IRACST Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ), ISSN: 2250-3498,

Vol.2, No. 2, April 2012

Simulation of Synthetic Zeolites-4A and 5A

Manufacturing for Green Processing
Ihab H. Farag

Jian Zhang

Chemical Engineering Dept.

University of New Hampshire (UNH)
Durham, NH 03824, USA

Chemical Engineering Dept.

University of New Hampshire (UNH)
Durham, NH 03824, USA

Abstract Greening the manufacture of zeolites catalysts, while

simultaneously lowering production cost and is a pervasive
challenge. This paper discusses the modeling and simulation of
zeolites for the purpose of assessing green technology
applications. The study focuses on the manufacture of zeolites 4A
and 5A by the hydrogel and the kaolin conversion processes,
respectively. Simulation packages were developed to characterize
technical performance and do some basic economic calculations.
Modifications to the flow sheet of both processes were suggested
to enhance green processing. The simulation models developed
were used to evaluate element utilization efficiencies, and
implement heat integration for energy efficiency. Preliminary
costing was also done to show that green processing can result in
improved environmental performance and economics of the
manufacturing processes.
Keywords-component; Zeolites manufacture, Zeolites synthesis,
Zeolite 4A, zeolite 5A, hydrogel process, Kaolin conversion
process, Process Simulation, Element Utilization Efficiency.
Introduction

Zeolites are porous hydrated aluminosilicates, formed

under hydrothermal conditions and were first recognized as a
new type of mineral in 1756. Most commercial zeolites are
high purity synthetic products made from inorganic materials.
Because of their porous structure, zeolites can selectively
absorb or reject molecules based on difference in shape and
other properties. These characteristics have resulted in variety
of uses of zeolites, especially for protecting ecosystems. These
include water softening in detergents (replacing undesirable
polyphosphates), absorbents for oil in industrial spills, gas
separation, water filtration and heavy metal removal in water
purification and wastewater treatment. Zeolite catalysts play
an important role in the overall profitability of these
applications. Minimizing the zeolites production costs while
simultaneously greening the process and minimizing the
zeolites production cost is a challenge to zeolites producers.
Developing validated simulation models of the zeolites
production processes would provide the manufacturer with an
excellent tool to address these challenges.
Currently there are some 40 different natural zeolites
and roughly 150 synthetic zeolites, including zeolites A. The
pore diameter of zeolites type A is between 3 (angstrom)
and 10 (1 nm). The pore diameter of zeolite 4A is 0.36-0.40
nm (around 4 ), and for zeolite 5A it is 0.42 0.44 nm
(around 5 ). Typical chemical compositions of zeolite 4A gel

and dry Zeolite 4A [1, 2] are

(2Na2O-Al2O3-1.75SiO2-70H2O) Zeolite 4A Gel
(2Na2O-Al2O3-1.75SiO2-6H2O) Zeolite 4A dry (25 wt% H2O)
Typical chemical compositions of wet and dry Zeolite 5A are:
(0.7CaO-0.3Na2O-Al2O3-2SiO2-70H2O) (Wet)
(0.7CaO-0.3Na2O-Al2O3-2SiO2-4.5H2O) (25 wt% water)
I. Literature review
This paper deals with the simulation and green
processing of zeolite 4A and zeolite 5A manufacturing. The
literature review focus on the methods of manufacture of these
two synthetic zeolites.
A.

Hydrogel process
A zeolite gel is defined as a hydrous metal
aluminosilicate prepared from aqueous solution, reactive
solids, colloidal sols, or reactive aluminosilicates such as the
residue structure of meta-kaolin and glasses. For hydrogel
process, the typical starting raw materials include an aqueous
solution of sodium silicate (Na4SiO4), H2O, Al2O3-3H2O to
form sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), and sodium hydroxide [13].
These are mixed with water in a tank, followed by gel makeup reactor, then gel aging and crystallization, as shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1 Hydrogel process flow sheet for the manufacture of zeolite 4A from
reactant hydrogel [14]

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Vol.2, No. 2, April 2012

The reactions are:

Sodium Aluminate formation
2NaOH + Al2O3-3H2O
2NaAlO2 (Sodium Aluminate) + 4H2O
Zeolite 4A Gel Formation
Na4SiO4 (Sodium silicate) + NaAlO2 (Sodium Aluminate) +
H2O 2Na2O-Al2O3-1.75SiO2-70H2O (Zeolite 4A Gel)
Water removal
2Na2O-Al2O3-1.75SiO2-70H2O (Zeolite 4A Gel)
2Na2O-Al2O3-1.75SiO2-6H2O (Zeolite 4A dry) + 64H2O

broken down to calcined kaolin, called mullite (Si2Al6O13),

and SiO2 called cristobalite.
3Al2Si2O7 Si2Al6O13 + 4SiO2 (at 1000-1100C)
Figure 2 shows the flow sheet of the kaolin conversion
process,. The flow sheet does not include the dehydroxylation
of kaolin; Mullite and cristobalite are reacted with caustic soda
and water in a gel make-up tank to produce zeolite 4A gel.
The reaction is:
12NaOH + 204H2O + Si2Al6O13 + 4SiO2 (200 F)
3 (2Na2O-Al2O3-2SiO3-70 H2O)
Zeolite 4A Gels

After zeolite 4A crystals are formed, wet zeolite passes

through a filter to remove part of water, and then the final
product zeolite 4A is obtained.

Figure 2 Kaolin conversion process, Process flow sheet for producing zeolite
4A and 5A [2]

To produce zeolite 5A, zeolite 4A gel is fed to an ion

exchanger, where it is mixed with calcium chloride and water.
In this process some of Na+ ions in zeolite 4A gel are replaced
by calcium ions, Ca2+. The reaction is;

Figure 1 Hydrogel process flow sheet for the manufacture of zeolite 4A from
reactant hydrogel [14]

(2 Na2O-Al2O3-2SiO2-70H2O) (Zeolite 4A Gel) + 0.7 CaCl2

(200 F)
0.7CaO-0.3 Na2O-Al2O3-2SiO2-70H2O (Zeolite 5A
wet) + Na2O + 1.4 NaCl

Considerable research has been done on the

mechanism of zeolites synthesis [2- 20], the mechanism of
zeolite synthesis remains ambiguous. Some studies of the
kinetics of zeolite A synthesis found that the process start with
an induced period of nucleation immediately followed by a
stage of fast crystal growth. The zeolite formation was claimed
to be an autocatalytic reaction, which means zeolite A need to
be introduced as crystallization seed. The crystallization
mechanism for batch process was given by Kerr [14]. Liu [15]
studied the kinetics mechanism of zeolite crystallization, and
proposed mathematical models for different situations.

Wet zeolite 5A will pass through dryer to remove part of the

water and form the dry zeolite at 1000 F. The reaction is:
0.7CaO-0.3 Na2O -Al2O3-2SiO2-70H2O (1000 F)
65.5 H2O + 0.7CaO-0.3 Na2O -Al2O3-2SiO2-4.5H2O
(Zeolite 5A dry)

B. Clay conversion process (Kaolin conversion process)

The starting material for this process is Kaolin
(Al2Si2O5(OH)4), which is usually dehydroxylated to metakaolin (Al2Si2O7) [30]. This is done by air calcinations at 500
600 C, to form meta-kaolin according to the reaction:
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Al2Si2O7 + 2H2O (at 550 C)
Kaolin
Meta-kaolin

C. Element Utilization Efficiency (EUE)

Element utilization efficiency (EUE) or atom
utilization efficiency (AUE) are relatively new concepts,
introduced to evaluate flow sheet changes that improve green
processing. The element efficiency is defined as:

At high temperature (1000 1100 C) the meta-kaolin is

The zeolite 5A dryer product has a particle size distribution

(PSD) which has to be incorporated into the process
simulation model. The dryer product is introduced into screens
to remove undersize and oversize particles. The final zeolite
5A product (with certain PSD) exits from the screens.

EUE =

the molar flow rate of each element in final product Ze olite 4A or 5A

the total molar flow rate of each element fed in

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Changes in the flow sheet that would increase the EUEs would
enhance green processing and reduce undesirable waste
stream.
D. Heat Integration
Heat integration involves the use of hot exit streams
that need to be cooled to heat cold streams that need to be
heated. However heat exchangers (and capital costs) are
needed. A validated simulation model is a valuable tool in
assessing the economic benefits of the heat integration. In the
kaolin conversion process, considerable heat can be recovered.
The required heat exchanger surface area and heat duty are
obtained using a heat exchanger block in ASPEN Plus. Based
on Qi [21] the heat transfer coefficient was assumed to be 100
W/m2K.
II. Goal/Objectives
The overall goal of this study is to simulate the
manufacturing processes of zeolite through hydrogel process
and via kaolin conversion process, and suggest approaches to
apply green processing technology into the process. The
objectives are:
- Develop simulation packages that characterize technical
performance of each process.
- Evaluate atom efficiency and processes that would improve
the element utilization efficiency.
- Implement heat integration as a tool for energy efficiency.
- Do preliminary cost estimation.
- Evaluate the financial soundness of the above green
processing technologies.
III. Approach/Methodology
Three simulation packages were used. These are:
a) ASPEN Plus from ASPEN Technology. Inc
b) EES (Engineering Equation Solver) from F-Chart
c) Microsoft Excel. This was mainly used for costing
calculations, overall mass balance check, elemental efficiency,
and heat integration calculations.
A. EES Application
EES was used to verify the consistency of the
technical data obtained from literature. Those information
include Kerrs model [14] for batch process of producing
zeolite A, Lius model [15] for continuous processes of
forming zeolite A, and Hus synthesis kinetics model [16, 17]
of zeolite A. Based on EES results [30], ASPEN Plus package
was used to study those kinetic models. The simulation results
of the present work were in very good agreement with
literature values, thus validating our models. The models
developed and tested in this study can only be used to simulate
zeolite A manufacturing. Attempts to compare the present
model with the kinetics models of Dufour [18, 19] and Freund
[20] resulted in large differences [30].

B. Application of ASPEN Plus

ASPEN Plus simulation package is used to model the
production of Zeolite 5A through kaolin conversion, and the
manufacture of Zeolite 4A via the hydrogel process. ASPEN
Plus is also used to compute the heat duty and heat exchanger
area during heat integration. To simplify the simulation, the
properties of all materials were assumed to be the same as
water, and the thermodynamics to follow ideal system. An
important feature in ASPEN Plus is its capability to handle
gas, liquid and solid stream. Conventional (gas/liquid)
components are simply denoted by CV or CONV. The
conventional components in the two processes are:
Kaolin conversion process: H2O, air
Hydrogel process: H2O
The zeolites manufacturing flow sheet (Figure 2)
include two types of solids. The first type is conventional inert
solids (CISLD). These can be in chemical equilibrium with
conventional gas and liquid components, and have a molecular
weight, examples of these solids are:
Kaolin conversion process: Al2O3, SiO2, mullite
(Si2Al6O13), NaOH, Na2O, CaCl2, CaO, NaCl
Hydrogel process: Al2O3, SiO2, NaOH, Na2O,
Na4SiO4(Sodium
silicate),
NaAlO2
(Sodium
aluminate)
The second type is non-conventional solids (NC). These solids
could be heterogeneous substances that can react chemically
with conventional CISOLIDS. Examples of the NC solids
Kaolin conversion process: Kaolin, zeolite 4A Gel,
Zeolite 4A, Zeolite 5A
Hydrogel process: Zeolite 4A Gel, Zeolite 4A
product
The first step in any reaction of an NC solid is to dissociate
the solid into conventional inert solids or conventional liquid
and gas. For example:
Kaolin (Molecular weight 258.16) = Al2O3 + 2SiO2 + 2 H2O.
The molecular weight was calculated from the kaolin formula.
In addition, ASPEN Plus allow for particle size
distribution (PSD) of solid streams, both conventional
(CISLD) and non-conventional (NC). The solids with PSD in
the model of this study are
Kaolin conversion process: Zeolite 5A product
Hydrogel process: Zeolite 4A product
The simulation of the hydrogel process involves four
steps (Figure 3):
1. Sodium Aluminate Formation (Circled in red
color dash line)
2. Zeolite 4A Gel Formation (Circled in blue color
dash dot line )
3. Zeolite 4A Gel Aging and Crystallization
(Circled in green color dot line)

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Vol.2, No. 2, April 2012

4.

Zeolite 4A Gel water removal (Circled in yellow

color long dash dot dot line)

Each step is in agreement with flow sheet of zeolite

4A gel manufacturing via hydrogel process (Figure 3).

Figure 4 ASPEN simulation sequences (after materials recycling) for

hydrogel process

Figure 3 The relationship between ASPEN simulation sequence (top diagram)

(before materials recycling) and actual flow sheet of zeolite 4A manufacturing
through hydrogel process (bottom diagram).

One of the important of aspects of green processing is

to improve the EUE. Recycling a number of streams was
proposed to accomplish this, as shown in Figure 4.The current
model was used to characterize the effect of the recycle.
Attempts to do heat integration to improve energy efficiency
in this hydrogel process were not successful. This is because
of the relatively low temperatures encountered in the hydrogel
process compared to the kaolin conversion process. Careful
study of the simulation models results of the hydrogel process
flow sheet indicated that there was a large amount of extra
water that can be recycled. Using the present model the
improvement in the hydrogen and oxygen EUEs can be
assessed. Figure 4 shows our proposed recycling of water to
improve element utilization efficiency, and make the process
greener. Still, fresh water has to be fed in to start the plant, and
as make-up.

Figure 5 The relationship between ASPEN simulation sequence (top diagram)

(before materials recycling) and actual flow sheet of zeolite 5A manufacturing
through kaolin conversion process (bottom diagram).

In the kaolin conversion process, both the actual flow

sheet and the ASPEN simulation flow sheet include five parts
(Figure 5). These are:
1. Kaolin to Mullite (Circled in red dash line)
2. Mullite to Zeolite 4A Gel (Circled in blue dot line)
3. Zeolite 4A Gel to Zeolite 5A (Circled in green dash
dot line)
4. Zeolite 5A drying (Circled in yellow long dash line)
5. Zeolite 5A product size separation (Circled in black
long dash dot dot line)

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Kaolin is modeled as a non-conventional component

(NC). The intermediate reactions taking place in the model
may be different from the reactions in the literatures.
However the final products are the same. For example, step 1
is producing mullite from kaolin, kaolin is first converted to
meta-kaolin at 550 C then the meta-kaolin is converted to
mullite at 1000 1100 C). The following reactions take place.
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Al2Si2O7 + 2H2O (at 550 C)
Kaolin
Meta-kaolin
3Al2Si2O7 Si2Al6O13 + 4SiO2 (at 1000-1100C)
Meta-kaolin
Mullite
Cristobalite
These two reactions can be combined into one
reaction taking place at (at 1000-1100C),
3Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Si2Al6O13 + 4SiO2 + 6H2O
Kaolin
Mullite
Cristobalite
The reactions in ASPEN Plus dissociate kaolin
(3Al2Si2O5(OH)4) into to SiO2, Al2O3 and H2O, then SiO2, and
Al2O3 react to form mullite, i.e.,
3Al2Si2O5(OH)4 3Al2O3 +6SiO2+6H2O (at 550 C)
3Al2O3 + 6SiO2 Si2Al6O13 (mullite)
Similar approach was used in the simulation of
hydrogel process.
Figure 6 shows our proposed recycling of materials
(water, steam, and Na2O) to improve element utilization
efficiency, and make the process more green. As more water is
recycled,
the
fresh
water
feed
decreases.

Kaolin conversion process:

1. Calculate element utilization efficiency.
2. Check element balance over the whole process flow
sheet.
3. Heat integration-costing evaluation.
4. Calculation of capital, operating, raw materials and
the annual cost, as well as the cost per pound of
product.
5. Generate graphs of element utilization efficiency,
heat integration and costing.
D. Model validation
The followings were done to validate the ASPEN Plus
model:
1. Checked that the mass balance for each element is
satisfied.
2. Assumed zero conversion in all reactors and
confirmed the element balance.
3. When stream recycling is done the case of a zero
recycle fraction was run in the model and the results
were identical to those of flow sheet without recycle.
E. Preliminary cost Estimation
Preliminary cost included the flowing elements: labor
cost, raw materials cost, operating cost, equipment cost and
annual fixed cost. All of raw materials price information was
obtained from Chemical Market Reporter [22], the evaluation
of equipment cost estimation was based on ASPEN simulation
results and Garretts economic models [23]. Labor cost
estimation and operating cost estimation were based on Peters,
Timmerhauss method and data [24-28]. The annual fixed cost
was assumed to be 20% of installed cost.
III. Results & Discussion

Figure 6 ASPEN simulation sequences for kaolin conversion process with

suggested recycling to improve atom efficiency

The Kaolin process involves high reaction temperatures. This

provides the potential of heat recovery and integration. The
effect of heat integration on cost was studied.
C. Data Exchange between ASPEN Plus and M/S Excel
ASPEN Plus has the capability (through calculator
block) to dynamically export and import variables to M/S
Excel. This permits the use of Excel to do additional
calculations that are not readily available in ASPEN Plus. The
following computations were done through the data exchange
between ASPEN Plus and Excel:

Element unitlzation
efficiency

A. Hydrogel process (for manufacturing zeolite 4A)

1) Elemental Utilization Efficiency Results. In this
process, five different atoms are fed in flow sheet. These are
Si, Al, Na, O and H. The results of our modelare shown in
Figure 7.
1

W/O recycle
With recycle

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
AL

Si

Na
O
H
Elements
Figure 7 Element efficiency difference between with water recycling and
without water recycling (hydrogel process)

The Figure shows high EUEs of Al, Si, Na element (about

99%). The EUEs of O (18.3%) and H (8.6%) indicated that
there was room for improved green processing. A careful

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Elements efficiency

2) Effect of plant capacity. Figure 8 shows the computed

cost zeolite 4A in $/lb versus the plant capacity (metric tons
per year). Increasing the plant capacity drops the zeolite
product cost from 31 cent to 16 cents/lb. At some capacities
(e.g., 6,200 and 19000 metric tons/y), the cost increases
slightly, when capacity increases. This is because the
equipment cost (and size) are discrete (non-continuous)
functions of the plant capacity. Figure 8 also shows that the
raw materials cost play the most important role. As the plant
capacity increases, as the product cost decrease, while the raw
materials cost per pound of product remains the same. This
makes the contribution of raw materials to the total cost
increase from 46% to 88%. Meanwhile profit margin increases
when plant size grows due to the drop in the product cost
($/lb).

generated Na2O and water per pound of zeolite produced, both

before and after recycle would be implemented. The present
model shows that large amounts of sodium and wastewater
will not be released to the environment, as shown in Figure 10.
This is an example application of pollution prevention (P2),
and the benefit of the present model.
1.00
Complete
recycle
No recycle

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Si

Al

Na
Elements

Ca

Figure 9 Element efficiency difference between with recycling and without

recycling (kaolin conversion process)

lb / lb of zeolite A

review of the whole process revealed that there were large

amount of water that can be recycled. This would improve
hydrogen and oxygen utilization efficiency. The proposed
recycling scheme is shown in Figure 4. Figure 7 show that the
hydrogen utilization efficiency increases from 8.6% to 25.8%,
and the oxygen efficiency increased from 18.3% to 25.8%.

4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

3.67
NaOH feed per pound of
zeolite lb NaOH /lb
Zeolite 5A
H2O feed per pound of
zeolite 5A lb NaOH /lb
Zeolite 5A

0.48

before recyle

0.24

0.08

after recyle

Figure 10 Effect of Recycle on wastewater and Na2O generated in the Kaolin

manufacturing process.

Figure 8 Effect of plant sizes on cost of zeolite 4A in hydrogel process

B. Kaolin conversion process (for manufacturing zeolite 5A)

To make this process more efficient, the present study
found that there were several streams that can be recycled.
These included extra water and extra Na2O. The effect of those
recycled streams on the EUEs was evaluated by the present
simulation models. At the same time, heat integration was
also modeled resulting in energy savings and cost reduction.
1) Elemental Utilization Efficiency Results. In the Kaolin
process, The EUEs of six elements (Si, Al, Na, Ca, H, and O)
were studied and evaluated. The results are shown in Figure 9.
It shows high EUEs of Si, Ca, and Al, at about 92%. This is in
agreement with earlier study [17-20]. The EUEs of Na, H and
O were low. We proposed and evaluated the effect of
recycling water and sodium oxide on the EUEs. As a result the
EUE of sodium (Na) almost doubles from 13.9% to 27.7%.
Hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) EUEs show considerable
improvement (H from 5.8% to 92.4%, O from 14.3% to
92.5%). Figure 10 displays the computed mass (in pounds) of

2) Preliminary cost estimation. The kaolin conversion

process is operated at higher temperatures than the hydrogel
process. The temperature can reach 550C 1100C when
kaolin is calcined to Mullite. There is a large amount of heat
that can be recovered. Figure 11 shows that, when plant
capacity is increased from 2,100 to 67,000 mt/y, the cost
decreases with or without heat recovery. The zeolite 5A cost
dropped from 42 cents to 34 cent per pound of zeolite 5A
without heat integration

Figure 11 The effects of heat recovery on cost under different

plant capacity

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Vol.2, No. 2, April 2012

EUEs and decrease the release to environment.

. When heat integration was included, Figure 11 ahows
the product cost of the 67,000 mt/y plant to drop to 22
cents/pound of zeolites 5A. Therefore the operating cost can
be reduced by 12 cents/lb of zeolites 5A (about 35% drop)
through heat integration.

2.

In the hydrogel process that produces Zeolite 4A water

recycling can improve Hydrogen and Oxygen utilization
efficiency.

3.

In the kaolin conversion process to produce Zeolites 5A,

hydrogen and oxygen utilization efficiency can be
improved via water and steam recycling, Oxygen and
Sodium utilization efficiency can be improved through
Na2O recycling.

4.

Heat integration can play an import role in kaolin

conversion process of producing zeolites 5A, resulting in
a reduction in the operating cost of about 12 cents/ lb of
zeolite 5A (about 35% cost reduction).

5.

Increasing the plant capacity reduces the total cost of

products for both zeolites 4A and zeolites 5A.

The results of Figure 12 show that without heat

integration, operating cost and raw materials cost are two
biggest parts in total cost.

REFERENCES
Figure 12 Product zeolite 5A cost composition, without heat
recovery.

[1]

[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

Figure 13 Product zeolite 5A cost composition with heat

recovery.
When heat integration is implemented in the present
models the results are shown in Figure 13. For each plant
capacity the model estimates the contribution of labor cost,
raw materials costs, operating costs, equipment cost and fixed
cost to the production cost of zeolite 5A in $/lb. Figure 13
shows that the contribution of operating costs decrease, and
the raw material costs become the major contributor to the
total cost. Therefore, to improve the economics further, the
zeolite production facility may need to consider how to obtain
the raw materials at a lower cost.

[9]
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[15]

IV. Conclusions
1.

Computer simulation of zeolites production is a feasible

and cost effective tool to optimize the manufacturing
process. It has been used to study the application of green
processing and pollution prevention (P2) to improve the

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[26] William R Park, P.E, Cost Engineering Analysis - a Guide of Economic
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[27] Herbert Popper, Modern Cost Engineering Techniques, McGraw
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[29] I.H. Farag, and Jian Zhang, "Simulation of Zeolites Manufacture AIChE
Annual Conference, Nov. 14-19, 2004, San Antonio, TX.
[30] Jian Zhang (2005) " Zeolite 4A and zeolite 5A manufacturing process
simulation and optimization, M.S. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Dept.,
University of New Hampshire (UNH) (Ihab H. Farag, advisor).
AUTHORS PROFILE
Ihab H. Farag is Professor of Chemical Engineering at University of New
Hampshire. He initiated the UNH Bio-Oil Group, the UNH Biodiesel Group
and the New Hampshire Pollution Prevention Internship Program. In Sept
1976 he joined the faculty at University of New Hampshire after receiving his
doctorate of Science (Sc.D.) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA) in Chemical Engineering. He has been active,
both nationally and internationally, in Biofuels, Pollution Prevention, Cleaner
production, energy efficiency, and chemical risk screening applications. Dr.
Farag has been the recipient of a number of prestigious awards. The more
recent awards are the US EPA Environmental Merit Award, and the US Most
Valuable Pollution Prevention (MVP2) Program award and the UNH award
for Excellence in International Engagement. He has also received several
Outstanding Teaching awards at MIT and UNH.

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