Laplace Transforms - GATE Study Material in PDF

Laplace Transforms - GATE Study Material in
PDF
As a student of any stream of Engineering like GATE EC, GATE EE, GATE CS, GATE CE, GATE
ME, you will come across one very important concept in Engineering Mathematics Laplace
Transforms. The application of Laplace Transforms is wide and is used in a variety of
subjects like Control Systems, Network Theory / Electrical Network and Signals & Systems.
If you are preparing for GATE 2017, you should use these free GATE Study Notes, to help
you ace the exam. You can also download this GATE Study Material in PDF for revision and
reference later. Now let us take a look at the different Laplace Transforms formulas and
concepts.
Laplace Transform Concepts

i. The Laplace transform converts integral and differential equations into algebraic
equations.
ii. It also converts time domain signal into frequency domain signal.
iii. The Laplace transform of a signal f(t) is denoted by L{f(t)} = F(s).
where F(s) = f(t)est dt (for Bilateral)
F(s) = 0 f(t)est dt (For Unilateral)

iv. Inverse Laplace transform converts a frequency domain signal into time domain signal.
1
+j
i. e f(t) = 2j j f(t)est ds
Where is large enough that F(s) is defined for Re{s} .
Laplace Transforms Formulas

The formulae given below are very useful to solve the many Laplace Transform based
problems
1|Page
(1) L{1} =
1
s
(2) L{t n } =
=
(n+1)
sn+1
n!
If n is integer
sn+1
If n is a rational number ( )
q
(3) L{eat } =
1
sa
(4) L{eat } =
1
s+a
(5) L{sin at} =

(6) L{cos at} =
a
s2 +a2
s
s2 +a2
a
(7) L{sinh at} =
s2 a2
s
(8) L{cosh at} =
s2 a2
b
(9) L{eat sin bt} = (sa)2
+b2
sa
(10) L{eat cos bt} = (sa)2

1
+b2
(11) L{f(at)} = |a| F ( )

a
(12) L{(t)} = 1
(13) L {
f(t)
t
t
} = s F(s). ds
(14) L {0 f(t)dt} =
F(s)
s
(15) L{t n f(t)} = (1)n .
dn
dsn
F(s)
(16) If f(t + T) = f(t) then L{f(t)} =

2|Page
1
1esT
0 f(t)est dt
(17) L{f (t)} = sF(s) f(0)

(18) L{f (t)} = s 2 F(s) sf(0) f (0)
(19) L{f n (t)} = s n F(s) s n1 f(0) s n2 f (0) . f n1 (0)
t
(20) L{f(t) g(t)} = F(s). G(s) where f(t) g(t) = 0 f()g(t )d

(21) L{t} =
1
s2
Example Problems of Laplace Transforms

Example 1:
Find the value of L{t cos bt}
Solution:
s
We know that L{cos bt} = s2 +b2

L{t. f(t)} =
d
ds
[F(s)]
d
L{t cos bt} = ds [s2 +b2 ]

= [
(s2 +b2 )s(2s)

(s2 +b2 )
s2 b2
L{t cos bt} = (s2 +b2 )2
Example 2:
Find the Laplace transform of f(t) =1; 0 t < 2
= t-2; 2t
Solution:
F(s) = L{f(t)} = f(t)est dt

2
= 0 1. est dt + 2 (t 2)est . dt
3|Page
est
est
= [ s ] + [(t 2) ( s ) (1) (
0
est
s2
)]
= s [e2s 1] + [(0 0) (0 s2 e2s )]

1
= s e2s + s + s2 e2s = s +
(1s) 2s
e
s2
Example 3:
s+1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) = s2 +4

Solution:
s+1
Given, F(s) = s2 +4
s
= s2 +4 + s2 +4
s
F(s) = s2 +22 + 2 . s2 +22

Apply inverse Laplace transform then we get
1
f(t) = cos 2t + 2 sin 2t
Example 4:
s+3
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the function F(s) = log (s+4)
Solution:
s+3
Given, F(s) = log (s+4)

F(s) = log(s + 3) log(s + 4)
d
ds
F(s) = s+3 s+4
Apply inverse Laplace transform then we get

t. f(t) = e3t e4t
4|Page
f(t) =
e4t e3t
t
Initial Value Theorem

If L{f(t)} = F(s) then It x(t) = It s. X(s)
t0
Note:
Initial value theorem is applicable only if the function is strictly proper function i.e. Number
of poles of X(s) is greater than the number of zeros of X(s).
Final Value Theorem

If L{f(t)} = F(s) then It x(t) = It s. X(s)
t
s0
Note:
i. Final value theorem is applicable only when the system is stable i.e. all the poles of X(s)
should be lie on the Left Half of s-plane.
ii. If there are pairs of complex conjugate poles on the imaginary axis x(t) will contain
sinusoidal components and final value is not defined.
Example Problems of Inverse Value Theorem & Final

Value Theorem
Example 1:
Given that y 5y + 6y = 0, y(0) = 2 and y (0) = 2. Then find the value of y(t) at t = 1
Solution:
Given, y 5y + 6y = 0
Apply Laplace transform on both sides then, we get
[s 2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0)] 5[sY(s) y(0)] + 6Y(s) = 0
(s2 5s + 6)Y(s) 2s 2 + 5(2) = 0
5|Page
(2s8)
Y(s) = s2 5s+6
(2s8)
Y(s) = (s3)(s2)
(68)
2(2)8
Y(s) = (s3)(32) + (s2)(23)

2
Y(s) = s3 + s2
y(t) = 4e2t 2e3t
y(1) = 4e2 2e3 = 10.615
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Laplace Transform Concepts

where F(s) = f(t)est dt (for Bilateral)

F(s) = 0 f(t)est dt (For Unilateral)

Laplace Transforms Formulas

(5) L{sin at} =

(7) L{sinh at} =

(8) L{cosh at} =

(9) L{eat sin bt} = (sa)2

(10) L{eat cos bt} = (sa)2

(11) L{f(at)} = |a| F ( )

(15) L{t n f(t)} = (1)n .

(16) If f(t + T) = f(t) then L{f(t)} =

(17) L{f (t)} = sF(s) f(0)

(20) L{f(t) g(t)} = F(s). G(s) where f(t) g(t) = 0 f()g(t )d

Example Problems of Laplace Transforms

We know that L{cos bt} = s2 +b2

L{t cos bt} = ds [s2 +b2 ]

(s2 +b2 )s(2s)

L{t cos bt} = (s2 +b2 )2

F(s) = L{f(t)} = f(t)est dt

= s [e2s 1] + [(0 0) (0 s2 e2s )]

Find the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) = s2 +4

F(s) = s2 +22 + 2 . s2 +22

f(t) = cos 2t + 2 sin 2t

Given, F(s) = log (s+4)

F(s) = s+3 s+4

Apply inverse Laplace transform then we get

Initial Value Theorem

Final Value Theorem

Example Problems of Inverse Value Theorem & Final

Y(s) = (s3)(32) + (s2)(23)

Practice on GATE 2017 Virtual Calculator

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