Analysis and Design of Beams Problems

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective
depth of 460 mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming = 21
and = 345, determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
=
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
1 = 0.85 < 30
=
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
345(600 + 345)
= 0.02792
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete
compressive strength = 27.6 and steel yield strength =
276 . Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored moment
is (a) 20 kN-m, (b) 140 kN-m, (c) 485 kN-m, and (d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for :
=
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
= 0.75
=
0.85(27.6)0.85(600)
276(600+276)
= 0.0495
= 0.75(0.0495)
= 0.0371
0.03711(276)
=
27.6
= 0.371
= (1 0.59)

= 2
= 27.6(0.371)[1 0.59(0.37)]
= 8.001
= 8.001(300)(490)2
= 576.279106
= 576.279
= 0.90 576.279
= 518.65
a) = 20 < = ( )
= 2
20 x 106 = 0.90 (300)(490)2
= 0.309
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.085
0.85(27.6)
2(0.309
[1 1
]
276
0.85(27.6)
= 0.00113 <
1.4
> 31.36, =
4
1.4
=
= 0.005072
= 0.00572(300)(490)
=
b) = 140 < (singly reinforced)

= 2 140 x 106 = 0.90 (300)(490)2
= 2.16
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(27.6)
2(2.16)
[1 1
]
276
0.85(27.6)
= 0.00822 >
= 0.00822(300)(490)
= ,
c) = 485 < (singly reinforced)

= 2 485 x 102 = 0.90 (300)(490)2
= 7.48
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(27.6)
2(7.48)
[1 1
]
276
0.85(27.6)
= 0.03384 >
= 0.03384(300)(490)
= ,
d) = 600 >
The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.
PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth
of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel
strength = 415 MPa and concrete = 28 . Concrete cover is 70
mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit weight concrete is
23.5kN/3 .Other than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a
superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the
strength design method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280
kN-m, determine the required number of 20 mm tension
bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsPan,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Given:
b=300m
= 300
d=480-70=410 mm 1 = 0.85
1.4
= 415
= = 0.00337
Bar diameter , = 20
Weight of beam, = = 23.5(0.3 0.48 ) = 3.384

a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.
Factored load, = 1.4(3.384 + 18) + .7 (14)
Factored load, = 53.738 /
Maximum factored moment:
2
53.738(5)2
= 8 =
8
= .
b) = 280
Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed

=
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
= 0.75
=
0.85(28)(0.85)(600)
415(600+415)
= 0.02881
= 0.021261
= 0.03203
= (1 0.59 ) = 7.274
= 2 = 330.14
Required = 280 < (singly reinforced)
= 2 280 106 = .90 (300)(410)2
= 6.169
=
=
0.85
2
[1
]
0.85
0.85(28)
2(6.619)
[1 1
] = 0.01755 >
415
0.85(28)
= = 0.01755(300)(410)
= 21592
= 2 2159 = (20)2
4
4
N=6.9 say 7 bars
1. = 240
_ = 3.384 / (weight of beam)
=
(1.4 )2
+
= 314.805 <
4
8
()
314.805 106
= 2
= 0.90(300)(410)2
= 6.936
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(28)
2
[1 1
] = 002031 >
415
0.85
= 0.02031(300)(410)
= 24982
= 4 2 2498 = 4 (20)2 N
= 7.95

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
to tension bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be
placed at a depth of 60 mm below the top. If = 30 and =
414 , determine the tension steel area if the beam is to resist an
ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Solve for and :
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(30)(0.85)(600)
414(600 + 414)
= 0.031
= 0.75(0.031)
= 0.0232
=
= 0.15
1 = 0.85 < 10
0.02323(414)
30
= 0.3209
= 2 (1 0.59)
= 0.90(30)(0.3209)(300)(600)2 [1-0.59(0.309)
= 758.1 >
Since < , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.
= 6.687
650 x 106 = 0.90 (300)(600)2

= 6.687
Solve for :
0.85
2
(1 1
)
0.85
0.85(30)
2(6.687)
[1 1
] = 0.0191 >
414
0.85(30)
1.4
= 0.00338
= 0.0191(300)(600)
= 3442 2
PROBLEM 2.5 (CE November 2000)

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective
depth of 550 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is
used to carry a uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of
40 kN/m. Assume = 21 and = 312 . Compression
reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the

outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.
c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
1 = 0.85 30
=
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
312(312 + 600)
= 0.03199
= 0.75
= 0.75(0.03199)
= 0.02399
= 0.02399(300)(550)
= ,
b) Required tension steel area:

Factored load:
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(25) + 1.7(40)
= 103 /
Required strength:
=
2
8
Solve for
103(6)2
8
=463.5kN-m
0.0299(312)
21
= 0.356
= 2 (1 0.59)
= 0.90(30)(0.356)(300)(550)2 [1 0.59(0.356)]
= 536.5 >
= 2
= 0.39 (300)(550)2
463.5 106 = 0.9 (300)(550)2
= 5.67
0.85
2
(1 1
)
0.85 ,
0.85(21)
2(5.67)
[1 1
]
312
0.85(21)
= 0.02269
=
= 0.002269(300)(550)
= 3743 2
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
Number of 25-mm bars=
25
3.743
Number of 25-mm bars=

4
(25)2
= 7.63 8

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and total depth of 600
mm. The beam will be design to carry a factored moment of 540kN-m.
Concrete strength = 28 and steel yield strength = 248 .

Solve using the strength design method.
a) Determine the balanced steel ratio in percent.
b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel
ratio equal to 0.5 of balanced steel ratio.
c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the
maximum allowable steel ratio.
SOLUTION
Given:
= 28
= 248
b=300 mm
h=600 mm
= 540
1 = 0.85
a) Balanced steel ratio:
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(28)(0.85)600
248(600 + 248)
= 0.0577 = . %
b) Effective depth using = 0.5
= 0.5(0.0577) = 0.0289
=
0.0289(248)
= 0.2556
28
= (1 0.59)
= 28(0.2556)[1 0.59(0.2556)]
= 6.0776
= = 2
540 x 106 = 0.90(8.307)(300) 2
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will
be reinforced with 12-mm-diameter bars with = 275 .Concrete
strength = 21 . Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if
the total factored moment acting on 1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of
slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small
depths.
Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12) = 94 mm

Width, b = 1000 mm
= 2
23 x 106 = 0.90 (1000)(94)2
= 2.892
0.85
(1 1
2
)
0.85
0.85(21)
2(2.982)
(1 1
)
275
0.85(21)
0.75 0.85 1 600

= 0.0284
(600 + )
1.4
= 0.00509
= 0.1154(1000)(94)
= 1085
Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):
1000
1000
Eq. 2-17
1000
=
1000 4 (12)2
=
1085
=
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The
factored moment at critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume =
21 and = 275 . Clear concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine
the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20) = 385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength, = 640
Maximum and minimum requirements:

= 0.75
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
= 0.0284
= 2528
(Procedure is not shown anymore see Problem 2.2)
=
1.4
= 5488 2
Singly reinforced:
= 2
0.85
2
(1 1
)
0.85
0.85(21)
2(1.713
(1 1
)
275
0.85(21)
640 106 = 0.90 (2800)(385)2

= 1.713
= 0.00656
=
= 0.00656(2800)(385)
= 7074 2 >
Number of 20 mm bars:
=
7074
=
2
4 (20)
= 22.5
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead
load moment of 60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load
moment of 48 kN- m. Use = 20.7 and = 276 .
SOLUTION
Required strength:
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(60) + 1.7(48)
= 165.6
(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
276(600 + 276)
= 0.0371
=
1.4
= 0.00507
Note: this is the authors suggestion
Try = 60%
= 0.6(0.0371) = 0.02226
0.02226(276)
20.7
= 0.2968
= (1 0.59)
= 20.7(0.2968)[1 0.59(0.2968)]
= 5.068
= 2
165.6 x 106 = 0.90(5.068)2

2 = 36.296 106 3
Try d = 1.75 b
b=228 mm say 230 mm

d=399 say 30 mm
= 0.02226(230)2(400)
= 2.049 2
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
= ,
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to
support a superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m.
24
Assume normal weight concrete with = 3 .
Use , = 34 , = 345 .
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the authors assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm, _ = 24 (0.3 0.6) = 4.32/
= 1.4 (29 + 4.32) + 1.7(44)
= 121.448 /
= 1.4 + 1.7
. =
121.448(6)2
8
= 546.516
1 = 0.85
=
0.05
= 0.821
7(34 30)
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
0.85(34)(0.821)(600)
345(600+345)
= 0.04369
= = 0.75 (0.04369)
=
=
= 0.03277 >
= 0.00423
4
> 31.36
0.03277(345)
34
= 0.332
= (1 0.56 )
Assume d = 1.75 b
= 34(0.332)[1 0.59(0.332)]
= 9.087
(this is the authors assumption)
= 2
546.516 x 106 = 0.90(9.087)()(1. 75)2

= 279.4 & = 489
Use b = 280 mm, d = 490 mm

Minimum beam the thickness (Section 409.6.2.1)
=
(0.4 +
)
16
700
6000
345
(0.4 +
)
16
700
= 335
=
= 0.03277(280)(490)
= 4496 2
Using 32 mm bars (#100):

=
4496
=
2
4 (32)
= 5.6 6
= 490 + (25) + 32 + 20
= 554.5 >
Beam weight = 24 (0.28)(0.5545)
Beam weight = 3.73 kN/m < 4.32(OK)
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced
concrete having a width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam
is loaded with uniform dead load of 35 kN/m (including its own weight),
and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given = 24 , =
415 .Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment.
Assume EI=constant.
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
= 24
= 415
= 275
= 290
= 490
= 60
= 35 /
= 55 /
= 490 60 = 430
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4 (35) + 1.7 (55)

= 142.5 /
Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:

= 142.5 (2)(1) = 285
Mo Lo + 2 ( + 1 ) + 1 +
60
0
0
0 + 2 (0 + 6 ) + (285 )(6) + 0 +
61
0
1
142.5(6)3
4
=0
=0
= 498.75
=
-489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)

R=676.875 kN
= 142.5(8) 676.875
= 463.125
Maximum positive moment:

= 0
(+2)2
2
(2 + ) = 0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
= 676.875(2.75) 142.5
(2.75+2)2
= 253.828
Solve for :
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(24)(0.85)600
415(600 + 415)
= 0.0247
= 0.75
= 0.75 (0.0247)
= 0.01852
=
0.01852(415)
24
= 0.3203
= (1 0.59 )
= 2
= 415(0.3203)[1 0.59(0.3203)]
= 6.235(290)(430)2
= 334.316
= 0.90(334.316)
= 300.884
At a point of maximum positive moment:
= 253.828 <
= 2
0.85
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(24)
2(5.26)
[1 1
]
415
0.85(24)
(Singly reinforced)
253.828 x 106 = .90 (290)(430)2
= 5.26
= 0.01495
=
= 0.01495(290)(430)
= 1,864 2
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

STEEL YIELDS ( = )
PROBLEM 2.12(CE MAY 1999)
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b = 400 mm and d= 720 mm
is reinforced for tension only with 6-25 mm diameter bars. If = 21
and = 400 , :
a) The coefficient of resistance of the beam.
b) The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
=
0.85 1
(600 + )
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=
400(600 + 400)
= 0.02276
= 6
=
(25)2 = 2945 2
4
=
2945
= 0.01023 < ( )
400(720)
0.01023(400)
= 0.195
21
= (1 0.56)
= 21(0.195)[1 0.59(0.195)]
= .
= 2 = 0.90(3.62)(400)(720)2
= . Answer
Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490
mm. The tension steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the
ultimate moment capcity of the beam in kN-m. Assume =
27 , = 275 .
SOLUTION
=
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
0.85(27)(0.85)(600)
275(600+275)
= 0.02276
4,500
=
=
= 300(490)
=
0.0361(275)
27
= 0.3118
= (1 0.59 )
= 27(0.3118)[1 0.59(0.3118)]
= 6.87
= 2
= 0.90(6.87)(300)(490)2
= .
PROBLEM 2.14
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, = 3 25 , =
34.2 , grade 60 reinforcement ( = 414 ). Calculate the design
moment .
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
0.85 1 600
(600+ )
=
=
0.05
(34.2 30) = 0.82
7
0.85(34.2)(0.82)(600)
414(600+414)
= 0.03407
(25)2 3 = 1473 2
4
1473
300(500)
= 0.00982 <
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:
=
= 0.00353
4
=
0.00982(414)
34.2
= (1 0.59)
= 34.2(0.1188)[1 0.59(0.1188)]
= 3.779
= 2
= 0.90(3.779)(300)(500)2
= .
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension
bars spaced at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete
strength = 21 MPa and steel yield strength = 275 . Unit weight
of concrete is 23.5 kN/3 .
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe
uniform live load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
= 4 (12)2
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
275(600 + 275)
= 0.0378
= 1028 2
=
1000
100
1028
=
1000(104)
= 0.00989
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexures:

1.4
= 0.00509
0.00989(275)
21
= 0.129
= (1 0.59 )
= 2
b) =
= 21(0.129)(1 0.59(0.129)]
= 2.511
= 0.90(2.511)(1000)(104)2
= .
2
8
24.443 =
(4)2
8
= 12.222 /
Dead load pressure, = x thickness of concrete.

Dead load pressure, = 23.5 0.13 = 3.055
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4( ) + 1.7 ( )
12.222 = 1.4(3.055 1) + 1.7( 1)
= .
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for
tension only with 3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a
span of 6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 680 N/m including its own
weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the beam can carry. Assume
= 276.5 and = 20.7 .
SOLUTION
= 3 (25)2 = 1479 2
4
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
276.5(600 + 276.5)
= 0.03703
=
1.473
=
250(460)
= 0.01281 <
( )
=
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:

=
1.4
= 0.00506
0.01281(276.5)
20.7
= 0.171
= (1 0.59)
= 2
2
=
8
= 27(0.171)[1 0.59(0.171)]
= 3.183
= 0.90(3.183)(250)(460)2
= 151.56
(6)2
151.56 =
8
= 33.68 /
33.68 = 1.4 (0.68) + 1.7
= .
= 1.4 + 1.7
PROBLEM 2.17 (CE JANUARY 2008)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an
effective depth of 55 mm. The beam is reinforced with six 25-mmdiameter tension bars. Steel yield is 415 MPa and concrete strength
is 28 MPa.
a) What is the balanced steel ratio?
b) What is the maximum steel area for singly reinforced?
c) What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
1 = 0.85
0.85(28)(0.85)600
415(600 + 415)
= 0.028816
= . %
b) Maximum steel area

=
= (0.75 )
= (0.75 0.028816)(300)(5)
= ,
c) Nominal moment capacity

Using 6-25 mm bars:
= (25)2 6 = 2,945 2
4
=
2,945
= = 0.01963 < ( )
300(500)
0.01963(415)
=
= 0.291
28
= (1 + 0.59 ) = = 28(0.291)(1 0.59 0.291)
= 6.7494
=
= 2 = = 6.7494(300)(500)2
= .
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28
mm bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries
a uniform dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live
load of 3 kN/m, and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in
Figure 2.7. Assume = 414 , = 34.5 . Calculate the
following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.
2P
2m
2m
2m
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
0.05
(34.5 30) = 0.818
7
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
(28)2 5 = 3079 2
4
0.85(34.5)(0.818)(600)
= 0.03428
414(600 + 414)
3079
= 300(446) = = 0.01972 <
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

=
= 0.00355
4
0.01972(414)
= 0.2367
34.5
= (1 0.59) = = 34.5(0.2367)[1 0.59(0.2367)]=7.025 MPa

= 2
= = 0.90(7.025)(300)(446)2 = 440.18 kN - m
1.4(2P)
1.4P
= 1.4(4.5) + 1.7(3) = 11.4/
B
2m
C
2m
D
2m
Figure 2.8 Beam with factored loads

For the given loads, the maximum moment can occur at B or C:
= 1.4(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
440.18 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
= 149
At point C:
Set =
At point B: (First solve for )
= 0
4 + 1.4(2) = 2.8(2) + 11.4(6)(1)

= 17.1 + 0.7

Set =
= (17.1 + 0.7) 11.4(2)(1)

440.18 = (17.1 + 0.7 )(2) 11.4(2)(1)
= 306.27
Thus the maximum value of P such that will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is
149 kN.
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS ( )
PROBLEM 2.19
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, = 6 32 , =
27.6 , grade 60 reinforcement ( = 414 ). Calculate the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
=
=
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)
414(600 + 414)
= 0.0285
(32)2 6 = 4825 2
4
4825
300(500)
= = 0.03217 >
0.85
b=.300
c=0.85
ab
d=500
500-a/2
From Eq. 2-18
=4825
T=
= 600
= 600
500
= 0
=
= 0.85 ,
(4825)600
500
= 1 = 0.85
= 0.85(27.6)(0.85)(300)
2 = 484 241,964 = 0
= 306.2
= 600
= 600
500306
306
= = 379.65
= 1 = 0.85(306.2)
= 260.3
= ( )
2
= 0.90(4825)(379.65)(500
260.3
)
2
= .
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490
mm. The tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with =
415 . = 21. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam.
SOLUTION
=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
(25)2 7 = 3436 2
4
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
415(600 + 415)
= 0.02161
3436
= 300(490)
= 0.02337 >
b=300
0.85
c=0.85
ab
d=490
490-a/2
=3436
From Eq.2-18:
T=
= 600
= = 600
490
= 0
=
(3436)600

490
= 0.85 ,
= 1 = 0.85
= 0.85(221)(0.85)(300) = = 296.24
= 600
490 296.24
296.24
= 392.43 <
= 600
= 1 = 0.85(392.43)
= 251.81
= ( 2)
= ( 2)
251.81
= 0.90(3436)(392.43)(490 2 )
= .
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

NON-RECTANGULAR BEAMS
PROBLEM 2.21
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9.
Assume = 345 and = 21 .
125 125
125
700mm
125
4-32mm
75
375mm
Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above
(such as, , ) may not be applicable. The moment can be
computed using the assumptions in the Code and the conditions of
equilibrium.

(32)2 4
4
= 3217 2
=
Solve for the balanced to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
600
600 +
600(625)
= 396.825
600 + 345
625mm
125 125 125
125
=:
From Eq. 2-11
= 1 = 0.85(396.825)= 337.3
= 337.3(375) 125(125) = 110,863 2
=
= 0.8
(345) = 0.85(21)(110,863)
= 5,736 2
4-32mm
375mm
Since < , tension steel yields.

=
0.85 ( 1252 ) =
0.85(21)( 375 1252 ) = 3,217(345)
= 207.5
= 1 2
125
= = 1 ( ) 2 (
)
2
2
= 0.85(21)(207.5)(375)(625
207.5
)
2
= 567.03
= 0.90(567.03)
= .
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10.
Assume = 345 and = 21 .
600
600 +
600(375)
600 + 345
= 238
= 1
= 0.85(238)
= 202.4
375
5
=
=
450
6
375
Solve for :
3-22mm
75
375m
m
450mm
SOLUTION
= (22)2 3
4
= 1,140 2
Figure
2.10
= 168.7
= 17,066 2
=
= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(21)(17,066)
= 883 2 <
322mm
375m
m
7
5
Since > , tension steel does not yield ( < )

solve for c:
=
= 600
= 1
0.85 =
5 2
0.85(21)
= 1140 600
12
7.437(0. 85)2 = 684,00
375
= 250.92
= 1
= 0.85(250.92) = 213.3
2
2
= ( ) = 0.85 ( )
3
3
5
2
= 0.85(21) (213. 29)2 [375 (213.3)]
12
3
= 78.77
= 0.90 78.77 = .
d375
450m
m
450m
= 1/2()()
1
5
5
= 2 6 = 2
d-(2/3)a
PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume = 28 and =
345 .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when = 800 .
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when = 1200 .
Figure 2.11Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the
design moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 75 = 725 mm
= ( 2)
= 0.90 0.85(28)(150) (725
150
2
= 1044.225
a) = 800
Since the required = 800 < 1044.25 , < 150 .
Assuming tension steel yields:
= ( )
2
= 0.85 ( )
2
800 106 = 0.90 0.85(28)(500)(725 0.5)
=
= 111.6 < 150

Check is steel yields:
= 600
= 600
725 131.2
= 2,712 >
131.3
= 131.3
1

= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
= ,
b) Balanced condition (See Figure 2.12)

=
= 1
600
600 +
600(725)
= 460.32
600 + 345
= 0.85(460.32) = 391.3
= 150 = 241.27
1 = 500(150) = 75,000 2
1
1 = 725
= 650
2(150)
1 = 125(241.27) = 30,159 2
1
2 = 725 150
= 454.37
2(241.27)
= 1 1 + 22 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
= 0.85(28)[75,000 650 + 2 30,159 454.37]
= 1812.52
= 0.90 1812.52 = .
500m
m
25
0
12
5
150
12
5
725
1
2
Figure 2.12
c) Maximum steel area,

= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 22 )
(345) = 0.85(28)(75,00 + 2 30,159)
= 9,335 2
= 0.75
= 0.75(9,335)
= ,
d) Maximum moment , :
Refer to Figure 2.12:
1 + 2 =
0.85(28)[75,000 + 22 ] = 7,001(245)
2 = 13,244 2
2 = 125
2 = 725
13,244 = 125
= 105.95
1501
= 522.03
2(105.95)
= 1 + 1 + 22 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
= 0.85(28)[75,00 650 + 2 13,244 522.03]
= 1489.34
= 0.90 1189.34 = .
e) = 1200 <
Refer to Figure 2.12
1 = 75,000 2
1 = 650
( )
2 = 125
2 = 575 0.5
=
1200 106 = 0.90 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
1200 106 = 0.90 0.85(28)[75,000(650) + 2(125)(575 0.5)]
= 53.04
= 1 + 2
= 75,000 + 2 125(53.04)
= 88,259.2 2
=
= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(28)(88,259.2)
= ,
BEAM DEFLECTION PROBLEM

PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam
is simply supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load
of 11 kN/m including its own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m.
The beam is reinforced tension bars of 530 mm. = 20.7 , =
344.8 , = 2.832 . Modulus of elasticity of concrete =
21,650 and = 200 .
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service
loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years
assuming that 40% of the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
b = 350 mm
Figure 2.13
6 25 mm
c
h = 600 mm
d = 530 mm
b = 350 mm
N.A.
d-c
Effective moment of inertia, :
Eq. 2-19
3
3
= (
) + [1 (
) ]
=
3
=
12
350(600)3
=
= 6300 106 4
12
2.832(600 10)6
= 59.472
600/2
= 1/2(600) = 300
=
2
=
8
=
= + = 11 + 15 = 26 /
26(8)2
= 208
8
= Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete
From Figure 2.13:
Modular ratio, = = 9.238
= 9.328 6
(25)2 = 27,208 2
4
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
=
=
3
=
+ ( )2
3
350(219.7)3
+ 27,208(530 219.7)2
3
= 3,857 106 3
3
3
= (
) + [1 (
) ]
59.472 3
59.472 3
6
= (
) 600 10 + [1 (
) ] 3,857 106
208
208
= 3,914 106 4 <
()
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
=
54
384
2(26)(8000)4
384(21,650)(3,914 106 )
= .
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
54
Instantaneous deflection = 384
5(17)(8)4 (1000)4
384(21,650)(3,914 106 )
= 10.7
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the

instantaneous deflection due to sustained load can be found by ratio and
proportion using the result in Parta.
1 16.36
=
17
26
1 = 10.7
Long-term deflection = + 1
=
1 + 50
=2
= 0
=
2
=2
1 + 50(0)
Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)

Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm
PROBLEM 2.25 (CE NOVEMBER 2002)

The continuous reinforced concrete beam shown in Figure 2.14 is
subjected to a uniform service dead load of 16 k/m and a service live load
of 32 kN/m,resulting in the bending moment diagram shown. Twenty
percent of the live load will be sustained in nature, while 80% will be
applied only intermittently. The concrete strength = 17.2. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is given by the expression
= 4700 ( ) and the modulus of rapture is given by the
expression
= 0.7 ( ). Determine the following:
a) The effective moment of inertia at the supports (maximum negative
moment).
b) The effective moment of inertia for the continuous member.
c) The additional deflection (in addition to the initial deflection) after 5
years, under the sustained loading if the instantaneous deflection
due to the combined service dead and live load is 5 mm.
Figure 2.14
y
560 mm
Gross Section
I=0.0715
y=310 mm
AT SUPPORTS
Cracked Section
I=0.00573
y=159 mm
1900 mm
y
620 mm
560 mm
n As
Gross Section
I=0.0138
y=194 mm
AT MIDSPAN
Cracked Section
I=0.00573
y=107 mm
7.6 m
5-32 mm
3-32 mm
5-32 mm
145 kN-m
202 kN-m
202 kN-m
SOLUTION
= 4700 = 470017.2 = 19,492
= 0.70 = 0.7 17.2 = 2.903
a) Effective moment of inertia at the supports
Maximum moment, = 202
Distance from NA of gross section to extreme tension fiber, = 310
Moment of inertia of gross section, = 0.00715 4
Moment of inertia of cracked section, = 0.00573 4
=
2.903(0.00715 10004 )
10
= 66.959
3
3
= (
) + [1 (
) ]
66.9593
66.959 3
= (
) 0.00715 + [1 (
) ] 0.00573
202
202
= .
b) Effective moment of inertia for the continuous member
=
( ) + ( )
3
(. 409.6.2.4)
At maximum negative moment (at support)

= 0.0057817 4
Solving for at maximum positive moment (at midspan)
= 0.0138 4
( )
= 620 194 = 246
= 0.00513 4
=
2.903(0.00715 10004 )
310
= 66.959
3
3
= (
) + [1 (
) ]
( ) + ( )
2
0.0057817 + 0.007932
=
= .
2
=
c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x

=
1 + 50
= 0( )
= 2( 5 )
=
2
=2
1+0
Solving for the instantaneous deflection under sustained loading:

Instantaneous deflection = 5mm (given)
Instantaneous loading = 16 kN/m + 32 kN/m
Instantaneous loading = 48 kN/m
Sustained loading = 16 + 20%(32)
Sustained loading = 22.4 kN/m
Sine deflection is directly proportional to the load:
1
5
=
22.4 48
1 = 2.33
Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x
=2.333 x 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm
ONE WAY SLAB PROBLEMS

Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a
uniform live load of 7,500 Pa. Assume = 27.6 and = 276
for main and temperature bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or
weather. Use unit weight of concrete = 23.5 /3.
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load, = 7.5 1 = 7.5 /
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
= 20 (0.4 + 700)
3000
20
276
(0.4 + 700)
= 119 ( 120 )
10 mm temp. bars
B = 1000 mm
d
h = 120 mm
102mm main bars
Cover +
/2
Effective depth:
d = 120-20 mm (covering)-1/2 bar diameter (12mm)
d=94 mm
Weight of slab:
=
= 23.5 (1)(0.12)
= 2.82 /
Factored floor pressure load:

= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(2.82) + 1.7(7.5)
= 16.698 /
16.698(3)2
=
2
= 18.785
= 2
0.85
[1 1
18.785 106 = 0.90 (1000)(94)2

= 2.362
]
0.85
0.85(27.6)
2(2.362)
[1 1
]
276
0.85(27.6)
= 0.009039
Check for and :
=
1.4
= 0.00507
0.75 0.85 1 600

(600 + )
0.75 0.85(27.6)(0.85)600
276(600 + 276)
= 0.037 > 0.009309 ()
= 0.009039(1000)(94)
= 850 2 per meter width of slab
Using 12-mm main bars:

Spacing s =
1000
(12)2
4
850
1000
= 138 135
Maximum spacing required by the Code:
a) 3() = 3(120) = 360
b) 450
Thus, use 12 mm main bars at 135 mm o.c.

Temperature bars: (Grade 275)
= 0.002
Spacing =
= 0.002(1000)(120)
= 240 2
1000
(10)2
4
240
1000
= 327 325
a) 5 = 5(120) = 600
b) 450 mm
OK
Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars at 325 mm o.c.
PROBLEM 2.27
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab
has a length of 4m with both ends continuous. Assume = 21 and
= 415 for main bars and = 276 for temperature bars.
Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/3 .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load, = 4 1 = 4 /
Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:
=
28
4000
28
= 143 ( 150 )
Weight of beam (DL):
=
= 23.5(1)(0.15)
= 3.525
= 1.4 + 1.4
= 1.4(3.525) + 1.7(4)
= 11.735 /
Maximum factored moment, Section 408.4 (See Page 29)

LL < 3 DL
Column
Column
Column
Spandrel
Beam
Shear
Moment
Effective depth, d = 1.50 20 1/2 (12)

Effective depth, d = 124 mm
At midspan:
2
=
16
= 2
11.735 (4)2
=
16
= 11.735
11.735 106 = 0.90 (1000)(124)2

= 0.848
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(21)
2(0.848)
[1 1
]
415
0.85(21)
= 0.0021
1.4
= 0.00337 > 0.0021
Use = = 0.00337
=
= 0.00337(1000)(124)
= 418 2
Spacing, s =
1000 =
(12)2
4
418
1000
= 271 270
a) 3 = 3(150) = 450
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 12 mm bottom bars at 270 mm o.c. at midspan
At support:
=
2
10
= 2
11.735(4)2
10
= 18.776
18.776 106 = 0.90 (1000)(124)2

= 1.357
0.85
1 2
[1
]
0.85
0.85(21)
2(1.357)
[1 1
]
415
0.85(21)
= 0.0034 >
= 0.75
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
= 0.75
0.85(21)(0.85)600
415(600 + 415)
= 0.0162 > 0.0034

Use = 0.034
=
Spacing, =
= 0.0034(1000)(124)
= 422 2
1000
(12)2
4
422
1000
= 268 265
Thus, use 12 mm top bars @ 265 mm o.c. at support
Temperature bars (10 mm): ( = 0.002)
= 0.002 = = 0.002(1000)(150)
Spacing, s =
1000 = =
(10)2
4
300
= 300 2
1000
= 261 260

a) 5 = 5(150) = 750
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars @ 260 mm o.c.
150 mm
10 mm temperature
bars @ 260 mm o.c.
12 mm main bars
@ 265 mm o.c.
L/4
L/2
L/4
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is

reinforced with 12 mm tension bars ( = 275 ) spaced at 140 mm
o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm. Calculate the uniform live load pressure that
a slab can carry. Use = 20.7 . Unit weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/3 .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b = 1000 m
=
= 23.5(1)(0.16)
= 3.76
Dead load:
d = 160 20 1/2(12)
d = 134 mm
Effective depth:
Steel area, =
1000
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
140
24
(12)2
807.8
1000(134)
= 0.006028
= 2
= =
0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
275(600 + 275)
= 0.037 > ( )
0.006028(275)
20.7
= 20.7(0.0801)[1 0.59(0.0801)]
= 1.58
= 20.7(0.0801)[1 0.59(0.0801)]
= 25.5334
2
(3)2
= 25.5334 =
8
8
= 1.4 + 1.7
1000
= 807.8 2
= (1 0.59) =
= =
= 22.696 kN/m
= 22.696 = 1.4(3.76) + 1.7

= 10.25 /
=
10.25 = Uniform pressure x 1
Uniform live load pressure = 10.25 kPa
Solved Problems Using 2010 NSCP

PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth
of 490 mm. = 30 , = 415 . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load
moment of 120 kN-m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
Since > 28 ;
1 = 0.85
0.05
( 28)
7
1 = 0.85
1 = 0.836
0.05
(30 28)
7
a) Balanced steel area:

=
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
0.85(30)(0.836)(600)
415(600 + 415)
= 0.03036
=
= 0.03036(310)(490)
= ,
b) Maximum steel area when beam is singly reinforced:

From Eq. 2-24:
3 0.85 1
3 0.85(30)(0.836)
= 7
= 7
415(600+415)
= 0.0221
= 0.0221(310)(490)
= ,
c) Maximum design strength, : = 0.004, = 800

51
= 140 1 2 (1 14 1 )
From Eq. 2-25 :
51
3
(0.836)(30)(310)(490)2 (1
0.836)
140
14
= 558.05
From Eq. 2-26: = 0.65 + 0.25

= 0.65 + 0.25
800
1000
800415
1000415
= 0.8145
= 0.8145(558.05)
= .
d) = 1.2 + 1.6
= 1.2(120) + 1.6(170)
= 451.45
Thus, the beam is singly reinforced.

Determine if the beam is tension-controlled:
459
From Eq. 2-22: = 1600 1 2 (1 16 1 )

= 451.45
Since the required , the section is tension controlled. =
0.90
= 0.85 ( 2)
416 106 = 0.90 0.85(30)()(310)(490 )

2
= 139.06
Check if it is really tension-controlled:
=
139.06
=
= 166.4
1
0.836
= 600
490 166.4
= 600
= 1,167
166.4
> 1,000
()
PROBLEM 2.30
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width = 320,
effective depth = 520 , = 27 , = 345 . Dead load
moment = 180 , Live load moment = 167
. .
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
= 1.2 + 1.6
= 1.2(180) + 1.6(167)
= 483.2
Solve for to determine if compression steel area is required.
51
3
1 2 (1
)
140
14 1
51
3
(0.85)(27)(320)(520)2 (1 0.85)
140
14
= 591.64
= 0.65 + 0.25
800
1000
=0.8237
= 487.31 >
( )
Solve for to determine if the section is tension-controlled.

=
459
3
1 2 (1 1 ) = 478.9
1600
16
Since > , the section is within transition region, i.e 0.65 < <
0.90
= = 0.85 ( /2)
520
600
345

= 0.65 + 0.25
= 0.65 + 0.25
1000
1000 345
=
119.084
+ 0.2893
= 0.85
119.084
+ 0.2893) 0.85(27)(0.85)(320)(520
1/2 0.85)
483.2 106 = (
= 208.8
= 1 = 177.45
=
= 0.85
(34.5) = 0.850(27)(177.45)(320)
= 3,777 2
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280
mm, d = 480 mm, = 21 , = 415 . The beam is reinforced
for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
=
=
28
0.85 1 600
(600 + )
= =
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
= = 0.0216
415(600 + 415)
(25)2 = 490.87 2
4
a) = 3 = 1473 2
=
1473
280(480)
= 0.01096 <
( )
=
0.85 =
0.85(21)()(280) = 1473(415)
= 122.28
=
= 143.86
1
= 600
480 143.86
= 600
= 1,402 > 1,000
143.86
The section is tension-controlled, = 0.90

= ( /2) = = 0.85 ( /2)
= 0.85(21)(122.28)(280)(480 122.28/2)
= 255.87
= 0.90(255.87)
= .
b) = 4 = 1963 2
1963
=
280(480)
= 0.014961 <
=
( )
=
0.85 =
0.85(21)()(280) = 1963(415)
= 163.04
=
= 191.81
1
= 600
480 191.81
= 600
= 901.5 < 1,000
191.81
The section within transition region, i. e 0.65 < < 0.90

= 0.65 + 0.25

1000
= = 0.65 + 0.25
901.5 415
1000 415
= 0.858
= ( /2) = = 0.85 ( /2)
= 0.85(21)(163.04)(280)(480 163.04/2)
= 324.504
= 0.858(324.504)
= .
c) = 7 = 3436 2
=
3436
=
= 0.02557 >
280(480)
( )
The section is compression-controlled, = 0.65

=
= 0.85
480
3436 600
= 0.85(21)(0.85)(280)
= 297.56
= 1 = 252.92
= ) /2) = = 0.85 ( /2)
= 0.85(21)(252.92)(280)(480 252.92/2)
= 0.65(446.91)
= .
PROBLEM 2.32
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume = 28
and = 345 .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when = 800
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when = 1200 .
500 mm
250
125
500
150
800 mm
150
125
75 mm
Figure 2.16 - Hallow beam

SOLUTION
This problem is the same as Problem 2.23.
= 800 75 = 725
To guide us whether a will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a =150 mm.
=
= 176.47
1
= 600
= 1,865 > 1000
, = 0.90
= ( /2) = 0.90 0.85(28)(150)(500)(725 150/2)

= 1044.225
a) = 800
Since the required = 800 < 1044.225 , < 150 .
= = ( /2)
= 0.85 ( /2)
800 106 = 0.90 0.85(28)(500)(725 0.5)
= 111.6 < 150
Stress in steel
=
= 131.3
1
725 131.2
= 600
= 2,712 >

131.3
= 600
= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
= ,
b) Balanced condition: = 0.65
600
600 +
= =
600(725)
= 460.32
600 + 345
= 1 = = 0.85(460.32) = 391.3
500 mm
125
250 125
150
a
725
= 150 = 241.27
1 = 500(150) = 75,000 2
1 = 125(241.27) = 30,159 2
Figure 2.17
1 = 725 1/2(150) = 650
2 = 725 150 1/2(241.27) = 454.37
= 1 1 + 22 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
= 0.85(28)[75,000 650 + 2 30,159 454.37]
= 1812.52
= 0.65 1812.52
= .
c) Maximum steel area,

=
3
= 310.71
7
2.17
= 1 = 264.11
= 150 = 114.11
1 = 500(150) = 75,000 2
1 = 725 1/2(150) = 650
2
2 = 125(114.11) = 14,263
2 = 725 150 1/2(114.11)=517.95
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 22 )
(345) = 0.85(28)[75,000 650 + 2 14,263]
= ,
d) Maximum moment, :

= 1 1 + 22 2
= 0.85 + (1 1 + 22 2 )
= 0.85(28)[75,000 650 + 2 14,263 517.95]
= 1511.9
= 0.65 + 0.25
800
= 0.824
1000
= 0.824 1511.9
= .
e) = 1200 <
Refer to Figure 2.17
= 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
( )
= 0.65 + 0.25
= 0.65 + 0.25
+
1000
= 600
725
345 166.03
=
+ 0.2893
1000 345
600
= 150 = 0.85 150

2 = 125 = 106.25 18,750
2 = 725 150 1/2=575-1/2(0.85c-150)
2 = 650 0.425
= 0.85 (1 1 + 22 2 )
166.03
1200 106 = (
+ 0.2893) 0.85(28)[75,000](650)
+ 2(106.25 18,750)(650 0.425)]

= 398.7
=
166.03
+ 0.2893 = 0.706
398.7
2 = 106.25(398.7) 18,750 = 23,615 2

=
= 0.85 (1 + 22 )
(345) = 0.85(28)(75,000 + 2 23,615)
= 8,432 2
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment
of 110 kN-m (including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m.
Use steel ratio = 0.65 and take = 1.9. Assume = 276 and
= 21 .
SOLUTION
= 1.2 + 1.6
= 1.2(110) + 1.6(180)
= 420
0.85 1 600
= 0.03765
(600 + )
: 1 = 0.85 < 28
= 0.65 = 0.02447
=
= 0.322
= (1 0.59 )] = 5.473
600
600 +
= 0.685
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly proportional to c.

Thus, = 0.65
= 0.445
= 600
= 0.65 + 0.25
0.445
0.445
= 747.7 < 1000 ""
= 600

1000
= 0.65 + 0.25
= 0.813
747.7 276
1000 276
= 2
420 106 = 0.813(5.473)()(1.9)2
=
= 1.9 =
=
= 0.02447(297)(564)
= ,
PROBLEM 2.34
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio = 0.5
SOLUTION
= 420
= 0.03765
= 0.5 = 0.01883
=
(1 0.59) = 4.438

600
= 0.685
600 +
= 0.5 = 0.34247
=
= 600
0.34247
0.324247
= 1152 > 1000 , = 0.90
= 600
= 2 = 420 106 = 0.90(5.473)()(1.9)2

=
= 1.9 =
=
= 0.01883(308)(585)
= ,
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
A rectangular beam has = 250 , = 350 , = 414 , =
20.7 .
Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly
reinforced and (b) the required steel area if the beam is required to carry
a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and a live load moment of 30 kN-m. Use
the 2001 NSCP.
:
) = 148.3
) = 1075 2
PROBLEM 2.36
Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.
:
) = 130.8
) = 1056 2
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load
moment of 85 kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102
kN-m. Use = 0.6 and use d= 1.75b. Assume = 276 and =
28 . Use the 2001 NSCP
: = 250 , = 436 , = 3,273 2
PROBLEM 2.38
= 246 , = 430 , = 3182 2
PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:
Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with, = 320
effective depth, = 640
concrete strength, = 25
reinforcing steel, = 400
reinforcing steel modulus, = 200,000
service dead load moment 350 =
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the
required area of steel area reinforcement, design balanced
moment, and the corresponding service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and
the corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be
designed as singly reinforced.
: ) = 5,549 2 , = 952.44, = 272
) = 4,162 2 , = 775.46, = 168
PROBLEM 2.40
: ) 5,549 2 , = 687.87 , = 167.42
) = 3,963 2 , = 677,7 = 161
PROBLEM 2.41
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with =
350 , = 450 , = 5 25 . Assume = 24 . =
345 . Use 2001 NSCP
: = 366.2
PROBLEM 2.42
: = 366.2
PROBLEM 2.43
350 , = 540 , = 7 28 . Assume = 24 , =
345 . Use 2010 NSCP.
: = 582.9
PROBLEM 2.44
: = 514.3
PROBLEM 2.45
300 , = 500 , = 9 28 2 . Assume = 34 , =
414 . Use 2010 NSCP
: = 729.6
PROBLEM 2.46
: = 522.5
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2001 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span
of 6 m. The beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm,
and the clear distance to adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
2. 16 + = 16(120) + 250 = 2170
3. clear spacing of beams + = 3000 + 250 = 3250
Therefore =
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, = 1200 = 30
Flange thickness, = 130
, = 345
Width of web, = 290
Effective depth, = 470
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment
capacity when the depth of compression concrete flange equals the
flange thickness or = .
SOLUTION
= 0.8 ( 2)
=
Eq. 3-5
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 0.85(30)(120)(130)(470
180
)
2
= 1611
= 0.90 1611 =
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, = 900
= 20.7
, = 414
Width of web, = 310
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85 30
a) Balanced condition
=
600
600 +
600(460)
600 + 414
= 272.2
d = 460 mm
= 1
= 0.85(272.2)
= 231.4 >
= 900mm
t=10
0
C a
z
T
=250
mm
Figure 3.3
= = 121.4
1 = = 900(110) = 99,000 2
2 = = 310(121.4) = 37,622 2
= 1 + 2 = 136,622 2
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 ( 1 + 2 )
(414) = 0.85(20.7)99,000 + 37,622)
= ,
1 = 2 = 405
2 = 2 = 289.3
= 2 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 ( 1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405) + 37,622(289.3)]
=
= 0.90(897)
= .
b)
Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.3.
= 0.75
= 0.75(5806)
= ,
= 0.75

= 1 + 2
= 0.75(136,622)
= 102,466 2 > 1 , >
102,466=99,000 + 310(z)
= 11.2
2 = 102,466 99,000 = 3,466 2

2 = 2 = 344.41
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 ( 1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405) + 3,466(289.3)]
= .
= 0.90(726.5)
= .
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties: = 820 , = 250 , =
470 , = 100 . Concrete compressive strength = 20.7

and steel area for the following load conditions:
a) = 150 , = 120
b) = 175 , = 190
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
=
= 0.85 ( ) = 545.375
2
:
Balanced condition:
600
=
= 278.11
600 +
d = 470 mm
< 1 = 236.39 >

= 820mm
t=1
00
C a
z
T
FIGURE 3.4
=250
mm
= = 136.39
1 = = 82,000 2
2 = = 34,098 2
= 1 + 2 = 116,098 2
Maximum condition:
= 0.75 = 87,073 2 > 1
2 = 82,000 = 5,073 2
=
= 20.29
2 = 2 = 359.85
= + 2 = + 0,85 2 2
= 574.28
a) = 150 , = 120
= 1.4 + 1.7 = 414 < ,

Since , "a" is less than t.
d = 470 mm
t =100
=820 mm
C
d -a/2
T
= 0.85 ( 2)
414 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(820)(470 2)
= 73.6
=
= 0.85
= 2,565 2
Minimum is the smaller of:
= 646 2
= 1059 2
Thus, = ,
b) = 175 , = 190
= 1.4 + 1.7 = 568 < ,
Since is more than , ""is more than t.
= 820mm
d = 470 mm
t=100
C a
=250
mm
= + 2
568 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)(470 1002)
= 15.78
2 = = 3,946 2
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(414) = 0.85(20.7)(82,000 + 3946)
= ,
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which = 300 and =
550 . The beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab
thickness
is
100
mm.
= 450
( ), = 350 . = 27 , =
415 .
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(450) + 1.7(350)
= 1225
Solve for bf:

:
1. L/4 = 1.125 m
2. 16 + = 16(100) + 300 = 1,900
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
Thus, = 1,125
Solve for = = 100, = 0.90
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 1161.844
Solve for to determine if compression steel is needed.
600
= 600+ = 325.123
= 1 = 276.355 >
= 1125mm
d =550mm
t=1
00
C a
z
4
5
T
=300 mm
= + 2 2
1225 106 = 1161.844 106 + 0.90 0.85(27)(300)(450 )

2
z=23.25 mm
2 = = 6975.02 2
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(415) = 0.85(27)(112,500 + 6,975.02)
= 6,607 2
Minimum is the smaller value of:
= 1033 2
= 1937 2
Thus, = ,
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam
with the following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width =
250 , effective depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume
= 20.7 and = 345 . The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm

bars.
SOLUTION
Solve for balanced :
600
= 380.95
600 +
= 1 = 323.81 >
= = 22381
1 = = 150,000
2 = = 55,952 2
=
= 1500mm
d =600mm
t=100
C
=250 mm
=
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,00 + 55,952)
= 10,503
Steel area provided, = 6 4 (28)2 = 3,695 2 > steel yields

Therefore, =
=
0.85 =
0.85(20.7) = 3,695(345)
= 72,441 < 1
"a" is less than t
=1500 mm
d = 600 mm
t =100
C
d -a/2
T
=
72,441 = a (1500)
= 48.29 2
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 0.85(20.7)(48.29)(1500)(600 48.292)
= 733.99
= 0.90(733.99)
= .
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width, = 900 = 21
Flange thickness, t=1200 = 345
Width of web, = 400
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load, = 410
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension
only with twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85; = .90
= 900mm
d =580mm
t=120
C
= 12 (28)2 = 7,389 2
4
1 = = 108,000 2
=400 mm
Solve for balance :

600
=
= 368.25
600 +
= 1 = 313.02 >
= = = 193.02
2 = = 77,206 2
=
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(21)(108,000 + 77,206)
= 9,582 2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
=
0.85 =
0.85(21) = 7,389(345)
= 142,813 2 > 1
a>
= 900mm
d =580mm
t=120
C a
z
46
0
T
=400 mm
= 1 + 2
142,813=108,000+2
2 = 34,813 2
2 =
34,813 = 400z
= 87.03
1 = 2 = 520
2 = = 416.48
2
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
= 1,261.3
= 0.90(1,261.3)
= 1135.138
=
= 1.4 + 1.7
1,135.138 = 1.4(410) + 1.7
= .
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The
beam is reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with =
415 . Concrete strength = 32 . If the total service dead load
moment on the beam is 330 kN-m, determine the safe service live load
moment.
=500mm
d=530mm
t = 120mm
10-32 mm
SOLUTION
= 10 (32)2
4
= 8,042 2
1 = = 60,000 2
1 = 0.836
t = 120mm
0.05
(32 30)
7
Solve for balance :

600
600 +
= 313.3
= 1 = 261.83 >
= = 141.83
Figure 3.5
=500m
m
a
d=530mm
1 = 0.85
=320mm
2 = = 45,385.5 2
=320m
m
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(21)(60,00 + 45,385.5)
= 6,907 2
Since > , tension steel does not yield
=500m
m
t = 120mm
d=530m
m
a
z
1 = 60,000 2
2 = = ( )
2 = (1 )
= 600
= 1 + 2
=320m
m
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
530
8,042 600 = 0.85(32)[60,000 + 320(0.836 120)]

= 327.95
= 1 = 261.83
= = 141.83
2 = = 49,303 2
2 = 2 = 332.97mm
1 = 2 = 470mm
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 1 2 )
= 0.85(32)[60,000(470) + 49,303(332.97)]
= 1,213.56
= 0.90(1,213.56)
= 1,092.2
=
= 1.4 + 1.7
1,092 = 1.4(330) + 1.7
= .
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.9
SOLUTION
Given: = 900
= 20.7
= 110
= 414
= 3210
= 460
1 = 0.85 28
a) Balanced condition, = 0.65
=
600
600 +
600(460)
600 + 414
= 272.2
=
= 1
= 0.85(272.2)
= 231.4 >
= 900mm
d = 460 mm
t=110
C a
T
=310 mm
Figure 3.6
= = 121.4
1 = = 900(110) = 99,000 2
2 = = 310(121.4) = 37,622 2
= 1 + 2 = 136,622 2
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(414) = 0.85(20.7)(99,000 + 37,622)
= ,
1 = 2 = 405
2 = 2 = 289.3
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405)37,622(289.3)]
=

= 0.65(897)
=
b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.6.
800
3
= = 197.14 ; = 0.65 + 0.25
= 0.815
7
1000
= 1
= 0.85(197.14)
= 167.6
= = 57.571
2 = = 310(57.6) = 17,847 2
2 = 2 = 321.21
= 1 + 2

= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(414) = 0.85 (99,000 + 17,847)
=
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(20.7)[99,000(415) + 17,847(321.2)]
= .
= 0.815(806.34)
= .
PROBLEM 3.10
SOLUTION
Given: = 1200
= 130
= 470
= 290
= 30
= 345
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 0.85(30)(1200)(130)(470 1302)
= 1611
Solving for :
= 130
0.05
1 = 0.85
( 28) = 0.836
7
= = 155.56
1
= 600
= 1213 > 1000
= 090(1611)
=
" , = 0.90"
PROBLEM 3.11
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if = 195 and =
210 .
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tensioncontrolled if it is reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given: = 820
= 20.7
= 250
= 414
= 470
= 100
1 = 0.85 < 28 <
Solve for when = :
= 0.85 ( 2) = 605.97
= = 117.65
1
= 600
= 1797 > 1000, = 0.90
= .
Solve for :
3
= = 201.43
7
800
= 0.815
1000
= 171.21 >
= 0.65 + 0.25
= 1
= 820mm
d = 470 mm
t=100
C
T
= = 71.21
2 = = 17,803.6 2
2 = 2 = 334.39
=250 mm
= + 0.85 2 2
= 710.72
= 579
a) = 150 , = 120
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 372 < ,
Since is less than ,a is less than t.
d = 470 mm
t =100
=820 mm
C
d -a/2
T
Assume = 0.90
= 0.85 ( 2)
372 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(820)(470 2)
= 65.52
= = 77.08
1
= 600
= 3,058 > 1000 , , = 0.90
= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(20.7)(65.52)(820)
= 2,283 2
Minimum is the smaller value of:
= 646 2
2
= 1059 2
4
Thus, = ,
b) = 175 , = 190
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 514 < ,
Since , ""is less than t.
Assume = 0.90
= 0.85 ( 2)
514 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(820)(470 2)
= 93.53
= = 110.03
1
t =100
d = 470 mm
=820 mm
C
d -a/2
T
= 600
=
= 1,963 > 1000, , = 0.90
= 0.85
(345) = 0.85(20.7)(93.53)(820)
= ,
c) = 195 , = 210
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 570 < ,
Since , ""is more than t.
= 820mm
d =470mm
t=10
0
C
T
=250 mm
Assume = 0.90
= + 2
570 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)(470 100 2)
= 17.05
= + = 117.05 ; = 1 = 137.7
= 1448 > 1000, , = 0.90
2 = = 3,908 2
= 600
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
= 1 + 2
= 3,666 2
3
d) = = 176.25 , = 0.90
= 1 = 149.81 >
= 820mm
d = 470 mm
t=100
C
T
=250 mm
= = 49.81
2 = = 12,453 2
2 = = 3450.9
2
= + 0.85 2 2
= 681.59
= .
Note: If is less than or equal to , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
SOLUTION
Given: = 1500
= 20.7
= 250
= 345
= 600
1 = 0.85
= 6 28 = 3,694 2
600
= 600+ = 380.95
= 1 = 323.81 >
1 = = 150,000
2 = = 55,952 2
= 1500mm
d =600mm
t=100
C
=400 mm
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,000 + 55,952)
= 10,503
Steel area provided, = 6
(28)2 = 3,695 2 < " "
therefore, =
=
0.85 =
0.85(20.7) = 3,695(345)
= 72,441 < 1 "" is less than t
t =100
d = 600 mm
=1500 mm
C
d -a/2
T
72,441 = (1500)
= 48.29 2
Solve for :
= = 56.82
1
= 600
= 5,736 > 1000
therefore = 0.90
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 0.85(20.7)(48.29)(1500)(600 48.292)
= 733.99
= 0.90(733.99)
= .
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given the following properties of a T-beam:
Flange width, = 900
= 21
= 345
Width of web, = 400
= 7,389 2
Service deal load, = 410
1 = 0.85; = 0.90
= 12 4 (28)2 = 7,389 2
1 = = 108,000 2
600
= 368.25
600 +
d =580mm
Solve for balance :
= 900mm
t=120
C
= 1 = 313.02 >
= = 193.02
2 = = 77,206 2
=
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(21)(108,000 + 77,206)
= 9,582 2
=400 mm
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
=
0.85 =
0.85(21) = 7,389(345)
= 142,813 2 > 1
= 900mm
d = 580 mm
t=120
C
a >t
z
46
0
T
=400 mm
= 1 + 2
2 =
142,813 = 108,000 + 2
2 = 34,813 2
34,813 = 400
= 87.03
1 = 2 = 520
2 = 2 = 416.48
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
= 1,261.6
Solve for :
= + = 203.03
= = 243.57
1
= 600
= 828.76 < 1000
Since < < 1000 ,Transition region

= 0.65 + 0.25

= 0.8346
1000
= 0.8346(1,261.3)
= 1,052.703
=
= 1.2 + .6
1,052.703 = 1.2(410) + 1.7
= .
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
t = 120mm
10-32 mm
=320mm
Figure 3.7
d=530mm
=500mm
t =120 mm
=500mm
d=530mm
a
Z
SOLUTION
= 10
(32)2
4
=320mm
= 8,042 2
1 = = 60,000 2
1 = 0.85
1 = 0.821
0.05
(32 28)
7

600
600 +
= 313.3
= 1 = 257.35 >
= = 137.35
2 = = 43,953 2
=
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
(345) = 0.85(21)(60,000 + 43,953)
= 6,813 2
Since > ,
=500m
m
t =120
mm
d=530mm
a
Z
=320m
m
= 0.65
1 = 60,000 2
2 = = ( ) = (1 )
= 600
= 1 + 2
= 0.85 (1 + 2 )
530
= 0.85(32)[60,000 + 320(0.821 1200)]
= 329.27
8,042 600
= 1 = 270.47
= = 150.47
1 = 2 = 470
= 1 1 + 2 2
2 = = 48,151 2
2 = 2 = 334.76
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(32)[60,000(470) + 48,151(334.76)]
= 1,205.48
= 0.65(1,205.48)
= 783.56
=
= 1.2 + 1.6
78.56 = 1.2(330) + 1.6
= .
DESIGN PROBLEMS Doubly Reinforced Beams

PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The
beam is reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The
centroid fiber. Assume = 415 and = 29 . Determine the
following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
maximum moment.
SOLUTION
305 mm
d=490 mm
d-d420
70
mm
4-25
mm
70
mm
1 = 0.85
a) Balanced condition
=
= 1
600
600 +
600(490)
600 + 415
= 289.66
= 0.85(289.66)
= 246.21
= 600
= 600
289.6670
289.66
= 455 > yield

=
1 =
2 =
1 = 0.85
1 (415) = 0.85(29)(246.21)(305)
1 = 4,460 2
2 =
2 = 1,964 2
Balanced steel area, = 1 + 2 = ,

= ( 2) + ( )
= 0.85 ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85(29)(246.21)(305)(490 246.212)
= , .
= 0.90(1,021.4) = .
b) Maximum tension steel area:
According to Section 410.4.3, for members with compression
reinforcement, the portion of equalized by compression reinforcement
need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor.
1 = 0.751
2 = 1,964 2
= 1 + 2
1 = 0.75(4,460)
1 = 3,345 2
= 3,345 + 1,964
= ,
= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(29)()(305) = 3,345(415)
= 184.7
= /1
= 600
= 184.7/0.85
= 217.2
217.270
= 600 217.2
= 406.7 <
( )
= ( 2) + ( )
= 0.85 ( 2) + ( )
= 0.85(29)(184.7)(305)(490 184.72)
+1964(406.7)(490 70)
= .
= 0.90(887.45)
= .
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of
460 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed
70 mm from extreme concrete. Concrete strength = 35 and steel
strength = 345 .
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the
compression steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
0.05
(35 30) = 0.814
7
(28)2 2 = 1,232 2
4
a) Balanced condition considering compression steel:

=
600
600 +
= 600
600(460)
600 + 345
= 600
292 70
292
= 456 > , = = 345

+ =
0.85 + =
0.85(35)(0.814 292)(300) + 1232(345) = (345)
= ,
b) Maximum steel area:
For rectangular beams:
= 0.75 = 0.75(292)
= 219.05
= 1 = 178.37
= 600
= 600
219.05 70
219.05
= 408 > , = = 345

+ =
0.85 + =
0.85(35)(178.37)(300)
+1232(345) = (345)
= ,
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete
compressive strength = 27.6 and steel yield strength =
276 . Compressive steel if required shall have its centroid 60 mm
from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required tension steel area if
the factored moment is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
Solve for :
=
600
= 335.616
600 +
= 1 = 285.27
= 0.85 ( )
2
= 0.85(27.6)(213.96)(300)(490 213.962)
= 576.76
= 0.90(576.76) = 519
Since = 620 > , the beam must be doubly reinforced.
b
d
ca
d a/2
d d
1 = = 576.76
2 =
620
0.90 576.76
= 112.13
2 =
2
= 213.96
1 = 0.85
1 (276) = 0.85(27.6)(213.96)(300)
1 = 5456 2
Note: 1 =
Solve for :
= = 251.71
1
= 600
251.71 60
251.71
= 457 >
= 600
Compression steel yields
=
2 = 2 ( )
112.13 106 = 2 (276)(490 60)

2 = 945 2
Tension steel area, = 1 + 2 =

Compression steel:
= 2
= 2
= 2
=
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be
designed to carry a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load
of190 kn-m. Compression reinforcement if necessary will have its centroid
70 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Determine the required steel area.
Use = 30 and = 415 .
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4(230) + 1.7(190)
= 645
Solve for :
Note: For rectangular beams, = 0.75
= 0.75
600
= 203.94
600 +
= 1 = 173.35
= 0.85 ( 2)
= 0.85(30)(173.35)(310)(460 173.35/2)
= 511.58
= 0.90(511.58)
= 460.42
Since = 645 > ,
ca
d
a/2
d
d
1 = = 511.58
2 =
2 =
645
511.58
0.90
2 = 205.088
= = 203.94
= 173.35
Tension Steel:
1 =
2 = 2 ( )
= 1 + 2
1 = 0.85
1 (415) = 0.85(30)(173.35)(310)
1 = 3,302 2
205.088 x 106 = 2 (415)(460 70)
2 = 1,267 2
= 3,302 + 1,267
= ,
Compression steel:
= 600
= 600
203.94 70
203.94
Compression steel does not yield, = 394.06

= 2
= 2
(394.06) = 1,267(415)
=
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by
continuous T beam with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure
3.10. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment requirements,
are = 280 , and = 500. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the
centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a maximum positive
factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use = 21 , = 415 . Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/3 .
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum
positive moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead
load acting on the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
L=9m
L=9m
SOLUTION
= 21
= 280
= 414
= 500
1 = 0.85
= 70
Maximum factored moment, = 1080
Effective flange width, :

1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
2. 16t+ = 16(100) + 280 = 1.88
3. = 1.2
Use = 1.2
Solve for to determine if compression steel is required.
Balanced condition:
=
600
600 +
= 1
= 0.85(295.57)
= 251.23
= 1200mm
t=100
d =500mm
600(500)
600 + 415
=280 mm
=
= 251.23100
= 151.23
1 = 1200 100 = 120,000 2

2 = 280(151.23) = 42,345 2
= 1 + 2 = 162,345 2
Maximum condition:
= 0.75
= 0.75(162,345)
= 121,759 2 > 1
= 1200mm
d =500mm
t=100
C a
z
T
=280 mm
2 = 1
2 = 121,759 120,000
2 == 1,759 2
2 =
1,759 = 280
= 6.28
1 = /2
1 = 500 100/2
1 = 450
2 = /2
2 = 500 100 6.28/2

2 = 396.86
= 1 1 + 2 2
= 0.90(976.36)
= 878.72
= 0.85 (1 1 + 2 2 )
= 0.85(21)(120,000 450)
+1,759 396.86
= 976.36
Since = 1,080 > , the compression reinforcement must

be provided.
=1200mm
d=500mm
430
500
mm
d=7
0
=820mm
=+
= 100 + 6.28
= 106.28
= /1
= 106.28/0.85
= 125.04
= 600
= 600
125.04 70
125.04
= 264.1 <
1 = = 976.36
1 =
1 = 1 + 2
1
1 = 0.85 (1 + 2 )
1 (415) = 0.85(21)(120,000 + 1,759)
= 5,237 2
d-d
d=70
2 = 1
2 =
1080
2 = 0.90 976.36
2 = 223.64
2 = 2 ( )
2 = 2 ( )
223.64 106 = 2 (415)(500 70)
2 = 1,253 2
Tension steel area, = 1 + 2 = ,

Compression steel area:
= 2
= 2
(264.1) = 1,253(415)
= 1,969 2
b)
Dead load=weight of concrete:
Area=1.2(0.1)+0.28(0.47)=0.2516 3
=
= 23.5(0.2516)
= .
c) Uniform live load
5-32
mmA
7.6
m
3-32
L=9
mm
m
145 kN-m
5-32
5-32
B
mm
mm
7.6
m
3-32
L=9
mm
m
145 kN-m
202 kNm
5-32
Cmm
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)

=
2
24
= 1.4 + 1.7
(9)2
24
= 320 /
1,080 =
320 = 1.4(5.9126) + 1.7

= .
INVESTIGATION (ANALYSIS) PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead
load moment of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam
can carry. Use = 20.7 = 345 .
350 mm
60 mm
600 mm
540 mm
2-28 mm
4-36 mm
Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
= 4 (36)2 4 = 4,072 2
= 4 (28)2 2 = 1,232 2
ca
d a/2+
d d
Assume all steel yield:

= =
2 = = 1,232 2
1 = 2 = 2,840 2
= 1
= 187.18
1
0.85 = 1
0.85(20.7)(350) = 2,840(345)
= 159.1
= 600
600 187.18
187.18
= 1.323 >
= 600
187.18 60
187.18
= 407.7 > compression steel yields
= 600
= 600
Assumption is correct, all steel yield.

= 1 + 2
= 1 ( ) + 2 ( )
2
= 1 ( ) + 2 ( )
2
159.1
= 2,840(345) (600
) + 1,232(345)(600 60)
2
= 739.4
= 0.90(739.4) = 665.43
= = 1.4 + 1.7
665.43 = 1.4(230) + 1.7
= .
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm
= 415
Effective depth, d=620 mm
= 22
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load
if the service dead load is 320 kN-m.
SOLUTION
= 10 (28)2 = 6,158 2
4
= 3 (25)2 = 1,473 2
4
Assume all steel yields:
2 = = 1,473 2
1 = 2 = 4,685 2
b
d
ca
d a/2+
0.85 = 1
= = 305.8
1
0.85(22)(400) = 4,685(415)
= 260
d d

= 616.5 >

= 600
= 463 >
= 600
()
()
All steel yields. Assumption is correct

= 1 + 2
= 1 ( 2) + 2 ( )
= 1 ( 2) + 2 ( )
= 4,685(415)(620 2602) + 1,473(415)(620 70)
= 1288.9
= 0.90(1288.9) = 1,160
= = 1.4 + 1.7
1160 = 1.4(320) + 1.7
=
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at
its ends. The beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span.
Width of beam is 300 mm and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is
reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars, four bars at the tension side and 2
bars at the compression side .Concrete protective coverings is 70 mm
form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength = 30 and steel
yield = 415 . Use 0.75 = 0.023.
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the
beam can carry.
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
= 30
= 415
300 mm
70 mm
(25)2
4
= 1963 2
= 2 (25)2
4
= 982 2
= 4
Assuming all steel yields:

2 = = 982 2
1 = 2 = 982 2
450 mm
310 mm
380 mm
2-25 mm
4-25 mm
70 mm
= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(30)(30) = 982(415)
= 53.26
= = 62.66 < 70 compression steel does not yield

1
Assuming tension steel yields and compression steel does not.

= +
= 0.85 +
1963(415) = 0.85(30(0.85)(300)
70
+982 600
= 98.87
= 600
= 600
98.86 70
= 175.17 <
98.86
= 1,706 > ()
= 1 = .
= ( 2) + ( )
= 0.85 + ( )
= .
= 0.90
= 243.53
c) Maximum factored uniform load:
Factored load,
A
By there-moment equation:
1 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 +
61 1 62 2
+
=0
1
2
= = 0
61 1 1 3
=
1
4
62 2 1 3
=
2
4
(6)3 (6)3
0 + 2 (+6 +) + 0 +
+
=0
4
4
= . /

A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width of
350mm and an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 228 mm compression bars on top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom,
each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Concrete strength
= 20.7 , and steel yield strength = 415 .Determine the
following:
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and
compression steel yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied
at midspan if the dead load including the weight of the beam is 20
kN/m.
SOLUTION
Given : = 6
= 350
= 400
= 70
= 20.7
= 415
= 28
Tension steel area = 4 (28)2 4 = 2463 2
Compression steel area, = 4 (28)2 2 = 132 2

1 = 0.85
= 0.90
Assuming tension & compression steel yields:
2 = = 1232 2
1 = 2 = 1232 2
= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(20.7)(350) = 1232(415)
=
= /1
= 83/0.85
= 97.64
= 600
97.64 70
97.64
= 170 <
= 600
Thus, compression steel does not yield.
Since compression steel does not yield, = 600
Assuming tension steel yields:

+ =
0.85 + =
0.85(20.7)(0.85)(350) + 1232 600
= 130.08
= 1 = 110.6
= 600
70
= 2463(415)
= 600
400 130.08
130.08
= 1245 > ()
= 600
= 600
130.08 70
130.08
= 277.11 <
= ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85 ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85(20.7)(110.6)(350)(400 110.62) + 1232(277.11)(400 70)
= 347.33
Ultimate moment capacity= = 0.90(347.33)

Ultimate moment capacity= = 312.6
3
m
3
m
L=6
m
= = 312.6
= 1.4 + 1.7
= 1.4
2
8
+ 1.7
20(6)2
312.6 = 1.4 8 + 1.7

= .
(6)2
4
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to
a maximum service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service
live load moment for this beam? Use = 21 = 415 .
525mm
8 - 25mm
30 mm
650 mm
Figure
3.12
25 mm
360 mm
30 mm
360 mm
d
(25)2
4
= 30 +
(25)2
1
= 42.5
2(25)
8 - 25mm
Effective depth to extreme tension bar:

1
= 650 30
= 607.5
2(25)
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bar)
= 650 30 25 1/2(25)
= 582.5
215
= 21
= 415
2 = = 2,454 2
1 = 2 = 1,473 2
= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(21)(360) = 1.473(415)
= 95.1
= /1
= 95.1/0.85
= 111.9
= 600
= 600
111.942.5
111.9
30 mm
650 mm
Compression steel, = 5
= 2,454 2
5- 25mm
25 mm
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
Tension steel, = 8
= 3,927 2
30 mm
= 372 <
Compression steel does not yield.
360 mm
d
25 mm
5-5-25mm
25mm
a
d-a/2
d-d
8 - 825mm
25mm
: . ,

.
= +
= 0.85 +
= 0.85 (1 ) + 600
3,927(415) = 0.85(21)(0.85)(360)
42.5
+2,454 600
= 122.38
= 600
= 1
122.3842.5
= 600 122.38
= 391.64 <
= 0.85(122.38)
= 104.03

= ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85 ( ) + ( )
2
104.03
= 0.85(21)(104.03)(360)(582.5
)
2
+2,454(391.64)(582.5 42.5)
= 873.68
= 0.90(873.68)
= 786.31
=
= 1.4 + 1.7
786.31 = 1.4(215) + 1.7( )
= .
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a
maximum service dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load
moment for this beam? Use = 21 = 415 .
Compression steel, = 2
= 982 2
(25)2
= 30 + 12(25) = 42.5
30 mm
2- 25mm
10 - 28mm
650 mm
(28)
4
28 mm
Tension steel, = 10
= 6,158 2
1 = 0.85
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bars)

= 650 30 28 1/2(28)
= 578
= 360
= 21 = 415
30 mm
Figure 3.13
320 mm
2 - 25mm
650 mm
30 mm
28 mm
10 - 28mm
30 mm

2 = = 982 2
1 = 2 = 5,176 2
= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(21)(320) = 5,176(415)
= 376.04
= /1
= 376.04/0.85
= 442.4
= 600
= 600
442.4 42.5
442.4
= 222 <
Tension steel does not yield.
320 mm
d
10 - 28mm
825mm
:
.
, .
1 = 650 30 14 = 606
2 = 650 30 28 28 14 = 550
1 = 2 = 5
(28)2 = 3,079 2
4
1 + 2 = +
1 1 + 2 2 = 0.85 +
1
2
1 600
+ 2 600
= 0.85 +
606
550
+ 3,079 600
= 0.85(21)(0.85)(320) + 982(415)
3,079 600
= 363.9
= 1 = 309.29
d-d
c a
d-a/2
28 mm
5- 25mm
525mm
1 = 600
2 = 600
= 600
= 1
1 = 600
606 363.9
363.9
1 = 399.25 <
550 363.9
2 = 600
363.9
2 = 306.9 <
363.9 42.5
= 600
363.9
= 530 >
= 0.85(345.4)
= 301.2
Solve for d:
1 = 1 1
2 = 2 2
1 = 3,079(399.25)
1 = 1,229.2
2 = 3,079 (306.9)
2 = 944.9
= 1 1 + 2 2
2,174.1 = 1,229.2(606) + 944.9(550)
= 581.66
= ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85 ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85(21)(309.29)(320)(578 309.292) + 982(415)(581.66 42.5)
= 974.07
= 0.90(947.07) = 876.65
=
= 1.4 + 1.7
876.65 = 1.4(360) + 1.7( )
= .
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure
3.14. Use = 27 = 350.
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
3-23mm
Figure 3.14
10mm
stirrup
10-25mm
25mm
20mm
=300mm
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
(25)2 = 4,909 2
4
= 3 (22)2 = 1,140 2
4
Flange area, = 600(110) = 66,000 2
= 10

= 110 + 390 20 10 25 12(25) = 432.5
= 25 + 10 + 12 (22) = 46
2 = = 1,140 2
1 = 2 = 3,768 2
=390mm
Area of compression concrete:

= 1
0.85 = 1
0.85(27) = 3,768(350)
= 57,468 2 <
<
57,469 = (600)
= 95.8 <
= 95.8/0.85
= 112.7
=
= 1
= 600
112.7 46
112.7
= 355 >
= 600
()
=600mm
t=110mm
25mm
= 600
10-25mm
1025mm
=300mm
10mm
stirrup
20mm
432.5 112.7
112.7
= 1,703 >
()
= 600
d-d
d-a/2
3-22mm
323mm
=390mm
25mm
Verify if the upper layer of tension steel yields

2 = 12(25) 129(25) = 407.5
2 = 600
2
= 1,567 >
()
All steel yields, assumption is correct:
= ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85 ( ) + ( )
2
= 0.85(27)(95.8)(600)432.5 46)
+ 1,140(350)(432.5 46)
= 661.5
= 0.90(661.5)
= .
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure
3.15. Use = 25 = 345 .
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-22mm
Figure 3.15
10mm
stirrup
10-28mm
25mm
20mm
=315mm
=390mm
SOLUTION
1 = 0.85
(28)2 = 6,158 2
4
= 2 (22)2 = 760 2
4
Flange area, = 600(100) = 60,000 2
= 10

= 100 + 390 20 10 28 12(25) = 419.5
= 25 + 10 + 12(22) = 46
2 = = 760 2
1 = 2 = 5,397 2
Area of compression concrete:
= 1
= +
=
0.85 = 1
0.85(25) = 5,397(345)
= 87,626 2 >
>
87,626 = 60,00 +
= 27,626 2
27,626 = 315
= 87.7
= 100 + = 187.7
= 1 = 220.83
= 600
220.83 46
220.83
= 475 >
= 600
()

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS PROBLEMS

b) = 140 < (singly reinforced)

c) = 485 < (singly reinforced)

PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

Weight of beam, = = 23.5(0.3 0.48 ) = 3.384

Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed

PROBLEM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)

650 x 106 = 0.90 (300)(600)2

PROBLEM 2.5 (CE November 2000)

reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the

b) Required tension steel area:

Number of 25-mm bars=

PROBLEM 2.6 (CE MAY 2009)

Concrete strength = 28 and steel yield strength = 248 .

540 x 106 = 0.90(8.307)(300) 2

Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12) = 94 mm

0.75 0.85 1 600

Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):

Maximum and minimum requirements:

640 106 = 0.90 (2800)(385)2

(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)

Note: this is the authors suggestion

165.6 x 106 = 0.90(5.068)2

b=228 mm say 230 mm

(this is the authors assumption)

546.516 x 106 = 0.90(9.087)()(1. 75)2

Use b = 280 mm, d = 490 mm

Using 32 mm bars (#100):

= 1.4 (35) + 1.7 (55)

Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:

-489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)

Maximum positive moment:

ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexures:

Dead load pressure, = x thickness of concrete.

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:

PROBLEM 2.17 (CE JANUARY 2008)

b) Maximum steel area

c) Nominal moment capacity

= 300(446) = = 0.01972 <

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

= (1 0.59) = = 34.5(0.2367)[1 0.59(0.2367)]=7.025 MPa

= 1.4(4.5) + 1.7(3) = 11.4/

Figure 2.8 Beam with factored loads

4 + 1.4(2) = 2.8(2) + 11.4(6)(1)

= (17.1 + 0.7) 11.4(2)(1)

ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

125 125 125

From Eq. 2-11

Since < , tension steel yields.

Since > , tension steel does not yield ( < )

7.437(0. 85)2 = 684,00

Figure 2.11Hallow beam

= 0.90 0.85(28)(150) (725

= 111.6 < 150

b) Balanced condition (See Figure 2.12)

c) Maximum steel area,