77. Circuit for Problem 1
2. Use nodal analysis to compute the voltage v 6 in the circuit of Figure 3.78. Answer: 21.6 V
36 V
+
12
15
+
4
12 A
6
18 A
v6
24 A
3. Use nodal analysis to compute the current through the 6 resistor and the power supplied (or
absorbed) by the dependent source shown in Figure 3.79. Answers: 3.9 A, 499.17 w
4. Use mesh analysis to compute the voltage v 36A in Figure 3.80. Answer: 86.34 V
5. Use mesh analysis to compute the current through the i 6 resistor, and the power supplied (or
absorbed) by the dependent source shown in Figure 3.81. Answers: 3.9 A, 499.33 w
6. Use mesh analysis to compute the voltage v 10 in Figure 3.82. Answer: 0.5 V

3-57

18 A
15
12
iX
6
4
i6
12 A
5i X
24 A
36 V
120 V

240 V
3
4
8
12
+
v 36A
4
36 A
12 A
24 A

18 A
15
12
iX
6
4
5i X
12 A
i6
36 V
24 A
3-58

Exercises
10i X
15
12
4
iX
12 V
v 10
10
24 V
7. Compute the power absorbed by the 10 resistor in the circuit of Figure 3.83 using any method.
Answer: 1.32 w
2
12 V
10
24 V
36 V
8. Compute the power absorbed by the 20 resistor in the circuit of Figure 3.84 using any
method. Answer: 73.73 w
+
20
12 V
3
6A
8A
9. In the circuit of Figure 3.85:

a. To what value should the load resistor R LOAD should be adjusted to so that it will absorb
maximum power? Answer: 2.4
3-59

b. What would then the power absorbed by R LOAD be? Answer: 135 w
36 V
15
12
R LOAD
4
18 A
12 A
10. Replace the network shown in Figure 3.86 by its Norton equivalent.
Answers: i N = 0, R N = 23.75
a
15
4
iX
5iX
b
11. Use the superposition principle to compute the voltage v 18A in the circuit of Figure 3.87.
Answer: 1.12 V
4
8
4
12 A
10
v 18 A
18 A
24 A
3-60

Exercises
12. Use the superposition principle to compute voltage v 6 in the circuit of Figure 3.88.
Answer: 21.6 V
36 V
+
12
15
+
6
18 A
12 A
v6
24 A
13.In the circuit of Figure 3.89, v S1 and v S2 are adjustable voltage sources in the range
50 V 50 V, and R S1 and R S2 represent their internal resistances. Table 3.4 shows the results
of several measurements. In Measurement 3 the load resistance is adjusted to the same value as
Measurement 1, and in Measurement 4 the load resistance is adjusted to the same value as Measurement 2. For Measurements 5 and 6 the load resistance is adjusted to 1 . Make the necessary computations to fill-in the blank cells of this table.
TABLE 3.4 Table for Problem 13
Measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
Switch S 1
Switch S 2
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
Closed
v S1 (V)
v S2 (V)
i LOAD (A)
48
0
0
36
0
42
18
24
16
6
5
0
15
Answers: 15 V , 7 A , 11 A , 24 V

3-61

+
R S1 1
R S2
v S1
i LOAD
1
v
S2
S1
S2
v LOAD
Adjustable
Resistive
Load
Figure 3.89. Network for Problem 13
14. Compute the efficiency of the electrical system of Figure 3.90. Answer: 76.6%
0.8
0.5
vS
100 A
1st Floor
Load
480 V
i2
i1
80 A
2nd Floor
Load
0.5
0.8
Figure 3.90. Electrical system for Problem 14
15. Compute the regulation for the 2st floor load of the electrical system of Figure 3.91.
Answer: 36.4%
0.8
0.5
VS
100 A
1st Floor
Load
480 V
i1
i2
80 A
2nd Floor
Load
0.5
0.8
3-62

Exercises
12 V
iX
16. Write a set of nodal equations and then use MATLAB to compute i LOAD and v LOAD for the circuit of Example 3.10 which is repeated as Figure 3.92 for convenience.
Answers: 0.96 A, 7.68 V
7
20i X
10
v LOAD
i LOAD
RL

3-63

3.15 Answers to Exercises
Multiple Choice
1. E The current entering Node A is equal to the current leaving that node. Therefore, there is no
current through the 2 resistor and the voltage across it is zero.
+
6V
8A
8A
8A
8A
2. C From the figure below, V AC = 4 V . Also, V AB = V BC = 2 V and V AD = 10 V . Then,

V BD = V AD V AB = 10 2 = 8 V a n d V CD = V BD V BC = 8 2 = 6 V . T h e r e f o r e ,
i = 6 2 = 3 A.
4V
2
10 V
2
i
3. A From the figure below we observe that the node voltage at A is 6 V relative to the reference
node which is not shown. Therefore, the node voltage at B is 6 + 12 = 18 V relative to the
same reference node. The voltage across the resistor is V BC = 18 6 = 12 V and the direction of current through the 3 resistor is opposite to that shown since Node B is at a higher
potential than Node C. Thus i = 12 3 = 4 A
6V
3-64
C
3
8V
12 V
+
B
8V
6V
A
4V
8V
13 V

Answers to Exercises
4. E We assign node voltages at Nodes A and B as shown below.
A
6
12 V
B
i
8A
At Node A
V A 12 V A V A V B
----------------- + ------ + ------------------- = 0
6
3
6
and at Node B
VB VA VB
------------------- + ------ = 8
3
3
These simplify to
2
--- V A 1
--- V B = 2
3
3
and
2
1
--- V A + --- V B = 8
3
3
Multiplication of the last equation by 2 and addition with the first yields V B = 18 and thus
i = 18 3 = 6 A .
5. E Application of KCL at Node A of the circuit below yields

A + vX
+
2A
+ 2v
X
v 2v
--v- + ----------------X- = 2
2
2
or
v vX = 2
Also by KVL
3-65

v = v X + 2v X
and by substitution
v X + 2v X v X = 2
or
vX = 1
and thus
v = v X + 2v X = 1 + 2 1 = 3 V
6. A Application of KCL at Node A of the circuit below yields

A
+
2A
4
+ kv
v v kv
--- + -------------- = 2
4
4
or
1
--- ( 2v kv ) = 2
4
and this relation is meaningless if k = 2 . Thus, this circuit has solutions only if k 2 .
7. B The two 2 resistors on the right are in series and the two 2 resistors on the left shown in
the figure below are in parallel.
a
3
R TH
2
b
Starting on the right side and proceeding to the left we get 2 + 2 = 4 , 4 || 4 = 2 , 2 + 2 = 4 ,

4 || ( 3 + 2 || 2 ) = 4 || ( 3 + 1 ) = 4 || 4 = 2 .
3-66

8. A Replacing the current source and its 2 parallel resistance with an equivalent voltage source
in series with a 2 resistance we get the network shown below.
2V
a
2
i
4V
b
+
By Ohms law,
42
i = ------------ = 0.5 A
2+2
and thus
v TH = v ab = 2 0.5 + ( 4 ) = 3 V
9. D The Norton equivalent current source I N is found by placing a short across the terminals a
and b. This short shorts out the 5 resistor and thus the circuit reduces to the one shown
below.
a
5
2A
b
I SC = I N
2A
By KCL at Node A,
IN + 2 = 2
and thus I N = 0
The Norton equivalent resistance R N is found by opening the current sources and looking to
the right of terminals a and b. When this is done, the circuit reduces to the one shown below.

3-67

a
5
5
b
Therefore, R N = 5 and the Norton equivalent circuit consists of just a 5 resistor.

10. B With the 4 V source acting alone, the circuit is as shown below.
A
+ 4V
We observe that v AB = 4 V and thus the voltage drop across each of the 2 resistors to the
left of the 4 V source is 2 V with the indicated polarities. Therefore,
i = 2 2 = 1 A
Problems
1. We first replace the parallel conductances with their equivalents and the circuit simplifies to that
shown below.
v 1 12
v 2 15
v3
3
+
4
12 A
v 18 A
18 A
24 A
Applying nodal analysis at Nodes 1, 2, and 3 we get:

Node 1:
16v 1 12v2 = 12
Node 2:
12 v 1 + 27v 2 15v 3 = 18
3-68

Node 3:
15 v 2 + 21v 3 = 24
Simplifying the above equations, we get:

4v 1 3v 2
= 3
4 v 1 + 9v 2 5v 3 = 6
5 v 2 + 7v 3 = 8
Addition of the first two equations above and grouping with the third yields
6v 2 5v 3 = 3
5 v 2 + 7v 3 = 8
For this problem we are only interested in v 2 = v 18 A . Therefore, we will use Cramers rule to
solve for v 2 . Thus,
D
v 2 = -----2
D 2 = 3 5 = 21 + 40 = 19
8 7
6 5 = 42 25 = 17
5 7
and
v 2 = v 18 A = 19 17 = 1.12 V
2. Since we cannot write an expression for the current through the 36 V source, we form a combined node as shown on the circuit below.
36 V
+
v1
1
v3
12 2 v 2 15 3
+
4
12 A
6
18 A
v6
24 A
At Node 1 (combined node):

v1 v2 v3 v2 v3
v
----1- + --------------- + ---------------- + ----- 12 24 = 0
4
6
12
15
and at Node 2,
3-69

v2 v1 v2 v3
--------------- + ---------------- = 18
12
15
Also,
v 1 v 3 = 36
Simplifying the above equations, we get:

7
1
3
--- v 1 ------ v 2 + ------ v 3 = 36
30
3
20
3
1
1
------ v 1 + ------ v 2 ------ v 3 = 18
20
15
12
v 3 = 36
v1
Addition of the first two equations above and multiplication of the third by 1 4 yields
1
--- v 3 = 18
--- v 1 + 1
6
4
1
1
--- v 1 + --- v 3 = 9
4
4
and by adding the last two equations we get

5----v = 9
12 3
or
108
v 3 = v 6 = --------- = 21.6V
5
Check with MATLAB:

format rat
R=[1/3 3/20 7/30; 1/12 3/20 1/15; 1 0 1];
I=[36 18 36]';
V=R\I;
fprintf('\n'); disp('v1='); disp(V(1)); disp('v2='); disp(V(2)); disp('v3='); disp(V(3))
v1=
288/5
v2=
-392/5
v3=
108/5
3. We assign node voltages
3-70
v1 , v2 , v3 , v4
and current i Y as shown in the circuit below. Then,

v1 v2
v
----1- + --------------- + 18 12 = 0
4
12
and
v2 v1 v2 v3 v2 v4
--------------- + ---------------- + ---------------- = 0
12
12
6
v1
18 A
15
12 v 2
v3
iX
6
4
i6
v4
12 A
36 V
5i X
iY
24 A
Simplifying the last two equations above, we get

1
1
--- v 1 ------ v 2 = 6
3
12
and
1
1
1
19
------ v 1 + ------ v 2 ------ v 3 --- v 4 = 0
12
15
6
60
v v
12
5
1
2
- , v 3 = 5i X and v 4 = 36 V . Then v 3 = ------ ( v 1 v 2 ) and by
Next, we observe that i X = --------------12
substitution into the last equation above, we get

19
1
1
5
1
------ v 1 + ------ v 2 ------ ------ ( v 1 v 2 ) --- 36 = 0
60
6
15 12
12
or
1
31
--- v 1 + ------ v 2 = 6
9
90
Thus, we have two equations with two unknowns, that is,

1
1
--- v 1 ------ v 2 = 6
3
12
31
1
--- v 1 + ------ v 2 = 6
90
9

3-71

Multiplication of the first equation above by 1 3 and addition with the second yields
19
------ v 2 = 4
60
or
v 2 = 240 19
We find v 1 from
1
1
--- v 1 ------ v 2 = 6
3
12
Thus,
1- 240
1
--- v 1 ---- --------- = 6
12 19
3
or
v 1 = 282 19
Now, we find v 3 from

5
5 282 240
-------------------- --------- = 435
v 3 = ------ ( v 1 v 2 ) = ------
12
12 19
38
19
Therefore, the node voltages of interest are:

v 1 = 282 19 V
v 2 = 240 19 V
v 3 = 435 38 V
v 4 = 36 V
The current through the 6 resistor is

v2 v4
74
240 19 36
- = ------------------------------- = ------ = 3.9 A
i 6 = --------------6
6
19
To compute the power supplied (or absorbed) by the dependent source, we must first find the
current i Y . It is found by application of KCL at node voltage v 3 . Thus,
v3 v2
i Y 24 18 + --------------- = 0
15
or
3-72

435 38 240 19
i Y = 42 ----------------------------------------------15
915 38 1657
= 42 + ------------------- = -----------15
38
and
1657
--------------- = 499.17 w
--------- ------------ = 72379
p = v 3 i Y = 435
38
145
38
that is, the dependent source supplies power to the circuit.
120 V
4. Since we cannot write an expression for the 36 A current source, we temporarily remove it and
we form a combined mesh for Meshes 2 and 3 as shown below.
i6
i5
12
4
12 A
i1
i2
i3
240 V
3
6
i4
24 A
Mesh 1:
i 1 = 12
Combined mesh (2 and 3):

4i 1 + 12i 2 + 18i 3 6i 4 8i 5 12i 6 = 0
or
2i 1 + 6i 2 + 9i 3 3i 4 4i 5 6i 6 = 0
We now re-insert the 36 A current source and we write the third equation as
i 2 i 3 = 36
Mesh 4:
i 4 = 24
Mesh 5:
8 i 2 + 12i 5 = 120
or
3-73

2 i 2 + 3i 5 = 30
Mesh 6:
12 i 3 + 15i 6 = 240
or
4 i 3 + 5i 6 = 80
Thus, we have the following system of equations:
= 12
i1
2i 1 + 6i 2 + 9i 3 3i 4 4i 5 6i 6 = 0
i2 i3
= 36
= 24
i4
2 i2
+ 3i 5
4 i3
= 30
+ 5i 6 = 80
and in matrix form

0
3
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
6
0
0
0
5
i1
i2
i3
i4
i5
i6
I
12
0
36
24
30
80
0
9
1
0
0
4
0
6
1
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
We find the currents i 1 through i 6 with the following MATLAB code:

R=[1 0 0 0 0 0; 2 6 9 3 4 6;...
0 1 1 0 0 0; 0 0 0 1 0 0;...
0 2 0 0 3 0; 0 0 4 0 0 5];
V=[12 0 36 24 30 80]';
I=R\V;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('i1=%7.2f A \t', I(1));...
fprintf('i2=%7.2f A \t', I(2));...
fprintf('i3=%7.2f A \t', I(3));...
fprintf('\n');...
3-74

fprintf('i4=%7.2f A \t', I(4));...
fprintf('i5=%7.2f A \t', I(5));...
fprintf('i6=%7.2f A \t', I(6));...
fprintf('\n')
i1= 12.00 A
i4= -24.00 A
i2=
i5=
6.27 A
14.18 A
i3= -29.73 A
i6= -39.79 A
120 V
4
Now, we can find the voltage v 36 A by application of KVL around Mesh 3. Thus,
240 V
i6
i5
8
12
+
4
12 A
i1
36 A
i2
v 36 A
i3
6
i4
24 A
v 36 A = v 12 + v 6 = 12 [ ( 29.73 ) ( 39.79 ) ] + 6 [ ( 29.73 ) ( 24.00 ) ]
or
v 36 A = 86.34 V
To verify that this value is correct, we apply KVL around Mesh 2. Thus, we must show that
v 4 + v 8 + v 36 A = 0
By substitution of numerical values, we find that

4 [ 6.27 12 ] + 8 [ 6.27 14.18 ] + 86.34 = 0.14
5. This is the same circuit as that of Problem 3. We will show that we obtain the same answers using
mesh analysis.
We assign mesh currents as shown below.

3-75

18 A
15
12
i5
iX
6
i6
4
i1
12 A
i2
i3
5i X
i4
36 V
24 A
Mesh 1:
i 1 = 12
Mesh 2:
4i 1 + 22i 2 6i 3 12i 5 = 36
or
2i 1 + 11i 2 3i 3 6i 5 = 18
Mesh 3:
6 i 2 + 21i 3 15i 5 + 5i X = 36
and since i X = i 2 i 5 , the above reduces to

6 i 2 + 21i 3 15i 5 + 5i 2 5i 5 = 36
or
i 2 + 21i 3 20i 5 = 36
Mesh 4:
i 4 = 24
Mesh 5:
i 5 = 18
Grouping these five independent equations we get:

= 12
i1
2i 1 + 11i 2 3i 3
6i 5 = 18
i 2 + 21i 3
20i 5 = 36
i4
= 24
i 5 = 18
and in matrix form,
3-76

0 0
0 6
0 20
1 0
0 1
i1
12
18
36
24
18
i2
i3
i4
i5
0
3
21
0
0
0
11
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0

R=[1 0 0 0 0 ; 2 11 3 0 6; 0 1 21 0 20; ...
0 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 1];
V=[12 18 36 24 18]';
I=R\V;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('i1=%7.2f A \t', I(1));...
fprintf('i2=%7.2f A \t', I(2));...
fprintf('i3=%7.2f A \t', I(3));...
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('i4=%7.2f A \t', I(4));...
fprintf('i5=%7.2f A \t', I(5));...
fprintf('\n')
i1= 12.00 A
i4= -24.00 A
i2=
i5=
15.71 A
18.00 A
i3=
19.61 A
By inspection,
i 6 = i 2 i 3 = 15.71 19.61 = 3.9 A
Next,
p 5i = 5i X ( i 3 i 4 ) = 5 ( i 2 i 5 ) ( i 3 i 4 )
X
= 5 ( 15.71 18.00 ) ( 19.61 + 24.00 ) = 499.33 w
These are the same answers as those we found in Problem 3.

6. We assign mesh currents as shown below and we write mesh equations.

3-77

10i X
i4
15
12
4
12 V
i2
i1
Mesh 1:
iX
v 10
i3
10
24 V
24i 1 8i 2 12i 4 24 12 = 0
or
6i 1 2i 2 3i 4 = 9
Mesh 2:
8 i 1 + 29i 2 6i 3 15i 4 = 24
Mesh 3:
6 i 2 + 16i 3 = 0
or
3 i 2 + 8i 3 = 0
Mesh 4:
i 4 = 10i X = 10 ( i 2 i 3 )
or
10i 2 10i 3 i 4 = 0
Grouping these four independent equations we get:

6i 1 2i 2
3i 4 = 9
8 i 1 + 29i 2 6i 3 15i 4 = 24
3 i 2 + 8i 3
= 0
10i 2 10i 3 i 4 = 0
and in matrix form,
3-78
i2
i3
i4
9
24
0
0
i1
2 0 3
29 6 15
3 8 0
10 10 1
6
8
0
0

R=[6 2 0 3; 8 29 6 15; 0 3 8 0 ; 0 10 10 1];
V=[9 24 0 0]';
I=R\V;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('i1=%7.2f A \t', I(1));...
fprintf('i2=%7.2f A \t', I(2));...
fprintf('i3=%7.2f A \t', I(3));...
fprintf('i4=%7.2f A \t', I(4));...
fprintf('\n')
i1= 1.94 A
i2= 0.13 A
i3= 0.05 A
i4= 0.79 A
Now, we find v 10 by Ohms law, that is,

v 10 = 10i 3 = 10 0.05 = 0.5 V
The same value is obtained by computing the voltage across the 6 resistor, that is,
v 6 = 6 ( i 2 i 3 ) = 6 ( 0.13 0.05 ) = 0.48 V
7. Voltage-to-current source transformation yields the circuit below.

2
6A
10
6A
8A
By combining all current sources and all parallel resistors except the 10 resistor, we obtain the
simplified circuit below.
1
10
4A
Applying the current division expression, we get

4
1
i 10 = --------------- 4 = ------ A
11
1 + 10
and thus
4 2
16
2
--------- = 1.32 w
p 10 = i 10 ( 10 ) = ------ 10 = --------- 10 = 160
11
121
121

3-79

8. Current-to-voltage source transformation yields the circuit below.
2
20
12 V
12 V
24 V
From this series circuit,

48
v
i = ------- = ------ A
25
R
and thus
48 2
2304
2
p 20 = i ( 20 ) = ------ 20 = ------------ 20 = 73.73 w
25
625
9. We remove R LOAD from the rest of the rest of the circuit and we assign node voltages v 1 , v 2 , and
v 3 . We also form the combined node as shown on the circuit below.
36 V
3
1
v1
2 v 2 15
12
4
12 A
v3
18 A
y
Node 1:
v1 v2
v3 v2 v3
v
----1- + --------------- 12 + --------------- + ----- = 0
4
6
12
15
or
1
7
3
--- v 1 ------ v 2 + ------ v 3 = 12
3
30
20
Node 2:
3-80

v2 v1 v2 v3
--------------- + ---------------- = 18
12
15
or
31- v + ----1- v = 18
v 2 ---- ----1
20
12
15 3
Also,
v 1 v 3 = 36
For this problem, we are interested only in the value of v 3 which is the Thevenin voltage v TH ,
and we could find it by Gausss elimination method. However, for convenience, we will group
these three independent equations, express these in matrix form, and use MATLAB for their
solution.
7
1
3
--- v 1 ------ v 2 + ------ v 3 = 12
30
3
20
31- v = 18
1- v + ----v ---- ----12 1 20 2 15 3
v 3 = 36
v1
and in matrix form,
v2
v3
12
18
36
1 ----
15
1
v1
7
-----30
1 3
--- -----3 20
3
1- ---- ----12 20
1 0
We find the voltages v 1 through v 3 with the following MATLAB code:

G=[1/3 3/20 7/30; 1/12 3/20 1/15; 1 0 1];
I=[12 18 36]'; V=G\I;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('v1=%7.2f V \t', V(1)); fprintf('v2=%7.2f V \t', V(2)); fprintf('v3=%7.2f V \t', V(3));
fprintf('\n')
v1= 0.00 V
v2= -136.00 V
v3= -36.00 V
Thus,
v TH = v 3 = 36 V

3-81

To find R TH we short circuit the voltage source and we open the current sources. The circuit then
reduces to the resistive network below.
15
12
R TH
We observe that the resistors in series are shorted out and thus the Thevenin resistance is the parallel combination of the 4 and 6 resistors, that is,
4 || 6 = 2.4
and the Thevenin equivalent circuit is as shown below.
36 V
2.4
Now, we connect the load resistor R LOAD at the open terminals and we get the simple series circuit shown below.
R LOAD = 2.4
36 V
2.4
a. For maximum power transfer,

R LOAD = 2.4
b. Power under maximum power transfer condition is
3-82

2
36
2
2
p MAX = i R LOAD = --------------------- 2.4 = 7.5 2.4 = 135 w
2.4 + 2.4
10. We assign a node voltage Node 1 and a mesh current for the mesh on the right as shown below.
iX
v1
1
15
4
5iX
iX
iX
b
At Node 1:
v
----1- + i X = 5i X
4
Mesh on the right:

( 15 + 5 )i X = v 1
and by substitution into the node equation above,

20i
----------X + i X = 5i X
4
or
6i X = 5i X
but this can only be true if i X = 0 .

Then,
v OC
v ab
5i
50
i N = -------- = ------ = -------------X = ------------ = 0
RN
RN
RN
RN
Thus, the Norton current source is open as shown below.

a
RN
iX
To find R N we insert a 1 A current source as shown below.

3-83

iX v B
vA
A
15
5iX
B
iX
1A
iX
b
At Node A:
vA vA vB
----- + ----------------- = 5i X
4
15
But
v B = ( 5 ) i X = 5i X
and by substitution into the above relation

vA vB
v
----A- + ---------------- = vB
4
15
or
19
16
------ v A ------ v B = 0
60
15
At Node B:
vB vA vB
---------------- + ----- = 1
15
5
or
1
4
------ v A + ------ v B = 1
15
15
For this problem, we are interested only in the value of v B which we could find by Gausss elimination method. However, for convenience, we will use MATLAB for their solution.
19
------ v A 16
------ v B = 0
60
15
4
1
------ v A + ------ v B = 1
15
15
3-84

and in matrix form,
vA
vB
0
1
19 16
------ -----60 15
1 4
------ -----15 15
G
We find the voltages v 1 and v 2 with the following MATLAB code:

G=[19/60 16/15; 1/15 4/15];
I=[0 1]'; V=G\I;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('vA=%7.2f V \t', V(1)); fprintf('vB=%7.2f V \t', V(2));
fprintf('\n')
vA= 80.00 V
vB= 23.75 V
Now, we can find the Norton equivalent resistance from the relation
V ab
V
R N = ------- = -----B- = 23.75
I SC
1
11. This is the same circuit as that of Problem 1. Let v' 18A be the voltage due to the 12 A current
source acting alone. The simplified circuit with assigned node voltages is shown below where
the parallel conductances have been replaced by their equivalents.
v 1 12
v 2 15
v3
+
4
v' 18A
12 A
The nodal equations at the three nodes are

16v 1 12v 2
= 12
12v 1 + 27v 2 15v 3 = 0

15 v 2 + 21v 3 = 0
or

3-85

4v 1 3v 2
= 3
4v 1 + 9v 2 5v 3 = 0
5 v 2 + 7v 3 = 0
Since v 2 = v' 18A , we only need to solve for v 2 . Adding the first 2 equations above and grouping
with the third we obtain
6v 2 5v 3 = 3
5 v 2 + 7v 3 = 0
Multiplying the first by 7 and the second by 5 we get

42v 2 35v 3 = 21
25 v 2 + 35v 3 = 0
and by addition of these we get

21
v 2 = v' 18A = ------ V
17
Next, we let v'' 18A be the voltage due to the 18 A current source acting alone. The simplified circuit with assigned node voltages is shown below where the parallel conductances have been
replaced by their equivalents.
vA
12
v B 15
vC
+
4
v'' 18A
18 A

16v A 12v B
= 0
12v A + 27v B 15v C = 18

15 v B + 21v C = 0
or
3-86

4v A 3v B
= 0
4v A + 9v B 5v C = 6
5 v B + 7v C = 0
Since v B = v'' 18A , we only need to solve for v B . Adding the first 2 equations above and grouping with the third we obtain
6v B 5v C = 6
5 v B + 7v C = 0

42v B 35v C = 42
25 v B + 35v C = 0

42
v B = v'' 18A = --------- V
17
Finally, we let v''' 18A be the voltage due to the 24 A current source acting alone. The simplified
circuit with assigned node voltages is shown below where the parallel conductances have been
replaced by their equivalents.
v X 12
v Y 15
vZ
+
4
v''' 18A
24 A

16v X 12v Y
= 0
12v A + 27v Y 15v Z = 0

15 v B + 21v Z = 24
or

3-87

4v X 3v Y
= 0
4v X + 9v Y 5v Z = 0
5 v Y + 7v Z = 8
Since v Y = v''' 18A , we only need to solve for v Y . Adding the first 2 equations above and grouping
with the third we obtain
6v Y 5v Z = 0
5 v Y + 7v Z = 0

42v Y 35v Z = 0
25 v Y + 35v Z = 40

40
v Y = v''' 18A = ------ V
17
and thus
42- + 40
------ = 1.12 V
------ = 19
------------- +
v 18A = v' 18A + v'' 18A + v''' 18A = 21
17
17 17 17
This is the same answer as in Problem 1.
12. This is the same circuit as that of Problem 2. Let v' 6 be the voltage due to the 12 A current
source acting alone. The simplified circuit is shown below.
12
15
+
4
12 A
v' 6
The 12 and 15 resistors are shorted out and the circuit is further simplified to the one
shown below.
3-88

+
v' 6
12 A
The voltage v' 6 is computed easily by application of the current division expression and multiplication by the 6 resistor. Thus,
144
4
v' 6 = ------------ 12 6 = --------- V
4 + 6
Next, we let v'' 6 be the voltage due to the 18 A current source acting alone. The simplified
circuit is shown below. The letters A, B, and C are shown to visualize the circuit simplification
process.
15
A
12 B
15
+
6
4
18 A
v'' 6
12
+
v'' 6
12 || 15
+
v'' 6
4
18 A
C
4
18 A
C
The voltage v'' 6 is computed easily by application of the current division expression and multiplication by the 6 resistor. Thus,
216
4
v'' 6 = ------------ ( 18 ) 6 = ------------ V
5
4+6
Now, we let v''' 6 be the voltage due to the 24 A current source acting alone. The simplified
circuit is shown below.

3-89
15
12
+
6
v''' 6
24 A
The 12 and 15 resistors are shorted out and voltage v''' 6 is computed by application of
the current division expression and multiplication by the 6 resistor. Thus,
288
4
v''' 6 = ------------ 24 6 = --------- V
4 + 6
5
iv
Finally, we let v 6 be the voltage due to the 36 V voltage source acting alone. The simplified
circuit is shown below.
12
36 V
15
iv
+
v
12
iv
36 V
15
By application of the voltage division expression we find that

v
iv
6
= ------------ ( 36 ) = 108
--------4+6
5
Therefore,
v 6 = v' 6 + v'' 6 + v''' 6 + v
iv
144 216 288 108

108
= --------- --------- + --------- --------- = --------- = 21.6 V
5
5
5
5
5
This is the same answer as that of Problem 2.

13. The circuit for Measurement 1 is shown below.
3-90

R S1
v S1
i LOAD1
16 A
R LOAD1
48 V
Let R eq1 = R S1 + R LOAD1 . Then,

v S1
= 48
------ = 3
R eq1 = ---------------16
i LOAD1
For Measurement 3 the load resistance is the same as for Measurement 1 and the load current is
given as 5 A . Therefore, for Measurement 3 we find that
v S1 = R eq1 ( 5 ) = 3 ( 5 ) = 15 V
and we enter this value in the table below.

The circuit for Measurement 2 is shown below.
R S2
v S2
36 V
i LOAD2
6A
R LOAD2
Let R eq2 = R S1 + R LOAD2 . Then,

v S2
36
= ------ = 6
R eq2 = ---------------i LOAD2
6
For Measurement 4 the load resistance is the same as for Measurement 2 and v S2 is given as
42 V . Therefore, for Measurement 4 we find that
v S2
42
i LOAD2 = ---------= ------ = 7 A
6
R eq2


3-91

R S1
v S1
1
R S2
v S2
R LOAD
v LOAD
15 V
i LOAD
18 V
Replacing the voltage sources with their series resistances to their equivalent current sources
with their parallel resistances and simplifying, we get the circuit below.
i LOAD
0.5
R LOAD
1
33 A
Application of the current division expression yields

0.5
i LOAD = ---------------- 33 = 11 A
0.5 + 1

R S1
v S1
A
vA
1
R S2
1
v S2
i LOAD
R LOAD
1
24 V
We observe that i LOAD will be zero if v A = 0 and this will occur when v S1 = 24 . This can be
shown to be true by writing a nodal equation at Node A. Thus,
v A ( 24 ) v A 24
------------------------- + ----------------- + 0 = 0
1
1
3-92

or v A = 0
Measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
Switch
Switch
S1
S2
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
Closed
v S1 (V)
v S2 (V)
i L (A)
48
0
-15
0
15
24
0
36
0
42
18
24
16
6
5
7
11
0
14. The power supplied by the voltage source is

p S = v S ( i 1 + i 2 ) = 480 ( 100 + 80 ) = 86, 400 w = 86.4 Kw
The power loss on the 1st floor is

2
p LOSS1 = i 1 ( 0.5 + 0.5 ) = 100 1 = 10, 000 w = 10 Kw
0.8
0.5
vS
100 A
1st Floor
Load
480 V
i1
i2
80 A
2nd Floor
Load
0.5
0.8
The power loss on the 2nd floor is

2
p LOSS2 = i 2 ( 0.8 + 0.8 ) = 80 1.6 = 10, 240 w = 10.24 Kw
and thus the total loss is

Total loss = 10 + 10.24 = 20.24 Kw
Then,

3-93

Output power = Input power power losses = 86.4 20.24 = 66.16Kw
and
66.16
Output
% Efficiency = = ------------------ 100 = ------------- 100 = 76.6%
86.4
Input
This is indeed a low efficiency.

15. The voltage drop on the second floor conductor is
v cond = R T i 2 = 1.6 80 = 128 V
0.8
0.5
VS
100 A
1st Floor
Load
480 V
i1
i2
80 A
2nd Floor
Load
0.5
0.8
and thus the full-load voltage is

v FL = 480 128 = 352 V
Then,
v NL v FL
480 352
% Regulation = ---------------------- 100 = ------------------------ 100 = 36.4%
352
v FL
This is a very poor regulation.

16. We assign node voltages and we write nodal equations as shown below.
3-94

iX
12 V
v4
combined node
v1
20i X
v3
v2
7
10
+
v LOAD
i LOAD
RL
5
v5
v 1 = 12
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
---------------- + ----- + ---------------- = 0
3
3
6
v3 v2 v3 v5 v4 v5 v4 v5
--------------- + ---------------- + ---------------- + ---------------- = 0
3
10
4
7+8
v 3 v 4 = 20i X
v
6
where i X = ----2- and thus

10
v 5 = ------ v 2
3
v5 v3 v5 v4 v5 v4
v
- + ---------------- + ---------------- = 0
----5- + --------------10
4
7+8
5
Collecting like terms and rearranging we get

= 12
v1
1
5
1
------ v 1 + --- v 2 + ------ v 3
3
6
3
= 0
------ v 3 + 19
------ v 4 19
------ v 5 = 0
-----1- v 2 + 13
30
60
60
3
10
------ v 2
3
+ v3
v4
= 0
19
37
1
------ v 3 ------ v 4 + ------ v 5 = 0
60
60
10
and in matrix form

3-95
1 1
37
1- 19
------ -----0 ----10 60 60
0 0 0
-----10 0
3
13
------ 19
------ 19
-----30 60 60
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
V
12
0
0
0
0
0
5
--6
1
0 -----3
-----0 10
3
-----13
We will use MATLAB to solve the above.

G=[1 0 0 0 0;...
1/3 5/6 1/3 0 0;...
0 1/3 13/30 19/60 19/60;...
0 10/3 1 1 0;...
0 0 1/10 19/60 37/60];
I=[12 0 0 0 0]'; V=G\I;
fprintf('\n');...
fprintf('v1 = %7.2f V \n',V(1));...
fprintf('v2 = %7.2f V \n',V(2));...
fprintf('v3 = %7.2f V \n',V(3));...
fprintf('v4 = %7.2f V \n',V(4));...
fprintf('v5 = %7.2f V \n',V(5));...
fprintf('\n'); fprintf('\n')
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
=
=
=
=
=
12.00
13.04
20.60
-22.87
-8.40
V
V
V
V
V
Now,
v4 v5
22.87 ( 8.40 -) = 0.96 A
- = ----------------------------------------i LOAD = --------------15
8+7
and
v LOAD = 8i LOAD = 8 ( 0.96 ) = 7.68 V
3-96


Chapter 3 Nodal and Mesh Equations - Circuit Theorems 3.14 Exercises

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Chapter 3 Nodal and Mesh Equations - Circuit Theorems

Figure 3.67. Circuit for Question 1

2. The current i in the circuit of Figure 3.68 is

E. none of the above

Figure 3.68. Circuit for Question 2

Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB Applications

4. The value of the current i for the circuit of Figure 3.70 is

Figure 3.70. Circuit for Question 4

Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB Applications