FL Sim p4-6

FluidSIM 4
Pneumatics
Users Guide
698528 EN
07/2009
FluidSIM was launched at the Knowledge-based Systems Department of

the University of Paderborn.
Concept and development of FluidSIM Pneumatics is based on research
work carried out by Dr. Daniel Curatolo, Dr. Marcus Hoffmann, and Dr.
habil. Benno Stein.
Order No.:
Description:
Designation:
Edition:
Author:
Layout:
698528
HANDBUCH
D:HB-FSP4-EN
07/2009
Art Systems
Art Systems
Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG, D-73770 Denkendorf, 1996-2009

Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
e-mail: did@de.festo.com
Art Systems Software GmbH, D-33102 Paderborn, 1995-2009
Internet: www.art-systems.com, www.fluidsim.com
e-mail: info@art-systems.com
The copying, distribution and utilization of this document as well
as the communication of its contents to others without expressed
authorization is prohibited. Offenders will be held liable for the payment
of damages. All rights reserved, in particular the right to carry out
patent, utility model or ornamental design registration.
Contents
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.9.1
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
Welcome!
About FluidSIM
Layout of the Handbook
Conventions
Getting Started
Technical Requirements
Installation
Installation and Online Activation
Installation with license connector
Supplied Files
De-installation of a Single-Position License
Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits
Simulating Existing Circuit Diagrams
The Different Simulation Modes
Creating new Circuit Diagrams
Advanced Concepts in Simulating and Creating Circuits
Configurable Symbols
Additional Editing Functions
Additional Simulation Functions
Linking Components Automatically
Current Path Numbering and Switching Elements Table
Terminal Assignment Diagrams
Displaying Quantity Values
Displaying State Diagrams
Functional diagram editor
Adjust the representation of the diagrams
Superficial Circuit Checking
Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics
Operating Switches
Adjustable Components
Settings for Simulation
Use of the EasyPort-Hardware
OPC and DDE communication with Other Applications
Settings for the EasyPort/OPC/DDE communication
Open-loop and Closed-loop Control
Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM
7
8
9
10
11
11
11
12
13
15
16
17
20
27
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49
49
62
72
74
76
77
79
83
86
92
102
104
113
118
119
122
125
128
130
Contents
4.18.1
4.18.2
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
7.6.7
Open-loop Control
Closed-loop Control
Learning, Teaching, and Visualizing Pneumatics
Information about Single Components
Selecting Didactics Material from a List
Presentations: Combining Instructional Material
Playback of Educational Films
Settings for Didactics
Special Functions
Drawing Layers
Graphic Primitives
Text Components and Identifications
Embedding Pictures
Parts Lists
Printing a Windows Contents
TIFF Export
DXF Export
DXF Import
Using and Organizing Component Libraries
Managing Projects
Saving Settings
GRAFCET
Steps
Actions
Transitions
Stored effective actions (allocations)
Linking GRAFCET with electrics
Quick reference for the FluidSIM-relevant GRAFCET concepts
Initialization
Sequence rules
Sequence selection
Synchronization
Transient sequence / unstable step
Determining the values of GRAFCET variables
Checking the entries
132
135
141
142
146
149
154
157
159
159
160
165
168
171
175
177
179
180
183
196
198
201
202
203
204
206
207
209
209
209
210
210
210
210
211
Contents
7.6.8
7.6.9
7.6.10
7.6.11
7.6.12
7.6.13
7.6.14
7.6.15
7.6.16
7.6.17
7.6.18
7.6.19
8.
8.1
8.2
A.
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
A.11
B.
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6
C.
Admissible characters for steps and variables

Variable names
Access to labels of fluidic and electrical components
Functions and formula entry
Delays / time limits
Boolean value of an assertion
Target information
Partial GRAFCETs
Macro-steps
Compulsory commands
Enclosing step
Action when a transition is triggered
Help and Advanced Tips
The Most Frequently Occurring Problems
Tips for the Advanced User
FluidSIM Menus
File
Edit
Execute
Library
Insert
Didactics
Project
View
Options
Window
?
The Component Library
Pneumatic Components
Electrical Components
Electrical Components (American Standard)
Digital Components
GRAFCET Elements
Miscellaneous
Didactics Material Survey
211
211
213
213
214
215
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
218
222
227
227
229
231
232
233
233
234
235
238
240
240
242
242
270
286
290
298
300
303
Contents
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6
C.7
C.8
C.9
C.10
C.11
D.
D.1
D.2
D.3
D.4
D.5
Basics
Supply elements
Actuators
Directional control valves
Shutoff valves
Flow control valves
Pressure control valves
Time delay valve
Sequential circuit and signal overlap circuit
Educational Films
Standard Presentations
Messages
Electrical Errors
Drawing Errors
Operating Errors
Opening and Saving Files
System Errors
Index
303
305
309
312
321
328
329
331
334
336
336
337
337
337
339
340
341
343
1. Welcome!
Welcome to FluidSIM !
Thank you for purchasing the FluidSIM Pneumatics training software.
This handbook functions both as an introduction to FluidSIM and as a
reference manual outlining the possibilities, concepts, and operation of
the software package. This handbook, however, is not intended to help
in defining special aspects of pneumatics. Concerns of this nature can
be found in the Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG textbook series.
Users of this software are encouraged to contribute tips, criticism, and
suggestions for improvement of the program via email at
info@fluidsim.com
did@de.festo.com
Moreover, the newest updates can be found at our Internet site at

www.fluidsim.com
www.festo-didactic.com
August 2007
The Authors
1. Welcome!
1.1
About FluidSIM
FluidSIM Pneumatics is a teaching tool for simulating pneumatics basics

and runs using Microsoft Windows . It can be used in combination
with the Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG training hardware, but also
independently. FluidSIM was developed as a joint venture between the
University of Paderborn, Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG, and Art Systems
Software GmbH, Paderborn.
A major feature of FluidSIM is its close connection with CAD functionality and simulation. FluidSIM allows DIN-compliant drawing of electropneumatic circuit diagrams and can perform realistic simulations of the
drawing based on physical models of the components. Simply stated,
this eliminates the gap between the drawing of a circuit diagram and the
simulation of the related pneumatic system.
The CAD functionality of FluidSIM has been specially tailored for fluidics.
For example, while drawing, the program will check whether or not
certain connections between components are permissible.
Another feature of FluidSIM results from its well thought-out didactic
concept: FluidSIM supports learning, educating, and visualizing
pneumatic knowledge. Pneumatic components are explained with
textual descriptions, figures, and animations that illustrate underlying
working principles; exercises and educational films mediate knowledge
about both important circuits and the usage of pneumatic components.
The development of FluidSIM included special emphasis on both an
intuitive and easy-to-learn user interface. The user will quickly learn to
draw and simulate electro-pneumatic circuit diagrams.
1. Welcome!
1.2
Layout of the Handbook
The Handbook from FluidSIM has been divided into two parts. The
first part serves as a users guide, and the second part functions as
a reference book. The users guide contains chapters that introduce
the user to FluidSIM. By following the chapters in order, the user will
understand how to operate FluidSIM. The reference part contains a
complete listing of the FluidSIM functions, the component library, the
didactics material, and the FluidSIM messages.
Users Guide
Chapter 2 describes the computer requirements for FluidSIM, the

installation process, and the meaning of the supplied files.
Chapter 3 contains small examples of circuit diagrams, showing how
they can be simulated and how new circuit diagrams can be created.
Chapter 4 introduces advanced concepts of FluidSIM. Examples include
the linking of pneumatic and electric components, the possible settings
for simulation, and the testing of a circuit diagram.
Chapter 5 shows additional educational concepts. In particular, FluidSIM
enables a user to pop-up a components technical description, to start
animations, or to play a film with related information.
Chapter 6 describes special functions of FluidSIM including how to
print and export circuit diagrams, along with the rearrangement of the
component library.
Chapter 8 deals specifically with help for questions concerning the use
of FluidSIM. It also includes tips for the advanced user.
Reference
Appendix A contains a complete listing of FluidSIM menus and is

intended to be used as a quick reference for all FluidSIM functions.
Appendix B contains the library of all FluidSIM components.
1. Welcome!
Appendix C contains the component illustrations, the animations, the

exercises, and the educational films.
Appendix D contains a listing of messages that may occur while using
FluidSIM along with a brief explanation for each.
1.3
Conventions
User instructions are indented and marked with the >arrow; important
passages begin with the symbol.
The symbols found on the FluidSIM toolbar are represented in this
manual with the appropriate icon; menu entries are shown framed ;
function keys are represented with their appropriate key symbol. For
is the icon used to start a simulation; File Open... indicates
example
the Open... entry under the File menu; F9 stands for function key
9.
In this manual the term clicking with a mouse means using the left
mouse button. It is explicitly stated when the right button is to be used.
Values for quantities calculated and displayed in FluidSIM are expressed

in the following units:
Quantity
Pressure (p)
Flow (q)
10
Unit of measure
bar, MPa, psi
l/min, gal/min, g/s
Velocity (v)
m/s
Force (F)
N, kN
Opening level (%)
Voltage (U)
Current (I)
2. Getting Started
This Chapter describes how FluidSIM is installed on your computer.

2.1
Technical Requirements
You need a computer with a Pentium processor or higher that runs

using Microsoft Windows95 , Microsoft Windows98 , Microsoft WindowsME , Microsoft WindowsNT , Microsoft Windows2000 , Microsoft
WindowsXP or Microsoft WindowsVista .
If you intend to draw simple circuit diagrams or to simulate the existing
circuit diagrams, 128 MB RAM is adequate. However, minimum 256 MB
RAM is recommended to simulate complex circuit diagrams.
In order to play the educational films, you will need a CD-ROM drive that
runs at double speed along with hardware for sound.
2.2
Installation
Having purchased the full version of FluidSIM, you received two CDROMs and possibly a license connector. One CD-ROM contains both full
version and student version of FluidSIM. The other provides educational
films providing the Video-CD format that may also be viewed on
common DVD-players.
The installation procedure is described in the following sections.
The full version of FluidSIM is available in two versions: A version that
supports the automatic online activation and the license connector
version.
11
2. Getting Started
2.2.1
Installation and Online
Activation
Import Online Activation

Notes
For the online activation you will need a computer with internet access.
During the installation you will be prompted to activate FluidSIM. There
are three ways of doing so:
Automatic Online Activation
This variant requires Internet access from the computer where
FluidSIM is to be activated and realizes a completely automated
procedure.
Indirect Activation
In this variant an activation dialog box is opened that shows an
Internet address (url) and your individual license ID. With this
information you can generate your individual activation key at an
arbitrary computer with Internet access. Then, the activation key
has to be entered in the activation dialog box of the installation PC.
Call Festo to receive your individual activation key

If you dont have Internet access or if the Internet activation fails,
you can call a service employee at weekday office hours who will
provide you with your activation code. Please note: The displayed
phone number in Germany is available at European office times
only. Depending on the geographical position of your site, you will
find different telephone numbers for the software activation on the
shipping box.
During the activation of FluidSIM several features of your PC and the

product ID are used to generate an individual activation key. This string
is valid for your PC only. I.e., if your PC is substantially modified or if
you want to use another PC, your FluidSIM license has to be transferred
to the new hardware. Such a transfer requires the deactivation of the
license of the original PC, which is accomplished by uninstalling FluidSIM. The respective uninstallation program can be found in the menu
Start under Deinstallation or in the control panel under Software.
If a deactivation of FluidSIM is not possible because of technical
problems, as an exception your license can be transferred without
deactivation.
12
2. Getting Started
Note that a license transfer without a preceding deactivation is possible

only a few times. Also note that if your license has been transferred
to another PC, it cannot be re-activated for the initial PC without
deactivating it before.
2.2.2
Installation with license
connector
Depending on the license model (single-position systems or network),

the license connector is needed only during the Installation of FluidSIM
or must be attached to the so-called license server.
The network license connector defines how many instances of FluidSIM can be running at the same time in the network. If you attempt
to start more instances than the allowed number, an error message is
displayed. If the license server is down or if the license connector has
been removed from the system, all circuits that are already open and
modified can be saved before FluidSIM terminates. If the license server
is up again FluidSIM starts as usual.
Details for a network installation of FluidSIM is given in an addendum of
the FluidSIM package and can also be found as pdf-file net_inst.pdf in
the Doc-Folder of the installation CD.
FluidSIM Full Version:

Installation from CD
If your software needs a license connector, connect the key not until
you are requested by the installation program.
> Switch on your PC and login with administrator permissions.
> Insert the CD.
Usually the installation program starts automatically. Please start it
manually if it doesnt:
> Click Run... in the Start Menu.
A dialog box opens.
13
2. Getting Started
> Enter the following string in the space provided: d:setup.exe.

Then click OK.
If your CD-ROM drive is configured differently, then be sure to use
the appropriate letter in place of d:.
After a few seconds the startup screen of the installation program
appears. Here you can choose whether to install the student version
or the full version of FluidSIM. When installing the full version, please
select the appropriate license connector (single-position systems or
network). If you got a FluidSIM version for online activation no license
connector is necessary but only your individual product ID is required,
which is printed on the back of the CD cover. Note that the student
version does neither require a license connector nor a product ID.
> Follow the directions as they appear on the screen. If you are
unsure how to answer or are unsure of a question, simply click
Next >>.
14
2. Getting Started
2.3
Supplied Files
The directory structure of FluidSIM is demonstrated in the following

figure.
In case you installed FluidSIM for several users, you should not make
any changes to the installation directory. New files and changes of the
existing circuits, symbols and didactic material should be performed in
the directory MyDocuments.
The directory ct contains the supplied circuits for FluidSIM. This is also
the default directory in which all new circuits diagrams are saved. In its
subdirectories the following circuit diagrams have been included:
digital: Circuits including sample circuits regarding digital
technology.
shows: Circuits that can be opened as a bitmap via the Didactics
menu (see section 5).
tp101: Circuits in the workbook Pneumatics Basic Level TP 101.
15
2. Getting Started
tp101_lb: Circuits in the textbook Pneumatics Basic Level TP

101.
tp102: Circuits in the workbook Pneumatics Advanced Level TP
102.
tp111: Circuits in the workbook Closed-loop Pneumatics Basic
Level TP 111.
tp201: Circuits in the workbook Electropneumatics Basic Level TP
201.
tp201l: Circuits in the workbook Electropneumatics Basic Level
TP 201, where the activating logic is implemented using digital
technology instead of electrical components.
tp202: Circuits in the workbook Electropneumatics Advanced
Level TP 202.
tp202l: Circuits in the workbook Electropneumatics Advanced
Level TP 202, where the activating logic is implemented using
digital technology instead of electrical components.
2.4
De-installation of a
Single-Position License
The following steps are necessary to de-install FluidSIM from your

computer.
> Click on the program icon RemoveFluidSIM-P in the Start Menu
ProgramFiles/FestoDidactic. If the program icon cannot be
found, start the program unwise.exe in the bin-subdirectory of
the FluidSIM directory.
16
3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits
The following chapter is set up in the form of a tutorial to introduce the

user to important FluidSIM functions. At the end the user should be
comfortable designing and simulating circuit diagrams.
> Start FluidSIM via the Start Menu under ProgramFiles/
FestoDidactic.
After a few seconds the main window from FluidSIM should appear on
your screen:
17
The left-hand side shows the component library of FluidSIM in

its hierarchical view; it contains pneumatic, electrical and digital
components for the designing new circuit diagrams. Using the menu
bar at the top of the window, you may access all functions provided for
designing and simulating circuit diagrams. The toolbar below allows
convenient access to frequently used menu functions.
The toolbar contains the following ten groups of functions:
1.
creating new circuit diagrams, previewing a circuit diagram, opening
and saving circuit diagrams
2.
printing the contents of the window, for example circuit diagrams
and component photos
3.
editing circuit diagrams
4.
alignment of components
5.
rotate and mirror
6.
using a grid
7.
zooming in and zooming out of circuit diagrams, component
pictures, and other windows
8.
superficial circuit checking
9.
simulating circuit diagrams, directing animation (basic level)
10.
simulating circuit diagrams, directing animation (additional
functions)
18
Only a certain number of the above listed functions will apply to a

specific circuit diagram. FluidSIM recognizes which functions apply
according to the contents of the window, component functions and
context (circuit diagram design, animation, circuit diagram simulation,
etc.), and disables the operations on the toolbar that do not apply.
In many new Microsoft Windows programs context menus are
available. A context menu appears when the user clicks the right button
on the mouse within the program window. In FluidSIM, context menus
apply to the contents and situations in the window; the context menus
contain a useful subset of functions from the main menu bar.
Located at the bottom of the window is a status bar that displays
information on the current calculations and activities during the
operation of FluidSIM. In Edit Mode, FluidSIM displays the designation
of the component found under the mouse cursor.
Buttons, scrollbars, and the menu bar in FluidSIM operate in the same
way as in most other programs that utilize Microsoft Windows .
19
3.1
Simulating Existing
Circuit Diagrams
Included with the FluidSIM installation disks are a number of working

circuit diagrams.
Among others, these are circuit diagrams as part of the learning material
and will be discussed in the following workbooks Pneumatics Basic
Level TP 101 und Electropneumatics Basic Level TP 201 (see section
2.3).
These circuit diagrams can be opened and simulated with FluidSIM as
follows:
> Click on
20
or choose Circuit Preview in the File menu.
Preview windows containing overviews of existing circuit diagrams

should appear:
A preview window displays the circuit diagrams of a specific directory

in alphabetical order accompanied by a miniature representation. The
name of the current directory is shown in the title bar of the preview
window; the files of the FluidSIM circuit diagrams contain the extension
ct.
21
By double clicking a directory icon you go down to the respective

subdirectory.
In the ct subdirectory of the fl_sim_p installation additional
subdirectories for diagrams can be created. These subdirectories are
automatically found by FluidSIM, and extra directory icons are created
for them.
> Open the circuit diagram demo1.ct by double clicking on its
miniature representation.
Circuit diagrams can also be opened using the File Selector dialog box.
or choosing Open... under the File menu, the File
By clicking on
Selector dialog box will appear, in which a circuit diagram can be opened
by double clicking on its filename.
22
In either case the circuit diagram is opened and displayed in a new

window:
> Click on
or on Execute Start , or press the key F9 .
FluidSIM switches to the simulation mode and starts the simulation of

the circuit diagram. When in the simulation mode, the mouse cursor
changes to a hand .
During the simulation FluidSIM first calculates all electrical parameters.
pressure is calculated.
This step is followed by formulating a model of the pneumatic circuit
and, based on this model, a continuous distribution for pressure and
volumetric flow rate for the circuit.
23
Formulating models is demanding. Depending on a circuits complexity

and the computers power, a circuits simulation may take considerable
time. Likewise, the real-time completion of the following dynamic
simulation cannot always be guaranteed. The percentage of real-time
achieved is shown in FluidSIM in the status bar at the lower edge of the
main window.
As soon as the results are available, the connection lines will be shown
in color and the cylinders extend:
24
The colors of the connection lines have the following meaning:

Color
Meaning
Dark blue
Pneumatic line under pressure
Light blue
Pneumatic line without pressure
Light red
Electrical line, current flowing
You can define your own mapping between colors and state values
under Options Simulation... . The varying thicknesses of the dark blue
connection lines correspond to the pressure as related to the maximum
pressure. FluidSIM distinguishes between two thicknesses of line:
Thickness
Meaning
Pressure less then maximum
Maximum pressure
The exact numeric values for pressures, flow rates, voltages, and
currents are displayed on the attached measuring instruments.
Section 4.7 describes how you may go about getting values for all or
only selected variables on the circuit diagram, even when measuring
instruments are not present.
Simulation in FluidSIM is based on physical models whose components
match those components found in the Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG
equipment set. Therefore, calculated values should closely match
measured values. When comparing results, please acknowledge the
fact that in practice, measurements can be subject to large fluctuations.
The reasons for differences range from component tolerances, different
hose lengths to air temperature.
The calculation of variables forms the basis for an exact, real-time
proportional animation of the cylinder.
25
Real-time-proportionality guarantees the following property: If in reality

a cylinder moves twice as fast as another one, the relationship between
these two components is shown in the animation. In other words, the
real-time relationship remains unaltered.
Manually operated valves and switches, found in the circuit diagram,

can be switched by clicking on them with the mouse:
> Move the mouse cursor to the left switch.
The mouse cursor becomes a hand with index finger
that the switch may be flipped.
and indicates
> Click on the switch.

When you click on a manually operated switch, its real behavior is
simulated. In this example the clicked switch becomes closed and
recalculation begins automatically. Following the calculation, the new
pressure and flow values are indicated and the cylinders retract to their
starting position.
The switching of a component is only possible when a simulation is
running ( ) or when a simulation has been set to pause ( ).
In the event that you would like to simulate another circuit diagram,
it is not necessary to close the open one. FluidSIM allows you to have
several circuits open at one time. Furthermore, FluidSIM is able to
simulate multiple circuits simultaneously.
or Execute Stop to switch the current circuit from
> Click on
Simulation Mode to Edit Mode.
26
By switching a circuit from Simulation Mode to Edit Mode, all components will automatically be set back to their normal status. In particular, switches are set to their original position, valves switch to their
normal position, cylinder pistons are set to their previous position, and
all values calculated are deleted.
By clicking on
(alternative: Execute Pause or F8 ) you can switch from
Edit Mode to Simulation Mode without starting the simulation. This
feature is useful, if components shall be set before the simulation is
started.
3.2
The Different Simulation
Modes
In addition to the functions of the preceding section (

exist also the following additional functions:
reset and restart of the simulation
), there
simulation in single step mode

simulation to a certain point where a state change happens
Reset and Restart of the
Simulation
or under Execute Reset , an already running simulation

By clicking on
or paused simulation can be reset. Immediately following this, the
simulation will be restarted.
Single Step Mode
During single step mode, the simulation will stop after a small step.
More exactly, by clicking on
or Execute Single Step , the simulation will
begin for just a short time period (approximately 0.01 - 0.1 seconds in
the real system); the system then pauses ( ).
A running simulation can, at any time, be set into single step mode. It is
then possible to focus on key moments during the simulation.
Simulation to a State
Change
or under Execute Simulate until State Change the

By clicking on
simulation begins and runs up until a certain point where a state change
happens; the simulation then pauses ( ). The following situations
describe the point at which the simulation pauses:
1. a cylinders piston moves at a stop
2. a valve switches or is operated
27
3. a relay switches
4. a switch is operated
It is possible to switch from a running simulation into this state change
mode.
3.3
Creating new Circuit
Diagrams
28
This section contains an introduction to creating and simulating circuit

diagrams using FluidSIM.
> Create an empty drawing area by clicking on

to open a new window:
or under File New
Circuit diagrams can only be created or altered in the Edit Mode. The
.
Edit Mode is indicated with the following mouse cursor
Each and every newly opened drawing area automatically contains a
name, with which it can be saved. This name is found in the title bar of
the new window.
29
While in basic mode, you will see the available component groups in
the hierarchical view of the component library. To list the components of
a group, you may list off the group by clicking it. For a better overview
you may also hide non-required elements and subgroups by once more
clicking and hence closing the hierarchy. Component groups may often
contain further subgroups that may also be listed off or closed.
To list off a group including all of its subgroups, you may hold the
Shift-Key while clicking. This will reduce your efforts to list off each
subgroup. You may similarly use the Shift-Key to close all subgroups of
a superordinate group.
> press the Shift-Key, hold it and click Pneumatic.
30
The entire group of pneumatic components will be listed off. Using the
scrollbars, you may browse through the component library to the left
and right or up and down.
Using the mouse and drag-and-drop you may drag components from
the component library to the drawing area:
31
> Move the mouse cursor to a component in the library, more

specifically to the cylinder.
> Press the left mouse button. While continuing to hold down the
button, move the cursor.
The cylinder is then highlighted (selected) and the mouse cursor
changes to a four way directional cross
. The components outline
moves with the mouse cursor.
> Move the cursor to the drawing area and release the button on the
mouse. This action places the cylinder in the drawing area:
32
In this way it is possible to drag each component from the component

library and place it in the desired position in the drawing area. In the
same way it is possible to rearrange components already in the drawing
area.
> Drag the cylinder to the bottom right hand corner.
In order to simplify the creation of circuit diagrams, the components
automatically snap to grid in the drawing area.
> Try to move the cylinder onto a non-permissible area, for example
outside the window.
Outside a permissible area the mouse cursor changes to the prohibited
sign ; the component cannot be dropped.
> Drag a second cylinder onto the drawing area and notice that the
second cylinder is now highlighted.
> Highlight, say, select the first cylinder by clicking on it.
> Delete the cylinder by clicking on

pressing the Del key.
(cut) or under Edit Delete or by
The commands in the Edit menu correspond only to the selected

components.
> Drag onto the drawing area a configurable 3/n-way valve and a
compressed air supply.
33
> Arrange the components in the following manner:
34
Double click the valve to assign an operation mode to it. A dialog box
appears:
Description of the dialog box:
Left/Right Actuation
For both sides the actuation modes of the valve can be defined
individually; it can be one or more of the categories Manually,
Mechanically, or Pneumatically/Electrically. An operation mode
is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the
list and selecting a symbol. If for a category no operation mode is
desired, simply choose the blank symbol from the list. Moreover,
for each side of the valve the attributes Spring-returned and
Piloted can be set.
35
Description
Enter here a name for the valve. This name is used in the
state diagram and in the parts list.
Valve Body
A configurable valve has at most four positions. For each of the
positions a valve body element can be chosen individually. Such
an element is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand
side of the list and selecting a symbol. If for a position no element
is desired, simply choose the blank symbol from the list. The valve
may be marked Reversible to indicate that there is no particular
direction of flow.
Initial Position
This button defines the valves initial position (sometimes also
called normal position or neutral position), which is the position
without having any operation applied to the valve. Note that this
setting is only exploited if it physically does not contradict a springreturned setting, possibly defined above.
Dominant Signal
A Dominant signal on the left or right-hand side defines the
overriding signal, in case the valve is addressed from both sides
simultaneously.
Standard Nominal Flow Rate

This is where you define the standard nominal flow rate of the valve.
> Choose from the left-hand side in the topmost list a manual
operation with snap in, and select the Spring-returned option
in the right field. Close the dialog box via OK.
36
Since the connection 3 of the valve serves as air discharge, an exhaust

should be assigned to it.
> Double click the connection 3.
A dialog box opens in which a terminator can be chosen by clicking on
the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the list and selecting a symbol.
> Select the third symbol (the simple exhaust) and close the dialog.
Now the valve should look as follows:
> Move the mouse cursor over the left cylinder connection .
In Edit Mode, the mouse cursor changes to a cross-wires pointer
when it is above a component connection .
> Press the left mouse button while the mouse cursor is above the
cylinder connection. Move the mouse cursor and notice how the
.
cross-wires pointer gains arrows
> Keep pressing the mouse button, and move the cross-wires pointer
to the upper valve connection. Notice how the arrows on the
.
cross-wires pointer turn inward
> Release the mouse button.
37
Immediately a line appears between the two chosen connections:
FluidSIM automatically draws a line between the two chosen connecwhen it is

tions. The mouse cursor changes to the prohibited sign
not possible to draw a line between two connections.
> Move the mouse cursor to a line.
In the Edit Mode, the mouse cursor changes to a line-selection symbol
, when it is positioned over a line.
> Press the left mouse button and move the line-selection symbol to
the left. Release the mouse button.
38
Immediately, the line is redrawn:
In the Edit Mode the components and lines can be selected, moved, or
deleted by clicking on Edit Delete or by pressing the Del key.
> Connect the remaining components.
39
The circuit diagram should look somewhat like the following one:
The circuit diagram has been completely drawn and connected. Attempt
to simulate this circuit.
> Start the simulation by clicking on
with the F9 key).
(or under Execute Start or
> Move the mouse cursor over the valve and click with the index
finger on the valve.
40
During simulation all pressures and flow rates are calculated, all lines
are colored, and the cylinders piston extends.
After the cylinder has been extended, the pressure in the cylinder supply
line must inevitably increase. This situation is recognized by FluidSIM
and the parameters are recalculated; the pressure at the compressed air
supply increases to the preset operating pressure.
> Click on the valve so that the cylinder may retract.
In complex pneumatic systems, or for the transmission of high switching

powers, valves may be operated indirectly. In the following we will
replace the direct manual operation by an indirect pneumatic operation.
41
> Activate the Edit Mode by clicking on

with the F5 key).
(or under Execute Stop or
> Select and delete the line that connects the cylinder and the valve.
> Drag another 3/n-way valve onto the drawing area and open by
a double click (or by Edit Properties... ) the dialog box for the valve
configuration. Construct a pneumatic valve, normally closed, and
close the dialog box. Then, connect an exhaust at connection 3
and arrange the components as follows:
> Connect the output connection of the new valve with the cylinder.
> Draw a line from the output connection of the manually operated
valve to the control connection of the pneumatically operated valve.
42
In reality, to connect a component to an existing line requires a Tconnection . FluidSIM automatically creates a T-connection when you
draw a line from a connection to an existing line.
draw a line between the input
> Using the cross-wires cursor
connection of the pneumatically operated valve to the line
connecting the compressed air supply and the manually operated
.
valve. Notice how the arrows in the cross-wires turn inwards
> Release the mouse button.
The T-connection appears on the line at the point where the mouse
button was released.
> If necessary, draw the line so that the wiring diagram is arranged
clearly.
43
The circuit diagram should now appear somewhat like the following
diagram:
> Save the circuit by clicking on

or File Save . FluidSIM automatically opens the File Selector dialog box, if the title is new; here you
must give the circuit a name.
> Start the simulation by clicking

operated valve.
; then click on the manually
When you click on a valve, its real behavior is simulated. Here, the
clicked valve switches over, immediately followed by a recalculation.
As a result, the piloted operated pneumatic valve switches over and the
cylinder extends.
44
FluidSIM not only animates manually operated components during

changeover, but nearly all components with multiple states.
The following figure shows a 3/2-way valve in closed and open position:
Components whose switching status is not locked remain activated as

long as the mouse button is held down.
> Stop the simulation, which also brings you to Edit Mode. Select
from the component library the state diagram component, and
place it onto the drawing area.
The state diagram records the state quantities of important components
and depicts them graphically.
> Move the state diagram to a free place in the drawing. Drag the
cylinder and drop it onto the state diagram.
A dialog opens where you may choose the desired status variables. In
this particular case only the position is of interest, so you may confirm
the default selection by choosing OK.
45
> Start the simulation and observe the state diagram.
> Set the simulation to Pause-mode and move the mouse curser to
the graph in the diagram.
46
When resting on the diagram for approximately one second, the mouse
curser will call a window indicating the exact values of time and of the
applicable status variable. The display will move along and update the
values when you move the mouse alongside the graph.
You may use several status diagrams in one window as well as you
may display several components in the same diagram. By dragging a
component onto the diagram you will add the component to the status
diagram. A selection dialog will appear where you may choose the
applicable status variables and different colors. A repeated drag onto
the diagram will open the dialog again, so you may change your choice.
In case no status variable of a component is selected, the component
will be removed from the diagram. The following components and the
applicable status variables may be displayed in the status variable
diagram:
47
Component
State
cylinder
position, velocity
acceleration, force
way valve
position
pressure meter, accumulator
pressure
shutoff valve and throttle valve
opening level
pump, motor
rpm
semi-rotary actuator
position
pressure valve and switching valves
state, pressure
flow control valves
flow
flow meter
flow, volume
pressure or switching valve
state
switch
state
relay, valve solenoid
state
indicator light, buzzer, pressure indicator
state
counter
state, counter value
function generator, voltmeter
voltage
status controller, PID-controller
voltage
The example is now finished. Further editing and simulation concepts

are described in the next chapter.
48
4. Advanced Concepts in Simulating and Creating

Circuits
This chapter contains advanced concepts and functions, which can be

used when simulating and creating circuits with FluidSIM.
4.1
Configurable Symbols
FluidSIM is capable of simulating a vast number of different cylinders

and valves. The combination of all part designs and functional types
would lead to displaying many thousands of symbols. Therefore you
will find, alongside some common part designs in the component
library, configurable and representative components. In order to adapt a
cylinder or a way valve, drag one of these representatives in the circuit
and open the status dialog. Here you will find settings helping you to
define layout and function of the component.
Configure Cylinders
Double-click the cylinder to define part design, parameter and external

influence of a cylinder. The status dialog of the cylinder will open.
The dialog consists of several registers, providing a convenient overview
despite the vast number of settings.
Find descriptions of the dialog boxes of individual registers below.
49
4. Advanced Concepts in Simulating and Creating Circuits
Register Configuration
Component Description
You may enter a description for the cylinder into the text field, it will
show in the state diagram and in the parts list.
Cylinder Type
cylinder type (single-acting, double-acting, spring return)
50
Piston Rod Type

piston rod type (quantity, part design, magnet coupling, slide unit)
Properties
More properties of the cylinder (end position cushioning, sensing)
The label you may define at sensing serves as an interconnection
with the displacement encoder. This is how, e. g. in combination
with proportional valves , controlled systems can be constructed.
Please find more reference to proportional technology in section
4.18.
Mirror
This is where you may define whether the cylinder will be mirrored
horizontally or vertically. The effect will be the same as when
mirrored as in Edit Mirror .
51
Register Parameter
Max. Stroke
Maximum cylinder stroke
Piston Position
Piston position at the start of the simulation
52
Piston Diameter
Diameter of the Piston
Piston Rod Diameter

Diameter of the piston rod of the cylinder
Mounting Angle
The bracket affects the friction force of the moved load. You may
define the mass as well as the friction coefficients in the register
external load.
Internal Leakage
This is where you may define the inner leakage of a cylinder. In
reality there is never an ideal cylinder, since the piston never seals
the chassis perfectly. Thus and despite the cut off cylinder port, the
piston gradually slides under the load.
Calculated Parameters
Piston surface and annular surface will be automatically calculated
from piston diameter and piston rod diameter.
Display Quantities
In the field Display Quantities you may tick state variables that
are to be displayed alongside the cylinder when the selectedoption is switched on for these state variables in the state variable
box. In case in the state variable dialog box no-option is switched
on, the particular cylinder related state variables will not be
displayed.
53
Register External Load
Moving Mass
Please enter the mass of the load here that is supposed to move
cylinder. The mass of the cylinder piston and of the piston rod will
be automatically and appropriately calculated by FluidSIM from the
entered cylinder dimensions; thus the mass in this case refers only
to the external load. Particularly, entering 0 does not conclude in
the moving parts being massless.
54
Friction
Static friction and sliding friction determine the friction of the
moving load on a surface. The internal friction inside the cylinder
will be automatically and appropriately calculated by FluidSIM from
the entered cylinder dimensions. Please enter 0 for both values
if the load is lifted or pulled without touching a surface. In reality
it is very difficult to achieve reliable values for friction. Therefore
FluidSIM offers set friction coefficients for some combinations of
material, providing a roundabout orientation. When comparing
other tables of friction values you will notice that the (often
experimentally measured) specifications differ in major ways.
Please interpret these carefully and concurrently take into account
the results of simulations generated by friction. Nevertheless, the
variation of the friction values allows you to distinctly notice the
physical influence of static and sliding friction.
Please note also that the mounting angle influences the friction
force through the moved load. You may define the mounting angle
in the register parameter.
55
Register Force Profile
Constant Force
Please choose this option and enter a force if a constant force
is meant to take effect for the entire distance of the cylinder
movement.
56
Variable Force
Please choose this option if the force changes depending on the
position of the cylinder rod. You may interactively define applicable
points in the chart field by clicking the mouse, these applicable
points will be linked to be one lineament. Alternatively, you
may mark an existing applicable point and enter the two values
numerically for piston position and applicable force using the input
field.
Range
Using this slider you may define the range of values to be displayed
for the force.
Delete
Deletes the marked applicable point and links the two adjoining
points with one straight line.
Delete all
Deletes all applicable points and defines a constant force. Use this
option to delete an existing lineament without having to delete
each single applicable point.
57
Register Actuating Labels
This is where you may define new actuating labels or change existing
ones. This dialog box is identical to the one that is opened when you
double-click on a distance rule.
Configuring Way Valves
58
The body of a valve or its operation concept can be changed by doubleclicking the valve. The following dialog box is opened.
59
Left/Right Actuation
For both sides the actuation modes of the valve can be defined
individually; it can be one or more of the categories Manually,
Mechanically, or pneumatically/Electrically. An operation mode
is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the
list and selecting a symbol. If for a category no operation mode is
desired, simply choose the blank symbol from the list. Moreover,
for each side of the valve the attributes Spring-returned and
Piloted can be set.
60
Description
Enter here a name for the valve. This name is used in the
state diagram and in the parts list.
Valve Body
A configurable valve has at most four positions. For each of the
positions a valve body element can be chosen individually. Such
an element is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand
side of the list and selecting a symbol. If for a position no element
is desired, simply choose the blank symbol from the list. The valve
may be marked as Reversible to display that it has no particular
direction of flow.
Initial Position
This button defines the valves initial position (sometimes also
called normal position or neutral position), which is the position
without having any operation applied to the valve. Note that this
setting is only exploited if it physically does not contradict a springreturned setting, possibly defined above.
Dominant Signal
A Dominant signal to the left-hand or right-hand side defines
which signal will be overriding when the valve is addressed from
both sides simultaneously.
Standard Nominal Flow Rate

This is where you may define the standard nominal flow rate of the
valve.
61
Mirror
This is where you may define whether the valve be mirrored
horizontally or vertically. The effect is the same as when mirrored
using Edit Mirror .
4.2
Additional Editing
Functions
In addition to the commands that were introduced in section 3.3, the

Edit Mode in FluidSIM provides you with a higher level of important
editing functions:
Setting the Paper Size
In Edit Mode the size of the paper is indicated by a red rectangle. The
default setting of the paper size is DIN A4, portrait. The default setting
can be changed in the menu File Drawing Size... .
The size and the orientation of the paper can be set here. If the drawing
size exceeds the paper size of your printer, the total area of several
smaller papers can be tiled with the drawing.
62
For orientation purposes, under File Properties... additional information

can be stored along with each drawing. The text that is entered in
description is shown in the preview window below the respective
diagram.
Undoing Editing Steps
By clicking on
or Edit Undo and with Edit Redo , each step given in
the Edit Mode can be undone in the following manner:
( Edit Undo ), the last editing step that was taken
By clicking on
is undone. FluidSIM recalls the last 128 editing steps, which can be
undone.
The function Edit Redo serves as a way to withdraw the last undone
to undo an editing step, you may go to far. By
step. When using
clicking under Edit Redo , the circuit is returned to its original state
was initiated. The function Edit Redo can be invoked
before undo
until there are no more undo steps to be redone.
The function Edit Undo applies to all possible editing steps in the Edit
Mode.
Multiple Selection
A component can be highlighted, that is to say selected, by clicking on it

with the left mouse button. However, by clicking on another component
with the left mouse button, the first component is no longer selected,
but the second component is. Only one component at a time may be
selected when clicking with the left mouse button.
63
If, while you are clicking on components, you hold down the Ctrl key,
the components that are already selected will remain so. In addition,
the component underneath the mouse cursor will also be selected, if not
already selected, or de-selected, if already selected. In this sense, the
components state of selection is reversed.
Another efficient concept for selecting multiple components is by using
the rubber band. The rubber band is opened by pressing and holding
down the left mouse button, and then moving the mouse cursor. The
mouse cursor cannot be located directly over a component if the rubber
band shall be opened.
64
All components enclosed, either partially or fully, by the rubber band,

are selected.
All components and lines of the current circuit diagram can be selected
by clicking under Edit Select All or typing Ctrl A .
Editing functions such as dragging or moving, copying and, deleting
apply to all selected components.
65
Right Mouse Button
When you click the mouse button on the right in a FluidSIM window,
the appropriate context menu is opened. If the mouse cursor is located
above a component or component connection, the item will become
selected. If this component was not yet selected, then a possibly
existing selection of other components will be de-selected.
Clicking the right mouse button on a component (connection) is actually
a short cut for the following two actions: Clicking the left mouse button
on the component (connection) and opening a menu.
Double Clicking with the

Mouse
Double clicking the left mouse button on a component (connection)

is a short cut for the following two actions: Selecting the component
(connection) and clicking on Edit Properties... .
Copying
Selected components can be copied to the clipboard by clicking on

or Edit Copy ; the component can then be inserted in the circuit diagram
by clicking on
or Edit Paste . In the same way it is possible to paste
the contents of the clipboard into another graphic or word processing
program.
Within a circuit diagram selected components can also be copied by
holding down the Shift key and moving them. The mouse cursor
.
changes then to the copy symbol
Copying between Windows
66
Components can simply be copied between windows by selecting the

desired components and dragging them in the other window.
Aligning Objects
To align objects, firstly select these objects and then click on the icon
or on the appropriate entry in the Edit Align menu.
Reference object is always the object which lies furthermost in the
desired direction. If, for instance, several components shall become
aligned left, all but one objects are moved to the left so that they
align with the left-most object. Note that pneumatic and electrical
components obey the constraint that their connections must lie on the
grid. As a consequence, an alignment may not always coincide with the
symbol bounding.
Rotate and Mirror
Selected components may be rotated by 90, 180 or 270 by using

Edit Rotate . If you wish only one component to be rotated you may
alternatively perform a double-click on the component while holding
the Ctrl -key, the component will then be rotated counterclockwise in
90-steps. If you also hold the Shift -key in doing so, the component will
be rotated clockwise.
In order to mirror marked objects, please select Edit Mirror . The
applicable objects will be mirrored at its own axis, provided they are
not part of a group. Grouped objects will be mirrored at the central shaft
of the applicable group.
Instead of using the menu entries, you may also rotate or mirror through
.
the applicable symbols
Deleting Lines
If only one component connection is selected, its connected (but deselected) lines can be deleted using Edit Delete or by pressing the Del
key. This concept provides an alternative way to delete lines.
67
Setting Line Type
The type of each fluidic line can be changed from the standard line type,
Main Line, to the special line type Control Line. Being in Edit Mode,
double clicking on a fluidic line or selecting the line and choosing the
menu entry Edit Properties... brings up a dialog box in which you can set
the line type. A control line is shown dashed. Note thataside from
a different appearancechanging line type has no impact respecting
simulation.
Connection Descriptors,
Blind Plugs, and Exhausts
Pneumatic connections can be closed with blind plugsamong others,

to adapt their function. To avoid FluidSIM warning you in case of open
connections you may also add mufflers to the connection. In FluidSIM
you may place or remove these plugs and mufflers by double-clicking
the applicable pneumatic connection while in edit mode. This will open
a dialog box where you may choose an appropriate connector for the
applicable connection. Instead of double-clicking a connection you
may also mark a single connection and select the menu option Edit
Properties... to open the applicable dialog box.
68
Connection Designation
If enabled via View Show Connection Descriptors , the contents of this
field is displayed at the connection.
FluidSIM automatically places the connection designations in such way

that they usually show at an appropriate position near the connection.
You may alternatively relocate the connection designations using your
mouse or your keyboard. Hence click on the designation and move the
text to the desired position. To change the position with your mouse,
please mark the designation (or the applicable connection) and move
the text by using the curser keys.
FluidSIM keeps you from moving away the connection designation
too far from the applicable connection. In case a particular distance
is exceeded, you wont be permitted to move it any further into that
particular direction.
Display Quantity
Check out the state values to be displayed when the selectedoption in the state values dialog box is chosen. However, if the
no-option in the state values dialog box is chosen, even the
checked state values are not displayed.
Terminator
Defines whether an open connection either is left open, closed by a
blind plug, or closed by an exhaust.
69
A blind plug is indicated by a crossbar, an exhaust is indicated by its

respective DIN symbol:
Zoom Features
The content of windows can be enlarged by clicking on

or View
or View Zoom Out . The short cut keys
Zoom In or reduced by using
for this function are > and < respectively. If your mouse device is
equipped with a mouse wheel you can roll the wheel while holding down
the Ctrl key to zoom in and out, respectively
If you click on
or View Zoom by Rubber Band and then draw a rectangle
with the rubber band, the selected area will be shown enlarged. You
can also switch between the current and previous view of a window by
or View Previous View .
clicking on
or View Fit to Window fits the entire circuit to the window;
or
shows the circuit diagram without enlargement or
reduction.
View Standard Size
70
Background Grid
, the background grid is shown. By clicking under

, a dialog box appears that allows you to select between
grid types and line resolution.
By clicking on
Options Grid...
Width
The grid width defines how close together the lines of the grid
should be. You can choose between Coarse, Medium, or Fine.
Style
There are three types of grid to choose from Point, Cross, or
Line.
Display Grid
This selection displays or hides the background grid.
71
Grouping Objects
If objects shall be subsumed under a single group, select them and

click Edit Group . Groups can be nested. The objects of a group can
be selected, moved, deleted, or copied only all at once. However,
component properties can be edited individually, as usual, by either
double clicking the object or choosing the respective entry in the
components context menu.
Ungrouping Objects
To ungroup a collection of objects, click Edit Ungroup . Note that only the
outermost group is resolved; repeated ungrouping will resolve nested
groups.
4.3
Additional Simulation
Functions
This section describes in detail additional functions that apply to the

simulation of circuit diagrams.
Simultaneous Actuation of
Several Components
During the Simulation Mode, it is sometimes necessary to actuate

more switches or valves simultaneously. It is possible in FluidSIM to
simulate just such an actuation by means of setting a component in a
permanently actuated state. A button (or a manually operated valve) will
become permanently actuated when clicking on it while holding down
the Shift key. This permanent actuation will be released by a simple
click on the component.
At times it may be necessary to release several actuated objects at
once. In this case, while clicking the object, hold the Ctrl -key instead
of the Shift -key. The reversed components will remain actuated until
the Ctrl -key is released again; this is how all applicable objects will
simultaneously switch back to their original position.
Switching to the Edit Mode
72
If a component is dragged from the component library to the circuit in

the drawing area, and the simulation has been paused , FluidSIM
automatically switches to the Edit Mode.
Editing and Simulating in

Parallel
In FluidSIM it is possible to open more than one circuit diagram at a

time. Each circuit can either be simulated or edited. This fact means
that the Simulation Mode and the Edit Mode are applied uniquely and
independently to each window containing a circuit diagram.
This concept means that it is possible to edit one circuit diagram, while
other circuits are in the background running in simulation:
73
The simulation of pneumatic circuits may turn out to be a demanding

problem. Therefore, when using a lower-performance computer, the
editing of new circuit diagrams often appears jerky when simulations
of other circuits are simultaneously running in the background. So that
working in the Edit Mode goes more smoothly, all simulations performed
in the background should be stopped.
4.4
Linking Components
Automatically
Insertion of T-connections
Connecting Components in
Series
74
In order to make circuit design efficient, FluidSIM provides more

functions to facilitate component linking.
FluidSIM automatically inserts a T-connection when a line is drawn from
a component connection . to an already existing line. This functionality
applies to pneumatic as well as electrical and digital lines.
To realize larger circuits, stepper modules are often connected in series.
In reality, these modules have specially standardized connections, which
facilitate the realization of such series connections. FluidSIM simulates
this concept as follows. Let several modules be arranged in the drawing
area such that they will both align vertically and have no horizontal
distance. Then FluidSIM automatically links these modules, if their
corresponding input and output connections overlap.
These links will emerge in the form of lines, if the modules are dragged
apart. The subsequent figures give two examples.
This concept of an automatic component linking is not restricted to

stepper modules only; in fact, automatic component linking applies
whenever connections of the same type overlap.
FluidSIM will establish a link only if either the simulation is started or
the circuit diagram is checked superficially (see section 4.10).
75
4.5
Current Path Numbering
and Switching Elements
Table
The automatic generation of current paths simplifies the identification of

switches and relays when constructing electrical circuits. Along with
the generated switching element tables FluidSIM makes it easy to
understand which switches are controlled by which relays. To make
the automatic labeling feature a satisfactorily working concept, the
following points should be obeyed.
The +24V current path should form the top horizontal line.
The 0V current path should form the bottom horizontal line.
The electric make/break/changeover switches should be placed

above the relays.
The relays should be placed closed to the bottom 0V current path.
All connections of a vertical current path should align.
The horizontal distances between the paths should be equal and of

reasonable distance.
If the automatic numbering or the label positions are not entirely

satisfying, a manual adjustment of a few lines or components will yield
the desired layout quality in most cases. If two separated electrical
circuits cause an unfavorable numbering, try to increase the distance
between these circuits.
The automatic current path numbering can enabled or disabled via View
/ Display current path numbering and switching elements table .
76
4.6
Terminal Assignment
Diagrams
The automatic establishment of terminal assignment diagrams will

help you with the clear wiring of external switches, sensors and state
indicators outside the control cabinet with the relays and switches
inside. FluidSIM automatically and appropriately numbers the terminals
in the electrical part of the circuit as soon as you place the component
terminal assignment diagram in the circuit.
Using Options Terminal Assignment Diagram... you may define several
presettings:
Optimize
You may choose either a better overview or a reduced number of
terminals for an optimization goal.
77
Wire up
Please choose whether FluidSIM is to commit to the logical order
when numbering the terminals or, if possible, whether it is to
privilege bridges, even if this causes to disturb the strict order of
numbering.
Terminal Designation
Defines which convention will rule the designation of the terminals
in the electrical circuit.
Please leave plenty of space in the electrical circuit between the

components and towards the voltage supply paths to give enough room
for the automatically inserted terminal connections as well as their
designation to be seen.
FluidSIM starts a new terminal strip for each partial circuit that provides
no connection with other electrical circuits. These are numbered by
X1, X2, X3, etc. Each terminal allocation list may either show all
terminal strips or a single one. In order to do this please open the status
dialog of the terminal allocation list by double-clicking it:
78
Selection
Defines for which electrical partial circuit the allocation will be
listed in this table.
Layer
In this selection list you will select the drawing layer of the diagram.
The drawing layer may be set by clicking on the downward arrow on
the right-hand side of the list and choosing a layer.
Depending on the setting of the drawing layers, the rectangle may
happen to be non-displayed or to be non-editable. To make the
object visible or to change the settings, you need to temporarily
activate the drawing layer in the menu View Layers... .
4.7
Displaying Quantity
Values
The values for all or only selected quantities of a circuit can also be
displayed without measuring instruments.
79
> Click under the View menu on Quantity Values... to open the dialog
box for the display of quantities:
For each of the listed quantities (Velocity, Pressure, ...) a display

mode can be chosen.
The display of pressure, flows and force values allows the choice of
different units. This settings influence the display of state variables of
connections, components and state diagrams.
80
None
No values are displayed for this quantity.
Particular
Values are displayed at those connections that the user has
previously chosen.
All
Values are displayed at all connections for this quantity.
Display Measurement Units

Enable this option if both state values and the related units shall be
displayed.
For each quantity there is a key short cut for toggling between the three
display modes. The Shortcut column of the dialog box for the quantity
display shows the appropriate keys.
Selecting connections for the display of single parameters is explained
here:
> Open a circuit diagram.
> Change into the Edit Mode and double click on a component
connection, or click under the Edit menu on Properties... .
81
A dialog box with the connection settings opens. The field Show
Values defines the state values to be displayed when the selectedoption in the state values dialog box is chosen. However, if the nooption in the state values dialog box is chosen, even the checked state
values are not displayed.
The settings for the display behavior for state values belong to
the current circuit diagram only. Hence, for several open circuit
diagrams, different view options can be defined. By clicking on Options
Save Settings Now , the view option settings of the current circuit are saved
and serve as default for newly opened circuit diagrams.
Special Features of the
Quantity Display
Vector quantities are characterized by an absolute value along with a

direction. To indicate the direction within a circuit diagram the signs +
(into or toward a component) and (out of or away from a component)
are used. An arrow may also be used to display direction. FluidSIM uses
both representations:
Quantity
Flow
Velocity
Direction indicator
Sign, arrow
Sign
Force
Sign
Current
Sign
The arrow as a direction of flow indicator can be turned on or off by

clicking under View Display Flow Direction . The arrow for the direction of
flow will be shown clear the component connection, that is, as long as
the flow is other than zero.
If the total value of a quantity is extremely near to zero (< 0.0001), no
numerical value will be displayed. Rather, the symbol > 0 for a small
positive value or < 0 for a small negative value is shown.
82
4.8
Displaying State
Diagrams
The state diagram records the state quantities of important components

and depicts them graphically.
You may use several state diagrams in one window as well as to display
several components in the same diagram. By dragging a component
on the diagram you will add the component to the state diagram. A
selection dialog will open where you may select the state variables to
be logged as well as to define different colors. Dragging on the diagram
again will reopen the dialog, allowing you to change your choice. In case
no state variable of a component is selected, the component will be
removed from the diagram.
> When in edit mode please double-click the state diagram or select
the menu option Edit Properties... .
The following dialog box opens:
83
Display Interval
This is where you may enter starting point and terminal point of
the interval, defining how the state variables be logged. Prior
to the simulation, you dont need to necessarily know when the
interesting events are going to happen; the display interval may
also be changed after the simulation, since FluidSIM internally logs
all values all the time of the simulation.
If you select the field adjust automatically, the defined limits will
be ignored and the time axis will be scaled in such way that the
entire period of the simulation can be displayed.
Activate the field run automatically, if the diagram is to the last
n seconds. In this case, the time axis will be displaced to the left-
hand side once the simulation period exceeds the defined time
window. In the input field you may define how many seconds are to
be displayed in the applicable time window.
Log File
The state values be written to a file. To enable this option enter the
complete path of a file and set a reasonable step width.
Note that a large amount of data can be written the step width is
very small. Hence, if necessary, shorten the simulation interval or
increase the step width.
If the option Record state changes only is enabled, FluidSIM lists
only values if at least one state variable incurred a state change.
This option simplifies the detection of interesting simulation points-
84
Color
Defines the color of the diagram. It is set by clicking on the downarrow at the right-hand side of the list and selecting a color.
Fill Area
Defines whether the entire diagram or only its frame is filled with
specified the color.
Line Thickness
This is where you define whether curves in the diagram are to be
thick or thin. Thin lines are appropriate for exact reading of the
values, thick lines are appropriate for spotting the curve from a
distance.
Diagram Columns
This is where you select the columns to be displayed at the
left-hand side of the diagram. The columns Description,
Designation and Quantity value can be combined to your
choice.
Layer
Sets the drawing layer of the diagram. It is set by clicking on the
down-arrow at the right-hand side of the list and selecting a layer.
Depending on drawing layer the diagram may be invisible or not
selectable. In such a case the drawing layer must be activated via
View Layers... before the diagram can be modified.
State quantities of the following components can be recorded and

displayed in the state diagram:
85
4.9
Component
State
Cylinder
Position
Way valve
Position
Pressure Meter, Accumulator
Pressure
Shutoff Valve and Flow Control Valve
Opening Level
Pump, Engine
Speed
Swivel Cylinder
Position
Pressure and Switching Valves
Status, Pressure
Flow Control Valves
Flow
Flow meter
Flow, Volume
Switch
Status
Relay, Valve Solenoid
Status
Indicator Light, Buzzer, Pressure Indicator
Status
Counter
Status, Counter Value
Function Generator, Voltmeter
Voltage
Status Controller, PID-Controller
Voltage
Using the functional diagram editor, you may easily generate function
diagrams, such as e. g. distance-step diagrams.
By dragging the window edges, the window can be resized. It is also
possible to maximize the window.
The tool bar buttons are used to edit a functional diagram. With the
following six buttons you can chose an operation mode.
86
Edit mode
Draw diagram curves
Insert signal elements
Insert text boxes
Draw signal lines and insert signal connections
Insert additional nodes into signal lines
The chosen mode is pointed out in white.

for example indicates
that signal lines are drawn by clicking into the diagram area.
If the mouse pointer remains for more than one second on a button, a
short description appears on the screen.
Edit mode
This mode is used to adjust the objects in the functional diagram.

You can move elements in the diagram. The size of text boxes can be
changed in this mode only.
Move- and resize operations can be aborted with the Esc button.
If you move the mouse pointer out of the window area by keeping the
left mouse button pressed, the view is scrolled automatically.
A double-click on a diagram element (diagram row, text, signal element,
etc.) opens a dialog box where the requested adjustments can be made.
87
Set up diagram properties
A click on the button

set up the diagram properties.
opens a dialog box in which you can
Text columns Number

If the number of the text columns is changed, all tables text boxes
are distributed equally in a horizontal direction.
Text columns Width

If the width of the text columns is changed, all table-text boxes are
distributed equally in a horizontal direction.
Diagram columns Number

The diagram columns are located on the right side of the functional
diagram. In this area the diagram curves can be drawn. The number
of diagram columns can also be changed by moving the mouse on
the right margin of the diagram.
88
Diagram columns Width
Color
Color used for drawing the grid lines in the diagram area.
Row height
Determines the height of all rows.
Table text boxes
On the left side of the functional diagram the tables text boxes are
located.
A double-click on a table text box opens the corresponding dialog box.
Font size
Font size of the text to be represented.
89
Color
Choice between sixteen standard colors for the text to be
represented.
Width
The width of the table column you have chosen can also be changed
by moving the mouse.
Height
The height of the table column you have chosen can also be
changed by moving the mouse.
Horizontal adjustment
Following adjustments are available: Left, Centered and
Right.
Vertical adjustment
Following adjustments are available: Top, Centered and
Bottom.
90
Table-like adjustment within a table cell

In order to get a table-like adjustment of text within a text box,
tabulators are inserted between the separate parts of the text.
The text is represented in the text box according to the number of
tabulators and the defined horizontal and vertical adjustments.
In order to set tabulators within a text field of a dialog box it is
necessary to keep the Ctrl button pressed.
Examples:
1.
2.
91
4.9.1
Adjust the representation
of the diagrams
On the right side of a diagram row you can find the area in which the
curves can be drawn.
A double-click on this area opens a corresponding dialog box. You can

determine the appearance of the drawing area with it. Please make
sure that there is no diagram element under the mouse like e.g. a signal
element.
States Number
The entry defines the number of states and by that the number of
horizontal lines in the diagram row.
92
States Base state

Horizontal lines through the base state are drawn with a thin pen.
Numbering Start column

The start column indicates at which column the numbering is to
begin.
Numbering Start number

The start number indicates with which number the numbering is to
begin.
Numbering Number
The number indicates how many steps are to be numbered.
Numbering Step width

Defines the step width between two numbers.
Numbering Loop
If this field is marked, an equals sign and the start number display
additionally after the last number.
Representation Display arrows

If this field is marked, two arrows display.
Representation Display grid

If this field is marked, the background grid displays.
93
Representation Display text 1

If this field is marked, a text box displays. It can be used for marking
purposes. This text box belongs to the row you have chosen and
cannot be shifted into another row.
Representation Display text 2

If this field is marked, an additional text box displays. It can be used
for marking purposes. This text box belongs to the row you have
chosen and cannot be shifted into another row.
Representation Line color

Defines the color of the diagram lines.
Draw diagram curve
In this mode you can draw the diagram curves. Nodes can only be
inserted on the grid. Every left mouse click creates a new node.
2.
1.
3.
4.
If you keep the left mouse button pressed, nodes can be moved like in
the edit mode.
Marked nodes are shown in gray color. With the Del button a marked
node is deleted.
Insert signal elements
In this mode you can insert signal elements with a left-click.
1.
2.
If you keep the left mouse button pressed, signal elements can be
moved like in the edit mode.
94
Marked signal elements are shown in gray color. With the Del button a
marked signal element is deleted.
A double-click on a signal element in the edit mode opens a corresponding dialog box. You can adjust the representation of the signal element
with it.
Signal type
Display text
If this field is marked, a text which can be used to mark the signal
element displays.
95
Color
This is the color showing the signal element.
In this mode you can insert text boxes by a left mouse button click.
Insert text boxes
2.
1.
3.
Marked text boxes are shown in gray color. With the Del button a
marked text box is deleted.
In the edit mode the size and position of a text box can be changed with
the mouse.
Adjust size:
1.
2.
3.
Move text box:
1.
96
2.
3.
A double-click on a text box in the edit mode opens a corresponding

dialog box. You can adjust the representation of the text box with it.
Font size
Font size of the text to be represented.
Color
Choice between sixteen standard colors for the text which can be
represented.
Frame
If this field is marked, the text box is drawn with a frame.
Width
The width of the text box.
Height
The height of the text box.
97
Horizontal adjustment
Following adjustments are available: Left, Centered and
Right.
Vertical adjustment
Following adjustments are available: Top, Centered and
Bottom.
Draw signal lines and

insert signal connections
In this mode signal lines can be drawn arbitrarily or can be

transferred automatically by signal elements.
Draw signal lines arbitrarily

Every left-click creates an additional node. You can stop this operation
by clicking on the present line and keeping the Ctrl button pressed, by
pressing the Esc button or by changing the operation mode. With the
Del button a marked signal line is deleted. If only one node is marked,
just this node is removed from the line.
In the edit mode you can move the nodes of the signal lines. If you
keep the Shift button pressed when you place or move nodes, the
corresponding node is adjusted vertically and horizontally, respectively.
98
Change the representation of the lines in the edit mode with a doubleclick.
Display description
A framed description on the line and a description next to the
framed description displays.
The framed description can be moved freely on the line. The
additional description can be moved freely.
Start with arrow

An arrow displays at the beginning of the line. The arrow can be
moved freely on the line.
End with arrow

An arrow displays at the end of the line. The arrow can be moved
freely on the line.
Color
Line color.
99
If you click on a finished signal line in the mode draw signal lines
,a
signal connection is inserted. This connection node can be moved freely
on the line.
1.
2.
3. + 4.
In the edit mode the representation of the signal connection can be

changed by a double-click:
Draw signal lines from signals onwards

In the mode draw signal lines
, signal lines can be drawn from
signals onwards. Click with the left mouse button on a signal and keep
the mouse button pressed. Move the mouse to a position which you
have chosen as the end point of a signal line. After having released the
mouse button, the signal line is being drawn.
100
1.
2.
3.
Draw signal lines from diagram-nodes onwards

In the mode draw signal lines
, signal lines can be drawn from curve
nodes onwards. Click with the left mouse button on a node and keep the
mouse button pressed. Move the mouse on a second node. After having
released the mouse button on top of the second node, the signal line is
being drawn.
1.
Insert additional nodes
into signal lines
2.
3.
In the mode insert additional nodes into signal lines

nodes can be inserted into existing signal lines.
1.
2.
, additional
3.
Add row
By clicking on the button Add row

, a new diagram row is inserted
on top of the current selection. If there is no selection on a cell, a new
line is added to the end of the diagram.
Delete row
, a selected diagram row is

By clicking on the button Delete row
deleted. If nothing is selected, the button is disabled.
101
Additional functions
Zoom
With the button 1:1 view
the view is reset to the standard zoom
level.
the view is enlarged in size.
With the button
With the button
the view is reduced in size.
Undo actions
4.10
Superficial Circuit
Checking
With the button undo
, you can undo the last 50 actions.
With the button redo

redone.
, the actions you have undone before can be
Before a simulation is started, the circuit diagram can be checked to see

if there are any graphic drawing mistakes present. The mistakes that
lead to errors include the following:
1. objects outside of the drawing area
2. lines that cross through components
3. superimposed lines
4. superimposed components
5. superimposed connections or connections that do not go together
6. open pneumatic connections
7. components that have the same identification assigned
8. mismatched labels (see section 4.11)
9. lines that cross through connections to which they are not
connected
102
The following circuit diagram contains mistakes of type 1 to 3:
> Click on
or Execute Check Superficially .
Message boxes should now appear, which inform the user of the graphic
mistakes.
After the instructions, you may decide if the circuit should be simulated
anyway:
103
4.11
Coupling Pneumatics,
Electrics and Mechanics
In the same way FluidSIM allows you to create pneumatic circuit

diagrams, the software also allows you to design electrical circuits. The
components for the electrical circuits can be found in the component
library and dragged from there to be inserted on the drawing area.
Electrical components are connected in the same way that fluidic
components are.
The following illustration shows a small example:
> Create this circuit diagram on your computer.

> Start the simulation and observe that the indicator light is
illuminated.
There are also electrical components that link electrical circuits with
pneumatic circuits. These linking components include switches that are
pneumatically operated and solenoids that control directional valves.
104
Electrical circuits are drawn independently of pneumatic circuits.

Therefore, there needs to be a way to create definite links between
electrical components (such as a control solenoid) and pneumatic
components (such as a directional valve). So-called labels bridge the
difference and link both circuit diagrams together.
A label has a specific name and can be assigned to a component. If
two components have the same label name they are linked together,
although no apparent line is visible between them.
Entering a label takes place in a dialog box, which can be opened
by either double clicking on the desired component or selecting the
component and then clicking Edit Properties... . Labels can be established
on the left and right sides of an electrically operated valve by double
clicking on the appropriate side, as opposed to clicking in the middle of
the component.
The following example explains how labels can be used in FluidSIM.
> Activate the Edit Mode by clicking on
or Execute Stop .
105
> Create the circuit diagram as shown in the following figure:
So that the valve can be controlled by the solenoid, you have to link the
components with a label.
> Double click on the control solenoid or simply select the control
solenoid and click under Edit Properties... .
106
The following dialog box appears:
Label
This text field gives the label its name. A label can be up to 32
characters in length consisting of letters, numbers, and symbols.
> Enter a name for this label, for example Y1.

> Double click on the outside of the valve solenoid to open the dialog
box for the label name.
> Input the same label name as for the solenoid, for example Y1.
The solenoid is now linked to the valve.
In practice the valve solenoid would not be directly controlled by the
switch, rather via an intermediate relay. This component has been
neglected here for the sake of simplicity.
> Start the simulation.
107
The electrical current as well as the pressure and flow distribution are
computed; the pressures are shown in color.
If you want to see the exact values of the quantities at hand, you
can mark them by clicking under View Quantity Values... . The marked
quantities are displayed next to the components connections. Section
4.7 applies here.
> Operate the electrical switch.
As a result the valve switches and the cylinders piston extends:
108
Aside from a manual or electrical operation, valves can be controlled

mechanically, either through a cylinder piston or a magnet mounted
at the piston. Such a coupling is realized in the same way an electrical
coupling is established: By means of labels, which are assigned to the
cylinders distance rule and the mechanical valve connection.
> Draw a configurable valve on the drawing area and furnish it with a
mechanical actuator.
> Double click the mechanical actuator.

A dialog opens where a string for the related label can be entered. If
the same label is assigned to the cylinders distance rule, the valve
will become actuated mechanically if the cylinder piston reaches its
predefined position.
A particular form of interconnection is presented by the connection of a
cylinder with a displacement encoder. This is how, e. g. in combination
with proportional valves, you may create controlled systems. You will
find further advice on proportional technology in section 4.18.
> Double-click a cylinder.
109
A dialog box opens where you may define the cylinder properties.
Please make sure to have the register Configuration in the foreground
if applicable.
> Activate the box Sensing and add a label.
110
> Insert the displacement encoder from the component library in the
circuit and double-click to open the properties dialog. Please enter
the same label here as for the cylinder.
At the output the displacement encoder system provides a voltage

proportional to the piston position of the interconnected cylinder. This
voltage will be at its defined minimum when the cylinder is retracted
completely; the voltage will be at its defined maximum when the
cylinder is advanced completely.
Display Styles for Labels
If a label shall be displayed framed, similar to the display of component

descriptions, click onto View Labels... .
111
In the dialog box for each label of the circuit its style, framed or not
framed, can be defined.
FluidSIM will place the labels automatically in such order that they will
usually be at an appropriate position near the component resp. near
the connection. Instead, you may also move the labels using the mouse
or the keyboard. To do this, please click the label and move it to the
desired position. To change the position using the keyboard, please
mark the label (or the applicable connection) and move it with the curser
keys.
FluidSIM keeps you from moving the label too far away from the
applicable component or the connection. Once a particular distance
is exceeded, you wont be able to move the label any further away in
that particular direction.
112
4.12
Operating Switches
This section describes how to operate switches by means of cylinders,

relays, pressure, or other switches.
Switches at Cylinders
Limit switches, proximity switches, and mechanically operated valves

can be activated by the piston of the cylinder. Therefore, it is necessary
to use a distance rule at the cylinder to position the switches correctly:
> Drag a cylinder and a distance rule
to the drawing area.
> Drag the distance rule near to the cylinder.

When the distance rule is dropped near the cylinder, it automatically
snaps in the right position. Move the cylinder just slightly and the
distance rule moves with it. If you move the cylinder more than a
centimeter in distance, the connection between distance rule and
cylinder is broken, and the distance rule does not travel with.
The correct position for a distance rule depends on the type of cylinder.
Distance rules can be set above the cylinder, before the cylinder (on the
moving piston), or at both positions at the same time:
> Double click on the distance rule.
113
Label
The text insertion fields on the left are for naming labels from
proximity switches or limit switches in electrical circuits, which
are actuated by the movement of the cylinders piston.
Position
The description fields on the right-hand column define the precise
begin and end positions of the switches and of the limit switch at
the cylinder.
114
> At the first line, please enter 35 for both labels Y1 and for begin
and end position, then please close the dialog box by clicking OK.
Immediately following, a mark with the appropriate label appears
beneath the distance rule:
I.e., this cylinder activates the switch or the valve with the label Y1,
when its piston has moved 35 mm, provided the switch in the electrical
part of the circuit resp. the mechanical connection of the valve was
given the same label.
Once the cylinder in the above example has exceeded the position 35
mm, the switch will be put to off. If you wish the activation of the switch
to last over a longer distance, please enter the applicable begin and end
positions in the dialog.
To place labels for electrical switches, please double-click the component; valves with mechanical actuation come with a particularly designed connection, e. g. at the end of the stem, or at the center of the
roller. If the component or the connection has already got a label you
may double-click the label straight away instead of the connection in
order to change the designation.
Relays
By using relays, more than one switch can be actuated simultaneously.

It is therefore necessary to couple the relay with the appropriate
switches. Thus in FluidSIM also relays possess labels, which can be
used to couple relays and switches in the previously described way. By
double clicking on a relay, the dialog box for a label name appears.
115
The following illustration shows an electrical circuit in which a relay

operates two break switches and two make switches at the same time:
Besides simple relays, relays with switch-on delay, relays with switch-off
delay, and relay counter exist. These relays are used when the linked
switch should be actuated after a preset time interval or a number
of pulses received. By double clicking on these relays, a dialog box
appears where the appropriate values can be entered.
Coupling Mechanical
Switches
116
To mechanically couple mechanical (manually operated) switches in FluidSIM, you have to use labels. When more than one mechanical switch
has the same label, all these switches operate with the switching of only
one.
Automatic Switch Altering
FluidSIM recognizes delay switches, limit switches, and pressure

switches by the nature of their usage and by their labels and supplies
the corresponding symbol for the switch in the electrical circuit: for
switch-on delayed, for switch-off delayed, for mechanical operated
switches, and
for pressure operated switches. The representation of
switches that are actuated by cylinders can be determined by selecting
the corresponding switch type in the components properties dialog:
This means that there do not exist special symbols for these switches in
the FluidSIM component library. Instead the symbols for simple switches
can be utilized:
117
4.13
Adjustable Components
Certain components contain parameters that can be set in the Edit

Mode. A number of these components have been discussed in earlier
sections.
The dialog box for setting these parameters can be opened with a
double click or Edit Properties... .
During the simulation, some components may be adjusted in the same
way as in reality. Thus e. g. the operating pressure of the compressed
air or the opening level of the throttle allow to be continuously
changed. To do so, it is not necessary to open the properties dialog
and to subsequently close it using OK ; instead a simple click on the
component is enough to open a window providing slide controllers.
Changes will effect the simulation immediately. Once you click another
component or a blank area in the window, the properties dialog will
disappear automatically.
When in simulation mode and moving the mouse across a component,
if the applicable
the mouse curser will change to the slider symbol
real-time settings are available.
To help with precision adjustment some controllers provide an optional

control range. You may alternatively enter the numeric value using the
input field.
118
4.14
Settings for Simulation
By clicking Simulation... or Sound... under the Options menu, parameters

and options can be set for simulation.
Simulation Parameters
By clicking under Options Simulation... a dialog box appears with

parameters for simulation:
Line Colors
During simulation the electrical, the pneumatic and the digital lines
get colored, depending on their state. The mapping from a state to
a color is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of
the list and selecting a color.
119
Maintain Real Time

Using the option Maintain Real Time will attempt the cylinder
movement to move as fast as in reality. Please note that real time
movement requires a computer with sufficient computing power.
Maximum Speed
The option maximum speed utilizes the entire computing power.
The aim is to run the simulation as fast as possible. The actual
acceleration of the simulation depends on the performance of the
computer. If your computer does not at least achieve real-time,
the simulation cannot be accelerated to any higher speed.
Slow-motion Factor
The slow-motion factor controls whether the simulation should go
more slowly then it would in reality. With a slow-motion factor of
1:1, the simulation should proceed in real-time.
Label designation
By default, FluidSIM does not distinguish between uppercase
and lowercase characters in label identifiers of mechanical or
electrical connections. I. e., label identifiers are automatically
converted to uppercase. Now, using the option Display uppercase
and lowercase, label identifiers are treated case sensitively.
Case sensitivity can be enabled for both display purposes and a
more strict label identity checking. In the former case, upper- and
lowercase characters, say, for instance a and A, are displayed as
such, but treated as the same character. In the latter case, which
is enabled by the option Distinguish between uppercase and
lowercase, a and A are treated as different labels.
120
Digital Technique (Compatibility with Siemens LOGO!Soft)

It is a useful convention in the field of digital technology setting
open input ports of AND, NAND, and NOT components to "Hi".
Otherwise, e. g. an AND gate with three input ports would
not function as expected if only two of its input ports were
connected. Many constant "Hi" connections may clutter up a circuit
unnecessarily, and hence FluidSIM can be configured to set open
input ports of the respective components always to "Hi". This
option can be disabled of course. If open input ports have been
detected at the start of the simulation, FluidSIM issues a warning
message. The display of this message can also be disabled.
Sound Parameters
By clicking under Options Sound... a dialog box appears with parameters

for sound settings:
121
Enable Sound
An acoustic signal can be activated or deactivated for each of the
following four component types: switch, relay, valve, cylinder, and
buzzer.
If there is no sound hardware, the settings can be set but not applied.
4.15
Use of the
EasyPort-Hardware
FluidSIM can directly address the EasyPort that is connected to the

serial port your computer. No other drivers or software tools are
required. The interconnection is effected by implementing special
electrical in/out components that provide both eight inputs and
outputs. The components are the same as the ones used for the
interconnection via OPC or DDE. The operation mode of these input and
output components is defined by the use of the menu option Options
EasyPort/OPC/DDE Connection... .
The EasyPort-hardware may also be addressed by using OPCcommunication. This is how you may also address remote EasyPortmodules that are not connected locally (e. g. using a LAN-connection).
Provided the EasyPort-modules are connected locally to the simulating
computer, you are recommended to define a direct connection.
> Initially, please select the option direct EasyPort-connection in the
menu Options EasyPort/OPC/DDE Connection... .
> Please drag an input or output component from the component
library in the circuit diagram window and open the properties dialog
by double-clicking or by accessing menu Edit Properties... .
122
The following dialog box will open:
EasyPort Assignment
This is where you may define which serial port the hardware uses
to connect to your computer, which EasyPort-module and which
port number is assigned to the i/o module. If you dont know
exactly which number is used by the serial interface, please use
automatically setting, FluidSIM will scan all COM-ports for
connected EasyPorts.
123
By standard the EasyPort-hardware comes with a serial interface, which

has proved to work well for years in the world of computers as well
as in the world of industrial use. Modern computers and most of all
mobile ones tend to leave out this interface more and more. Still, you
may inexpensively and simply add a serial interface by using a USBserial converter, enabling you to use the EasyPort. The converters own
software defines a virtual COM-port that will be assigned a number
higher than the existing physical interfaces (usually COM 5). This virtual
port will enable you to address the hardware as usual.
Connection Color
Defines the color of the connection indicator for the i/o component
when either the EasyPort-connection is active or when the
connection is not available or out of order.
The color may be defined by clicking the downward arrow on the
right-hand side of the list and then select a color.
If FluidSIM doesnt find the EasyPort hardware on starting the simulation, a related warning will be shown. The simulation can still be started,
but until the end or until restarting the simulation FluidSIM will not
attempt to detect any EasyPorts. If the connection fails during the simulation, (e. g. due to unintentionally removing connecting cable), the
simulation will continue without EasyPort-interconnection, but FluidSIM will attempt to reestablish the connection. Once the hardware is
again available at the defined interface, the connection will once again
be established and the simulation will continue including the EasyPortcommunication.
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4.16
OPC and DDE
communication with Other
Applications
FluidSIM can exchange data with other applications; thus it may coupled
with programmable logic controllers, PLC, for instance. Prerequisite
for such a coupling is the ability of the partner application to provide
an OPC interface and to act as a so-called DDE client, respectively.
From within a FluidSIM circuit the DDE coupling is realized by means of
two electrical DDE components, each of which providing eight inputs
and outputs respectively.
Further information and examples regarding the DDE communication
can be found on the FluidSIM-CD in the DDE directory.
> Firstly, enable the option OPC mode in the Options
> Drag an input (or output) component from the component library
and open the property dialog box by double clicking the component
or by clicking on Edit Properties... .
125
OPC Server
Enter the OPC server here or click on Select ... and select a server
from the list.
Item
Enter the data item here or click on Select ... and select an item from
the list.
Reverse Function
Inverts the logical values of the DDE components. Normally, current
flow corresponds to a logical 1.
> Select the option Use DDE by clicking Options

> Select a DDE component from the library, place it onto the drawing
area, and open its property dialog box by either double clicking or
via Edit Properties... .
126
Label
Label of the DDE component. This label is used from within the
partner application to request or to set values in FluidSIM via DDE.
FPC Address
If FluidSIM is coupled with an application that also provides FPC
addressing support, the addresses of assembly, word, and byte can
be entered here. These settings are necessary only if the option
FPC mode is active.
127
Reverse Function
Inverts the logical values of the DDE components. Normally, current
flow corresponds to a logical 1.
4.17
Settings for the
EasyPort/OPC/DDE
communication
Clicking on Options EasyPort/OPC/DDE Connection... opens the following

dialog box with settings for the EasyPort, OPC, and DDE communication:
Do not apply remote control

Please click this field if you dont wish FluidSIM to communicate
with connected EasyPorts or other applications. If this option is
activated, FluidSIM may ignore any connected EasyPort-module
and may neither respond to other applications trying to establish an
OPC or DDE connection.
128
Direct EasyPort-Connection
Select this option if you wish to interconnect FluidSIM with other
locally connected EasyPort-modules.
Enable event buffer

Enable this field, if FluidSIM shall buffer all events and process
them in a first-in-first-out manner. If this option is disabled, events
that occur during high computational load may go lost.
Synchronize input and output

Using this option you will define whether FluidSIM is to check,
with every change of bit pattern at an output, for the status of
the inputs. This may be useful if the output values, by means of
a circuit that involves the EasyPort-module, influence the status
of the inputs. Please note that the operation mode may massively
reduce the simulation speed, since FluidSIM may occasionally need
to wait, with every step, for an answer of the connected EasyPorts.
OPC mode
Choose this option, if FluidSIM shall be coupled with other
applications via OPC.
DDE mode
Choose this option, if FluidSIM shall be coupled with other
applications via DDE.
Server
Defines the name under which name FluidSIM logs on the partner
application. As the case may be, this name must be told the partner
application as the server name.
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Topic
A topic is necessary to agree upon a common label for the data
exchange. As the case may be, the topic must be told the partner
application.
FPC Addressing Mode

This option must be checked if FluidSIM is coupled with an
application that also provides FPC addressing support.
You will find notes on interconnecting FluidSIM with EasyPort hardware

in chapter 4.15, handling the OPC or DDE interface is described in
chapter 4.16.
4.18
Open-loop and
Closed-loop Control
Among simple way valves with only discrete switching positions, FluidSIM also provides a number of continuous valves. These are particularly
interesting because they may represent continuous intermediate
positions. These components are addressed - in the same way as
electrically operated way valves - by using a proportional amplifier or
a valve solenoid. These are represented by specific symbols:
The individual proportional valve solenoid is used with position

controlled continuous valves that integrate the controller and amplifier
part in their valve.
If you unintentionally link a way valve with a proportional valve solenoid
or vice versa a proportional valve with a simple valve solenoid by using a
label, FluidSIM will show a warning.
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The following two sections will introduce you to the possibilities of

open-loop control and closed-loop control with FluidSIM. The term
open-loop control means here that an output variable changes
depending on an input variable. In detail the voltage represents the
input variable at the proportional valve solenoid or at the amplifier.
Depending on the value (and on the direction) of the electrical current
caused by the voltage (assisted by an amplifier), the valve piston of the
proportional valve will more or less be deflected to one direction. This is
the output variable. In the case of a constant pressure at the valve port
you may therefore manage the flow. Instead, in the case of a constant
flow, the pressure drop will change depending on the opening level that
is defined by the valve position.
We speak of closed-loop control when the output variable or a
state variable influenced by this output variable itself serves as an
input variable. In the course of this several output variables as well
as pending state variables may well be combined with further input
variables when a calculation rule is used. A classical example is
represented by a position control that defines a particular position
to be reached by a cylinder. In this case the valve will be electrically
addressed in such a way that the cylinder travels. The position of the
cylinder (in consequence of the travel depending on the valve position)
will again be used as an input value while the deviation from the desired
position of the cylinder is considered. Once the cylinder has reached its
target position, the deviation is 0 and the valve returns to mid-position
(closed position). Thus the cylinder stops. Should the cylinder, by inertia
or because of outside malfunction or interference, pass the target
position, the valve will switch to the opposite side and will reverse the
direction of flow; the cylinder travels back. This already represents the
simplest form of controlling, the so-called P-control.
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4.18.1
Open-loop Control
In order to understand the mode of operation of the continuous

components, please reconstruct the following circuit (voltage supply,
function generator, voltmeter, proportional valve solenoid, continuous
valve):
In the case of the five pneumatic connections of the valve, please dont
forget to apply mufflers, to avoid warnings issued by FluidSIM.
> Please launch the simulation and observe the continuous valve.
The function generator generates a signal between 0 and 10 volts.
This varying voltage is converted in the valve by using a proportional
amplifier to assign an applicable current to activate the proportional
valve solenoid; converted in such way that the linked valve can be
deflected to a maximum to both sides according to the applied signal
voltage.
132
In order to be deflected less, the valve needs to have less maximum

voltage. We may achieve this by double-clicking and therefore opening
the properties dialog of the function generator.
> Please define 2 for an amplitude, close the dialog and launch the
simulation again.
Now the voltage will alternate between 3 and 7 volt. This will still cause
the valve to swing symmetrically, but it will show less deflection around
the mid-position.
> Please open the properties of the function generator again and
define 3 for the y-offset.
133
The function generator now supplies a voltage between 1 and 5 volts,

causing the valve to deflect more to the left-hand side than to the righthand side.
> Please open the properties of the function generator and define
Constant for a type of signal.
The slider of the function generator for Frequency and Amplitude
provide no function for the type of signal Constant. Therefore we may
model a manually adjustable potentiometer.
> Please launch the simulation and click (by a single click) on the
function generator.
A window will open showing the slider of the function generator.
> Gradually change the y-offset and observe how the valve moves
subject to the controller setting.
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4.18.2
Closed-loop Control
Now a simple position control is to be put into practice. Please change

the circuit according to the following illustration. Please note that
you need to remove the muffler from the valve connection before
you may define connections. Instead of the function generator,
the displacement encoder now supplies the input voltage for the
proportional valve solenoid. To define the label for the cylinder, please
choose the option Sensing in the register Configuration of the
properties dialog.
Please note that in this example the continuous valve is mirrored

horizontally.
> Please launch the simulation and observe that the cylinder stops
when it reaches half of the distance.
Now we wish to expand the circuit in such way that the cylinder may
arrive, as rapidly as possible and still exactly, at any desired position
that we define during the simulation by adjusting a controller. For this
we will use a PID-controller.
> Please construct the following circuit and adjust the parameter
values of the PID-controller as indicated.
135
Please note that the continuous valve, according to the above example,
is mirrored.
> Launch the simulation and gradually change the y-offset of the
function generator between 0 and 10.
136
The cylinder will travel until it has found its desired position and will
stop there. The target position of the cylinder acts proportionally to
the defined voltage at the function generator: 0 volts correspond to
entirely retracted, 10 volts correspond to entirely advanced. The
value 5 is therefore the mid-position of the cylinder piston. In the course
of this the position from which the cylinder begins to travel is irrelevant,
it will still stop at the desired target position.
> Change the initial piston position and observe how accurately the
cylinder reaches its target position each time.
To achieve a more precise analysis of the control procedure we will
observe the travel and the speed of the cylinder until it reaches its
desired position. Therefore we include a state diagram, scale it to an
adequate size and drag the cylinder on the diagram. A dialog will open
where we choose the two state variables Position and Velocity.
Pneumatics are fast. To make observing the following effects easier,
please adjust the stroke of the cylinder to 5000 mm.
> Please adjust the y-offset of the function generator to 5 and the
start position of the cylinders piston rod to 0 and then launch the
simulation.
137
The cylinder travels as far as the middle and gradually decreases its
speed until it stops.
It often may be desirably to make a cylinder travel by maximum

speed until it reaches its desired position, and to make it stop most
spontaneously. To achieve this we can amplify the position signal of
the displacement encoder and therefore accelerate the reversing of the
control valve. In doing so we make use of the fact that the PID-controller
limits the output voltage of the proportional valve magnet to 10 volts.
138
> Please adjust the proportional coefficient of the PID-controller to

3 and launch the simulation.
It is clear that cylinder now travels at a constant speed over a long

distance. It will then be firmly slowed down and will finally stop
completely.
139
One would still observe that the cylinder piston, because of its inertia
and because of the airs compressibility, firmly passes the target and
that it travels back and forth a few times until it finally comes to rest.
These vibrations around the desired position are typical for such a
basic control. In reality one would attempt, by trimming the additional
parameter of the PID-controller or the status controller, to cushion the
vibrations. At this point we wish to stay with the basics and would
like to draw your attention to the advanced literature on proportional
technology and control technology.
140
5. Learning, Teaching, and Visualizing Pneumatics
Beside the creation and simulation of electro-pneumatic circuit

diagrams, FluidSIM also supports teaching basic pneumatic knowledge.
This knowledge is presented in the form of texts, overview pictures,
sectional views, exercises, and educational films. Functions that realize
the selection of this instruction material are found under the Didactics
menu.
One group of these functions refers to information about single,
selected components. Another group of functions refers to ordered
overviews of the didactics material, allowing the selection of an
interesting topic. Finally, it is also possible to select and link together
arbitrary topics into so-called presentations.
Appendix B, The Component Library, and C, Didactics Material
Survey, offer a complete and concise summary of the instructional
material in FluidSIM.
The following sections contain a description of the functions found
under the Didactics menu.
141
5.1
Information about Single
Components
The first three entries under the Didactics menu refer to selected
components and are context sensitive. More precisely:
When a component in the current circuit diagram window is selected,
or all selected components are of the same type, the menu entry
Component Description will be enabled.
Component Descriptions
All components possess a page with a technical description. This page

contains the diagram symbol for the component according to the DIN
standard (Deutsche Industrienorm), a textual description of the
components function, the designations of the connections, and a listing
of the adjustable parameters along with their value ranges.
You will find a photograph of the real-life part provided for most
components. In the case that a component cannot exist singularly in
a real system, FluidSIM displays a photo of the assembly group that
this component belongs to. Examples for such components include the
indicator light, relays, switches, and the electrical power supply.
Components, that do not exist in reality, simply have no photo.
Examples include the text component and the distance rule.
> Select the one-way flow control valve, and click on the menu item
Component Description under the Didactics menu.
142
The following page opens:
Under the heading Related Topics, but also when appropriate in

the component description, cross references for related instruction
material and components are defined. By clicking on a cross reference,
the related page will automatically be displayed.
Component Illustrations
Component illustrations provide useful information relating a components function. This may include a sectional view of the component,
but also illustrations of the components usage within a circuit diagram.
For several components, their sectional view can be animated like a
cartoon.
> Select a air motorand click on Component Description under the
Didactics menu.
143
144
> Please click the line with the relevant topic [35] Air motor.
The following picture appears:
Often it is easier to understand the functional nature of a component,

when its behavior is visualized through the use of animation. For
this reason, several components possess different sectional views
showing the component at different states. These sectional views can be
animated in much the same way as a flip book.
> Please mark a quick-exhaust valveand click the menu option
Didactics Component Description to open the window with the
component description. Now click the link with the function
illustration [87] quick exhaust valve
This function illustration can be animated.
145
> Click on
or Execute Start to start the animation.
or by clicking on Pause in the

An animation can be frozen with
or Execute Stop stops an animation, whereas
or
Execute menu.
Execute Reset restarts an animation.
5.2
Selecting Didactics
Material from a List
The entries Tutorial , Component Library , and Didactics Material under the
Didactics menu present the didactics material of FluidSIM organized in
the form of overview pages. From these pages topics can be chosen
and viewed independently of the current window and possibly selected
components.
Tutorial
Below this menu option you can launch the tutorial Simulating with
FluidSIM, which contains a variety of interesting experiments and an
excursus. By means of these useful examples you will get to know the
possibilities of simulating with FluidSIM. Furthermore, for the most
important components the mathematic models used in FluidSIM are
also described.
146
> Please click the menu option Didactics Tutorial to open the tutorial.
On the right-hand side the hierarchical directory is displayed. By doubleclicking the directory symbols you may list off or close the applicable
subsections. Clicking a page symbol will display the contents of the
page in the open window.
Component Library
Below the menu option Component Library you will find descriptions and
photos of all FluidSIM-components.
147
> Click a menu option Didactics Component Library to open the help
pages of the component library.
Didactics Material
148
FluidSIM, alongside the tutorial and the component reference, contains

further didactics material particularly useful for group work.
Moreover, here you will find educational films, provided you have copied
them onto the hard disk during the installation. If you havent installed
the film files, you may choose a chapter via the menu option Didactics
Educational Film... to view the applicable film from the included video-CD.
> Click the menu option Didactics Didactics Material to open the
overview of the didactics material.
5.3
Presentations: Combining
Instructional Material
Sometimes you may want to examine a topic from different angles or

combine individual topics into a lesson. For this purpose FluidSIM offers
the concept entitled presentation.
There are a number of already prepared presentations, which can be
found on the FluidSIM installation disks. However, editing presentations
or creating new presentations is also possible with FluidSIM. All
presentations can be found under Presentation... in the Didactics menu.
149
> Click on Didactics Presentation... .

Available Presentations
This field contains a list of already created presentations.
New Presentation...
Clicking on New Presentation... opens a second dialog box for the
creation of a new presentation.
150
Edit Presentation...
Clicking on Edit Presentation... opens a second dialog box to
begin editing a presentation.
Preview
When the Preview setting is activated, the picture that pertains to
the selected presentation appears underneath the topics list.
> Click on New Presentation to open the following dialog box.
151
Description
In this text field a short description of the presentation can be
entered. This text may consist of up to 128 characters and will
appear with the other presentations, the next time the presentation
dialog box is opened.
Available Topics
This field contains a list of all available topics dealing with
Pneumatics Basics, Working Principles, and Exercises.
Moreover, there exist two pictures that can be used to announce
a refreshment and a lunch break respectively. A double click on a
line in the Available Topics list inserts this line in the Selected
Topics list above the highlighted bar. In this way a presentation
can be created or altered.
Moreover, a user can integrate his own circuit diagrams, DXF files,
BMP- and WMF-picture files, or even multimedia files such as
sounds or video clips. To do so, click on User File...: A dialog
box opens that allows for the selection of the desired data source
on the file system.
Selected Topics
This field contains a list of topics chosen for the current
presentation.
Insert
Clicking on Insert is the same as double clicking a line in the
Available Topics list: The selected line in Available Topics will be
inserted in the Selected Topics list.
152
Delete
Clicking on Delete deletes the selected line of the Selected
Topics list.
Preview
When the Preview setting is activated, the picture that pertains to
the selected topic appears underneath the respective list.
Within both topics lists the highlighted bar can be moved using the
arrow keys. Maybe it will be necessary to click and select the list you
want to work with.
After creating a new presentation and closing the dialog box by clicking
on OK, FluidSIM asks you to name the presentation file. Presentation
files have the extension .shw and are located in the subdirectory shw
under the fl_sim_p directory.
The structure of a presentation file is described more thoroughly in
section 8.2.
153
5.4
Playback of Educational
Films
The FluidSIM CD-ROM contains 13 educational films, which last

between 1 to 10 minutes in length and cover a specific area of electropneumatics.
Provided you have copied the film files onto the hard disk during the
installation, this menu option will not appear; in this case the films are
not available directly at Didactics Didactics Material .
> Click on Didactics Educational Film... to open the dialog box that
contains a list of the educational films.
154
Available Educational Films

This field contains a list of available educational films. By double
clicking on a line in the list, the dialog box closes and the media
playback starts playing the selected film.
Preview
When the Preview setting is activated, a typical scene from the
film appears underneath the list of titles.
155
> Click on Sensors and relays--Signals to start the

playback of the selected film:
Underneath the window for the media playback, you will the find the
control elements to start, stop, and wind the film. A detailed description
of the media playback is available under the standard Microsoft Windows help.
156
5.5
Settings for Didactics
By clicking on Didactics... Options , a dialog box appears that contains the

settings for didactics:
Animation Speed
This setting defines the speed at which the animations should run.
Spool Presentation
A presentation in FluidSIM can be set to automatically run. For this
the setting Automatically after ...Seconds must be activated. The
time span that can be entered defines how long FluidSIM waits
before switching to the next topic of the presentation. By clicking
, the presentation will immediately change to the next topic in
on
the presentation. With the setting set to Manually, no automatic
switching will take place during the presentation.
157
Loop
Defines whether a running presentation is reset and started over
again after all topics have been displayed. This is known as loop
mode.
158
6. Special Functions
This chapter develops further concepts and functions of FluidSIM.

6.1
Drawing Layers
Components in FluidSIM that cannot be simulated, such as texts, DXF

import data, rectangles, circles, state diagrams, and parts lists, can be
assigned to one of eight drawing layers. Each layer can be shown or
hidden as well as set locked or unlocked. These properties are defined
under View Layers... ; here also a layer can be given a name. Components
of FluidSIM that can be simulated are always on layer 1.
Description
The layer name is displayed in the dialog box of an objects
properties instead of the layer number.
Display
If the option Show is disabled, the respective drawing layer is
invisible, and, of course, can not be edited.
159
Edit
If the option Edit is disabled, the respective drawing layer is still
visible but cannot be edited. I. e., the objects that belong to such a
locked layer can neither be selected, nor moved or deleted. By this
concept e. g. a drawing frame can be protected. To edit objects on a
locked layer, first unlock the layer.
The identifiers of components and connections in FluidSIMs standard

circuit library stand on drawing layer two. By disabling the Showoption for this layer, the identifiers are made invisible.
6.2
Graphic Primitives
By selecting a rectangle and clicking on Edit Properties... , or by simply

double clicking it, its property dialog box is opened.
Rectangles
x
Defines the x-coordinate of the rectangle. Instead of providing a
number, the rectangle can also be moved with the mouse.
160
y
Defines the y-coordinate of the rectangle. Instead of providing a
number, the rectangle can also be moved with the mouse.
Width
Defines the width of the rectangle. Instead of providing a number,
the rectangle can also be resized by dragging the mouse: If the
mouse pointer is moved onto the rectangles border, the mouse
pointers becomes a resize indicator, , , or . Now the
rectangle can be resized as indicated by holding down the left
mouse button.
Height
Defines the height of the rectangle. Instead of providing a number,
the rectangle can also be resized by dragging the mouse: If the
mouse pointer is moved onto the rectangles border, the mouse
pointers becomes a resize indicator, , , or . Now the
rectangle can be resized as indicated by holding down the left
mouse button.
Color
Defines the color of the rectangles border. A color is set by clicking
on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the list and selecting a
color.
Fill Area
Defines whether the entire area or only the border of the rectangle
is colored.
161
Line Style
Defines the line style of the rectangle. A line style is set by clicking
style.
Layer
Defines the drawing layer of the rectangle. The drawing layer is set
by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the list and
selecting a layer.
Depending on the settings of drawing layer, the rectangle may not
be visible or may not be selectable. To display an invisible rectangle
or to change its properties in such a case, the drawing layer must
be activated via the menu View Layers... .
162
Ellipses
By selecting an ellipse and clicking on Edit Properties... , or by simply

double clicking it, its property dialog box is opened.
Center x
Defines the x-coordinate of the ellipse center. Instead of providing a
number, the ellipse can also be moved with the mouse.
Center y
Defines the y-coordinate of the ellipse center. Instead of providing a
number, the ellipse can also be moved with the mouse.
Radius rx
Defines the x-radius of the ellipse. Instead of providing a number,
the ellipse can also be resized by dragging the mouse: If the mouse
pointer is moved onto the ellipses border, the mouse pointers
. Now the ellipse can be
becomes a resize indicator, , , or
resized as indicated by holding down the left mouse button.
163
Radius ry
Defines the y-radius of the ellipse. Instead of providing a number,
the ellipse can also be resized by dragging the mouse: If the mouse
pointer is moved onto the ellipses border, the mouse pointers
. Now the ellipse can be
becomes a resize indicator, , , or
resized as indicated by holding down the left mouse button.
Starting Angle
Defines the ellipses start angle, specified in degree. A value of zero
degree corresponds to the three oclock watch hands position.
Ending Angle
Defines the ellipses end angle, specified in degree. A value of zero
degree corresponds to the three oclock watch hands position.
Color
Defines the color of the ellipses border. A color is set by clicking
color.
Fill Area
Defines whether the entire area or only the border of the ellipse is
colored.
Line Style
Defines the line style of the ellipse. A line style is set by clicking
style.
164
Layer
Defines the drawing layer of the ellipse. The drawing layer is set
selecting a layer.
Depending on the settings of drawing layer, the ellipse may not be
visible or may not be selectable. To display an invisible ellipse or
to change its properties in such a case, the drawing layer must be
activated via the menu View Layers... .
6.3
Text Components and
Identifications
The concept of text components in FluidSIM gives the user a way in

which to describe components in diagrams, assign identification texts,
or to provide commentary on the diagram. The text and the appearance
of text components can be customized to the users liking.
Text components function in much the same as other fluidic or electrical
components in FluidSIM. The dummy text component Text can be found
in the component library, and it can be dragged onto the drawing area.
However, text components contain no connections.
As long as the setting Options Protect Text Components remains switched
off, the text components can be marked, dragged, deleted, and rotated
in the same way that other components are handled. When this setting
is activated, the text components can neither be marked nor moved or
deleted. This concept allows the text components to be anchored in the
background. They are out of the way and cannot interfere with changes
or manipulations made to the circuit diagram while in the Edit Mode.
> Drag the text component from the component library to the drawing
area.
> Make sure that Options Protect Text Components is switched off.
165
> Double click on the text component or click under Edit Properties...
to open the dialog box for entering new text.
Text
In this field the text to be displayed is entered. A new line is entered
by holding down the Ctrl-key while hitting the Return key.
Alignment
Activates horizontal text alignment.
Font...
By clicking on Font..., a Microsoft Windows common dialog box
opens, which allows you to set the font attributes for the given text.
166
Frame Text
Draws a border around the text.
Layer
Defines the drawing layer of the text component. The drawing layer
is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of the list
and selecting a layer.
Depending on the settings of drawing layer, the text component
may not be visible or may not be selectable. To display an invisible
text component or to change its properties in such a case, the
drawing layer must be activated via the menu View Layers... .
The dialog box can be closed by clicking on OK. As a result the text
along with its font attributes is inserted into the drawing area.
> Click on Options Protect Text Components to protect the text.
The protected text can no longer be selected. Therefore, components
can be placed over the text.
167
6.4
Embedding Pictures
Alongside denominating texts and comments you may furthermore

include picture files in circuits. This way you may conveniently
complement your circuits by using your own visual material. This may be
a photo of a real construction, an illustrating sectional drawing or even a
small company logo in the drawing corner.
Pictures in FluidSIM, like all other components and objects, may be
included and placed, dragged, rotated and mirrored. Furthermore, in the
same way as rectangles and ellipses, pictures may also be freely scaled.
Since picture files are not vector graphics, a DXF-export will only show a
frame instead of the picture.
Double-clicking a picture or using Edit Properties... will open the
properties dialog for bitmaps.
168
File Path
Defines the path to the picture file. Please enter the path of an
existing picture file here or choose one by using the file selection
dialog.
External Link
Bitmaps may be assigned as an external reference or may be stored
with circuit file. The advantage of the latter is that of a transported
circuit automatically containing the pictures. When you only
work within your own environment, the reference to a file path is
convenient because the circuit files remain compact and changes of
the pictures also take effect in FluidSIM.
Scale Factor
Defines the scale factor of a picture file. Instead of entering the
value, you may also change the pictures size by using the mouse.
When moving the mouse pointer across the border of an object,
,
or
the pointer will change to the size modification symbol
. Keeping the left mouse button pressed, you may magnify or
downsize it in the displayed direction.
Pictures in FluidSIM are always scaled according to the aspect ratio.
You cannot change just one side by narrowing or stretching.
Reset
Changes back the scaling factor to 100 %.
169
Background/Foreground
Defines whether the picture is to be positioned in front of all other
circuit objects or behind them. The option in the foreground is
favorable with small logos, while big pictures should be assigned
the option in the background because a large part of the circuit
could be concealed.
Layer
In this selection list you may define the drawing layer of the picture
file. The drawing layer may be set by clicking the downward arrow
on the right-hand side of the list, you may then choose a layer.
Depending on the setting of the drawing layers, the picture file may
not be displayed or you may not be able to change it. To make the
object visible or to change the settings, you need to temporarily
activate the drawing layer in the menu View Layers... .
Large background pictures may massively reduce edit speed and

simulation speed, since dragging or animating symbols always forces
parts of the picture in the layer below to be re-drawn.
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6.5
Parts Lists
With FluidSIM parts lists can be generated automatically. A parts list

is represented by a parts list component, which can be inserted,
moved, or deleted like every other component. The parts list is updated
automatically while a drawing is edited. The automated update may
slow down the drawing process of large circuits and thus, a parts list
component should be inserted in the end of a drawing process.
Inserting a Parts List
> Open the circuit demo1.ct.

> Select the parts list component from either the Insert menu or the
component library and add it to the drawing. Move the parts list
such that it overlaps no other component.
171
The parts list component analyzes all components of the diagram and
generates table with columns for the component identifications and
the component designations. In this connection, FluidSIM uses existing
labels and texts as component identifications.
The sorting of the table can be customized to the users liking; moreover,
the parts list can be exported as a text file. Also note that more than one
parts list component can be inserted in a diagram.
Properties of Parts Lists
172
> Double-click on a parts list component or select a parts list

component and click on Properties... in the Edit menu.
Listing
With the Accumulated Parts List option enabled, all components
of the same type become comprised into a single row. As a
consequence, the first column of the parts list component shows
the number of the comprised components.
With the Single Position Parts List option enabled, each
component gets its own row within the parts list. The first column
of the parts list component then shows a possible existing
identification.
Sort Lines
The lines of a parts list can be sorted in ascending order, in
descending order, by the component description, by the
component number, or by the component designation.
Layer
Defines the drawing layer of the parts list component. The drawing
layer is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of
the list and selecting a layer.
Depending on the settings of drawing layer, the parts list component may not be visible or may not be selectable. To display an
invisible parts list component or to change its properties in such
a case, the drawing layer must be activated via the menu View
Layers... .
Exporting Parts Lists
Aside from printing a parts list component, it can also be exported in the
form of a text file.
> Select a parts list component click on File Parts list Export... .
173
A file selector box opens where an existing file can be selected or a new
file name can be entered. After a file has been specified and the file
selector box been closed, a dialog box opens where a column separator
can be defined.
Tabulator
The tab-character is used as column separator.
Semicolon
The semicolon is used as column separator.
Other
The entered character is used as column separator.
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6.6
Printing a Windows
Contents
FluidSIM contains a practical printing function that is always available,

whether you are in the Edit Mode or the Simulation Mode. The contents
of any window in FluidSIM can be printed.
> Click on File Print... to open the print preview dialog box:
175
Printer
This list contains all available local as well as network printers. A
printer is set by clicking on the down-arrow at the right-hand side of
the list and selecting a printer.
Properties...
Opens a dialog box with available printer options.
Copies
In the number field Number of copies the desired number of
copies is typed in. If the printout consists of several pages you can
check the Collate to have the pages sorted automatically.
Scale factor
In the number field Scale factor enlargement or reduction of
the circuit diagram is typed in as a percentage. The print preview
window then re-scales the circuit diagram according to the size
proportion that was given.
If the paper size in combination with the chosen scaling factor exceeds
the printers printing area, the diagram is printed in a tiled fashion. The
expected number of pages is indicated in the printer preview dialog box.
Pressing the Fit to paper size button sets the scale factor so that the
circuit diagram fills out the entire paper area.
176
Margin adjustment
In order to take the printable regions of different output devices
into account, or enlarge the margin of a printout, an offset in mm can
be defined for the left as well as the upper margin. Positive values
move the drawing to the right or down, negative values move the
drawing to the left or up.
Alignment
In some cases it could be useful to rotate or to mirror the drawing.
E. g. some printer drivers do not support rotating by themselves.
Printing begins by clicking on OK.

6.7
TIFF Export
FluidSIM-circuits may be exported as TIFF e. g. to process them using a

non-vector oriented software.
> Please click TIFF Export... un the File -menu to export the current
circuit.
177
If you do not define a new name for the TIFF file, the file will be saved
using the name of the circuit and the file extension .tif.
Description
Please enter an optional description here. By default, the description youve defined at circuit properties will be used. In case nothing is entered there, the circuit description will be used.
Resolution
Please choose an adequate resolution for the picture file here.
Please note that a high resolution may particularly increase the file
size and that it may cause the export to take a lot more time. You
may stop the export at any time if it takes too long.
178
Monochrome
This export option will save the entire drawing black and white. This
will help the files to become compact ones, but naturally all other
colors will be lost.
6.8
DXF Export
FluidSIM contains a filter module to export circuit diagram in the DXF

format. Hence circuit diagrams from FluidSIM can be imported into a
CAD program, where they can still be edited.
> Click on DXF Export... under the File menu to export the actual circuit
diagram.
If no new name is given for the DXF file, the exported circuit diagram file
is saved with the extension .dxf.
The exported drawings in the DXF format differ from those in FluidSIM in
the following manner:
1. Component connections are shown without circles.
2. The DIN symbol is inserted for the cylinder.
3. The text font is set to STANDARD for the text components.
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6.9
DXF Import
Files that are of the DXF format type can be imported, retaining most
of the DXF element attributes. Clearly, imported circuit diagrams or
symbols cannot be simulated since the DXF standard does provide for
a definition language of physical behavior models. However, the import
functionality is useful if a circuit diagram shall contain elements that
cannot be realized from within FluidSIM. For example, CAD drawing
frames or terminal strip plans, which have been created by means
of another CAD program, can be inserted into a FluidSIM drawing.
Depending on whether a single symbol or a complex drawing is to
be imported, particular conventions relating the grouping should be
obeyed.
Having selected a DXF file via File Open... , the dialog box for the DXF
import opens.
180
Scale Drawing
The scaling factor defines scaling in percent that is applied to DXF
file.
Each group represents an object

Enable this option if the DXF file contains several symbols. Note
that symbol elements that belong together can only be identified
as such, if they have been grouped within the CAD program in
such a way, that the outermost group of the symbol occurs in the
ENTITIES section. This means among others that no two symbols
can belong to the same group. However, different symbols are
allowed to share blocks; the import filter of FluidSIM creates copies
for shared blocks.
Entire drawing represents a single object

If this option is enabled, the entire drawing is treated as a single
object.
Ignore ungrouped objects

Enable this option if only for the grouped elements objects shall be
generated. The elements mentioned in section ENTITIES are not
considered.
If this option is disabled, FluidSIM comprises all ungrouped
elements within a single object.
Elements that have been imported can be placed on each of the eight
drawing layers. Moreover, they can be equipped with a designation,
which is displayed in the parts list.
181
If you have imported a CAD frame, it makes sense to place this frame on
a drawing layer whose Edit-option is disabled: This way the frame is
anchored and will not interfere when placing components.
By double clicking on an imported DXF symbol, the following dialog box
is opened:
Description
In this field a designation can be entered, which is also displayed in
the parts list.
Layer
Defines the drawing layer of the symbol. The drawing layer is set
selecting a layer.
Depending on the settings of drawing layer, the symbol may not be
visible or may not be selectable. To display an invisible symbol or
to change its properties in such a case, the drawing layer must be
activated via the menu View Layers... .
182
6.10
Using and Organizing
Component Libraries
Displaying the Component
Library
FluidSIM offers two ways of displaying the component libraries:

Tree View
This will display the entire structure tree-like. Subgroups, as
opposed to their superordinate groups, are indented to the righthand side. Below the applicable group designation you will find the
symbols. To keep track of the overview despite the large number
of component symbols, you may display or hide entire branches
by clicking the group designation. By holding the Shift-key you can
display or hide a group including all subgroups (see 3.3).
183
This way of displaying is similar to the one on the left-hand side of

the Windows Explorer.
184
Rearranging a Component
Library
Folder View
The folder view only shows the symbols of a single level in its
hierarchy at a time. Subgroups are represented by folder symbols.
To access a subordinate level please open the folder by doubleclicking it. You may access a superordinate level by double-clicking
the upwards-folder (see 3.1).
This way of displaying is similar to the symbol view on the righthand side of the Windows Explorer.
The components in the component library can be rearranged according

to their usefulness and the desire of the user.
In the tree view you may drag separate symbols or also entire groups of
one level to another position.
185
> Please mark a component in the lower section of the group:
> Drag the marked component to the top left:
FluidSIM adds the symbol to the applicable position. The order of the
other symbols will be maintained. FluidSIM keeps the symbols from
being on top of each other or from creating gaps.
186
You may also relocate an entire group including all subgroups.

> Close all component groups:
> Move the group Electrical controls up:
You cannot change the hierarchys layer structure this way. You may only
relocate symbols and groups within the same level. Relocating a group
will automatically relocate the entire branch below the group.
In the folder view you may freely relocate and rearrange the symbols.
Particularly, gaps are allowed to exist between the symbols; FluidSIM
does not relocate them next to each other like in the tree view.
> Select the folder view at View and open the group Pneumatic and
then Actuators.
187
> Enlarge the window of the component library.

> Using the rubber band, select for example the bottom row:
> Drag the selected components, for example up and to the right:
188
> It is also possible to rearrange the components in the library

horizontally, in just a few steps:
It is not possible for the user to add components to or delete components from the standard component libraries. However, own libraries
can be constructed at the users will.
Building New Component
Libraries
In addition to the standard component library, where the available FluidSIM-components are located, you may assemble additional libraries.
In contrast to the FluidSIM standard libraries both the arrangement and
the contents of such user-defined libraries can defined, by means of
operations that add and delete components.
To display available libraries, to create a new one, or to rename an
existing one, choose the respective entry from the Library menu.
The first entry in this menu opens the standard library. Below you
will find entries for the user defined libraries. When these entries are
selected, the applicable library windows will open. At the end of the
Library -menu you will find functions for creating a new library ( New... ),
for renaming a user defined library ( Rename... ) and for deleting a created
library ( Delete ). The menu entries for renaming and for deleting always
refer to the active library window.
189
When clicking on Library New... a dialog box opens, where a description

of the new library can be entered:
The text that has been entered here is shown as a menu entry in the
Library menu. The text can be modified anytime, by opening the library
and clicking on Library Rename... .
190
> Enter an appropriate name for new library and drag a few symbols
from the standard library or from a circuit window in the empty
window of the created library. You may also add symbols using the
Insert -menu.
Inserting Components Via

Menu
In FluidSIM, several alternative concepts exist to insert a component

into a circuit diagram. One concept is Drag-and-Drop, which has been
used in the preceding examples.
191
Alternatively, components can be selected through the Insert menu,

either by navigating along the hierarchical menu structure or by entering
one or more search strings. While mousing a component description
in the menu, the related symbol is shown either in the preview window
of the search dialog or in the upper left corner of the FluidSIM main
window.
192
> Open a new circuit window, select the menu item Insert /
Find Component... and enter one or more search strings; e. g.,
valve,reset.
Words
In this field one or more search items can be entered in order to
find a particular component. The order of the search items does not
play a role, they are combined by a logical AND. Also note that
partial matches are allowed. I. e., if you are unsure respecting the
correct spelling of a component name, simply partition this name
into several comma-separated search strings.
193
Similarity
Determines the accuracy of the match between Exact and
Fuzzy. This setting can be used to allow a tolerance respecting
different spelling variants or typing errors.
Results
Contains a list of component descriptions, which contain the
provided search strings. This list is ordered with respect to the
accuracy of the match. By double-clicking onto a line in the list the
dialog box is closed and the related component is inserted in the
circuit diagram. The selection marker in the list can be moved by
simply clicking the mouse, but also by using the arrow keys. Note
that the selection marker does not follow the scroll bars.
Preview
If the preview option is enabled, the component symbol of the
selected entry is shown below the list.
Recall that a component can also be searched by navigating along the

hierarchical menu structure.
194
> Open a new diagram window and navigate through the menu
hierarchy until you have reached the component pressure control
valve with manometer. Observe the preview window in the left
corner while navigating.
After a symbol has been chosen, it is inserted in the current diagram and
gets selected. It then can be moved and connected as usual.
195
6.11
Managing Projects
FluidSIM allows of including various settings and files in a project file

with a unique name, thereby facilitating project management. When
opening a project, the previously saved project settings are used as
default. The project menu realizes a quick access of all files that belong
to a particular project.
Creating a New Project
Before a new project is created some preparatory actions to facilitate

project management and to save several process steps at a later stage
must be undertaken.
> Open all files to be added to the new project. This may include, for
example, preview windows for often used symbols, libraries as well
as circuit files.
All files that are open when creating a new project will be automatically
added to the project.
> Select Project New... and enter a file name for the new project.
Project files have the extension prj and should, for best results, reside
in the same ct subdirectory as the circuit files of the project.
After having entered the file name in the dialog box, the system creates
the project file with all open files.
> Close all windows which you dont need right now, and arrange the
remaining windows according to your preferences.
Any closed windows that belong to the project can be opened at any
time by clicking Files or Overviews in the project menu.
> Save the settings and the window arrangement as default for this
project by clicking Options Save Settings Now .
196
Entering Project Properties
To enter project data, select Properties... from the Project menu. The text
entered in the description field will be displayed in the status line of
the main window while the project is open.
Adding Files to a Project
To add a new symbol, a library, or a circuit file to a project, open or

activate the appropriate window, then click Add Current Window in the
Project menu. Depending on whether the window is a circuit file or
a preview window, it is automatically added to Files , Overviews , and
Presentations respectively.
Removing Files from a

Project
To remove a symbol, a library, or a circuit file from a project, open or

activate the appropriate window. Then click Delete Current Window in the
Project menu.
Opening Project Files
To open the files and previews (overviews) of a project, go to the

Project menu and click Files , Overviews , or Presentations , whatever is
appropriate. Alternatively, you may open the files by selecting Open...
from the file menu or by selecting them from the list of files that were
last opened, by selecting them from preview windows, or by using
Drag-and-Drop in the Windows Explorer.
197
6.12
Saving Settings
FluidSIM distinguishes between three types of settings: global settings,

circuit diagram specific settings, and window specific settings. Although
most of these settings have already been in discussed in preceding
sections, this section comprises the possible settings from FluidSIM and
their relationship to one another.
Global Settings
The global settings are found under the Options and the View menu and
belong to the following groups.
Global settings for various display features:
1. View Large Mouse Cursor
Activates or deactivates the large mouse cursor.
2.
View Toolbar
Displays or hides the toolbar.

3.
View Status Bar
Displays or hides the status bar.

Global settings in the dialog boxes:
1. Options Simulation...
2.
Options Sound...
3.
Options Didactics...
4.
Options Grid...
Other global settings:

1. Options Protect Text Components
Switches the protection for the text components on or off.
2.
Options Create Backup Files
Enables or disables the automatic creation of a backup file for

circuit diagrams. Backup files have the file name extension bak.
The backup files are created when the circuit diagram is saved and
are updated each time the circuit diagram is saved.
3.
198
Options Default Directory on Network
Defines the default directory for circuit diagrams and presentation

files. If this option is enabled the default directory for the mentioned files is on the network file server. Otherwise, the default
directory is on the local PC. This menu entry is available only in the
network version.
4.
Options Save Settings on Exit
Determines whether the global settings and the circuit diagram

specific settings of each open circuit diagram should be saved
before exiting FluidSIM.
All global settings can be saved with Options Save Settings Now .
By clicking on Save Settings Now under the Options menu, the circuit
diagram specific settings of the current circuit will also be saved. These
settings then become the default for all new circuit diagrams that are
created. The following settings belong in the circuit diagram specific
category: display of quantity values, the flow direction indicator, and the
background grid (see next section).
Circuit Diagram-Specific
Settings
The following belong to the circuit diagram specific settings:

1. View Quantity Values...
2.
View Display Flow Direction
3.
View Display Grid
These settings can be adjusted for each open circuit diagram individually, although they cannot be saved as such. Instead, the user has a way
to define a default setting for the creation of new circuit diagrams: By
clicking on Save Settings Now under Options , the display settings of the
current circuit diagram are saved as the default. These default settings
apply to the display of quantities, the flow direction indicator, and the
background grid of each newly opened circuit diagram.
The term current circuit refers to the selected circuit diagram window.
A selected window will always be fully visible and its title bar will be
highlighted.
199
Window-Specific Settings
The following settings are window specific:

1. zoom factor
2. window size
3. window position
Window-specific settings can be saved by clicking on Save Settings Now
under the Options menu.
200
7. GRAFCET
This chapter provides an introduction to creating and simulating

GRAFCET plans with FluidSIM. See norm DIN EN 60848 for the
complete specification of the GRAFCET description language. Festo
Didactic provides a range of training documentation for more detailed
introductions to GRAFCET.
Unlike an SPS programming language, such as Sequential Function
Chart (SFC), GRAFCET is a graphic description language that describes
the logical behaviour and operation of a control system or a process
- regardless of the technical software and hardware implementation.
FluidSIM can be used to both create and simulate GRAFCET plans. The
term GRAFCET is also used as a synonym for a GRAFCET plan. It should
be obvious from the context whether the word GRAFCET refers to the
plan or the language.
A GRAFCET essentially describes two aspects of a control system,
according to specified rules: the actions (commands) to be carried
out and the sequence of execution. The elementary components of
a GRAFCET are steps, actions and transitions and can be used in the
same way as pneumatic or electrical components. To achieve a uniform
operating concept, the GRAFCET elements feature connections that
can be used to link them to each other (as with all other FluidSIM
components).
201
7. GRAFCET
7.1
Steps
Steps are either active or inactive and can be linked by actions. The
actions of active steps are executed. The sequence of a GRAFCET is
described by the transitions from a previous to a subsequent step.
Steps and transitions have to alternate in the plan.
The creation and simulation of GRAFCETs in FluidSIM is illustrated in the
following using simple examples.
> Drag a step into a newly created circuit diagram.
Each step has to be assigned a name. If a step is to be active at the start

of the sequence control, it is marked as the initial step.
> Open the steps dialogue box by double-clicking on it or via the
menu ( Edit Properties... ), enter 1 as the name and select the type
initial step.
> Start simulation with
or via the menu ( Execute Start ).
Active steps are marked with a point. Additionally, active steps are
framed in green.
202
7. GRAFCET
7.2
Actions
To execute commands, you can link any number of actions to a step.

Actions do not have to be directly linked to a step; you can also link
them to each other. To make it easier to create the drawing, it is enough
to place actions next to each other, without having to draw connecting
lines. If the connections for the elements overlap each other, they are
automatically connected.
Actions can be defined by a textual description or by setting (or

changing) variable values. If you want to simulate a GRAFCET with
FluidSIM, the variable values are taken into account in the simulation.
When displaying a GRAFCET graphically, you can decide whether the
variable name or the descriptive text is shown in an action. If you want
to display the description, you can set the checkmark next to Display
description instead of formula in the actions properties dialogue (see
example: Grafcet/Grafcet18.ct). At View GRAFCET... , you can
specify whether the descriptions are displayed instead of the formulae
for all GRAFCET components.
There are two types of action: continuously effective and stored
effective actions. For a continuously effective action, its associated
variable is set to the Boolean value (logical value) TRUE (1), provided
that the step connected to the action is active. If the step is inactive, the
value is set to FALSE (0). This way of setting a variable is referred to as
assignation in the GRAFCET specifications.
For a stored effective action, the set value of the variable remains
unchanged until it is changed by another action. This way of setting a
variable is referred to as allocation in the GRAFCET specifications.
At the start of a sequence, all the variable values are initialised with 0.
203
7. GRAFCET
> Create the following GRAFCET. Select the action Simple action
in the properties dialogue and enter A under Variable/output.
Then start the simulation.
Step 1 is active and the action connected to the step is executed.

Variable A is set to 1. The value of an action variable is shown
during simulation in brackets after the variables name.
7.3
Transitions
Transitions are used to describe the sequence of a control system. To do

this, add the following information to GRAFCET:
> Select 2 as the name of the second (simple) step. The transition
conditions that specify when the system moves from one step to the
next are still missing. A transition is considered released once all
the immediately preceding steps are active. A transition is triggered
once it has been released and its condition has the value 1. A
transition with the value 1 is displayed in green in FluidSIM. You
can show a descriptive text instead of the formula, as with the
actions.
A Boolean value is automatically generated for each step. The name
begins with an X, followed by the name of the step. In the example
here, the variables X1 and X2 are generated. The value of a step
variable is 1 if the step is active; otherwise it is 0.
Transition conditions can be time-dependent. These have the following
form:
t1 s / term / t2 s
Where t1 and t2 have to be replaced by numbers and term by a
Boolean term.
204
7. GRAFCET
The transition condition becomes true (1) t1 seconds after term has
changed its value from 0 to 1. This is called a rising edge. The
transition condition becomes false again (0) t2 seconds after term
has changed its value from 1 to 0. This is called a falling edge.
The short form t1 s / term is also allowed. The system then assumes
that t2 is 0 seconds.
> Enter the transition conditions into the transitions properties
dialogue as shown and then start the simulation.
The following cycle runs through:
205
7. GRAFCET
7.4
Stored effective actions
(allocations)
In the next example, a counter is to be implemented. This works using a

stored effective action (allocation) and an action on an event.
To do this, add the following information to GRAFCET:
> Select Action on activation for the action of the second step, C
as the variable and C + 1 as the allocation. C will work as a
counter. For the second action of the first step, select Action on
event, B as the variable with the allocation. 1 and [C>2] as
the condition/event. Then start the simulation.
Each time step 2 is activated, C is raised by one. As soon as C has

the value 3 and step 1 is activated, B receives value 1.
206
7. GRAFCET
7.5
Linking GRAFCET with
electrics
The GRAFCET I/O component is used to link the GRAFCET variables with
the electrical part of FluidSIM.
The access to labels associated with FluidSIM components is explained
in section 7.6.10.
In the GRAFCET I/O component, you can specify GRAFCET variables to be

used as inputs or outputs. The actions variables serve as outputs. The
inputs can be the conditions of actions and transitions.
If a potential is created as the input of the GRAFCET I/O component,
the corresponding variable is set to 1. If an output variable has
a value other than 0, an electric potential (24V) is present at the
corresponding output of the GRAFCET I/O component.
207
7. GRAFCET
The following simple example illustrates the use of the GRAFCET I/O
component.
In the GRAFCET I/O components properties dialogue, E1 is specified

as the input and A1 as the output. As soon as the electrical switch is
closed, there is a potential at the input of E1; this potential causes
the GRAFCET variable E1 to change its value from 0 to 1. As a
consequence of this, the condition in the action becomes true (1) and
the value of variable A1 is set to 1. This in turn leads to a potential
being created at the output of A1 and the indicator light lights up.
208
7. GRAFCET
As soon as the switch is opened again, the following situation arises:
7.6
Quick reference for the
FluidSIM-relevant
GRAFCET concepts
7.6.1
Initialization
The next sections introduce all GRAFCET concepts that are related to
FluidSIM.
All the variables in a GRAFCET are preset with the value 0 at the start
of the simulation.
A transition is considered released once all the immediately

preceding steps are active. A transition is triggered once it has
been released and its condition has the value 1. A transition with
the value 1 is shown in green in FluidSIM, regardless of whether
the step linked to it is active or inactive.
The relevant transition is triggered at the same time and does not
take any time.
Since triggering a transition does not take any time, a step can be
activated and deactivated at the same time (even across various
intermediate steps). An active step remains active in this situation.
A loop of steps is only run through once at one point in time (see
example: Grafcet/Grafcet06.ct).
7.6.2
Sequence rules
209
7. GRAFCET
7.6.3
Sequence selection
A step can branch off into various partial sequences. In the GRAFCET
specifications, these partial sequences have to be exclusive. Since this
can generally only be checked during the sequence, this exclusivity is
not required in FluidSIM (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet07.ct).
7.6.4
Synchronization
The GRAFCET synchronization component can be used to implement

synchronizations (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet08.ct).
7.6.5
Transient sequence /
unstable step
As described in 7.6.2, triggering a transition does not take any time. As a

consequence of this, multiple consecutive steps can be activated at the
same point in time one after the other. This sequence is called transient
(continuous).
The intermediate steps in the sequence chain are referred to as
unstable. The continuously effective actions connected to them
are not displayed in the simulation. The allocations in the stored
effective actions are carried out. Triggering the intermediate steps and
their associated transitions is called virtual triggering (see example:
Grafcet/Grafcet06.ct).
7.6.6
Determining the values of
GRAFCET variables
Variables of continuously effective actions (allocations) receive the

value 1 if the corresponding action is linked to an active step and any
action condition present has the value 1.
Variables of stored effective actions (assignation) are changed if the
corresponding action is linked to an active step and the relevant action
event occurs (e.g. action on event or on activation).
FluidSIM does not check whether the two types of variable identification
contradict each other for a variable. If this case occurs, the variable
value is determined by an internal calculation, which the user cannot
predict (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet09.ct).
210
7. GRAFCET
7.6.7
FluidSIM checks the validity of entries for conditions and assignations. If

this kind of term does not match the specifications, the term in question
is displayed in red. The simulation is only released once all the terms are
valid.
7.6.8
Admissible characters for
steps and variables
Only the following characters may be used for steps and variables:
Numbers from 0 to 9
Lower-case letters from a to z
Upper-case letters from A to Z
The underscore _
There are no limitations for the descriptions that can be shown for
conditions and actions, because these are only displayed and are not
used for simulation.
Labels of fluidic or electrical components that are intended to be used
from GRAFCETs (see 7.6.10) are allowed to contain only the characters
mentioned above.
7.6.9
Variable names
There are four different types of variables. All variables can be used in
conditions and assignations.
Action variables
Action variables are available throughout GRAFCET and can be set
in actions (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet10.ct).
211
7. GRAFCET
Step variables
Step variables are inserted automatically for each step and have
the value 1 when and only when the corresponding step is active.
Step variables have the form X + step name. If, for example, the
step name is 12, then the associated variable is X12.
Step names are only ever valid within a partial GRAFCET or within
the global GRAFCET. This means that the same step name can be
used in different partial GRAFCETs. In order to be able to address
step variables across partial GRAFCETs in FluidSIM, the step
variable has to be preceded by the partial GRAFCET name.
Example:
Partial GRAFCET 1 contains step 2 and is meant to be
addressed in the global GRAFCET. Within the global GRAFCET, the
step variable name G1.X2 has to be used. Within partial GRAFCET
1, X2 is enough (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet11.ct).
Variables of macro-steps have the form XM + step name, macro
inputs have XE + step name and macro outputs have XS + step
name (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet15.ct).
Partial GRAFCET variables

Partial GRAFCET variables are automatically inserted for each partial GRAFCET and have the value 1 when and only when at least
one step in the corresponding partial GRAFCET is active. Partial
GRAFCET variables have the form XG + partial GRAFCET name.
If, for example, the partial GRAFCET name is 1, the associated
variable is XG1 (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet12.ct).
212
7. GRAFCET
Labels of fluidic or electrical components

These labels can be used as GRAFCET input variables (see 7.6.10).
7.6.10
Access to labels of fluidic
and electrical components
7.6.11
Functions and formula
entry
GRAFCET-I/O components are the standard means to access electrical

components in FluidSIM. In addition, certain labels of a circuit can be
used as Boolean input variables in GRAFCET directly, without using a
GRAFCET-I/O component (see example Grafcet/TP201_09gc2.ct).
Such a direct access pertains to labels of the following components:
Distance rule
Semi-rotary actuator
Pressure switch
Manually actuated switch
Relay
Valve solenoid
A range of functions can be used in conditions and assignations. These

functions are displayed according to the GRAFCET specifications (e.g.
upwards arrow for rising edge). Entering GRAFCET-specific functions is
supported by the buttons in the dialogues with the relevant labels:
+ (logical OR)
* (logical AND)
NOT (logical NOT)
RE (rising edge)
FE (falling edge)
s / / s (delay)
s / (delay, short form)
NOT(s / ) (time limit)
If the functions NOT, RE or FE refer to a term, the term has to be

placed in brackets.
Examples:
213
7. GRAFCET
NOT a
NOT (a + b)
RE X1
RE (X1 * X2)
The following additional mathematical functions are available:
abs (absolute amount)
7.6.12
Delays / time limits
sign (algebraic sign: +1, 0, -2)
max (maximum of two numbers)
min (minimum of two numbers)
(to the power of, e.g. a3)
sqrt (square root)
exp (to the power of constant e)
log (natural logarithm)
sin (sine)
cos (cosine)
Delays have the following form (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet03.

ct):
Time in seconds s / Boolean term / time in seconds
or
Time in seconds s / Boolean term
Examples:
1 s / X1 / 2s
3s/X3
214
7. GRAFCET
Time limits have the following form:

NOT (time in seconds s / Boolean term)
Example:
NOT(6s/X28)
7.6.13
Boolean value of an
assertion
In GRAFCET, you can use Boolean values to calculate an assertion, for

example: a counter C should be larger than 6 and step X1 should
be activated. C is larger than 6 can be calculated as with a variable.
To do this, the assertion has to be set in square brackets. So in this
example:
[C > 6 ] * X1
If a Boolean assertion is positioned on its own in a condition, then you
can omit the square brackets in FluidSIM, for example C > 6 instead of
[C > 6]. (See example: Grafcet/Grafcet13.ct)
7.6.14
Target information
If you want to interrupt an operative connection from a transition to

a step, you can enter the name of the target step in the transitions
properties dialogue (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet14.ct).
7.6.15
Partial GRAFCETs
Partial GRAFCETs can be used to separate a GRAFCET into different

hierarchy levels. This function is most often used for enclosing steps
and compulsory commands. The name of a partial GRAFCET is always
preceded by a G.
215
7. GRAFCET
In order to determine partial GRAFCETs in FluidSIM, the partial GRAFCET

frame has to be placed over the relevant GRAFCET part and you have
to assign a name in the properties dialogue. The preceding G is not
part of the name that you have to enter; it is added automatically by
FluidSIM and shown at the bottom left of the partial GRAFCET frame.
You can alter the size of the partial GRAFCET frame by dragging its
edges with the mouse (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet11.ct). It
is important that all the elements of the partial GRAFCET are located
entirely within the relevant frame and that there are no foreign
elements overlapping the frame.
7.6.16
Macro-steps
Macro-steps can be specified using a steps properties dialogue. The

preceding M is not a part of the name that you have to enter; it is
added automatically by FluidSIM. You can specify macro inputs and
macro outputs in the same way. The preceding E and S in these
cases are not part of the name either and are automatically added by
FluidSIM (see example: Grafcet/Grafcet15.ct).
7.6.17
Compulsory commands
Compulsory commands can be used to control partial GRAFCETs

regardless of their normal sequence. There is an entry mask to help you
enter these commands in FluidSIM. There are four types of compulsory
command. They are shown here using four examples (see example:
Grafcet/Grafcet16.ct).
G12 {8, 9, 11}

Setting a specific situation. This example activates steps 8, 9 and
11 of partial GRAFCET 12.
G12 {*}
Freezing a partial GRAFCET. In this example, the current situation for
partial GRAFCET 12 is maintained as it is. No further transitions are
triggered.
216
7. GRAFCET
G12 {}
Setting a blank situation. All steps in partial GRAFCET 12 are
deactivated in this example.
G12 {INIT}
Setting the initial situation. In this example, the steps in partial
GRAFCET 12 that are marked as initial steps are activated.
7.6.18
Enclosing step
Enclosing steps can be specified using a steps properties dialogue.

You can either enter the enclosed partial GRAFCETs directly or select
them from a list. You have to separate individual partial GRAFCETs with a
comma or a blank space.
During simulation, the name of the enclosing step is shown at the top
left of the partial GRAFCET frame, as soon as the step is activated (see
example: Grafcet/Grafcet17.ct).
You have to set the Activation link field in the properties dialogue for
steps within the enclosed partial GRAFCET that you wish to activate
when the enclosing step is activated.
7.6.19
Action when a transition is
triggered
FluidSIM does not support the execution of an action when a transition

is triggered.
217
8. Help and Advanced Tips
This chapter serves as the first place to find help, when dealing with
questions that come from working with FluidSIM. The second section of
this chapter provides background information for advanced users.
8.1
The Most Frequently
Occurring Problems
When attempting to perform certain actions, you are prompted to

insert the FluidSIM CD.
FluidSIM cannot find certain installation directories on the hard disk.
Probably not all of the software components were loaded at the time
of installation. Either insert the CD or reinstall the missing software
components.
Component cannot be moved or deleted.

Make sure that you are in the Edit Mode (
moved or deleted in the Edit Mode.
); components can only be
Components cannot be dragged onto the drawing area.

Make sure that you are in the Edit Mode.
Components cannot be moved or deleted in the Edit Mode.

Make sure that you have selected a component and not a component
connection.
A line cannot be drawn between two connections.

Make sure to check the following points:
1. FluidSIM is in the Edit Mode.
2. No other connections are selected.
3. Both connections do not have a blind plug.
4. Both connections are of the same type.
218
The parameters of a component cannot be changed.

Make sure that FluidSIM is in the Edit Mode or that the simulation has
been paused ( ).
The hard disk is running non-stop and the simulation is going

slowly.
There is not enough memory available. A workaround is to quit other
running applications or to quit Microsoft Windows and restart the
computer.
Already drawn lines, which are reported to be superimposed,

cannot be found.
Press the Del key immediately after accepting the message; then draw
a new line.
FluidSIM does not behave normally.

Exit both FluidSIM and Microsoft Windows , and then restart Microsoft
Windows and FluidSIM.
Components cannot be marked.

Please ensure that the option Protect Text Components is not activated and
that the edit mode for the applicable drawing layer is activated.
Certain editing functions are not available in the context menu.

The context menu contains a practical subset of possible editing
functions. Probably the operation that you would like to utilize applies
only to one component at a time; if this is the case check to see that
only one component is selected.
219
There is no pressure drop in the circuit, although a T-connection is

apparently open.
T-connections are considered to be different from other connections: As
an aid in drawing, they must not be provided with blind plugs because
they are automatically closed if no line is connected.
The simulation time runs irregularly, although the slow-motion

factor has been set to 1:1, and Keep real-time has been activated.
Both a complex circuit diagram and a slow computer could be reasons
for the inability of FluidSIM to guarantee adherence to real-time.
At certain connections arrows for the flow direction are not

displayed. The option Display Flow Direction has been activated.
The arrows only appear when a connection actual has a flow passing
through it. This situation is not to be confused with a high pressure at a
connection.
The animation is not repeated, although the Loop option has

been activated.
The Loop option only applies to an animation that is not contained in
part of a presentation.
FluidSIM is not behaving as expected, and you have already exited

Microsoft Windows and started FluidSIM new again many times.
Please uninstall FluidSIM and run a new installation.
Paste is not available from the menu, although a Copy operation

has already taken place.
Only selected objects can be copied to the clipboard. If no objects are

selected, only the picture will be copied to the clipboard.
220
No educational film will start playing.

Video playback requires appropriate hardware and software. Furthermore, FluidSIM needs to access the movie files. To ensure this, the FluidSIM-CD-ROM needs to be present in the drive or the video files need to
have been copied to the hard disk during the installation.
The student version of FluidSIM is being loaded each time you start,
although you have purchased the full version.
The FluidSIM CD contains both the student version and the full version
of FluidSIM. During the installation procedure you are asked whether
the full version or the student version shall be installed.
The mouse cursor is not switching as described, especially on top of

connections.
Make sure that the option Large Mouse Cursor has not been activated. The
large mouse cursor is designed to be used with a projector; here the
switching of the mouse cursor is undesirable.
DXF Export...
is not available from the menu.
Make sure that you are in the Edit Mode and that the window is not
empty.
The text that was exported using the DXF filter does not appear as it
did in FluidSIM.
The DXF format does not sufficiently support textual objects. I.e.,
CAD programs may not possess the ability to translate all fonts, font
attributes, font colors, and special symbols.
221
8.2
Tips for the Advanced
User
This section contains some technical information about different

concepts in FluidSIM.
Data Formats of the

Clipboard
When information from a FluidSIM window is copied to the clipboard,

both a meta file and a bitmap are generated. When pasting into another
application (a word processing program or a drawing program), the
program automatically finds the format that will contain the most
information. However, it could be intended to insert a circuit diagram,
for example into Microsoft Word , as a bitmap as opposed to the meta
file representation. In this case you simply paste the contents of the
clipboard into bitmap editor such as Paintbrush, and then recopy it back
to the clipboard. Following this action, Microsoft Word then will find
the bitmap when pasting from the clipboard.
Media Playback
Provided the video files have been copied to the hard disk during the
installation, they will played within the FluidSIM window.
Launching playback of the FluidSIM-educational films manually from the
video-CD will open the Media Player. Further hints are described in
the Microsoft Windows Help under the media playback topic.
Opening FluidSIM files via

the Explorer
Normally, to open a file from within FluidSIM, you would click on Open...
under the File menu. It is also possible to open files via the Explorer.
There are two possible ways to go about doing this:
1. You can connect files with FluidSIM that have the same extension,
for example ct. By double clicking on a file with this extension, it
will be opened by FluidSIM. If FluidSIM is not running at this time, it
will be started by the File Manager.
2. Select the files that are to be opened in the usual way in the
Explorer. Here the window of the Explorer with the selected files
should either appear next to an open FluidSIM window or next to
the FluidSIM program icon on the desktop. You can open the files
by dragging them over FluidSIM.
222
Opening FluidSIM Files by

Command Line Entry
Besides the possibilities listed above for opening FluidSIM files, you can
also open files by entering an appropriate command line. Once in the
Start menu, click on Run... and enter the file name after the program
name.
Reorganization of the
Internal Memory
While working with FluidSIM, particular information is cached in the

memory for performance purposes. In some cases it is desirable to
free up memory or to force a window refresh. By pressing the ESC
key, FluidSIM reorganizes its memory, removes the cached data,
rebuilds the internal data structures, and refreshes all windows. If the
topmost window is a circuit diagram preview window, the contents of
the corresponding directory will also be read as new.
Changing the Sound Files
Provided your computer has an audio-interface capable of playing back

audio, sounds will optionally play while actuating relays, switches,
valves and while activating the buzzer. You may use your own sound
files instead of the preset ones by replacing the sound files in the
snd-folder. The sound for switch/pushbutton and for relays is
switch.wav, the sound for valves is valve.wav, the buzzer activates
the sound horn.wav and the cylinder end position stop triggers
cylinder.wav.
File Operations via Preview

Windows
Aside from opening circuit diagrams by double clicking on a circuits

miniature representation, a preview window does also provide some
File Manager functionality. Analogous to the Edit Mode for objects in
a circuit diagram, the miniaturized circuit diagrams can be selected,
deleted, copied between overview windows (or moved by holding down
the Shift key), copied to the clipboard, or dragged into the a circuit
diagram window.
Please remember, that delete operations and move operations take
place on the file system. Therefore, if a miniaturized circuit diagram is
deleted, its related file will also be deleted in the file system.
223
Creating Presentation Files
This section describes how presentations can be created using a

common text editor: more specifically, not using FluidSIM.
The file names of presentation files have the extension .shw. A shw file
has the following structure:
The first line shows the description of the presentation which will
also be represented in the selection box. In the following lines, in the
applicable order, you will find file names with respect to the installation
path. User files will simply be represented by their absolute path.
224
The shw-file of the presentation basics of pneumatics will be as

follows:
01 Basics of Pneumatics
\dida\p3_1_1_1.ct
\dida\p3_1_1_2.ct
\dida\p3_1_1_3.ct
\dida\p3_1_1_4.ct
\dida\p3_1_1_5.ct
\dida\p3_1_1_6.ct
Network Installation of
FluidSIM
If several PCs are running in a network, a complete installation of

FluidSIM must only be performed once, on the network file system.
Then on the local PCs merely the license information and a few
configuration files are required. This concept serves several purposes:
the saving of disk space on the local hard disks, the simplification of
software maintenance, the quick distribution of circuit diagrams, or the
installation of new releases of FluidSIM.
The installation of the network version happens within the following
steps:
> Perform a standard installation of FluidSIM on the network file
system. Note that the local PCs must be authorized to read the
FluidSIM files on the network file system.
> Use the network option when installing FluidSIM on the other local
PCs by calling the installation program as follows: setup.exe-N
During a local installation, the installation program asks for the network
path of the FluidSIM bin-directory. Thus FluidSIM must have been
installed on the network file system before any local installation can be
performed.
225
User-specifically, FluidSIM stores user files and settings in those file

locations that are defined by the operation system. In the case of a
standard-Microsoft Windows -installation these are MyDocuments
and ApplicationData of the particular user account.
An aside: The PC used during the FluidSIM standard installation on the
network file system also reads and writes the FluidSIM configuration
files on the network. Moreover, a FluidSIM de-installation from this PC
will delete the FluidSIM program files, and, consequently, FluidSIM is no
longer available on the network.
If local PCs are not equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and if these PCs have
no access to a CD-ROM drive of some other PC, the educational films
may also be played from the network file system: If sufficient disk space
is left on the network file system, the movie files can be copied to the
installation folder during the setup procedure.
226
A. FluidSIM Menus
This chapter contains a complete listing of the menus in FluidSIM and

can be utilized as a quick-reference guide. The term current circuit
refers to the selected circuit diagram window. A selected window will
always be fully visible and its title bar will be highlighted.
A.1
File
New
Ctrl +N
Opens a new window to create a circuit diagram. The default name

for the new circuit diagram is noname.ct. If a circuit with this name
already exists, a number is appended to the title noname to create a
unique file name.
Open...
Ctrl +O
Opens the File Selector dialog box, which allows you to select and open
a circuit diagram.
Close
Ctrl +W
Closes the active window. Provided the window content has not been
saved, a corresponding request will be prompted.
Save
Ctrl +S
Saves the current circuit diagram. The circuit diagram window remains
open.
Save As...
Opens the File Selector dialog box, and you can save the current circuit
under a different name. This name appears in the title bar of the circuit
diagram window and becomes the new name for the circuit.
227
A. FluidSIM Menus
Circuit Preview
Ctrl +U
Opens the circuit diagram preview windows. Double clicking on a

miniature circuit diagram will load the circuit. Circuit diagrams can
be selected and deleted in the preview window. When saving circuit
diagrams, the preview window is automatically updated.
In the fluidsim directory, subdirectories can be created for the saving
of circuit diagrams. FluidSIM recognizes all circuit diagram directories
and generates appropriate circuit diagram preview windows.
TIFF Export...
The file selection box will open; the graphic information of the present
circuit can be converted and saved to the TIFF format. If no new name is
entered for the TIFF file, it will be saved using the circuit description and
the file extension .tif.
The TIFF export filter is useful to provide the graphic circuit information
as a picture file for the use in other applications.
DXF Export...
Opens the File Selector dialog box, and you can then export the current
circuit diagram in the DXF format. If no new name is given for the
DXF file, then it is saved under the circuit diagram name with the file
extension .dxf.
The DXF export filter allows the graphic information from the circuit
diagram to be exported to other CAD systems.
Parts list Export...
The file selector box is opened; the contents of the selected parts list is
saved as a text file.
When file name has been specified, another dialog box opens where a
character can be declared as column separator.
Properties...
Opens a dialog box where the circuit properties can be defined.

Drawing Size...
Opens a dialog box where the paper size can be defined.
228
A. FluidSIM Menus
Print...
Ctrl +P
Opens the Print Preview dialog box, which allows you to print the current
circuit diagram with an optional scaling factor.
Previously Opened Files
Displays a list with the eight previously opened files. When selecting
one entry of this list the associated file is opened. The list is sorted: The
most recently opened file forms the topmost entry.
Exit
Alt+F4
Quits FluidSIM.
A.2
Edit
Undo
Alt+Backspace
Undoes the last edit step. Up to 128 previous editing steps, which have
been stored, can be made undone.
Redo
Alt+Shift +Backspace
Withdraws the last action performed by Edit Undo . The function can be
used up until there are no more undo steps to be redone.
Cut
Shift +Del
Cuts the selected components and saves them to the clipboard.

Copy
Ctrl +Ins
Copies the selected components to the clipboard. In this way circuit

diagrams and parts of diagrams can be inserted easily as vector
graphics, for example into word-processing applications.
Paste
Shift +Ins
Inserts components from the clipboard onto the drawing area of the
current circuit diagram.
Delete
Del
Deletes the selected components from the circuit diagram.

If a connection is selected and deleted, a possibly connected line or
fitted blind plug is deleted. However, the component is not deleted.
229
A. FluidSIM Menus
Select All
Ctrl +A
Selects all components and lines of the current circuit diagram.

Group
Ctrl +G
Groups the selected objects. Groups can be nested by applying the

grouping operation recursively on already existing groups.
Ungroup
Ungroups the selected groups. Each ungroup operation removes only

the outermost group when applied to a selection that contains nested
groups.
Align
Aligns the selected objects.

Rotate
Rotates the marked components by 90, 180 or 270.

If only one component is to be rotated (counterclockwise), this action is
accomplished by holding down the Ctrl key and double clicking on the
component. If additionally the Shift key is held down, rotation happens
in a clockwise fashion.
Mirror
Mirrors the marked components horizontally or vertically.
230
A. FluidSIM Menus
Properties...
Opens a dialog box that contains the parameters for a single, selected
component. This dialog box will also contain an input field for a label
name, as long as a label can be assigned to the component.
If a fluidic line is selected, a dialog box will appear in which you can
change the line type from the standard line type, Main Line, to the
special line type Control Line. Note thataside from a different
appearancechanging line type has no impact respecting simulation.
If a fluidic connection is selected, a dialog box will appear containing
input fields for the selected connection. The input fields define which
of the quantities are to be displayed and, in the case of a pneumatic
connection, if the connection is fitted with a blind plug or a muffler.
A.3
Execute
Check Superficially
F6
Checks the current circuit diagram for mistakes in drawing.

Stop
F5
Switches the current circuit diagram in the Edit Mode.

Start
F9
Starts the simulation or, as the case may be, animation in the current
circuit diagram.
Pause
F8
Pauses the current circuit diagram during simulation without leaving

the Simulation Mode. The simulation can then be re-animated from this
point and continue as if it had not been halted.
If Pause is clicked while being in the Edit Mode, the circuit diagram
switches to the Simulation Mode without starting the simulation. In
this manner, the components states can be set before the simulation is
started.
Reset
Sets an already running or paused simulation back to the initial state.

The simulation is immediately restarted.
231
A. FluidSIM Menus
Single Step
Stops the simulation after it has run only a little bit. The simulation will
run for a short time period and is then paused ( ). The single step
mode can be applied at any time to an already running simulation.
Simulate until State Change
Starts the simulation until a state change happens; the simulation

is then paused ( ). A state change occurs when a cylinder piston
travels a stop, a valve switches, a relay or a switch is actuated. The
state change mode can be applied at any time to an already running
simulation.
Next Topic
Switches to the next topic in a presentation.

A.4
Library
Hierarchical View
Opens a library window where the FluidSIM components are organized

hierarchically, i. e. within a tree.
New...
Opens a dialog box for the creation of a user-defined component library.

User-defined component libraries can be rearranged according to
the users willand, in contrast to the FluidSIM standard libraries,
components can be added or deleted from them.
Rename...
Opens a dialog box to rename a user-defined component library.

Delete
Deletes that user-defined component library whose overview window is

currently active.
232
A. FluidSIM Menus
A.5
Insert
A hierarchically organized menu from which an object can be selected

and inserted in the current circuit diagram.
Find Component...
F3
Opens the dialog for the string-based search of components.
A.6
Didactics
Component Description
Opens the page with the technical description for the selected
component. This page contains the DIN symbol of the component,
a textual description of the components function, the connection
designations, and a listing of the adjustable parameters including their
value ranges.
Tutorial
Opens the Tutorial Simulating with FluidSIM.

Component Library
Opens the reference of the component library.

Didactics Material
Opens the overview of the didactics material. Provided youve copied

the movie files on your hard disk during the installation, the educational
film chapters will appear here.
Presentation...
Opens a dialog box that can be utilized to recall available presentations

along with creating new presentations. Presentations allow for the
combination of individual topics into a lesson, ideal for teaching
pneumatics.
233
A. FluidSIM Menus
Educational Film...
Opens a dialog box with educational films related to electro-pneumatics.

By double clicking on a topic in the list, the dialog box closes, and the
media playback starts playing the selected film.
This menu option only appears if the movie files have not been copied
on your hard disk during the installation. Otherwise you will find the
educational films in the menu option Didactics Material .
A.7
Project
New...
The file selector box is opened, and a new project can be created.
Project files get the file extension prj.
Open...
The file selector box is opened, and a project can selected and opened.
Close
The current project is closed and the standard settings are loaded.
Add Current Window
Adds the current window to the list of project files.

Delete Current Window
Removes the current window from the list of project files.

Properties...
Opens a dialog box where the project properties can be defined.

Files
Shows the list of files that belong to the current project.

Overviews
Shows the list of preview windows that belong to the current project.
Presentations
Shows the list of presentations that belong to the current project.
234
A. FluidSIM Menus
A.8
View
The functions of the View menu are circuit diagram specific, that is, they
only apply to the current circuit diagram. Thus it is possible to apply
individually different display options to each circuit diagram, which is
loaded.
Folder View
Shows the content of the active component library or of the active

circuit diagram overview using the folder view instead of the tree view.
Sort Symbols Alphabetically
Sorts the symbols of the current preview window with respect to their
description and extension respectively.
Standard Size
Displays the circuit diagram without enlargement or reduction.
Previous View
Switches between the last view and the current enlargement of the
current circuit diagram.
Fit to Window
Sets the scale factor so that the entire circuit diagram can be displayed
in the window. The proportion between height and width remains
unaltered.
Zoom by Rubber Band
Changes the mouse cursor to a rubber band, allowing a section of a

window to be selected and then enlarged.
235
A. FluidSIM Menus
Zoom In
>
Enlarges the diagram at a factor of 1.4 ( 2). To repeat this action twice
means a doubling in the diagrams size.
Zoom Out
<
Reduces the diagram at a factor of 1.4 ( 2). To repeat this action twice
means a cutting in half of the diagrams size.
Quantity Values...
Opens a dialog box for the display of quantities. For each of the
quantities Velocity, Pressure, ..., different types of display options
can be defined (None, Particular, All).
GRAFCET...
Opens a dialog box with settings for the display of formulas and
descriptions in GRAFCET components. If the option Use settings
of individual elements is chosen, all formulas and descriptions are
shown as transitions and actions according to the individual component
settings, which is defined under Display description instead of
formula. If the option Description, if available is chosen, descriptions
are shown in place of their related formulas. If the option Always show
formula is chosen, formulas are shown even if a description exists as
well.
Display Flow Direction
Turns on or off the arrow as a direction of flow indicator. The arrow for
the direction of flow will be shown near the component connection, that
is, as long as the flow is other than zero.
236
A. FluidSIM Menus
Display counter values and delay times T
Displays or hides the current values of components with counting and

delay behavior.
Display current path numbering and

switching elements table
Displays or hides the current path numbering and the switching

elements table in electrical circuits.
Show Connection Descriptors
Enables or disables the display of the components connection

descriptors.
Labels...
Opens a dialog box for the label display style. It can be defined whether
or not the labels are drawn framed.
Display Grid
Activates the background grid, according to the set style. The style of
the grid can be chosen under Options Grid... .
Layers...
Opens a dialog box for renaming and activating the FluidSIM drawing
layers. For drawing object that cannot be simulated, such as texts, DXF
imports, rectangles, circles, state diagrams, or parts lists, up to eight
drawing layers are provided. The FluidSIM components that can be
simulated live always on the drawing layer number one.
Large Mouse Cursor
Activates or deactivates the large mouse cursor.
237
A. FluidSIM Menus
Toolbar
Displays or hides the toolbar.
Status Bar
Displays or hides the status bar.
A.9
Options
Simulation...
Opens a dialog box with settings for the simulation. Here, parameters
such as the maximum recording time, the slow-motion factor, and the
priority are defined.
EasyPort/OPC/DDE Connection...
Opens a dialog box with options for the EasyPort/OPC/DDE connection.

This is where you may define various options for interconnecting FluidSIM with the EasyPort hardware or with other applications.
Sound...
Opens a dialog box in which the acoustic signal is switched on for the
following component types: switch, relay, valve, and buzzer.
Didactics...
Opens a dialog box with settings for the didactics. These settings
include factors that apply to animation speed and repeat mode.
Grid...
Opens a dialog box allowing you to activate the background grid and
select its style (Point, Cross, Line) and its resolution (Coarse,
Medium, Fine).
Terminal Assignment Diagram...
Opens a dialog box where you may define the options for the terminal
assignment diagrams.
238
A. FluidSIM Menus
Protect Text Components
Enables or disables the protection of text components. Protected text

components can neither be marked nor moved or deleted.
Create Backup Files
Enables or disables the automatic creation of a backup file for circuit

diagrams. Backup file names have the extension bak. The backup files
are created when the circuit diagram is saved and are updated each time
the circuit diagram is saved.
Default Directory on Network
Defines the default directory for circuit diagrams and presentation files.
If this option is enabled the default directory for the mentioned files
is on the network file server. Otherwise, the default directory is on the
local PC. This menu entry is available only in the network version.
Save Settings Now
Saves the current global and window specific settings. Defines the
circuit diagram specific settings of the current circuit diagram as the
default settings.
Global settings pertain to the toolbar and the status bar, to the
simulation, sound, didactic, and grid options, to the creation of backup
files, as well as quitting FluidSIM. Window specific settings pertain to
zoom levels, window size, and window position. The quantity display,
as well as the flow direction indicator and the background grid are
considered circuit diagram specific.
Save Settings on Exit
Defines as to whether or not the current global and window specific

settings should be saved upon quitting FluidSIM.
239
A. FluidSIM Menus
A.10
Window
Cascade
Shift +F5
Arranges the circuit diagram windows in an overlapping format.

Tile Horizontally
Arranges the circuit diagram windows next to each other.

Tile Vertically
Shift +F4
Arranges the circuit diagram windows below to each other.

Arrange Icons
Arranges the iconified windows on the desktop.

Window list
Opens a dialog box with all currently opened windows. The windows can
be activated, minimized or closed by clicking the appropriate buttons.
A.11
?
Contents...
F1
Opens a help window pertaining to a list of contents from the FluidSIM

online help.
How to Use Help
Describes how help can be used.

Addendum to the User Manual
Opens a help window pertaining to the additions to the handbook for

FluidSIM. Note that this menu entry must not be available.
Looking up FluidSIM Updates on the
Internet...
Connects to an update server to check for available FluidSIM-updates.

To use this function you need to be connected to the internet. If an
update is available for your software version, you will be prompted and
may download the installation file directly. Following the download the
update will be launched automatically.
240
A. FluidSIM Menus
About FluidSIM...
Opens the Program Information box about FluidSIM. Among others, the
FluidSIM serial number (including the number of the license connector,
if applicable) looked up.
241
B. The Component Library
In FluidSIM each component found in the component library is assigned

a physical model. Based on a circuit diagram, FluidSIM takes all relevant
separate component models and creates a total model of the system,
which is then processed and simulated.
This chapter provides a short description of each of the components
in FluidSIMs component library. If a component has adjustable
parameters, a value range is been given. A number enclosed in brackets
following a value range indicates the default setting for that parameter.
B.1
Pneumatic Components
Supply Elements
Compressed air supply
The compressed air supply provides the needed compressed air. It contains a
pressure control valve that can be adjusted to output the desired operating pressure.
Adjustable parameters:
Operating pressure: 0 ... 2 MPa (0.6 MPa)
Max. flow rate: 0 ... 5000 l/min (1000 l/min)
Compressor
The compressor provides the necessary compressed air. The pressure is restricted to
the preset operating pressure.
Compressor, adjustable
The adjustable compressor provides the necessary compressed air, whereby the
maximum flow rate can be adjusted under actual operating conditions and in the
simulation. The pressure is restricted to the preset operating pressure.
242
Air service unit, simplified representation

The service unit is made up of a compressed air filter with water separator and a
pressure control valve.
Nominal pressure: 0 ... 2 MPa (0.6 MPa)
Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (750 l/min)
Air service unit
The service unit is made up of a compressed air filter with water separator and a
pressure control valve.
Air pressure reservoir
The air pressure reservoir serves as compensation for pressure fluctuations and is
utilized (as a reservoir) for abruptly occurring air consumption. Large time delays can
be attained when used in conjunction with time delay- und throttle valves.
Volume: 0.001 ... 1000 Liter (1 Liter)
Air pressure reservoir (2 Connections)
The air pressure reservoir serves as compensation for pressure fluctuations and is
utilized (as a reservoir) for abruptly occurring air consumption. Large time delays can
be attained when used in conjunction with time delay- und throttle valves.
Volume: 0.001 ... 1000 Liter (1 Liter)
Filter
The compressed air filter removes contamination from the compressed air. The size of
the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class.
243
Filter, manual condensate drain

The compressed air filter removes contamination from the compressed air. The size
of the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class. Condensation, which can
occur through sinking temperatures or the expansion of the compressed air, can be
manually drained off.
Filter, automatic condensate drain
The compressed air filter removes contamination from the compressed air. The size
of the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class. Condensation, which
can occur through sinking temperatures or the expansion of the compressed air, is
automatically drained off.
Water separator
The water separator drains off accrued water.
Water separator, automatic condensate drain
The water separator drains off accrued water and is automatically emptied.
Lubricator
The lubricator enriches the compressed air with oil.
Cooler
The cooler cools the compressed air.
244
Adsorption dryer
The adsorption dryer reduces the humidity in the compressed air.
Connection (pneumatic)
A pneumatic connection is a place where a pneumatic line can be attached to. To
simplify the line drawing process, a connection appears as a small circle in Edit Mode.
Pneumatic connections can be shut by means of a blind plug. An open pneumatic
connection may result in leaking air; FluidSIM Pneumatics thus pops up a warning
message, if some pneumatic connection was left open.
Note that at each pneumatic connection values for the flow and pressure can be
displayed.
Line (pneumatic)
A pneumatic line links two pneumatic connections. Note that a pneumatic connection
may be a simple pneumatic connection or a T-junction. A pneumatic line causes no
pressure drop, i. e., it has no fluidic resistance.
From a drawing point of view, FluidSIM distinguishes between control lines and main
lines. The former is represented by a dashed line, the latter is represented by a solid
line and establishes the default case.
Line Type: One of {Main Line or Control Line} (Main Line )
T-junction (pneumatic)
A T-junction joins up to four pneumatic lines, thus having a single pressure potential.
Note that T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM when dropping the
line drawing cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
245
Configurable Way Valves

Configurable 2/n way valve
The configurable 2/n way valve is a way valve with two connections, where both its
body elements and its operation modes are user-definable.
Additionally, the pneumatic connections can be closed with either blind plugs or
exhausts.
The configurable 3/n way valve is a way valve with three connections, where both its
exhausts.
The configurable 4/n way valve is a way valve with four connections, where both its
exhausts.
The configurable 5/n way valve is a way valve with five connections, where both its
exhausts.
246

The configurable 6/n way valve is a way valve with six connections, where both its
exhausts.
The configurable 8/n way valve is a way valve with eight connections, where both its
exhausts.
Mechanically Operated Directional Valves

3/2-way roller lever valve, normally closed
The roller lever valve is operated by pressing on the lever, for example through the
use of a switching cam of a cylinder. The flow passes through from 1 to 2. After
releasing the lever, the valve returns to its initial position through the use of a return
spring. Connection 1 is shut.
In the Simulation Mode, the valve can be switched manually by clicking on the
component, thus not requiring a cylinder to operate the valve.
This valve is derived from a configurable 3/n way valve. You find this valve in the
component library Frequently used Way Valves, under the Library menu.
247
3/2-way roller lever valve, normally open

The roller lever valve is operated by pressing on the lever, for example through the
use of a switching cam of a cylinder. Connection 1 is shut. After releasing the lever,
the valve returns to its initial position through the use of a return spring. The flow
may pass through freely from 1 to 2.
3/2-way idle return roller valve, normally closed
The idle return roller valve is operated when the roller is driven in a specific direction
by the switching cam of a cylinder. After releasing the roller, the valve returns to its
initial position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. When the
roller is driven in the opposite direction, the valve is not operated.
Operation: One of {Extension, Retraction} (Retraction )
Pressurizing valve
The pressurizing valve with plunger control is operated by the surface of the
cylinder cam. When the plunger is operated, compressed air flows freely until the
nozzle is closed. A signal up to the level of the boost pressure is assembled at exit
connection 2.
Pneumatic proximity switch, solenoid operated
A permanent solenoid found on the piston of a cylinder drives this 3/2 pneumatic
directional valve and triggers the control signal. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
248
3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally closed

Pressing the pushbutton operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
Releasing the pushbutton allows the valve to return to its starting position through
the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut.
By holding down the Shift key and simultaneously clicking on the component with
the mouse cursor, FluidSIM keeps the valve in permanent operating position. Simply
clicking on the component cancels the operated state and returns the valve to its
starting position.
3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally open
Pressing the pushbutton operates the valve. Connection 1 is shut. Releasing the
pushbutton allows the valve to returns to its starting position through the use of a
return spring. The passes freely from 1 to 2.
By holding down the Shift key and simultaneously clicking on the component with
the mouse cursor, FluidSIM keeps the valve in permanent operating position. Simply
clicking on the component cancels the operated state and returns the valve to its
starting position.
3/2-way valve with selection switch or striking button
Pressing the red striking button operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1
to 2. Releasing the button has no effect; the valve remains in its operating position.
Turning the button to the right sets the striking button back to its original position
and the valve returns to its starting position through the use of a return spring.
Connection 1 is shut.
5/2-way valve, with selection switch
Turning the selection switch operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1 to
4. Releasing the switch has no effect; the valve remains in its operating position.
Turning the switch back to its original position allows the flow to pass freely from 1 to
2.
249
Solenoid Operated Directional Valves

3/2-way solenoid valve, normally closed
The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil.
The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its
starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. If no signal
is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated.
3/2-way solenoid valve, normally open
Connection 1 is shut. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its starting
position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. If
no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated.
5/2-way solenoid valve
starting position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to
2. If no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated.
5/2-way solenoid impulse valve
The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil (flow
passes from 1 to 4) and remains in this operating position even when the signal is cut
off. Only by applying an opposite signal will the valve return to its starting position
(flow passes freely from 1 to 2). If no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually
operated.
250
5/3-way solenoid valve, mid-Position closed

The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil (flow
passes from 1 to 4 or from 1 to 2). By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its
starting position through the use of a return spring. Connections 1, 2, and 4 are shut.
If no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated.
Pneumatically Operated Directional Valves

3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally closed
The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying a pilot pressure at connection 12.
starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut.
3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally open
Connection 1 is shut. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its starting
position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
5/2-way valve, pneumatically operated
starting position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to
2.
251
5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated

The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying reciprocal pilot pressures at connection
14 (flow passes from 1 to 4) and connection 12 (flow passes from 1 to 2). The valves
operating position remains until an opposite signal is received by the valve.
5/3-way pneumatic valve, mid-Position closed
The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying reciprocal pilot pressures at connection
14 (flow passes from 1 to 4) and connection 12 (flow passes from 1 to 2). By stopping
the signals the valve is set back to its starting position through the use of a return
spring. Connections 1, 2, and 4 are shut.
Low pressure amplifier unit, 2 compartments
Each of the two double-level low pressure amplifier units has the function of a
3/2 directional valve that is normally closed. The signal at connection 12 is raised
to a higher boost pressure level through the use of a double-level amplifier and is put
out by connection 2.
252
Shutoff Valves and Flow Control Valves

Shuttle valve
The shuttle valve is switched based on the compressed air entering into either input
connection 1 and leaving via an output connection 2. Should both input connections
begin receiving compressed air, the connection with the higher pressure takes
precedence and is put out (OR function).
Quick exhaust valve
The compressed air passes from connection 1 to connection 2. If the pressure should
decrease at connection 1, then the compressed air from connection 2 will escape to
the outside via the installed silencer.
Two pressure valve
The two pressure valve is switched based on the compressed air entering into both
input connections 1 and leaving via an output connection 2. Should both input
connections begin receiving compressed air, the connection with the lower pressure
takes precedence and is put out (AND function).
Check valve
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2, then the check valve
allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow.
Check valve, spring loaded
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2 and the nominal
pressure, then the check valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow.
Nominal pressure: 0.001 ... 2 MPa (0.1 MPa)
253
Check valve with pilot control

If the entering pressure at connection 1 is higher that the outgoing pressure at 2,
the check valve allows the flow to pass freely. Otherwise, the valve stops the flow.
Additionally, the check valve can be opened via the control line 12. This action allows
the flow to pass freely in both directions.
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5 )
Check valve with pilot control, spring loaded
pressure, then the check valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow.
Additionally, the check valve can be released using the pilot line 12, thus enabling the
flow in both directions.
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5 )
Pilot to close check valve
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2, then the non-return
valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow. Additionally, the nonreturn valve can be closed using the pilot line 10.
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5 )
Pilot to close check valve, spring loaded
pressure, then the non-return valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the
flow. Additionally, the non-return valve can be closed using the pilot line 10.
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5 )
254
Nozzle
The nozzle represents a pneumatic resistance.
Throttle valve
The setting of the throttle valve is set by means of a rotary knob. Please note that by
the rotary knob no absolute resistance value can be set. This means that, in reality,
different throttle valves can generate different resistance values despite identical
settings.
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100 %)
Orifice
The orifice represents a pneumatic resistance.
Orifice, adjustable
The orifice represents a variable pneumatic resistance.
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100 %)
One-way flow control valve
The one-way flow control valve is made up of a throttle valve and a check valve. The
check valve stops the flow from passing in a certain direction. The flow then passes
though the throttle valve. The cross-section of the throttle is adjustable via a regular
screw. In the opposite direction the flow can pass through the check valve.
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100 %)
255
Pneumatic counter
The counter registers pneumatic signals starting at a predetermined number and
counting backwards. If zero is reached, then the counter releases an output signal.
This output signal continues until the counter is reset either by hand or from at signal
at connection 10.
Counter: 0 ... 9999 pulses (3 pulses)
Pneumatic timer, normally closed
The pneumatic timer switches input pressure applied to port 1 to port 2 after the
preset delay time has expired. If the supply of compressed air is interrupted at port
1, working port 2 is once again switched to the unpressurised state. Delay time is
automatically reset within 200 ms. Starting pressure must be at least 160 kPa (1.6
bar). Delay time is infinitely adjustable with the help of an adjusting knob.
Delay time: 0.1 ... 100 s (3 s)
Pneumatic timer, normally open
The pneumatic timer is reversed by a pneumatic signal at port 10 after the selected
delay time has elapsed, and it blocks flow from port 1 to working port 2. When the
signal is deactivated, the timer is returned to its initial position by means of a reset
spring. Delay time is automatically reset within 200 ms. Starting pressure must
be at least 160 kPa (1.6 bar). Delay time is infinitely adjustable with the help of an
adjusting knob.
Delay time: 0.1 ... 100 s (3 s)
Ring sensor
The ring sensor is a non-contact pneumatic signal output module. It is supplied with
low pressure at connection 1. If, due to an object, the entering air flow is disturbed, a
low pressure signal will be put out by connection 2.
To simulate an object in the air flow, as presented above, simply click on the
component during FluidSIM Simulation Mode.
256
Pressure Control Valves

2-way pressure regulator valve
The pressure regulator valve regulates the compressed air supply to the preset
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The valve closes when the
pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal pressure. The setting for the real
components is component dependent and cannot be changed.
2-way pressure regulator valve, adjustable
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The valve closes when the
pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal pressure.
Pressure regulator valve with manometer
The pressure control valve regulates the supplied pressure based on the adjustable
operating pressure and the variations in the pressure. The manometer displays the
pressure at connection 2.
3-way pressure regulator valve
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The compressed air is
discharged via connection 3 when the pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal
pressure. The setting for the real components is component dependent and cannot
be changed.
257
3-way pressure regulator valve, adjustable

nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The compressed air is
discharged via connection 3 when the pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal
pressure.
Closing pressure compensator
The pressure compensator represents a pressure dependent pneumatic resistance.
The pressure compensator closes when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the
nominal pressure. A pressure regulating valve is implemented by the combination
of connections 2 and 3. The nominal pressure setting of the real components is
component dependent and cannot be changed.
Closing pressure compensator, adjustable
The pressure compensator closes when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the
nominal pressure. A pressure regulating valve is implemented by the combination of
connections 2 and 3.
Opening pressure compensator
The pressure compensator opens when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds
the nominal pressure. A sequence valve is implemented by the combination of
connections 1 and 3. The nominal pressure setting of the real components is
component dependent and cannot be changed.
258
Opening pressure compensator, adjustable

The pressure compensator opens when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds
the nominal pressure. A sequence valve is implemented by the combination of
connections 1 and 3.
Pressure Operated Switches

Analog pressure sensor
The pressure sensor measures the pressure and operates the pressure switch when
the adjustable switching pressure has been exceeded.
Switching pressure: 0.0001 ... 2 MPa (0.3 MPa)
Differential pressure switch
The differential pressure switch can be employed as a pressure switch (connection
P1), a vacuum switch (connection P2) or as a differential pressure switch (P1-P2).
The respective pneumatic to electric converter is operated when the difference in
pressure between P1-P2 exceeds the adjustable switching pressure.
Differential pressure: -2 ... 2 MPa (0.3 MPa)
259
Valve Groups
Pressure sequence valve
The sequence valve is operated when the control pressure at connection 12 has been
reached. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. Removing the signal allows the valve to
return to its starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut.
The pressure of the control signal is infinitely adjustable via a pressure setting screw.
Adjustable vacuum actuator valve
The vacuum actuator valve is employed through the conversion of a vacuum signal.
As soon as the vacuum reaches the adjustable value at connection 1v, the attached
valve body is switched.
Nominal pressure: -0.06 ... -0.025 MPa (-0.025 MPa)
Time delay valve, normally closed
The time delay valve is made up of a pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve, a oneway flow control valve, and small air accumulator. When the necessary pressure is
reached at the control connection 12 of the unit, the 3/2-way valve switches and the
flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100 %)
Volume: 0.001 ... 100 Liter (0.01 Liter)
Time delay valve, normally open
The time delay valve is made up of a pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve, a oneway flow control valve, and small air accumulator. When the necessary pressure is
reached at the control connection 10 of the unit, the 3/2-way valve switches and
stops the flow from passing between 1 and 2.
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100 %)
Volume: 0.001 ... 100 Liter (0.01 Liter)
260
Stepper module, type TAA

The stepper module is made up of a memory unit (3/2-way impulse valve), an AND
and an OR component, a viewable announcement, and an auxiliary manual operation.
Initial position: One of {Left, Right} (Left )
Stepper module, type TAB
The stepper module is made up of a memory unit (3/2-way impulse valve), an AND
and an OR component, a viewable announcement, and an auxiliary manual operation.
Initial position: One of {Left, Right} (Right )
Quickstepper
The Quickstepper is a ready to be fitted, mechanical/pneumatic control device with
12 in- and outputs. The outputs are successively synchronized with the input signals.
Continuous valves
5/3-way proportional valve
The proportional valve transforms an analog electrical input signal into corresponding
opening cross-sections at the outputs. At half nominal voltage i.e. 5 V, the pneumatic
mid-position is taken. Here all leading edges are closed, so that no air flows through
the valve. Beneficial static and dynamic characteristics with minimal hysteresis (less
than 0,3 %), short actuating time (typically 5 ms), and a higher upper frequency limit
(approx. 100 Hz), are achieved through an integrated electronic position control for
the slide distance. Thus the valve, as control element and especially in combination
with a higher ranked position controller, is suitable for the positioning of a pneumatic
cylinder.
261
Actuators
Configurable cylinder
The configurable cylinder can be customized via its properties dialog. Almost any
combination of piston type (single-acting, double-acting), the specification of the
piston rods (double ended, with magnetic coupling or slide) and the number (none,
one, two) is possible. An end position cushioning (without, with, adjustable) can
also be defined. FluidSIM automatically adjusts the symbol according to the preset
configuration.
In addition, a load to be moved (including possible static and sliding friction) and a
variable force profile can be defined in the properties dialog.
In the component library of FluidSIM there are several pre-configured cylinders
that can be inserted in your circuit and directly used. Should no suitable symbol be
available, then simply choose the component with the most similarity to the required
component, open the properties dialog and adjust the configuration accordingly.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (50 mm)
Piston position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0 mm)
Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (20 mm)
Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (8 mm)
Mounting angle: 0 ... 360 Deg (0 Deg)
Internal leakage: 0 ... 100 l/(min*MPa) (0 l/(min*MPa))
Moving mass: 0 ... 10000 kg (0 kg)
Static friction coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0 )
Sliding friction coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0 )
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
262
Single acting cylinder

The piston rod of a single acting cylinder is operated by the input of compressed air at
the front end position. When the compressed air is shut off, the piston returns to its
starting position via a return spring. The piston of the cylinder contains a permanent
solenoid which can be used to operate a proximity switch.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (50 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
Single acting cylinder with return spring
The piston of the single acting cylinder is extended to its back position by the input of
compressed air. When the compressed air is switched off, a return spring moves the
piston back to its front position.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (50 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
263
Double acting cylinder

The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is operated by the reciprocal input of
compressed air at the front and back of the cylinder. The end position damping is
adjustable via two regular screws. The piston of the cylinder contains a permanent
solenoid which can be used to operate a proximity switch.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (100 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
Double acting cylinder with in and out piston rod
The in and out piston rod of the double acting cylinder is controlled by alternating the
compressed air input. The cushioning can be adapted with two adjustment screws.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (100 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
264
Double acting cylinder with two in and out piston rods and single trestle.
This twin cylinder has two in and out piston rods that move in parallel and that are
coupled by a trestle. The construction guarantees minimum torsion when positioning
and moving tools or assemblies. Moreover, coming along with the same construction
height, the double piston rod conveys the double force as compared to standard
cylinders.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (100 mm)
Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (28.28 mm)
Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (10.5 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
Double acting cylinder with two in and out piston rods and double trestle.
This twin cylinder has two in and out piston rods that move in parallel and that are
coupled by a double trestle. The construction guarantees minimum torsion when
positioning and moving tools or assemblies. Moreover, coming along with the same
construction height, the double piston rod conveys the double force as compared to
standard cylinders.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (100 mm)
Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (28.28 mm)
Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (10.5 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
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Multiple position cylinder

By connecting two cylinders of same piston diameter but different maximum stroke
three piston stop positions can be realized. From the first stop position the third stop
can be reached either directly or via the intermediate stop. Note that the maximum
stroke of the second piston must be larger than the preceding one. When moving
back, an intermediate stop requires a particular control. The shorter maximum stroke
is half of the other maximum stroke.
Force: -1000 ... 1000 N (0 N)
Max. stroke: 1 ... 2000 mm (200 mm)
Intermediate Stop: 0 ... Piston position mm (0 mm)
Piston Area: 0,25 ... 810 qcm (3,14 qcm)
Piston Ring Area: 0,1 ... 750 qcm (2,64 qcm)
Linear drive with solenoid coupling
The sliding of the piston in the double rod cylinder is controlled by a reciprocal input
of compressed air.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (200 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
266
Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor

The sledge of the double acting cylinder without a piston rod is controlled by
alternating the compressed air input. This type of linear drive conveys forces by
means of a shape-fitting piston-sledge construction. The slitted cylinder prohibits
the torsion of the slider.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (200 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor
The sledge of the double acting cylinder without a piston rod is controlled by
alternating the compressed air input. This type of linear drive conveys forces by
means of a shape-fitting piston-sledge construction. The slitted cylinder prohibits
the torsion of the slider.
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (200 mm)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0 N)
267
Air motor
The air motor transforms pneumatic energy into mechanical energy.
Displacement: 0.01 ... 1000 Liter (0.1 Liter)
Friction: 0.01 ... 100 N*m*s/rad (3 N*m*s/rad)
Moment of inertia: 0.00001 ... 1 kg*m2 (0.0001 kg*m2)
External torque: -1000 ... 1000 Nm (0 Nm)
Semi-Rotary actuator
The semi-rotary actuator is controlled by a reciprocal input of compressed air. In the
end positions the semi-rotary actuator can activate switches or valves via labels.
Rotation angle: 1 ... 360 Deg (180 Deg)
Displacement: 0.01 ... 1000 Liter (0.1 Liter)
Friction: 0.01 ... 100 N*m*s/rad (0.1 N*m*s/rad)
Moment of inertia: 0.00001 ... 1 kg*m2 (0.0001 kg*m2)
External torque: -1000 ... 1000 Nm (0 Nm)
Initial position: One of {Left, Right} (Left )
Vacuum suction nozzle
The vacuum suction nozzle creates its vacuum based on the ejector principle. In this
case, compressed air flows from connection 1 to 3, creating a vacuum at connection
1v. A sucker can be connected to the vacuum connection 1v. Stopping the input of
compressed air at connection 1 stops any suction also.
Sucker
The sucker can be used in connection with the vacuum suction nozzle to suck in
objects.
The sucking in of objects can be simulated in FluidSIM Pneumatics by clicking on the
component when in the Simulation Mode.
268
Measuring Instruments
Manometer
The manometer displays the pressure at its connection.
Differential pressure gauge

The differential pressure gauge displays the pressure difference between the
adjacent pressures at the left and the right connection.
Pressure indicator
An optical signal is activated when the pressure at the connection to the pressure
indicator exceeds the preset switching pressure.
Switching pressure: 0.0001 ... 2 MPa (0.3 MPa)
Color: One of {16 standard colors} (Blue )
Pressure sensor, analog
This symbol represents the pneumatic part of the analog pressure sensor. The analog
pressure sensor measures the adjacent pressure and transforms it into a proportional
electrical voltage signal. In the process, only pressures in the specified pressure
ranges are considered. Within this range, the pressure in the voltage range from 0
V to 10 V is represented, i.e. the minimum pressure delivers 0 V and the maximum
pressure 10 V.
Flow meter
The flow meter measures the flow rate. Either the current flow or the total quantity
flowed can be displayed. The component image is automatically adjusted accordingly.
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Flow meter, analog

This symbol represents the pneumatic part of the analog flow meter. The analog flow
meter measures the volumetric flow and transforms it into a proportional electrical
voltage signal. In the process, only flow rates in the specified pressure ranges are
considered. Within this range, the flow rate in the voltage range from 0 V to 10 V
is represented, i.e. the minimum volumetric flow delivers 0 V and the maximum
volumetric flow 10 V.
B.2
Power Supply
Electrical connection 0V
0V connection of the power supply.
Electrical connection 24V

270
Function generator
The function generator is a voltage source that can create constant, rectangle, sine
and triangle signals. The voltage range is restricted to -10 V to +10 V. The frequency,
the amplitude and the Y-offset of the signal can be set within this range.
A voltage profile can be additionally specified. Data points can be set interactively
with a mouse-click in the relevant graphic field. These can then be combined to a
closed polygon. Alternatively, existing data points can be marked and both numeric
values for the time and the corresponding voltage can be entered in the input fields.
If the option loop is selected, then the voltage profile is started again.
Frequency: 0 ... 100 Hz (1 Hz)
Amplitude: 0 ... 10 V (5 V)
y offset: -10 ... 10 V (5 V)
271
Setpoint value card

Voltage profiles in the range -10 V to +10 V can be created using the setpoint value
card. Up to 8 setpoints W1 to W8 can be specified in the voltage range -10 V to +10 V.
The setpoint card requires a power supply of 24 V.
The increase from the current setpoint to the next setpoint is defined using 4 ramps
R1 to R4 with values between 0 s/V and 10 s/V, i.e. a low ramp value signifies a large
increase, whereas a high ramp value results in a small increase. The active ramp is
defined as follows: R1 by a positive increase of 0 V, R2 by a negative increase up to 0
V, R3 by a negative increase of 0 V and R4 by a positive increase up to 0 V.
Three operating modes can be selected: Wait for switching time, Advance
setpoints and External control.
In operating mode Wait for switching time the setpoints are sequentially advanced
when the preset change over time has expired.
If Advance setpoints is selected then, upon attaining the active setpoint, the next
setpoint is started without delay.
In operating mode External control the selection of the active setpoint is effected
by gating the inputs I1, I2 and I3 with at least 15 V. The corresponding setpoint
is selected by means of the specified bit table. During the process, the internal
switching time is inactive.
W1: I1=0, I2=0, I3=0
W2: I1=1, I2=0, I3=0
W3: I1=0, I2=1, I3=0
W4: I1=1, I2=1, I3=0
W5: I1=0, I2=0, I3=1
W6: I1=1, I2=0, I3=1
W7: I1=0, I2=1, I3=1
W8: I1=1, I2=1, I3=1
Connection (electrical)
An electric connection is a place where an electric line can be attached to. To simplify
the line drawing process, a connection appears as a small circle in Edit Mode.
Note that at each electric connection values for the voltage and current can be
displayed.
272
Line (electrical)
A electrical line links two electrical connections. Note that a electrical connection may
be a simple electrical connection or a T-junction. A electrical line causes no voltage
drop, i. e., it has no electrical resistance.
T-junction (electrical)
A T-junction joins up to four electrical lines, thus having a single voltage potential.
Note that T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM when dropping the
line drawing cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
Actuators / Signal Devices

DC motor
The DC motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors
produce the continual rotation through repeated changes in the direction of current.
The characteristics of the 24 V Dc motor relate to the motor used by the Festo
Didactic conveyor belts.
No load speed: 10 ... 20000 1/min (75 1/min)
Torque: 0 ... 20 Nm (0 Nm)
Solenoid
The solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. An iron core is pulled
when a current flows through a coil. The iron core is returned to its neutral position by
a spring after electrical current to the coil has been switched off. The solenoid can be
used as a gate or a stopper.
Indicator light
If current flows, the indicator light is displayed in the user-defined color.
Color: One of {16 standard colors} (Yellow )
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Buzzer
If current flows, a flashing ring around the buzzer is shown. Moreover, if buzzer
is activated in the menu under Options Sound... , the buzzer is activated if a sound
hardware is installed.
Measuring Instruments / Sensors

Voltmeter
With a voltmeter, the voltage between two positions in a circuit can be measured.
Ammeter
With an ammeter, the amperage (current strength) of the current between two
positions in a circuit can be measured.
Displacement encoder
The displacement encoder is a slide potentiometer with longitudinal contact and
no connecting-rods. It delivers a voltage signal that is proportional to the pick up
position. The pick up position is determined by the piston stroke. The voltage range,
which will depict the minimal and maximal piston position, can be defined within the
range -10 V to +10 V by the user. The displacement encoder requires a power supply
of at least 13 V.
Pressure sensor, analog
This symbol represents the electrical part of the Analog-pressure sensor
274
Flow meter, analog

This symbol represents the electrical part of the Analog-flow meter
General Switches
Break switch
General break switch that is tailored depending on the type of component that
actuates it.
For example, if the break switch is linked via a label to a switch-off delay relay, the
break switch changes to a switch-off delay break switch in the circuit diagram.
Make switch
General make switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates it.
For example, if the make switch is linked via a label to a switch-on delayed relay, the
make switch changes to a switch-on delayed make switch in the circuit diagram.
Changeover switch
General changeover switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates
it.
For example, if the changeover switch is linked via a label to a
switch-on delayed relay, the changeover switch changes to a switch-on delayed
changeover switch in the circuit diagram.
275
Delay Switches
Break switch (switch-on delayed)
Switch with delayed opening after pickup. Switch-on delayed break switches are
created by using a general break switch and setting a label.
Make switch (switch-on delayed)

Switch with delayed closing after pickup. Switch-on delayed make switches are
created by using a general make switch and setting a label.
Changeover switch (switch-on delayed)

Changeover switch with delayed changeover after pickup. Switch-on delayed
changeover switches are created by using a general changeover switch and setting
a label.
Break switch (switch-off delayed)
Switch with delayed closing after dropout. Switch-off delayed break switches are
Make switch (switch-off delayed)

Switch with delayed opening after dropout. Switch-off delayed make switches are
Changeover switch (switch-off delayed)

Changeover switch with delayed changeover after dropout. Switch-off delayed
changeover switches are created by using a general changeover switch and setting
a label.
276
Limit Switches
Limit switch (break)
Switch that is opened by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch closes
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Limit switches are created by
using a general break switch and setting a label.
Switch with roll (break)
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll are created
by using a general break switch, setting a label and selecting the switch type in the
components properties dialog.
Reed contact (break)
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are created by
using a general break switch, setting a label and selecting the switch type in the
Limit switch (make)
Switch that is closed by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch opens
using a general make switch and setting a label.
Switch with roll (make)
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll are created
by using a general make switch, setting a label and selecting the switch type in the
Reed contact (make)
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are created by
using a general make switch, setting a label and selecting the switch type in the
277
Limit switch (changeover)

Switch that is changed over by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Limit switches are
created by using a general changeover switch and setting a label.
Switch with roll (changeover)
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll
are created by using a general changeover switch, setting a label and selecting the
switch type in the components properties dialog.
Reed contact (changeover)
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are
created by using a general changeover switch, setting a label and selecting the switch
type in the components properties dialog.
Manually Operated Switches

Pushbutton (break)
Switch that opens when actuated and closes immediately when released.
In FluidSIM switches can be actuated permanently (locked) when continuing to hold
down the mouse button and pushing the Shift key. This permanent actuation is
released by a simple click on the component.
Pushbutton (make)
Switch that closes when actuated and opens immediately when released.
278
Pushbutton (changeover)
Switch that changes over when actuated and changes back immediately when
released.
Detent switch (break)
Switch that opens and locks when actuated.
Detent switch (make)

Switch that closes and locks when actuated.
Detent switch (changeover)

Switch that changes over and locks when actuated.
279
Pressure Switches
Pneumatic to electric converter
The converter produces an electrical signal, if the preset differential pressure of the
differential pressure switch is exceeded.
Pressure switch (break)

Switch that opens when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general break switch and
setting a label.
Pressure switch (make)
The switch closes when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general make switch and
setting a label.
Pressure switch (changeover)
The switch changes over when the preset switching pressure of the
analog pressure sensor is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a
general changeover switch and setting a label.
Pressure switch
The switch relays an electrical signal when the preset switching pressure at the
pneumatic pressure switch is exceeded.
280
Proximity Switches
Magnetic proximity switch
Switch that closes when a solenoid is brought near by.
In the Simulation Mode the proximity switch can also be actuated by clicking on it.
Inductive proximity switch

Switch that closes when the induced electro-magnetic field is changed.
Capacitive proximity switch

Switch that closes when its electrostatic field is changed.
Optical proximity switch

Switch that closes when the light barrier is interrupted.
281
Relays
Relay
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out immediately
when current is removed.
Relay with switch-on delay

The relay picks up after a preset time when current is supplied and drops out
immediately when current is removed.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (5 s)
Relay with switch-off delay
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out after a preset
time when current is removed.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (5 s)
Relay counter
The relay picks up after a predefined number of current pulses has/have been
counted between the connections A1 and A2. If a potential is supplied between the
connections R1 and R2, the counter is reset to its predefined value.
In the Simulation Mode the relay counter can also be reset by clicking on it.
Starting current limiter
The starting current limiter consists essentially of a relay, whose coil is situated
between the connections IN and 0V, and whose switch contact is situated between
the connections 24V and OUT. An electronic longitudinal controller restricts, with a
switched relay contact, the current flow to the preset value for the specified duration.
The starting current limiter is usually deployed in combination with the electric motor.
Duration: 1 ... 10000 ms (50 ms)
Max. current: 0.1 ... 100 A (2 A)
282
Controller
Comparator
The comparator is a discontinuous (switching) two-step action controller with
differential gap (hysteresis). When activated, it delivers a predefined voltage signal.
The switch-on value for the activation is defined by nominal value + 1/2 hysteresis
and the switch-off value by nominal value - 1/2 hysteresis. The comparator requires a
power supply of 24 V.
Set value voltage: -10 ... 10 V (5 V)
Hysteresis: 0 ... 5 V (1 V)
PID controller
The PID-Controller is a continuous controller consisting of three control elements:
Proportional, Integral and Derivative. The adjustable parameters refer to the PIDController in the Technology Package TP111 pneumatic control from Festo Didactic.
The output voltage restriction can be set within the range (i) -10 V to + 10 V or (ii) 0
V to +10 V. In the range (i), a manipulated variable offset from -7 V to + 7 V can be
specified, and in the range (ii) a manipulated variable offset from 1.5 V to 8.5 V can be
specified. The PID-controller requires a power supply of 24 V.
Proportional gain: 0 ... 1000 (1 )
Integral gain: 0 ... 1000 1/s (0 1/s)
Derivation gain: 0 ... 1000 ms (0 ms)
283
Status controller
The status controller is especially suitable for controlling pneumatic positioning
circuits. A pneumatic positioning circuit counts to the controlled systems that can
only be unsatisfactorily controlled with a standard controller. Three parameters can
be attributed to the present status controller: position, speed and acceleration of the
piston. The controller is therefore referred to as a triple loop controller. Speed and
acceleration are not measured with sensors out of cost reasons. They are calculated
by the controller from the differences in position. The adjustable parameters refer to
the status controller in the Technology Package TP111 Closed-loop pneumatics from
Festo Didactic.
The output voltage restriction can be set within the range (i) -10 V to + 10 V or (ii) 0
V to +10 V. In the range (i), a manipulated variable offset from -7 V to + 7 V can be
specified, and in the range (ii) a manipulated variable offset from 1.5 V to 8.5 V can be
specified. The status controller requires a power supply of 24 V.
Deviation gain: 0 ... 10 (1 )
Velocity damping: 0 ... 100 ms (0 ms)
Acceleration damping: 0 ... 10 ms2 (0 ms2)
Total gain: 0 ... 1000 (1 )
EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components
FluidSIM Output Port
Communication with the EasyPort-Hardware and other applications is implemented
with the FluidSIM-Output.
FluidSIM Input Port

The FluidSIM input realizes the communication with other applications. Communication with the EasyPort-Hardware and other applications is implemented with the
FluidSIM-Output.
284
Multi-pin plug distributor

Communication with EasyPort hardware, as well as with other applications, is carried
out with the multi-pin plug distributor. The contacts on the right-hand side (1, 3, 5, 7,
9 and 11) represent the digital outputs, and the contacts on the left-hand side (0, 2,
4, 6, 8 and 10) the digital inputs.
If the priority in case of connected hardware switch is activated, only the input
signals from the external sensors are taken into consideration, if an EasyPort has
been connected.
Universal-I/O
The universal input/output-unit is connected with the multi-pin plug distributor by a
label. The component is a input if the label refers to a input channel of the multi-pin
plug distributor. The component is an output if the label refers to an output channel
of the multi-pin plug distributor.
If used as an input the universal I/O-component is a voltage source. If the correspondent input channel of the multi-pin plug distributor on high level, the universal
I/O-Component delivers 24 V, otherwise 0V.
If used an an output channel, the universal I/O-component sets the correspondent
output channel of the multi-pin plug distributor on high level, if there is a higher
voltage than 20 V.
285
B.3
(American Standard)
Power Supply
Electrical connection 0V (ladder)
Electrical connection 24V (ladder)

General Switches
Break switch (ladder)
General break switch that is tailored depending on the type of component that
actuates it.
For example, if the break switch is linked via a label to a switch-off delay relay, the
break switch changes to a switch-off delay break switch in the circuit diagram.
Make switch (ladder)
General make switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates it.
For example, if the make switch is linked via a label to a switch-on delayed relay, the
make switch changes to a switch-on delayed make switch in the circuit diagram.
286
Delay Switches
Break switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)
Switch with delayed opening after pickup. Switch-on delayed break switches are
Make switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)

Switch with delayed closing after pickup. Switch-on delayed make switches are
Break switch (switch-off delayed, ladder)

Switch with delayed closing after dropout. Switch-off delayed break switches are
Make switch (switch-off delayed, ladder)

Switch with delayed opening after dropout. Switch-off delayed make switches are
287
Limit Switches
Limit switch (break, ladder)
using a general break switch and setting a label.
Limit switch (make, ladder)
using a general make switch and setting a label.
Manually Operated Switches

Pushbutton (break, ladder)
Switch that opens when actuated and closes immediately when released.
Pushbutton (make, ladder)
Switch that closes when actuated and opens immediately when released.
Pushbutton (changeover, ladder)
Switch that changes over when actuated and changes back immediately when
released.
288
Pressure Switches
Pressure switch (break, ladder)
Switch that opens when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general break switch and
setting a label.
Pressure switch (make, ladder)
The switch closes when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general make switch and
setting a label.
Relays
Relay (ladder)
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out immediately
when current is removed.
Relay with switch-on delay (ladder)

The relay picks up after a preset time when current is supplied and drops out
immediately when current is removed.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (5 s)
Relay with switch-off delay (ladder)
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out after a preset
time when current is removed.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (5 s)
289
B.4
Digital Components
Constants and Connectors
Digital input
Digital inputs are designated with an I. In FluidSIM digital components can be used
inside and outside a digital module.
If a digital input is used inside a digital module, you can determine the input
connector of the digital module in question with which the digital input shall be
linked by allocating a number I1 to I16. If there is an analog signal of more than
10V at the chosen input of the digital module, the digital input is set to Hi.
If a digital input is used outside a digital module, there is an additional analog
electrical connection at the digital input. If there is an analog signal of more than
10V at this connection, the digital input is set to Hi.
As an alternative you can click on the digital input with the left mouse button in order
to set it to Hi. Another click resets the value to Lo.
Digital output
Digital outputs are designated with an Q. The output connects a digital signal
through from its input to its output. In FluidSIM digital components can be used
inside and outside a digital module.
If a digital output is used inside a digital module, you can determine the output
connector of the digital module in question with which the digital output shall be
linked by allocating a number Q1 to Q16. If the status of the digital output is
Hi, a potential of 24V is set at the corresponding output connector of the digital
module.
If a digital output is used outside a digital module, there is an additional analog
electrical connection at the digital output. If the status of the digital output is Hi, a
potential of 24 V is set a this connection.
Memory bits
Memory bits are designated with a M. Memory bits are virtual outputs, with a value
at their output analog to that at their input.
When the simulation start is activated, you can define by using the property dialog
box if the output Q shall be set to Lo or to Hi, independent on the input value.
After the simulation start the value at the output is set to the value of the input.
290
Logic level HI
At the output Q you have the logic level Hi.
Logic level LO
At the output Q you have the logic level Lo.
Connection (digital)
An digital connection is a place where a digital line can be attached to. To simplify the
line drawing process, a connection appears as a small circle in Edit Mode.
Note that at each digital connection its level Lo / Hi can be displayed.
Line (digital)
A digital line links two digital connections. Note that a digital connection may be a
simple digital connection or a T-junction.
T-junction (digital)
A T-junction joins up to four digital lines, thus having a single digital level. Note that
T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM when dropping the line drawing
cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
291
Basic Functions
AND
The output Q of the AND is only Hi when all inputs are Hi, that is, if they are
closed. If an input pin of this module is not connected, its status is automatically
Hi.
Edge-triggered AND
The output Q of the edge-triggered AND is only Hi when all inputs are Hi and if
at least one input was Lo in the previous cycle. If an input pin of this block is not
connected, its status is automatically Hi.
NAND (AND not)
The output Q of the NAND is only Lo, when all inputs are Hi, that is, if they are
closed. If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is automatically Hi.
NAND With Edge Evaluation

The output Q of the NAND with edge evaluation is only Hi, if at least one input is
Lo and if all inputs were Hi in the previous cycle. If an input pin of this block is not
connected, its status is automatically Hi.
OR
The output Q of the OR is only Hi, if at least one input is Hi, that is, if it is closed.
If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is automatically Lo.
NOR (OR not)

The output Q of the NOR is only Hi when all inputs are Lo, that is, if they are
switched off. As soon as any input is switched on (status Hi), the output of the NOR
is set to Lo. If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is automatically
Lo.
292
XOR (exclusive OR)

The output Q of the XOR is Hi, if the inputs are nonequivalent. If an input pin of this
block is not connected, its status is automatically Lo.
NOT (Negation, Inverter)

The output Q is Hi if the input is Lo. The NOT block is an input status inverter.
Special Functions
Digital module
The digital module is used for a compact embedding of a digital switching circuit
into a electropneumatic circuit. The digital module offers 8 (16) electrical inputs
and outputs, which transfer their states to its digital switching circuit in the inner
part. Therefore the digital switching circuit does not need much space in the
electropneumatic circuit for the display of the digital module as a rectangle with a
total number of 18 (34) connections. By making a double-click with the left mouse
button on the digital module you come to the digital circuit in the inner part of the
module. A new window opens. It shows the digital circuit and can be handled in the
usual way. The standard configuration in the inner part of a new inserted digital
module is a row with 8 (16) inputs and 8 (16) outputs each. They correspond to
the inputs and outputs of the module in the electropneumatic circuit. In order to
be able to test the digital circuit during the set-up, it can be simulated separated
from the electropneumatic circuit. As soon as the processing window of the digital
module is closed or the original circuit window is put into the foreground, the
previously effected changes in the digital circuit are automatically adopted into
the digital module of the electropneumatic circuit. Inside the digital module only
digital components can be inserted. Furthermore, an encapsulating of additional
digital modules inside a module is not possible. However, you can use several
digital modules in one electropneumatic circuit. Please note that the digital circuit
inside a digital module only works correctly if corresponding potentials are set at the
electrical power supply units of the module (+24 V) and (0 V).
293
On delay
An output with on delay is not switched on until a specified time has expired.
When the status of input Trg changes from Lo to Hi, the on delay time starts.
If the status of input Trg is Hi at least for the duration of the configured time, the
output Q is set to Hi on expiration of this time. The output follows the input with on
delay. The time is reset, when the status of the input changes again to Lo before the
time has expired. The output is reset to Lo, when the status at the input is Lo.
On delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3 s)
Off delay
The output is not reset until a configured time has expired.
When the input status turns to Hi, the output Q is switched instantaneously to
Hi. If the status at input Trg changes from Hi to Lo, the off delay starts. After
expiration of the configured time, the output is reset to Lo (off delay). When the
input Trg is switched on and off again, the off delay restarts. The input R (Reset) is
used to reset the delay time and the output before the configured time has expired.
Off delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3 s)
On/Off delay
An output with on/off delay is switched on after a specified time and is reset on
expiration of a second specified time.
As soon as the status at input Trg changes from Lo to Hi, the configured on delay
time starts. If the status at input Trg remains Hi at least for the duration of the
configured time, the output Q is set to Hi on expiration of the on delay time (the
output follows the input on delayed). If the status at input Trg changes again to Lo,
before the configured on delay time has expired, the time is reset. When the status at
input returns to Lo, the configured off delay time starts.
If the status at the input remains Lo at least for the duration of the configured off
delay time, the output is set to Lo on expiration of that time (the output follows
the input off delayed). If the status at the input returns to Hi before this time has
expired, the time is reset.
Off delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3 s)
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Retentive On delay
A specified time starts after an input pulse. The output is set on expiration of this
time.
As soon as the status at the input Trg changes from Lo to Hi, the specified time
starts. After expiration on the configured time, the output Q is set to Hi. Further
switching actions at input Trg have no influence on the running time. The output and
the time are only reset to Lo when the status at input R is Hi.
Latching Relay
Input S sets output Q. Another input R resets the output Q.
A latching relay is a simple logic memory. The output value depends on the input
states and on the previous output status.
Pulse Relay
A short one-shot at the input is used to set and reset the output.
Output Q status is toggled at every Lo to Hi transition of the status at input Trg,
that is, the output is switched on or off. Use input R to reset the pulse relay to initial
state, that is, the output is set to Lo.
Wiping Relay - Pulse Output
An input signal generates a signal of specified length at the output.
The output status is switched to Hi after the input Trg is set to Hi. The configured
time is started at the same time and the output remains set. After expiration of the
configured time, the output is reset to the status Lo (pulse output). If the input
status changes from Hi to Lo before the specified time has expired, also the
output follows immediately with a with a Hi to Lo transition.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3 s)
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Edge-triggered Wiping Relay

An input signal generates a signal of specified length at the output (retriggering).
The output status is switched to Hi after the input Trg is set to Hi. The configured
time is started at the same time. After expiration of the configured time, the output
Q status is reset to Lo (pulse output). If the input status changes again from Lo
to Hi (retriggering), before the specified time has expired, the time is reset and the
output remains switched on.
Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3 s)
Timer Switch
With the timer switch you can create timer switches referring to days, weeks and
years. Upon reach of the specified on-transition time, the output Q of the timer
switch is set to Hi and upon reach of the specified off-transition time to Lo. If
you have chosen the option repeat all, the on and off transition is repeated each
time according to the specified repetition time.
On time: 0 ... 1000 s (10 s)
Off time: 0,1 ... 1000 s (30 s)
Repeat every: 0,1 ... 1000 s (60 s)
Up/Down Counter
Depending on the configuration of the input Dir, an internal value is counted up or
down through an input pulse. The output is set when the configured count value is
reached.
With every status change at the input Cnt from Lo to Hi, the internal counter is
increased (Dir = Lo) or decreased (Dir = Hi) by one unit. If the internal counter is
equal or larger compared to the specified value, the output Q is set to Hi.
You can use the reset input R to reset the internal count value and the output to
Lo. As long as R=Hi, also the output is Lo and the pulses at input Cnt are not
counted.
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Symmetric Clock Generator

A timing signal with a configurable period is given at the output. Via the duration of
the pulses you can determine the length of the on and off times. Via the input En (for
Enable) you can switch on the clock generator, that is, the clock generator sets the
output to Hi for the duration of the pulse, subsequent the output to Lo for the
duration of the pulse and so on, until the input status is Lo again.
Impulse time: 0,1 ... 100 s (0,5 s)
Asynchronous Pulse Generator
The pulse profile of the output can be changed via the configurable pulse duration
and pulse pause duration.
It is possible to invert the output with input INV. The input INV only negates the
output, if the block is enabled via EN.
Impulse time: 0,1 ... 100 s (3 s)
Impulse pause time: 0,1 ... 100 s (1 s)
Frequency Threshold Trigger
The output is switched on and off depending on two frequencies which can be
specified.
The threshold trigger measures the signals at input Fre. The pulses are captured
across a measuring interval which can be specified. If the frequency measured within
the measuring interval higher than the input frequency, the output Q is switched
to Hi. Q is switched again to Lo when the measured frequency has reached the
value of the output frequency or if it is lower.
On frequency: 0,1 ... 10 pulses/sec (6 pulses/sec)
Off frequency: 0,1 ... 10 pulses/sec (2 pulses/sec)
Time interval: 0,1 ... 100 s (5 s)
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B.5
GRAFCET Elements
GRAFCET
Step
The name of a step may contain the following characters: 0-9, a-z, A-Z and the
underscore _.
You can select from the following seven different step types: simple step, initial step,
macro-step, macro input, macro output, enclosing step and initial enclosing step.
Furthermore, you can give the step an activation link.
Transition
You can give a transition a name, which is shown to the left of the transition in
brackets.
Entering a transition condition is supported by buttons for special symbols (AND,
OR, NOT, falling edge, rising edge, delay). Via Variable... you can select an existing
GRAFCET variable from a list. Alternatively to the formula, you can show a descriptive
text. To do this, you have to select the option Display description instead of
formula.
In the Connection ID/target information field, you can enter a step that links to
the transitions output without having to draw a connecting line. You can select an
existing step from a list.
298
Action
There are three types of action: assignations, allocations and compulsory commands.
For assignations and allocations, you can enter a variable or an output, whose
value is changed by the action. The name of a variable may contain the following
characters: 0-9, a-z, A-Z and the underscore _.
For a conditional action or an action on event, you can enter a condition that
has to be fulfilled before the action is executed. Entering a condition is supported
by buttons for special symbols (AND, OR, NOT, falling edge, rising edge, delay). Via
Variable... you can select an existing GRAFCET variable from a list. Alternatively to
the formula, you can show a descriptive text. To do this, you have to select the option
Display description instead of formula.
For an allocation (action on activation, action on deactivation and action on
event), you can enter any term whose value is to be allocated to the action variable.
Entering a term is supported by buttons for special symbols (AND, OR, NOT, falling
edge, rising edge). Via Variable... you can select an existing GRAFCET variable from a
list. Alternatively to the formula, you can show a descriptive text. To do this, you have
to select the option Display description instead of formula.
For a compulsory command, you can enter the name of the partial GRAFCET directly
or select an existing partial GRAFCET from a list. You can also enter the relevant steps
directly or select them from a list of existing steps. You have to separate the step
names with commas. You can select the special commands * and INIT using the
relevant buttons.
Synchronization
You can connect synchronizations like other FluidSIM components. However, they
do not initially have any connections. You always have to draw connecting lines to a
synchronization. The corresponding connections are then generated automatically.
Partial GRAFCET
If you want to allocate GRAFCET elements to a specific partial GRAFCET, place
the partial GRAFCET frame over the relevant GRAFCET part and give it a name.
The preceding G is not part of the name that you have to enter; it is added
automatically by FluidSIM and shown at the bottom left of the partial GRAFCET
frame. You can alter the size of the partial GRAFCET frame by dragging its edges
with the mouse. For the partial GRAFCET to function correctly, it is important that all
its elements are completely within the frame and that the frame does not overlap with
any foreign elements or other frames.
299
GRAFCET-I/O
The GRAFCET I/O component is used to link the GRAFCET variables with the electrical
part of a circuit. You can enter eight GRAFCET input variables and eight GRAFCET
output variables into the GRAFCET I/O component. The actions variables serve as
outputs. The inputs can be the allocations and conditions of actions and transitions.
If a potential is created as the input of the GRAFCET I/O component, the corresponding variable is set to 1. If an output variable has a value other than 0, a potential
of 24V is created at the corresponding output of the GRAFCET I/O component.
B.6
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Connection (mechanical)
A mechanical connection constitutes a place holder for the label of a valve solenoid.
To simplify clicking, a mechanical connection appears as a small circle in Edit Mode.
Valve solenoid
The valve solenoid switches the valve.
By means of a label the valve solenoid can be linked to a valve that is solenoid
operated.
Proportional valve solenoid, position controlled
In FluidSIM the proportional valve solenoid is coupled to the respective continuous
directional valve with the help of a label. The required slide position is predetermined
via a voltage signal. The valve slide distance is position controlled. The control and
amplifier component is integrated in the valve.
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Valve solenoid (ladder)

The valve solenoid switches the valve.
By means of a label the valve solenoid can be linked to a valve that is solenoid
operated.
Distance rule
The distance rule is a device for attaching switches at the cylinder. The labels at the
distance rule define links to the actual proximity switches or limit switches in the
electrical circuit.
Status indicator
In Edit Mode, the status indicator is automatically displayed at those components
that are actuated in the circuits initial position.
Cam switch
In Edit Mode, the cam switch is automatically displayed at those mechanically
operated way valves that are actuated in the circuits initial position.
Text
The concept of text components in FluidSIM gives the user a way in which to describe
components in diagrams, assign identification texts, or to provide commentary on the
diagram. The text and the appearance of text components can be customized to the
users liking.
State diagram
The state diagram records the state quantities of important components and depicts
them graphically.
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Terminal assignment diagram

The terminal assignment diagram list automatically creates terminals in the electrical
circuit and displays the allocation in a table.

With the functional diagram editor, functional diagrams e.g. displacement-step
diagrams can be created.
Parts list
The parts list component creates from the components of a circuit diagram a table,
which contains for each component its designation and its description.
Rectangle
Rectangles are graphic primitives, which can also be used within circuit diagrams.
Ellipse
Ellipses are graphic primitives, which can also be used within circuit diagrams.
Bitmap
In FluidSIM images, as with all other components and objects, can be inserted,
positioned, moved, rotated and mirrored. In addition, images such as rectangles
and ellipses are freely scalable.
302
C. Didactics Material Survey
This chapter provides a comprehensive listing of those parts of the

didactics material in FluidSIM that are not covered by chapter B
The Component Library. Basically, this material consists of the
components behavior illustrations, the animations, the exercises, and
the educational films, which all can be activated under the Didactics
menu.
icon
The subsequent sections are arranged thematically. The
indicates that an animation exists for the related topic. The last section
gives an overview of the educational films.
C.1
Basics
1 Pneumatic system structure and signal flow

A pneumatic system can be broken down into a number of levels representing the hardware and signal flow from the energy source to the actuating
devices.
The topic highlights the relationship between signals, levels and

elements in a pneumatic system.
2 Circuit diagram and pneumatic elements

Circuit diagrams are drawn in such a way that signals, for instance energy
or potential values, are oriented downwards. The numbering of the
components is derived from their respective function in the diagram.
The topic highlights the various levels in a circuit.
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3 Designating the elements, circuit diagram

This topic shows the relationship between levels in a circuit.

The figures contrasts the position of a roller lever valve (initial position:
actuated by the cylinder) in a circuit diagram and its physical setup in a
plant.

The figures contrasts the position of a roller lever valve (initial position: not
actuated) in a circuit diagram and its physical setup in a plant.

All elements should be shown in the circuit diagram in the initial position.
If valves have been drawn with an actuated initial position, this fact is
indicated for example by an arrow, or for a limit switch, by drawing the cam.
Explain the differences between the following terms: initial position and
starting position.
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C.2
Supply elements
7 Symbols of energy and supply components, supply and service equipment
The Symbols are from the DIN ISO 1219 Circuit symbols for fluidic power
components and systems. The symbols for the energy supply system can be
represented as individual components or as combined elements.
Compare the symbols with the combined symbols (topic 8).
8 Symbols of energy and supply components, combined symbols

In general where specific technical details are to be given, such as requirements for non-lubricated air or micro-filtering, the complete detailed symbol
should be used. If a standard and common air supply is used for all components, the simplified symbols can be used.
Compare the symbols with the previous topic.

9 Air service unit
The filter is normally combined with the pressure regulator and lubricator to
form a compressed air service unit. The selection of the correct filter plays
an important role in determining the quality and performance of the control
system which is to be supplied with compressed air.
Refer to topic 10 for construction of the filter.

10 Compressed air filter
The compressed air passes through a baffle plate in the filter bowl. The air
is rotated, and the heavier dust particles and water droplets are spun by
centrifugal force against the inner wall of the filter bowl and run down the
wall of the housing. The air which has been precleaned then passes through
the filter element.
The bowl must be emptied daily to prevent overflow.
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11 Air drying, low temperature

The lower the dew point the more the water will condense and reduce the
amount entrapped in the air. Using refrigeration methods, it is possible to
achieve dew points of between 2C and 5C.
Compare with adsorption and absorption drying.
12 Air drying, absorption

Absorption drying is a purely chemical process. The moisture in the
compressed air forms a compound with the drying agent in the tank. This
causes the drying agent to break down; it is then discharged as a fluid at the
base of the tank. The drying agent must be replenished at a rate which is
dependent on the compressed air temperature, water content and flow rate.
Compare with adsorption drying.

13 Air drying, adsorption
The lowest equivalent dew points (down to -90C) can be achieved by means
of adsorption drying. In this process, the compressed air is passed through
gel and the water is deposited on the surface, i.e. it is adsorbed.
Compare with absorption drying.
14 Air lubricator
As a rule, the compressed air which is generated should be dry and free
of oil. For some components, lubricated air is damaging, for others, it
is undesirable, and for power components, it may in certain cases be
necessary. Lubrication of the air should therefore be limited to the sections
of the plant which require it.
Refer to picture of topic 9 for general arrangement.
306
15 Air lubricator
Air passing through the lubricator causes a pressure drop between the oil
reservoir and the upper part of the lubricator. This pressure difference forces
the oil upwards through a tube and it then drips into a nozzle which can be
seen through an inspection glass. The oil is atomized and carried along by
the air stream.
It is necessary to carefully adjust the oil discharge rate.

16 Pressure regulator with vent hole
The purpose of the regulator is to maintain the operating pressure (secondary pressure) virtually constant regardless of fluctuations in the line
pressure (primary pressure). When air consumption increases, the operating
pressure drops and the spring opens the valve.
If the pressure on the secondary side increases considerably, the centerpiece of the diaphragm then opens and the compressed air can flow to
atmosphere through the vent holes in the housing.
17 Delivery
Due to the pressure losses in the system, the compressor should deliver
between 650 and 700 kPa (6.5 and 7 bar). The operating components of the
system should be regulated to between 500 and 600 kPa (5 and 6 bar) for
economic use. The receiver is used to even out fluctuations in pressure due
to demand. The drainage points are at the lowest points.
The gradient should be away from the compressor.

18 Piston compressor
The piston compressor is widely used. Multi-stage compressors are required
for compressing to high pressure. The drawn in air is compressed by the first
piston, cooled and then compressed further by the next stage.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of piston compressors.
307
19 Axial flow compressor

Flow compressors produce large volumes of air at small increases in stage
pressure. The air is accelerated by the blades of the compressor but there is
only a small increase in pressure.
The kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy.
20 Distribution
For ease of maintenance, repair or extension of the air network, it is
advisable to sub-divide the network into individual sections by means of
shut-off valves. Branches with T-pieces and manifolds with plug-in couplings
make it possible to supply additional consuming devices as the need arises.
To discharge condensate, the pipes should be inclined 1-2 % and include

water separators at low points.
21 Absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure is calculated from the absolute zero mark. Below
atmospheric pressure the pressure is in the vacuum range. The atmospheric
pressure fluctuates but is approximately 100 kPa (1 bar).
Gauge pressure is normally that component above atmospheric pressure

and is not an absolute value.
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C.3
Actuators
22 Symbols for actuators, linear actuators
The single acting cylinder and the double acting cylinder form the basis for
design variations. The use of cushioning to reduce loads on the end caps and
mountings during deceleration of the piston is important for long-life and
smooth operation.
Refer to topics 25 - 30 for construction details.

23 Symbols for actuators, rotary motion
Rotary actuators are divided into continuous motion and limited angle of
rotation. The air motor is normally a high speed device with either fixed
or adjustable speed control. Units with limited angle of rotation are fixed
or adjustable in angular distance. The rotary actuator may be cushioned
depending on the load and speed of operation.
Refer to topics 34 and 35 for construction details.

24 Control of a single acting cylinder
The position rod of a single acting cylinder is to move forward when air is
applied. A valve is to create a signal when a push-button is released.
The animation shows the operation of the push-button and the extension of
the cylinder. Pressure is maintained on the piston until the push-button is
released. The next stage shows retraction of the cylinder and the release of
air via the exhaust port of the 3/2-way valve.
The topic can be used as an intermediate stage for explanation of the

related symbols.
25 Single acting cylinder
The cylinder requires one pneumatic connection and an exhaust port. The
exhaust port must be clear of obstructions to ensure that the piston is not
restricted by the air passage. A filter is normally fitted to the exhaust port.
Discuss the importance of selecting the size of the cylinder to match the
load conditions.
309
26 Single acting cylinder

With single acting cylinders, compressed air is applied on only one side of
the piston face. The other side is open to atmosphere. The cylinders can
perform work in only one direction. The return movement of the piston is
effected by a built-in spring or by the application of an external force.
The spring force returns the piston to its start position with a reasonably
high speed under no load conditions. The stroke is limited by the natural
length of the spring. Single acting cylinders are therefore only available in
stroke lengths of up to 100 mm.
Compare the construction with the double acting type.

Discuss the spring size and return speed.
27 Control of a double acting cylinder
The 4/2-way directional control valve is suitable for the control of a double
acting cylinder. Normal practice is to use the 5/2-way valve. The cylinder
motion is controlled by air in both directions of motion.
The animation shows the advance and retraction sequences as separate
phases. The fully advanced position is related as long as the push-button is
actuated.
The topic can be used as an intermediate stage for explanation of the

related symbols.
28 Double acting cylinder
Double acting cylinders are used particularly when the piston is required to
perform a work function in both directions of motion. The construction is in
general similar to the single acting cylinder.
Refer to the large number of variants, which result from the different
designs, materials, etc.
29 Double acting cylinder

The first sequence shows the piston rod advancing. The second stage the
retraction. The speed of advance and retraction are fairly constant under no
load conditions.
Point at the positions of cylinder body, piston cover, cylinder cover, piston
seal, piston rod, bearing bush, and scraper ring.
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30 Cushioned double acting cylinder

If large masses are moved by a cylinder, cushioning is used in the end
positions. Before reaching the end position, a cushioning piston interrupts
the direct flow of air to the outside. For the last part of the stroke the speed
is slowed to reduce impact on the cylinder.
Discuss the different concept of throttleling the exhausting air by means

of one-way flow control valve.
31 Cylinder seals
The various piston seal arrangements are shown. The double-cup seal
materials used are, Perbunan for -20C to +80C Viton for -20C to +190C
Teflon for -80C to +200C.
Emphasize correct temperature range selection for reliability.
32 Mounting arrangements for cylinders

The type of mounting is determined by the manner in which the cylinder
is to be fitted to a machine or fixture. The cylinder can be designed with a
permanent type of mounting if it does not have to be altered at any time.
Alternatively, the cylinder can utilize adjustable types of mounting which
can be altered by using suitable accessories on the modular construction
principle.
Discuss application examples for each type of mounting.

33 Tandem double acting cylinder
This design features the characteristics of two double acting cylinders
forming a single unit. This increases the effective piston area of the unit
for high force applications. It is suitable for applications where a large force
is required but the cylinder diameter is restricted.
Compare the double acting cylinder in topic 29.
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34 Semi-rotary actuator
The rotary actuator is compact with high torque ratings. The force is
transmitted to the drive shaft by a rotary vane. The range of angular
movement is adjustable with end stops. The angle can be adjusted between
0 and 180.
The adjustable stop system is separate to the rotary vanes. This allows
force to be absorbed by the stop blocks. At the end positions, impacts are
cushioned by elastic cushioning rings.
Discuss the mounting arrangements for the actuator.

Discuss applications for the rotary actuator.
35 Air motor
Devices which transform pneumatic energy into mechanical rotary motion,
with the possibility of continuous motion. They are categorized into the
groups of piston motors, sliding vane motors, gear motors and turbines.
Discuss applications for the air motor.
C.4
36 Symbols for directional control valves (1)
The directional control valve is represented by the number of ports and the
number of switching positions. Additional information is required to fully
describe the symbol function, including the methods of actuation and special
flow path characteristics.
Compare the full range of symbols for directional control valves.

37 Symbols for directional valves (2)
Each valve position is shown as a separate square. The designation of the
ports is important when interpreting the circuit symbols and the valve as
fitted to the physical system.
Compare the full range of symbols for directional control valves.
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38 Designation of connections
The designations for directional control valves are in accordance with ISO
5599-3, edition 1990. Prior to this a lettering system was utilized.
Discuss the examples and emphasize the numbering systems.
39 Methods of actuation (1)

The methods of actuation of pneumatic directional control valves is
dependent upon the application. The methods of actuation include manual,
mechanical, pneumatic, electrical and combined.
Discuss the actuation and return actuation methods.
40 Methods of actuation (2)

When applied to a directional control valve, consideration must be given to
the method of initial actuation of the valve and also the method of return
actuation. They are both shown on the symbol either side of the position
boxes. There may also be additional methods such as manual overrides
separately indicated.
Discuss the actuation and return actuation methods.

41 3/2-way valve, ball seat
A spring forces a hemisphere against the valve seat preventing the
compressed air from flowing from the air connection 1 to the working line
2. Initially port 1 is blocked and the output port 2 is exhausted through the
stem of the plunger.
Actuation of the valve plunger causes the sealing element to be forced away
from the seat. In doing this, the opposing force of the reset spring and that
generated from the compressed air must be overcome. The air supply is then
open to the output side of the valve and a signal is generated.
Compare the symbol and the valve construction.

Compare the construction of the disc seat valve.
313
42 3/2-way valve, ball seat

The ball seat valve is compact with the possibility of fitting various types
of actuating heads. The limitation for directly actuated valves is the force
required to operate the stem. If the flow rate required is very high, the valve
ball will have a large working area. This requires a large operating force. This
limits the size of valve for this design.
The load on the stem is dependent on the size of valve.

43 3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally closed
The valve is constructed on the disc seat principle. The response time is
short and a small movement results in a large area being available for air
flow. Valves of the single disc seat type are non-overlapping.
Using this topic, discuss the term blocked normal position.
When operated slowly, there is no loss of air. A 3/2-way valve with flow
blocked between ports 1 and 2 in the normal condition, is referred to as a
normally closed valve. The valves are insensitive to dirt and thus have a long
service life.
Explain the term non-overlapping with this figure and the animation.
The animation sequence shows the operation of the 3/2 way valve. The
first sequence describes the actuation and the supply of a signal from 1 to 2.
The second sequence shows the closing of the disc seat and the release of
air from 2 to 3 which exhausts to atmosphere.
44 3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally open
A 3/2-way valve with free flow between ports 1 and 2 in the normal
condition, is referred to as normally open. Valves can be operated manually,
mechanically, electrically or pneumatically. The configuration of the valve
head is changed to meet the actuation method.
Upon operation of the actuating stem, the disc seat is sealed and air supply
port 1 is blocked. The air at port 2 is exhausted to atmosphere via port 3.
Note the change of construction compared to the normally closed valve

topic 43.
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45 3/2-way valve, single pilot, normally closed

The pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve is operated by a directly acting
signal at port 12. This is referred to as a single pilot valve since there is only
one control signal and the valve has a spring return.
A signal is applied at port 12 and the valve plunger is moved against the
reset spring. The connections 1 and 2 are then inter-connected creating a
signal 2. The pressure at port 12 must be sufficient to move the disc against
the supply pressure.
Note the pneumatic symbol shows direct application of the signal at port
12.
Compare the construction of the valve to the 3/2-way disc seat valve
topic 43.
46 3/2-way valve, single pilot
The valve ports are labeled to ensure the correct connections are made. The
pilot valve is available in a range of sizes depending upon the flow rate.
Note the need to designate and label the ports.
47 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, roller operated

This type of valve can be used as either a normally closed valve or as a
normally open valve by exchanging connections 1 and 3 and rotating the
actuating head 180 degrees. The force required on the roller lever is small
due to the pilot operation.
Show the requirements to alter the valve configuration.

48 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, normally closed
To avoid high actuating force, mechanically controlled directional valves
can be equipped with an internal pilot valve to assist opening. A small
hole connects the pressure connection 1 and the pilot valve. If the roller is
operated, the pilot valve opens. Compressed air flows to the main piston and
actuates the main valve disc.
The symbol shows the roller operating a pilot signal.
315
49 4/2-way valve, disc seat

The valve is robust. Two stems directly operate the disc seats. The load
required to move the stems may be large for high flow rate valves.
Compare the construction with the 3/2-way valve.
50 4/2-way valve, disc seat

The 4/2-way valve has four ports and two positions. A disc seat 4/2-way
valve is similar in characteristic to the combination of two 3/2-way valves,
one valve normally closed and the other normally open. The plungers can
be operated by an auxiliary mounted device such as a roller lever or pushbutton.
When the two plungers are actuated simultaneously, 1 to 2 and 4 to 3 are
closed by the first movement. By pressing the valve plungers further against
the discs, opposing the reset spring force, the passages between 1 to 4 and
from 2 to 3 are opened.
Show the similarities to the 3/2-way valve construction.

Discuss the valve overlap.
51 4/3-way valve, mid-position closed
The 4/3-way valve has four ports and three positions. An example of the 4/3way valve is the plate slide valve with hand or foot actuation. By turning two
discs, channels are interconnected with one another.
Compare the symbol with the valve construction.
52 5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve

The valve can be mounted onto a common sub-base for supply and exhaust
air. This compact arrangement also ensures adequate flow is available to the
valve.
Discuss the DIN ISO 5599/1 standard for 5 port valves.
316
53 5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve

The 5/2-way valve has five ports and two positions. The 5/2-way valve is
used for the control of cylinders primarily as a final control element. In
pneumatic valves, the gap between spool and housing bore should not
exceed 0.0020.004 mm. The valve is shown here with pilot pressure applied
at port 12.
To avoid damage to seals, the ports can be distributed around the circumference of the housing. The actuation travel is considerably larger than with
seat valves. The valve is shown here with pilot pressure at 14.
Discuss the load conditions on the O-rings.

Compare the construction with the disc seat valve.
54 5/2-way valve, suspended disc seat
A method of sealing the 5/2-way valve is to use a suspended disc seat with a
relatively small switching movement. The disc seat seal connects the 1 port
to either the 2 port or the 4 port. The 5/2-way double air pilot valve has the
characteristic of memory control.
The last switched position is retained until a new switching position is
initiated by a unique pilot signal from the opposite side. There are two
manual override buttons to manually operate valve spool.
The animation shows the two switched positions. The air pilot signals are
applied from both directions. The manual override operations are also
shown. The manual overrides are used to manually actuate the valve or
initialize the valve position.
Compare the suspended disc seat construction to the longitudinal slide

principle topic 53.
Explain the working principle of the manual override button and its related
diagram symbol.
55 5/3-way valve
The 5/3-way valve has five ports and three positions. Signals applied at
ports 14 or 12 operate the valve. If the valve is not actuated it is closed in the
mid-position.
After actuation via a pilot signal at port 14 air flows from 1 to 4. Port 2
exhausts via 3.
After actuation via a pilot signal at port 12 air flows from 1 to 2. Port 4
exhausts via port 5.
Show the three valve positions.
317
56 Memory circuit, 5/2-way bistable valve

The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2-way
push-button valve is actuated. The cylinder is to remain extended until a
second push-button is actuated. The cylinder is to then return to the initial
position. The speed of the cylinder is to be adjustable in both directions.
Discuss the memory characteristic of the bistable valve.

Signals initiated by the push-button signaling devices can be of short or
pulse duration due to the memory characteristics of the bistable valve.
Upon operation of push-button 1S1, a 1-signal is generated at port 14 of
the control valve 1V3. The 5/2-way memory valve switches and the cylinder
1A1 advances.
The circuit is shown at the first operation of the button.

When the push-button 1S1 is released, the signal at port 14 is exhausted.
The valve 1V3 remains in the current position. The last position is retained
until a new input signal is given.
Compare the sequence of operation.

The valve 1V3 remains in the current position until the push-button 1S2 is
operated. The cylinder then retracts. The cylinder remains retracted until a
new signal is generated at port 14 by the valve 1S1.
Compare the sequence of operation.
318

The flow control valves throttle the exhausting air in both directions of piston
motion. The cylinder remains retracted until a start signal is generated at
port 14 by the valve 1S1. The 5/2-way valve remains in the current position
with air supplied continuously to the return side of the cylinder.
Discuss the situation when both 1S1 and 1S2 are operated together.
61 Direct control, unactuated
A single acting cylinder of 25 mm diameter is to clamp a component when a
push-button is pressed. As long as the push-button is operated, the cylinder
is to remain in the clamped position.
Since the cylinder is the only working element or actuator in the circuit, it
is designated 1A1. The final control element that advances the cylinder is
designated 1S1.
Discuss the circuit layout standard, numbering and operation. Note the
circuit is shown in the initial state.
62 Indirect control (unactuated)
A large diameter single acting cylinder is to extend upon operation of a pushbutton valve. The valve is situated at a remote and distant position. The
cylinder is to retract once the remote push-button is released.
The signal at the pilot port 12 remains as long as the push-button is held
down. This is an indirect push-button control of the cylinder. If the pushbutton is released, the spring return closes the 3/2-way valve and removes
the pilot signal at the control valve.
Discuss the circuit layout standard, numbering and operation. Note the
circuit is shown in the initial state.
63 Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder Problem
A double acting cylinder is to advance when a push-button is operated. Upon
release of the push-button, the cylinder is to retract. The cylinder is of small
bore (25 mm diameter) requiring a small flow rate to operate at the correct
speed.
319
64 Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder Solution

The control valve for a double acting cylinder can be selected as a 4/2 way
or a 5/2 way valve. In this case, since the cylinder has a small capacity, the
operation can be directly controlled by a push-button control valve with
spring return. On operating the push-button, the air passes through the
valve from port 1 to the port 4 and advances the piston rod. On release of the
push-button, the valve spring returns the control valve to its initial position
and the cylinder retracts. Air escapes from the cylinder via the exhaust port.
Since the cylinder is the only working element or actuator in the circuit, it
is designated 1A1. The final control element that advances the cylinder is
designated 1S1.
65 Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder Note
If the push-button is pressed for a very short period, the cylinder only
partially advances and then retracts, since the spring resets the control valve
as soon as the push-button is released. In order to achieve full extension in
this case, the push-button must be held down until the cylinder moves fully
forward.
66 Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder Problem
A double acting cylinder is to advance when a push-button is operated. Upon
release of the push-button the cylinder is to retract. The cylinder is 250 mm
diameter and consumes a large volume of air. For controlling cylinders at
high speed or of large diameter large size control valves should be used. The
operating force to actuate the valve may be relatively large and in this case
indirect control is preferable.
67 Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder Solution
Operating valve 1S1 supplies a pilot signal to port 14 of control valve 1V1.
This generates a 1-signal at the outlet 4 and the cylinder advances. If the
push-button is released the return signal is supplied via port 2 of valve 1V1
and the return air is vented via exhaust port 5. If the push-button is released
before the cylinder fully advances, the cylinder immediately returns to the
initial position. The control valve requires a sustained signal for it to remain
operated.
320
68 Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder Note
The supply line can be short since the control valve can be mounted close
to the cylinder. The other advantage is that the signal element (i.e. pushbutton 3/2 way valve) can be small, as it only provides a signal to operate
the control valve and is not required to operate the cylinder directly.
C.5
Shutoff valves
69 Non-return valves
The non-return or check valve will open due to the supply pressure
exceeding the resistance of the spring (if fitted) and the inertia of the
valve. The non-return valve is the basis for development of many combined
components. The shuttle valve, two pressure valve and quick exhaust valve
incorporate features of the non-return valve.
Indicate the valves that include the non-return function.

70 Non return valve
Non return valves can stop the flow completely in one direction. In the
opposite direction the flow is free with a minimal pressure drop due to the
resistance of the valve. The one-way blocking action can be effected by
cones, balls, plates or diaphragms.
Discuss the relationship between pressure to open and the spring size.
71 Two pressure valve
The two pressure valve has two inputs 1 and one output 2. The two pressure
valve is used mainly for interlocking controls, safety controls, check
functions or logic operations. The application of a signal at a single input
produces no pressure at output 2.
If pressure is applied at both inputs 1, the signal which is last applied passes
to the output 2. The two pressure circuit is equivalent to two input signaling
devices in series, i.e. one after the other.
Refer to topics 72 - 74 for the circuit example.

Discuss the advantages of the shown solution against series connection.
321
72 Circuit: Two pressure valve I

The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2-way
push-button valve and a roller lever valve are actuated. If either of the
actuations is released, then the cylinder is to return to the initial position.
Discuss the circuit layout standard, numbering and operation.

73 Circuit: Two pressure valve II
The inputs of the two pressure valve is connected to the outputs of the
two 3/2-way valves. Upon operation of the push-button 1S1, a signal is
generated at the left side of input 1 of the two pressure valve. The signal is
blocked by the two pressure valve. No output is given at 2.
Discuss the logic function AND. Refer to the following topic for
additional conditions.
74 Circuit: Two pressure valve III
If the roller lever valve 1S2 is also operated, then the two pressure valve will
produce a 1-signal at port 2 which operates the control valve, via pilot port
1V1, against the return spring and the cylinder advances.
Compare this topic to topic 73.
75 Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve Problem
A transfer station removes a product from a conveyor belt. If the product is
detected as present and if the operator presses the push-button, the pickup cylinder 1A1 advances. The product is sensed by a 3/2 way roller lever
valve. Upon release of the push-button, cylinder 1A1 is to retract to the
initial position. The operating condition for the pick-up cylinder to advance
is a logic AND function between the product sensor and the operator pushbutton. Therefore if a two pressure valve is used to combine the signals from
the sensor and push-button the logic conditions can be met.
322
76 Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve Solution
The two pressure valve is connected between the outlet lines of the two 3/2
way valves. Operating the push-button, a 1-signal is generated at left input
1 of the two pressure valve. Once the part is sensed as present, the 3/2 way
roller valve generates a second 1-signal, this time at the right input 1 of the
two pressure valve. A signal is passed through to port 2. This signal operates
the control valve pilot signal 14 against the spring return and the cylinder
advances. If either of the two signals created by the 3/2 way valves is set
to zero, the two pressure valve will release the 14 signal back through the
exhaust port of one of the 3/2 way valves. The return spring in the control
valve then switches the control valve to the initial position. The control valve
outlet port 2 is active and with outlet port 4 exhausted to atmosphere the
cylinder retracts. The control valve can be a 4/2 or 5/2 way valve and can be
sized to suit the flow rate required for the cylinder speed.
77 Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve Note
Discuss also the advantages of the shown solution against series connection.
78 Shuttle valve
This non-return element has two inputs 1 and one output 2. If compressed
air is applied to one input, the valve seat seals off the opposing input and
the air flows to the output 2. Note the similarity in construction to the two
pressure valve.
Compare the two pressure valve construction topic 71.
323
79 Circuit: Shuttle valve I

If the condition states that either of two push-buttons are to advance a
cylinder, the inexperienced designer may attempt to use a junction for the
output signals of 1S1 and 1S2. The circuit is not functional due to the escape
of air through the exhaust ports of the valves.
Discuss the sequence of circuits for the shuttle valve.

80 Circuit: Shuttle valve II
If push-button 1S1 is operated, the air escapes to atmosphere through the
exhaust port of 1S2. The air takes the easiest path and the pressure will be
very low and inadequate to operate the valve 1V1. This is an inadequate
solution to the problem. A shuttle valve is required.
Compare the topic with the previous one.

81 Circuit: Shuttle valve III
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when either of two
3/2-way push-buttons are actuated. If both push-buttons are then released,
the cylinder is to retract. The shuttle valve is incorporated at the junction and
the circuit now functions correctly.
Note the function of the ball in the shuttle valve acting as a non-return
valve.
82 Circuit: Shuttle valve IV
The shuttle valve is connected to the junction between the two 3/2-way
push-button valves. Upon operation of one of the push-buttons, a signal
is generated at the X or Y port of the shuttle valve and an output signal is
emitted at port 2. The cylinder advances.
Compare the topic with the previous one.
324
83 Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve Problem

A cylinder is used to transfer parts from a magazine. If either a push-button
or a foot pedal is operated, then the cylinder is to advance. Once the cylinder
has fully advanced, it is to retract to the initial position. A 3/2 way roller lever
valve is to be used to detect forward end position of the cylinder.
84 Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve Solution

The shuttle valve is connected to the junction between the two manual 3/2
way valves. Upon operation of one of the manual 3/2 way valves, a 1-signal
is generated at either input 1 of the shuttle valve. This signal passes through
the shuttle valve and is emitted at port 2. This operates the control valve via
pilot port 14, and the cylinder advances. A limit valve 1S2 senses that the
cylinder has fully extended. Pilot signal 2 from valve 1S2 actuates the 5/2
way valve via port 12 and the cylinder retracts. The signal at port 12 is only
effective, if the opposing signal at port 14 is released. If both of the signals
produced via the push-button valves are set to zero, then the shuttle valve
will release the pilot signal 14 back through the exhaust port of one of the
3/2 way valves. In other words, both the push-button and the foot pedal
must be inactive for retraction to occur. The control valve can be a 4/2 way or
5/2 way valve and can be sized to suit the flow rate required for the cylinder
speed.
85 Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve Note
The necessity of the shuttle valve can be explained with topic 79.
325
86 Quick exhaust valve

To reduce resistance to flow, the air is expelled to atmosphere through a
large orifice thus increasing cylinder piston speed. The valve is normally
silenced so as to reduce exhaust air noise.
87 Quick exhaust valve

Quick exhaust valves are used to increase the piston speed of cylinders.
Lengthy return times can be avoided, particularly with single acting
cylinders. To reduce resistance to flow, the air is expelled to atmosphere
close to the cylinder and through a large orifice.
In the direction 1 to 2 the air is passed freely via the opening of the nonreturn seal. Port 3 is blocked by the disc. If air is supplied to port 2, the disc
seals port 1. Air is expelled to atmosphere through the large orifice 3. Mount
the quick exhaust valve directly on the cylinder, or as near as possible.
Refer to topic 88 for the circuit example.

88 Circuit: Quick exhaust valve
A cylinder piston rod is to travel at an increased speed, utilizing the quick
exhaust valve. The forward motion of the piston rod is assisted by the
release of exhausting air at the quick exhaust valve. The return stroke is
unchanged due to the bypass non-return valve.
Refer to topic 70 for construction of the valve.

89 Exercise: The quick exhaust valve Problem
A cylinder advances a forming tool on an edge-folding device. If a sheet is
detected as present and if a push-button is pressed, then the cylinder is to
advance. For rapid forward travel, the circuit utilizes a quick exhaust valve.
The forward movement folds the edge of a flat sheet. If the push-button is
released, the double acting cylinder is to return slowly to the initial position.
326
90 Exercise: The quick exhaust valve Solution

Initial position: In the initial state, the cylinder assumes the retracted
position. If both of the 3/2 way valves are actuated, pressure is present
at the output port 2 of the two pressure valve 1V4. This reverses the 5/2
way control valve. The cylinder advances with air being supplied via an
unrestricted passage through the one-way flow control valve 1V1. The
actuator travels rapidly to its forward end position since the pressure space
on the piston rod side is rapidly exhausted through the quick exhaust
valve. If both 3/2 way valves remain actuated, the cylinder remains in the
forward end position. If the push-button is released, the actuator is no
longer pressurized, since the control valve reverses via the return spring.
The actuator travels to its initial position under conditions of restricted flow
(valve 1V1) and therefore at a reduced speed.
91 Exercise: The quick exhaust valve Note
The quick exhaust valve should be fitted as near as possible to the

connection of the cylinder to reduce resistance to flow.
327
C.6
Flow control valves
92 Flow control valves
Most flow control valves are adjustable. If the non-return valve is fitted, then
the element is a one-way flow control valve.
Discuss the flow in both directions in both cases.
93 One-way flow control valve

The valve is generally mounted as close to the cylinder as possible. The
valve is usually provided with a locking nut to allow finite adjustments to be
regulated and then set.
If no real valve is at hand, use this slide instead.
94 One-way flow control valve

One-way flow control valves influence the volumetric flow of the compressed
air. One-way flow control valves are normally adjustable and the setting can
be locked in position. The influence of speed control is in one direction only.
The first sequence of the animation shows the total cross section of the oneway flow control valve. The animation will be shown in detail by zooming into
the air passage area.
Refer to topic 96 for the circuit example.

95 Throttle valve
Throttle valves are normally adjustable and the setting can be locked in
position. These valves are used to regulate the speed regulation of actuators
and if possible, should be mounted directly on the cylinder.
Compare the flow control with throttle valves and one-way flow control
valve topic94.
328
96 Supply and exhaust air throttling

Exhaust air throttling should be used with double acting cylinder circuits. For
supply air throttling, the flow valves are installed so that the air entering the
cylinder is throttled. With exhaust air throttling, the supply air flows freely to
the cylinder and the exhaust air is throttled.
Discuss the numbering system. Even numbers relate to advancing signals

and odd numbers to the retracting signals.
C.7
97 Pressure control valves
The pressure control valves are generally adjustable against a compression
spring. The sensing line for regulators is at the valve outlet and for sequence
valves the sensing is before the valve, i.e. that pressure which is to be
measured.
Compare the sensing line positions and flow arrows.

98 Adjustable pressure sequence valve
The adjusting screw normally incorporates a look nut to set the desired
position. The valve body is fitted to a sub-base which can frame mounted
with other compact valves.
Some applications for the valve are clamping, pressing, gluing and safety
interlocks.
99 Adjustable pressure sequence valve (unactuated)

Sequence valves are installed in pneumatic controls where a specific
pressure is required for a switching operation. The output signal is
transmitted only after the required operation pressure has been reached.
If the signal pressure at port 12 exceeds that set on the spring, the valve
opens. Outlet port 2 is opened only if a preset pressure has built up in pilot
line 12. A pilot spool opens the passage between ports 1 to 2.
Discuss the two elements in the control symbol.

Discuss the adjustment required to set the desired operation pressure. A
pressure gauge is required.
329
100 Circuit: Pressure sequence valve

A plastic component is embossed using a die powered by a double acting
cylinder. The die is to advance and emboss the plastic when a push-button
is operated. The return of the die is to be effected when a preset pressure is
reached. The pressure is to be adjustable.

101 Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic Problem
A plastic component is embossed using a die and a double acting cylinder.
The die is to advance and emboss the plastic when a push-button is
operated. The return of the die is to occur when the cylinder rod has fully
advanced to the embossing position and a preset pressure is reached.
A roller limit valve is to be used to confirm full extension. The embossing
pressure is adjustable and is indicated on a pressure gauge.
102 Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic Solution
The cylinder advances if valve 1V1 is switched by push-button valve 1S1. The
pressure on the advancing side of the cylinder is fed from a junction to the
limit valve 1S2 and then in series to the sequence valve. The signal port 12
at the sequence valve acts against the preset compression of the adjustable
spring. If the limit valve 1S2 is operated due to full extension of the cylinder
and the preset value is reached, then the sequence valve opens from 1 to
2 and sends a pilot signal to port 12 of the control valve 1V1. The memory
valve switches and the cylinder retracts. At the same time the air from port
4 is exhausted and the pilot signal at the sequence valve is relieved through
the limit valve.
103 Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic Note
If the pressure does not reach the preset limit, then the cylinder will
remain advanced. If the cylinder is obstructed during extension to the
forward position, the cylinder will not retract due to the dependency upon
operation of the limit vale 1S2. The power circuit must be initialized by
operating the 5/2 way memory valve manually (via the manual overrides)
with the air off. The air can then be turned on.
330
C.8
Time delay valve
104 Time delay valve, normally closed
The valve has a lock-able adjusting screw for setting time. The valve is sized
to meet the flow requirements.
Discuss the accuracy of the time delay valve.
105 Time delay valve, normally closed

The time delay valve is a combinational valve consisting of a 3/2-way valve,
throttle relief valve and an air reservoir. The 3/2-way valve can be a valve
with normal position open or closed. The delay time is generally 0-30
seconds for both types of valves. By using additional reservoirs, the time
can be extended.
When the necessary control pressure from 12 has built up in the air reservoir,
the pilot spool of the 3/2-way valve is actuated. An accurate switch-over time
is assured if the air is clean and the pressure constant.
Discuss the need for clean and stable air for accuracy.
Discuss the relationship between time delay and the reservoir size.
106 Circuit: Time delay valve
A double acting cylinder is to glue components. The push-button operates
the clamping cylinder and trips a roller lever valve. The cylinder is to remain
fully extended for a time of 6 seconds and then immediately retracts to the
initial position. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully
retracted. The cylinder advance is to be slow and the retraction adjustable
but fast.
331
107 Exercise: The time delay valve Problem

A double acting cylinder is used to press together glued components. Upon
operation of a push-button, the clamping cylinder advances and trips a roller
lever valve. Once the forward end position is reached, the cylinder is to
remain for 6 seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position. A
new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted and after
a delay of 5 seconds. The cylinder extension is to be slow and the retraction
adjustable, but relatively fast.
108 Exercise: The time delay valve Solution
The start conditions are the actuation of roller limit valve 1S3, a delay of 5
seconds after the end of cycle and the operation of 1S1. The two pressure
valve 1V4 actuates the 5/2 way memory valve at port 14. The cylinder
advances at a preset speed via the flow control valve 1V2. The limit switch
1S3 is deactivated and therefore even if the start button is still held, the
signal at port 14 is exhausted by the removal of the limit switch signal, which
resets the timer 1V6 until the cylinder has retracted again. The cylinder
reaches the limit valve 1S2 and produces a pilot signal for the time delay
valve 1V5. The time delay valve opens port 2 if the preset time is reached.
A pilot signal is produced 6 seconds after the limit valve 1S2 is operated.
The 5/2 way valve switches to the initial position and the cylinder retracts
and with speed controlled by the valve 1V1. The roller limit valve 1S2 is
deactivated and the pilot signal to the timer 1V5 is cut-off, removing the
signal at port 12 of the 5/2 way valve.
109 Exercise: The time delay valve Note
The memory valve must be positioned manually before air is supplied to

the circuit to ensure that the cylinder will be retracted initially.
332
110 Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder Problem

A double acting cylinder is to fully advance when a push-button is actuated
and to retract after full extensions is reached (confirmed by a roller lever
valve). The cylinder is to continue forward even if the push-button is
released. Speed of the cylinder is to be adjustable.
111 Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder Solution

Operating the push-button 1S1 then advances the cylinder 1A1. Operation
of valve 1V3 produces pressure at port 14 which switches the air to port
4. Once the cylinder travels to the limit valve 1S2, a pilot signal is sent to
port 12 of the control valve switching the control valve if the push-button
valve is released. If the push-button is held operated after the cylinder has
fully advanced, it will remain advanced until valve 1S1 is released. The final
control element 1V3 is a memory valve and the last position is retained until
a unique opposing signal is received. The speed of advance and retraction
is controlled by the throttle valves 1V1 and 1V2 and in both cases the speed
control is by exhaust air throttling. If the roller lever valve is fitted at the midstroke position of the cylinder, it will advance up to the limit valve and then
retract.
112 Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder Note
The memory control valve 1V3 when first fitted could be in either of two
positions 14 or 12. It is not easy to predict the position of the valve when
fitted. If a manual override button is available the valve should be manually
set to the 12 position before turning on the air to ensure that the cylinder
remains retracted initially.
333
C.9
Sequential circuit and
signal overlap circuit
113 Sequential circuit, distance-step diagram
Confirmation is required that cylinder 2A1 is retracted before start of the
cycle. The sequence is, A+ B+ A- B-. The valves 2S2 and 1S3 are initially
operated. There is no signal overlap at the final control elements 1V2 and
2V2.
Discuss the relationship between the circuit and the distance-step

diagram.
114 Sequential circuit
A sequential circuit has the following characteristics; when a 3/2-way pushbutton valve is operated, cylinder 1A1 extends. Confirmation is required at
each step of the sequence. The sequence is A+ B+ A B.
There is no signal overlap with the circuit.
115 Signal overlap circuit I

It is necessary to identify the points in the circuit where signal overlap occurs
on the 5/2-way valves 1V2 and 2V2. With this distance step diagram the
circuit design using roller valves cannot operate due to signal overlap.
Refer to the next topics for the overlap conditions.
116 Signal overlap circuit II

The first overlap condition occurs at the start. The pilot signals at the valve
1V2 from the valves 1S3 and 1S2 are opposed. The bistable valve cannot
move due to overlap.
Discuss the options for removal of overlap.
334
117 Signal overlap circuit III

The second overlap condition occurs in the third step. The valve 2V2 has
signals generated by 2S1 and 2S2 opposing each other and causing a signal
overlap condition.
Review the control diagram topic 118.
118 Control diagram, signal overlap

The first control valve 1V2 has an overlap problem in the first step. The first
of these signals must be out short and therefore valve 1S2 could be an idle
return roller lever valve. The second overlap problem is with valve 2V2 in
step 3, when the cylinder 2A1 is fully advanced. Valve 2S1 could be an idle
return roller valve only active in step 2 for a short duration.
Idle return roller valves are not a recommended solution.

119 Idle return roller valve solution
The idle return roller limit switch can be used to remove the signal overlap
points, i.e. replace the roller lever limit switches identified, with an idle
return roller lever valve. Valves 1S2 and 2S1 generated the signal overlap
and therefore these valves should be idle return roller valves.
Idle return roller valves are not a recommended solution.

120 Reversing valve solution
An alternative method of shortening the duration of signals is to remove the
air supply to the two signal valves, except at the steps required. Using the
reversing valve 1V2, lines S1 and S2 can be activated consecutively and the
signals are prevented from overlapping at the memory valves 1V1 and 2V1.
Emphasize the increased reliability of the circuit.
335
C.10
Educational Films
C.11
Standard Presentations
No.
Title
Length
Introduction
2:42
Fundamentals: Structure of hybrid systems
4:32
Fundamentals: Fundamentals of electricity
10:26
Sensors and relaysPressure switches
0:48
Sensors and relaysSensors
3:24
Sensors and relaysPressure switches
2:41
Sensors and relaysRelays
3:34
Solenoid valves
2:48
Solenoid valves: Double-solenoid valves
1:47
10
Solenoid valves: Pilot control
3:58
11
Pilot control: Circuit-diagram conventions
4:14
12
Pilot control: Hard-wired controllers
4:58
13
Pilot control: Programmable Logic Controllers
2:25
For several topics useful presentations have been provided within FluidSIM. The following table lists the titles of the predefined presentations.
Presentation Title
All topics sorted by number
Basics
Supply elements
Actuators
Shutoff valves
Flow control valves
Time delay valve
Sequential circuit and signal overlap circuit
Educational films
336
D. Messages
This section contains information about the messages that may appear
from FluidSIM while working in the Edit Mode, the Simulation Mode, or
while saving circuit diagrams.
D.1
Electrical Errors
Simulation aborted. A short-circuit was detected in an electrical

circuit.
The positive and negative poles of a voltage source are directly
connected without a load (indicator light, buzzer, relay, or control
solenoid). The short circuit must be eliminated before simulation can
take place.
D.2
Drawing Errors
Objects are placed outside the drawing area.

At least one object has been placed outside the drawing area. After
acknowledging the dialog box the respective objects are shown
selected. Either change the papersize or place the selected objects
inside the marked drawing area.
Open connections.
At least one component has an open pneumatic connection. After
acknowledging the dialog box, all components with an open pneumatic
connection are selected.
Incompatible connections are superimposed.

When two connections are superimposed, FluidSIM automatically
connects them. When these two connections do not go together, a
warning message is given.
Superimposed lines.
At least two lines are superimposed. After acknowledging the dialog
box, these line segments are selected.
337
D. Messages
Lines through components.

At least one line is passing through a component. After acknowledging
the dialog box, the appropriate components are selected.
Lines through connections.

At least one line is crossing through a connection to which the line is not
connected. After acknowledging the dialog box, these lines are selected.
Superimposed components.
At least two components are superimposed. After acknowledging the
dialog box, these components are selected.
Duplicate or incompatible labels.

A label has been used incorrectly. After acknowledging the dialog box,
the appropriate components are selected. To set the circuit diagram into
simulation, other labels will have to be chosen.
There are components with the same description.

The same description has been assigned to more than one component.
After acknowledging the dialog box the respective components appear
selected. Modify the component description(s), or, as the case may be,
rearrange them such that their assignment becomes definite.
There have been warnings. Start simulation anyway?

This prompt appears when any of the above drawing errors can be found
in the circuit diagram. If the simulation is started while connections are
open, air will escape at these places. However, open connections can be
fit with a blind plug, if this behavior is not desired.
338
D. Messages
There is no cylinder close to the distance rule.

A distance rule can only be given a label when it is assigned to a
cylinder. Move the distance rule near a cylinder, so that it snaps into
place. Now a label can be entered by double clicking the measuring
scale.
No superficial errors detected.

The circuit diagram does not contain any of the above described drawing
errors.
D.3
Operating Errors
No objects found.
You tried to check a circuit diagram for drawing errors or to start the
simulation; but there are no components located in the current window.
Objects cannot be deleted from the FluidSIM standard libraries.

Create a new library if you want to set up a custom library.
Objects can neither be added nor deleted from the FluidSIM standard
libraries. However, new custom libraries can be created instead, which
contain merely your preferred selection of components (see Section
6.10).
The value range of abc is x ... x .

The value range for the field has been exceeded. Make sure to observe
the indicated limits.
339
D. Messages
D.4
Opening and Saving Files
The circuit diagram has been changed. Save current changes?

You want to close a circuit diagram window or quit FluidSIM. Since the
last save, changes have been made to the current circuit diagram.
The file abc already exists. Replace?

A circuit diagram with the name name.ct already exists on the hard
disk. To save the current circuit diagram, you must either change the file
name, or the already existing file will be replaced with the new circuit
diagram.
Cannot save DXF file.

The file (either the current circuit diagram or the component library)
cannot be saved due to insufficient disk space or a write-protected disk.
Unknown file format.

The file cannot be opened since its format is not supported by FluidSIM.
Cannot open file abc .

FluidSIM cannot open the file because Microsoft Windows refuses
access to the file. Either the file does not exist or is locked by another
application.
abc does not exist. Create?

You have tried to open a file that does not exist. However, the file can be
opened as a new file.
The file abc can not be deleted.

You have tried to delete a file that does not exist or is write-protected.
340
D. Messages
Circuit abc is already opened. Close this window before?

You want to save a circuit diagram under another name. There is,
however, already another open window with this name. If you close
this window, the file will be replaced.
D.5
System Errors
Simulation aborted. The circuit is too large.

The size of circuit diagrams that can be simulated is bound. You must
reduce the number of components.
Internal capacity of FluidSIM exceeded.

The previous action exceeded the capacity of the internal memory. The
action cannot be completed.
No more windows available.

Microsoft Windows cannot provide any more windows most likely
because the system resources have been exhausted.
Memory capacity exceeded. Quit other running applications.

There is not enough memory readily available to complete the
parameter calculations. To make more memory available, other circuit
diagrams should be closed, along with any other Microsoft Windows
programs that are running. Then attempt to run the simulation again.
When there is no other possibility to free up memory, the virtual memory
can be increased. Microsoft Windows then utilizes a section of the hard
drive to increase the memory. However, as a result the execution speed
of the program decreases greatly. It would be wiser to extend the main
memory by increasing the computers RAM.
341
D. Messages
This version is not registered. Please repeat the installation

procedure.
You have tried to start an unlicensed version of FluidSIM. Most likely
you have changed your system configuration, or important system
files have become corrupt. Attempt to reinstall FluidSIM into the same
directory. If there is a problem with the re-installation, you will receive a
message on the screen pertaining to the problem. Notify Festo Didactic
GmbH & Co. KG of the error or the problem.
Out of memory. Please save changed circuits and quit FluidSIM.

While completing an operation (for example loading a circuit diagram,
displaying a component photo, rebuilding the desktop) an error in the
memory occurred. FluidSIM could not cancel the operation in a proper
manner. You are recommended to quit FluidSIM because the programs
stability cannot be assured. However, it is still possible to save changes
to circuit diagrams before quitting FluidSIM.
Fatal error. Please save changed circuits and quit FluidSIM.

A program error has occurred. Please save changes to any open circuit
diagrams, quit FluidSIM and Microsoft Windows , and restart.
The circuit filename.ct has not been saved when the last
FluidSIM session was terminated improperly. Shall this file be
recovered?
FluidSIM has been terminated in an unexpected manner. However, a
backup file was written from which an actual version of the unsaved
circuit can be constructed. If the question is answered with Yes a
window with the recovered circuit is opened; however, the original
circuit remains unchanged. You then can decide if to whether the
recovered circuit shall be saved under the original name.
342
Index
Symbols
29
32
66
33
37
37
37
38
23
26
29, 227
20, 228
227
44, 227
175, 229
63, 229
33, 229
66, 229
66, 229
71
235
235
235
235
236
236
103, 231
26, 231
23, 231
27, 231
231
232
232
232
67, 230
343
Index
230
67
70
70
70
70
70
70
2/n way valve
configurable
3/2-way valve
ball seat
disc seat
lever operated
pneumatically operated
roller operated
solenoid operated
with pushbutton
with selection switch
3/n way valve
configurable
4/2-way valve
disc seat
roller operated
4/3-way valve
turning disc principle
4/n way valve
configurable
5/2-way valve
longitudinal slide principle
solenoid operated
suspended disc seat
5/3-way proportional valve
344
246
313, 314
314
247, 248
251, 315
315
248, 250
249
249
246
316
316
316
246
316, 317
251, 252
250
317
249
261
Index
5/3-way valve
solenoid operated
5/n way valve
configurable
6/n way valve
configurable
8/n way valve
configurable
Action
Action (stored effective)
activation
actuation
of switches
without detent
without lock
actuators
DC motor
solenoid
Admissible characters
adsorption dryer
air drying
absorption
adsorption
low temperature
air lubricator
air motor
air pressure reservoir
air reservoir
air service unit
alignment
Allocation
ammeter
ampere meter
252, 317
251
246
247
247
203, 299
206
11
26
72
45
273
273
211
245
306
306
306
306, 307
268, 312
243
243
243, 305
67
206
274
274
345
Index
AND
digital
animation
component
of diagram symbols
Asynchronous Pulse Generator
digital
axial flow compressor
B
346
background grid
default setting
display/hide
set type
bialog box
picture file
bitmap
Bitmap
blind plug
delete
fit automatically
set manually
cam switch
CD-ROM drive
check valve
pilot to close
spring loaded
with pilot control
circle
circuit diagram
backup
bistable valve
creation
292
145
45
297
308
199
71
71
168
168
302
68
338
68
215
301
11
253
254
253
254
211
302
198
318, 319
28
Index
current
default directory
direct control
drawing mistake
indirect control
load
pressure sequence valve
print
quick exhaust valve
save
sequential control
shuttle valve
signal overlap
simulate
superficial checking
time delay valve
too large
two pressure valve
click, see mouse click
clipboard
data format
general
closed-loop control
command line
comparator
compatibility
LOGO
component
actuation
animation
animation within circuit
connect
copy
delete
description
199, 227
198
319
102
319
20
330
175
326
340
334
324
334, 335
23
102
331
341
322
1
222
66
130
223
283
121
72
145
45
37
66
33, 339
142
347
Index
in clipboard
in selection
insert
mirror
mirror selection
move
numbering scheme
permanent actuation
properties
rotate
rotate selection
sectional view
select
superimposed
usage in circuit
with label
component library
build
create
display
folder view
new
rearrange
tree view
using
component parameter
adjustable
general
components
group
pneumatic
same description
ungroup
compressed air filter
compressed air supply
348
66
63
66
67
67
33
303
72
105, 118, 166
67
67
143, 157
33
102, 338
143
106
189
189
183
183
189
185
183
183
118
118
72
242
338
72
305
Index
axial flow compressor

delivery
distribution
general
piston compressor
within circuit
compressor
adjustable
Compulsory command
computer power
configurable symbols
configuration
cylinder
configure
cylinder
symbols
connection
close
digital
electrical
general
incompatible
mechanical
open
pneumatic
properties
quantities
superimposed
context menu
context sensitive
continuous valve
continuous valves
control technology
controller
comparator
308
307
308
242
307
41
242
242
216
24, 74
49
50
50
49
68, 81
121, 291
272
37
337
300
102, 337, 338
245
68, 81
81
102, 337
19, 66
142
132
130
130
283
349
Index
PID controller
status controller
cooler
counter
electrical
pneumatic
current limiter
current path
numbering
cycle
cylinder
configurable
control
distance rule problem
double acting
mounting arrangements
multi position
seals
single acting
tandem double acting
350
DC motor
DDE
communication
in
options
out
de-installation
default directory
Delay
delay switches
delay valve
detent switch
break
changeover
283
284
244
282
256
282
76
163
262
309, 310
339
264, 265, 310, 311
311
266
311
263, 309, 310
311
273
125, 128
284
128
284
16
198
214
276, 287
331
279
279
Index
make
diagram
new
print tiled
diagram symbol
check valve
designation of connections
directional valve
flow control valve
linear actuator
method of actuation
non-return valve
numbering system
pressure control valve
rotary actuator
supply component
dialog
diagram properties
drawing area
functional diagram editor
line options
project
signal connection
signal elements
text options
dialog box
bitmap
cylinder
diagram
drawing layers
drawing size
DXF symbol
ellipse
exporting parts lists
exporting TIFF file
279
62
62
321
313
312
328
309
313
321
304
329
309
305
88
92
86
99
197
100
95
89
168
50
63
159
62
182
163
174
178
351
Index
import DXF file

label
paper size
parts list
rectangle
valve editor
didactics
actuators
animation speed
basic pneumatics
component description
directional control valves
educational film
flow control valves
presentation
presentations
pressure control valves
sectional view
sequential circuit
settings
shutoff valves
signal overlap circuit
supply elements
time delay valve
tutorial
differential pressure gauge
differential pressure switch
Digital Basic Functions
Digital Components
Digital Constants and Connectors
Digital module
Digital Special Functions
DIN standard
directional valves
lever operated
352
180
112
62
172
160
35, 60
309
157
303
142
312
154, 336
328
149
336
329
143, 157
334
157
321
334
305
331
146
269
259
292
290
290
293
293
142
Index
3/2-way
3/2-way
5/2-way
5/3-way
solenoid operated
3/2-way
5/2-way
5/3-way
with pushbutton
3/2-way
3/2-way
5/2-way
directories of FluidSIM
displacement encoder
distance rule
general
problem
usage
distance-step diagram
dongle
drag-and-drop
drawing
new
print tiled
size
drawing area
objects outside
drawing layers
drawing mistake
dryer
DXF
export
import
247, 248
251
251, 252
252
248, 250
250
251
249
249
249
15
274
301
339
113
334
11
31, 222
62
62
62
337
159
102
245
179
180
353
Index
EasyPort
communication
options
Edge-triggered AND
digital
Edge-triggered Wiping Relay
digital
edit
redo
several circuits
undo
Edit Mode
activate
exit
educational film
CD-ROM drive
general
overview
electrical components
american standard
ladder diagram style
electro-pneumatics
ellipse
Enclosing step
error
fatal
message
exhaust air throttling
Explorer
external load
cylinder
292
296
63
73
63
72
23
11
154
336
270
286
286
104
163, 302
217
342
337
329
222
54
file
create
delete
354
122
128
128
340
340
Index
open
replace
save
save as...
unknown format
film, see educational film
filter
automatic condensate drain
manual condensate drain
flow direction indicator
default setting
general
flow meter
analog
force profile
cylinder
Formula entry
Frequency Threshold Trigger
digital
function generator
function illustration
general
functional diagram
functional diagram editor
Functions
GRAFCET
Action
Action (stored effective)
Action when a transition is triggered
Admissible characters
Compulsory command
Delay
222, 223, 340

340
340
341
340
1
243, 305
244
244
199
82
269, 275
270
56, 58
213
297
132, 271
147
302
302
213
201
203, 299
206
217
211
215
211
216
214
355
Index
Electrical part
Enclosing step
Formula entry
Functions
Initialization
Labels
Macro-step
Operative connection
Partial GRAFCETs
Reference
Sequence rules
Sequence selection
Step
Synchronization
Target information
Time limit
Transition
Variable names
Variable value
GRAFCET Elements
GRAFCET-I/O
graphic primitives
cycle
ellipse
rectangle
square
grid, see background grid
group
components
objects
H
356
help on problems
HI
digital
207
217
213
213
209
213
216
215
215
209
209
210
202, 217, 298
210, 299
215
214
204, 298
211
210
298
300
160
163
163
160
160
1
72
72
218
291
Index
Initialization
Input
digital
insert
parts list
search
installation
FluidSIM
FluidSIM in network
label
at component
at distance rule
display style
duplicate
frame
incompatible
Labels
ladder diagram
large mouse cursor
activate/deactivate
Latching Relay
digital
license
license connector
limit switches
line
automatic creation
color
crosses connection
delete
digital
draw
electrical
move
209
290
171
193
11
225
105
114
112
338
112
338
213
286
198
295
342
11
277, 288
74
25, 119
338
67
291
37
273
38
357
Index
pneumatic
set type
superimposed
thickness
through component
linear drive
linear drive, solenoid coupling
LO
digital
LOGO
compatibility
loop mode
presentation
low pressure amplifier unit
lubricator
358
Macro-step
main memory
minimum
reorganization
small
manometer
maximum speed
measuring instruments
ammeter
voltmeter
media playback
Media Player
memory
exceeded
out of
Memory bits
digital
menu
context sensitive
245
68
102, 337
25
338
267
266
291
121
158
252
244
216
11
223
74
269
120
269
274
274
156, 222
222
341
342
290
142
Index
337
messages
miscellaneous
300
24
model formulation
273
motor
mouse click
double 22, 66, 68, 81, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116, 118, 166
67
double with Ctrl key
left
10
19, 66
right
63
with Ctrl key
with Shift key
72
285
Multi-pin plug distributor
N
NAND
digital
NAND With Edge Evaluation
digital
network
default directory
installation
option
non return valve
NOR
digital
NOT
digital
nozzle
numbering
current path
292
292
198
225
198, 225
321
292
293
255
76
objects
alignment
group
ungroup
Off delay
67
72
72
359
Index
digital
On delay
digital
On/Off delay
digital
one-way flow control valve
online help
OPC
communication
in
options
out
open-loop control
Operative connection
options
OR
digital
orifice
Output
digital
360
paper
size
parameter
cylinder
Partial GRAFCET
Partial GRAFCETs
parts list
export
picture
picture file
PID controller
piston compressor
pneumatic timer
potentiometer
294
294
294
255, 328
240
125, 128
284
128
284
130
215
238
292
255
290
62
52
299
215
171, 172, 302
173
168
168
283
307
256
134
Index
power supply
connection (0V)
connection (24V)
presentation
creation
edit
file format
loop mode
overview
play
topic switching
pressure
absolute
atmospheric
pressure compensator
closing
opening
pressure control valve
pressure indicator
pressure reducing valve
pressure regulator valve
pressure sensor
analog
pressure sequence valve
pressure switches
pressurizing valve
print
circuit diagram
preview
setup
window contents
Printer
select
project
adding files
270, 286
270, 286
150
151
224
158
336
149
157
308
308
258
258, 259
307
269
257, 258
257, 258
259, 274
269
260
280, 289
248
175
175
176
175
176
196
197
361
Index
opening files
properties
removing files
property, see component or connection
proportional technology
proportional valve
5/3-way
proportional valve solenoid
proximity switches
Pulse Relay
digital
pushbutton
break
changeover
make
Q
362
quantity
close to zero
default settings
display
units of measure
quick exhaust valve
Quickstepper
quit
unexpected
RAM, see main memory
real-time
real-time proportional
recover
circuit
rectangle
registration
relay
counter
197
197
197
1
130
261
132, 300
281
295
278, 288
279, 288
278, 288
82
199
79, 199
10
253, 326
261
342
1
120
25
342
160, 302
342
282
Index
delay time
general
number of pulses
simple
starting current limiter
switch-off delayed
switch-on delayed
Retentive On delay
digital
ring sensor
rubber band
116
115
116
282, 289
282
282, 289
282, 289
scrollbar
sectional view
semi-rotary actuator
sensors
displacement encoder
flow meter
pressure sensor
Sequence rules
Sequence selection
sequence valve
Setpoint value card
settings
circuit diagram specific
didactics
global
save
save on exit
simulation
window specific
short circuit
shuttle valve
signal devices
buzzer
19
147
268, 312
295
256
63, 70
274
275
274
209
210
329
272
198
157
198
82, 198
199
119
198
337
253, 323
274
363
Index
indicator light
signal flow
simulation
DDE
different modes
digital technique
EasyPort
existing circuits
label designation
line color
maximum speed
OPC
parallel
precision
real-time
settings
slow-motion factor
start
Simulation Mode
activate
exit
pause
reseting parameters
slow-motion factor
solenoid
sound
activate
change file
square
starting current limiter
state diagram
state values
diagram
recording
status bar
364
273
303
125
27
121
122
20
120
119
120
125
73
25
120
119
120
338
23
26, 72
27
27
120
273
119
223
160, 302
282
301
83
83
Index
display/hide
of FluidSIM
status controller
status indicator
Step
stepper module
series connection
TAA
TAB
sucker
superficial checking
supply air throttling
supply elements
switch
at cylinder
automatic altering
capacitive
coupling
general
break
changeover
make
inductive
limit
break
changeover
make
manually actuated
break
changeover
make
optical
pressure
break
changeover
198
19
284
301
202, 298
74
261
261
268
102
329
242
113
117
281
115, 116
275, 286
275
275, 286
281
277, 288
278
277, 288
278, 279, 288
279, 288
278, 279, 288
281
280
280, 289
280
365
Index
make
pneu./el. converter
pressure operated
reed contact
Reed contact
solenoid
switch-off delayed
break
changeover
make
switch-on delayed
break
changeover
make
with roll
switching element
table
symbol
DXF
symbols
configurable
Symmetric Clock Generator
digital
Synchronization
366
T-connection
T-junction
digital
electrical
pneumatic
table
switching element
Target information
Terminal assignment diagram
terminal assignment diagrams
280, 289
280
259
277, 278
277
281
276, 287
276
276, 287
276, 287
276
276, 287
277, 278
76
182
49
297
210, 299
43, 74
291
273
245
76
215
302
77
Index
text component
general
protect
throttle valve
TIFF export
time delay valve
Time limit
Timer Switch
digital
toolbar
display/hide
of FluidSIM
Transient sequence
Transition
tutorial
two pressure valve
U
undo
ungroup
components
objects
units, see quantity
Universal-I/O
Unstable step
Up/Down Counter
digital
vacuum actuator valve
vacuum suction nozzle
value range
exceeded
valve
configurable
editor
valve solenoid
165, 301
165
255, 328
177
256, 260, 331
214
296
198
18
210
204, 298
146
253, 321
63
72
72
1
285
210
296
260
268
339
246, 247
35, 60
300
367
Index
American standard
valves
configurable
directional valves
flow control valves
groups
pressure control
shutoff valves
way valves
Variable names
Variable value
video, see educational film
Virtual triggering
voltmeter
warning message
water separator
automatic condensate drain
way valve
configurable
window
arrange
not available
print contents
Wiping Relay
digital
368
246
247
253
260
257
253
246
211
210
1
210
132, 274
337
244
244
246, 247
240
341
175
295
XOR
digital
301
zoom
circuit diagram
component library
time-distance diagram
293
70
70
70
Index
with rubber band
70
369

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FluidSIM 4

FluidSIM was launched at the Knowledge-based Systems Department of

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG, D-73770 Denkendorf, 1996-2009

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Admissible characters for steps and variables

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Moreover, the newest updates can be found at our Internet site at

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

FluidSIM Pneumatics is a teaching tool for simulating pneumatics basics

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Chapter 2 describes the computer requirements for FluidSIM, the

Appendix A contains a complete listing of FluidSIM menus and is

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Appendix C contains the component illustrations, the animations, the

Values for quantities calculated and displayed in FluidSIM are expressed

Opening level (%)

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

This Chapter describes how FluidSIM is installed on your computer.

You need a computer with a Pentium processor or higher that runs

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Import Online Activation

Call Festo to receive your individual activation key

During the activation of FluidSIM several features of your PC and the

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

Note that a license transfer without a preceding deactivation is possible

Depending on the license model (single-position systems or network),

FluidSIM Full Version:

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

> Enter the following string in the space provided: d:setup.exe.

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

The directory structure of FluidSIM is demonstrated in the following

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

tp101_lb: Circuits in the textbook Pneumatics Basic Level TP

The following steps are necessary to de-install FluidSIM from your

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

The following chapter is set up in the form of a tutorial to introduce the

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

The left-hand side shows the component library of FluidSIM in

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

Only a certain number of the above listed functions will apply to a

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

Included with the FluidSIM installation disks are a number of working

or choose Circuit Preview in the File menu.

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

Preview windows containing overviews of existing circuit diagrams

A preview window displays the circuit diagrams of a specific directory

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

By double clicking a directory icon you go down to the respective

Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG and Art Systems FluidSIM

3. Introduction to Simulating and Creating Circuits

In either case the circuit diagram is opened and displayed in a new