A Statistical Model For Evaluating The Tribological Properties of Paper - Based Friction Materials
A Statistical Model For Evaluating The Tribological Properties of Paper - Based Friction Materials
A Statistical Model For Evaluating The Tribological Properties of Paper - Based Friction Materials
Tribology International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/triboint
A statistical model for evaluating the tribological properties of paperbased friction materials
Wenbin Li a, Jianfeng Huang a,n, Jie Fei a, Liyun Cao a, Chunyan Yao b, Wenjing Wang a
a
b
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
Culture and Communication School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 October 2014
Received in revised form
19 June 2015
Accepted 23 July 2015
Available online 31 July 2015
In order to synthetically evaluate the tribological properties of friction materials, fuzzy comprehensive
evaluation model was developed. The analytic hierarchy process was introduced into the model to
establish weight function. The paper-based friction materials with different CNTs content were chosen as
the six projects. It is found that the comprehensive evaluation indexes are increased by 126307% for the
samples with 415 wt% of CNTs compared with the sample without CNTs. The judgment matrix has high
consistency by consistency checking. And the evaluation results are also in accordance with the results
obtained through the friction torque, surface structure and temperature.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model
Weight function
Analytic hierarchy process
Tribological properties
1. Introduction
As a kind of important ber-reinforced composites, paper-based
friction materials have been widely used for the wet clutches of
automatic transmissions because of their outstanding mechanical and
tribological properties. A large number of researches have been
conducted to better explore paper-based friction materials. Yi et al.
investigated the mechanical properties of phenolic resin-based friction composites and found that the bending strength and hardness
increase with the rise of calcined petroleum coke content [1]. Fujii
et al. studied the fatigue strength of aramid ber reinforced paperbased friction materials under shear-compressive loading and found
that the fatigue strength is remarkably high under the compressivedominant stress condition [2]. Wang et al. explored the wear
performance of carbon ber reinforced nylon 1010 composites from
the perspective of ller and got the nding that MoS2 ller increases
their wear [3]. Hwang et al. investigated the friction performance of
paper-based friction materials containing carbon nanotubes (CNT)
from the perspective of friction modier, nding that CNT modier
increases the fade resistance and friction stability [4]. Patnaik et al.
studied the fade resistance and recovery properties of ber reinforced
hybrid phenolic composites from the perspective of reinforcement
and found that the fade resistance and recovery increase with the
increase of aramid ber and decrease of ceramic ber [5]. Fei et al.
explored the tribological properties of carbon ber reinforced paperbased friction materials from the perspective of binder and discovered
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.07.025
0301-679X/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
that the samples with lower resin content (ranging from 35 wt% to
40 wt%) exhibit high friction coefcient, excellent friction stability,
good heat-resistance and reasonable strength [6]. Regarded as a kind
of important properties of paper-based friction materials, tribological
properties have been widely studied, such as dynamic friction
coefcient, the ratio of dynamic and static friction coefcient, static
friction coefcient, variation coefcient, wear rate and friction torque.
The dynamic friction coefcient can well reect the torque
transmission ability and braking efciency of paper-based friction
materials [7]. The static friction coefcient mainly exhibits the torque
transmissions ability in the later stage of shifting/joint and the high
static friction coefcient easily leads to serious shudder phenomenon.
The ratio of dynamic and static friction coefcient can demonstrate
the potential for friction-induced vibrations and the large ratio
indicates excellent anti-shudder performance [8]. The variation coefcient can reect the friction stability and the lower variation
coefcient indicates better friction stability [9]. The wear rate is the
key index characterizing the life of paper-based friction materials and
the small wear rate means long service life. Therefore, the above ve
indexes are very important to evaluate the tribological properties of
paper-based friction materials. However, these indexes are usually
inconsistent and show the complex nonlinear interaction, which
makes it difcult to determine whether a friction material that has
excellent tribological properties.
Kim et al. studied the friction stability and wear resistance of
friction materials containing two different phenolic resins [10]. It
was found that the friction materials with the modied novolac
resin show improved friction stability while reducing wear resistance. Fei et al. investigated the effects of carbon ber length (100,
400, 600 and 800 m) on the tribological properties of paper-
419
420
Yj
8
>
< 1 x1j 2 x2j 3 x3j 4 x4j 5 x5j
>
:
1
for
for
x1j Z 0:08
x1j o 0:08
421
5. Conclusions
Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was established in
order to choose the wet friction materials possessing excellent
tribological properties as the friction component. AHP was introduced into the model and the weight function was established to
make the evaluation more objective and accurate. The paper-based
friction materials containing 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 15 wt% of CNTs were
chosen as the six evaluation projects (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6). The main
conclusions from this investigation are as follows:
1. The model exhibits high consistency by the consistency
checking.
2. Evaluation results show that P3 has the biggest comprehensive
evaluation index, indicating the best tribological properties,
followed by P4, P6, P5, P1, and the P2 has the smallest comprehensive evaluation index, indicating the worst tribological
properties, which agrees with the results obtained through
the friction torque, surface structure and temperature.
3. Experiment results show that P3 exhibits the highest dynamic
friction coefcient and the ratio of dynamic and static friction
coefcient, and the lowest static friction coefcient and variation coefcient. The P4 exhibits the smallest wear rate.
4. The model can settle the inconsistency problem of multiple
indexes in qualitative analysis and can greatly reduce the
subjective and lopsided errors. And then, it can be also applied
to other wet friction material.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 51102196), the Science and Technology
Project of the Young Star of Shaanxi Province (2014KJXX-68), the
Innovation Team Assistance Foundation of Shaanxi Province
(2013KCT-06), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province
(No. 2012JQ6010), the Scientic Research Project of Shaanxi
Education Department (14Jk1104), the fund of the State Key
Laboratory of Solidication Processing in NWPU (SKLSP201316)
and Postgraduate Innovative Project of SUST (2014011). Their
supports are gratefully acknowledged.
A h
n 12I2
C:V
100%
m
n
P
Mi
xij
A:1
j1
xij
Mi
and
x2j r 1
and
or
x2j 4 1
or
A:2
xij
i 1; 2; 3; 4; 5
i 1; 2; 3; 4; 5
j 1; 2; 3n
x5j r 6 10 2
x5j 4 6 10 2
A:3
A:4
A:5
422
Fig. B4. Relationship between dynamic friction coefcient and interface pressure.
Fig. B1. Schematic diagram of the samples for tribological properties test.
Fig. B5. Relationship between dynamic friction coefcient and rotating speed.
Fig. B6. Friction torque curves of the samples with different CNTs content.
CI
max n
n1
A:6
CI
RI
A:7
CR
Appendix B
Fig. B3. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model.
423
Fig. B7. SEM micrographs of samples with different CNTs content. (a) 0%, (b) 2%, (c) 4%, (d) 8%, (e) 12% and (f) 15%.
Table C1
The ingredients ratios (wt%) of the samples.
Raw materials
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Carbon ber
Bamboo ber
Phenolic resin
CNTs
53
27
20
0
52
26
20
2
51
25
20
4
48
24
20
8
45
23
20
12
43
22
20
15
Table C2
Weights of the criteria.
Fig. B8. Relationship between the highest temperature of mating plate and
number of engagement.
Appendix C
See Tables C1C4
Weight
0.4030
0.1367
0.0791
0.1367
0.2444
424
Table C3
Experimental values and normalized data of the six projects.
Specimen
x1
x1
x2
x2
x3
x3
x4 (%)
x4
x5
x5
P1 (CNTs 0%)
0.08
54
0.08
65
0.10
19
0.09
92
0.08
93
0.08
77
0.93
16
0.94
36
1.11
16
1.08
22
0.97
42
0.95
67
0.65
70
0.57
91
0.79
36
0.71
32
0.68
12
0.49
49
1.00
59
0.88
66
1.21
50
1.09
19
1.04
29
0.75
77
0.13
00
0.14
73
0.12
84
0.13
91
0.13
11
0.13
84
0.95
79
1.08
53
0.94
61
1.02
49
0.96
60
1.01
98
3.37
1.41
99
1.51
69
0.23
17
0.73
32
0.96
91
1.12
92
11.60 10 5
1.79
52
2.17
13
0.41
48
0.13
77
1.12
51
0.35
59
P2 (CNTs 2%)
P3 (CNTs 4%)
P4 (CNTs 8%)
P5 (CNTs 12%)
P6 (CNTs 15%)
Table C4
Values of comprehensive evaluation index for the six projects.
Value
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Yj
0.1957
0.3224
0.4062
0.3704
0.0513
0.1671
Appendix D
Matrix a
2
1
3
6 1=3
1
6
6
6
1=4
1=2
a6
6 1=3
1
4
1=2
2
1=2
1=2 7
7
7
1=3 7
7
1=2 7
5
1
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3.60
0.55
1.74
2.30
2.68
14.03 10 5
2.68 10 5
0.89 10 5
7.27 10 5
2.30 10 5