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Process Control Loop

The document describes the basic components and operation of a simple process control loop. The key components are: a set point or demand input, a controller that compares the set point to a measured process variable and outputs a control signal, a final control element that receives the control signal and adjusts the process, and a measuring element that provides feedback of the process variable. Together these components use negative feedback to regulate the process output to match the set point despite disturbances. Common controller types like P, PI, PD and PID are also described.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)

358 views

Process Control Loop

Uploaded by

sumanroyal

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Simple Process

Control Loop

Simple process control loop (with negative feedback)

Load or disturbance u

Controller

+
Set
point
or
Demand

Error
_

Final control
element

Controller output

+
Actuating
signal

cm
Measured output

Measuring element
Transducer + transmitter

Process

Output
c

Simple process control loop (with negative feedback)

Load or disturbance u

Controller

+
Set
point
or
Demand

Error
_

Final control
element

Controller output

+
Actuating
signal

cm
Measured output

Measuring element
Transducer + transmitter

Independent variables:
set point r
load u
Manipulated variable: actuating signal v
Controlled variable: output c
Feed back variable: measured output cm

Process

Output
c

Servo problem
It is the ability of output tracking the given set point changes

Set point

Load or
disturbance

Output

Regulatory problem
It is the ability to control the output at the desired level in the face of
disturbances entering the process

Set point

Load or
disturbance

Output

Measuring element

Temperature,
pressure, flow, pH

Measuring element

Temperature,
pressure, flow, pH

Electrical output signal range:

Voltage: 0-1V, 0-5V, 0-10V, 1-5V
Current: 0-1mA, 0-5mA, 0-10mA, 0-20mA, 4-20mA
Pneumatic output signal range: 3-15psi

Transmitter gain

100%
Kt =
span of the transducer

Transmitter gain

100%
Kt =
span of the transducer
Example: If a temperature transducer produces a full scale change in
output for a change in temperature from 20C to 150C, the gain of the
transmitter is

Kt = 100%/(150C -20C) = 100%/130C = 0.77%/C

Transmitter gain

100%
Kt =
span of the transducer
Example: If a temperature transducer produces a full scale change in
output for a change in temperature from 20C to 150C, the gain of the
transmitter is

Kt = 100%/(150C -20C) = 100%/130C = 0.77%/C

For a 4-20mA output, 0% means 4 mA and 100% means 20 mA.

Temperature transmitters

Non-indicating (blind) transmitters

Indicating transmitter

Controller
Depending on construction controllers may be classified as
Electronic
Pneumatic

Depending on operation controllers may be classified as

Analog
Digital

Different types of Controllers

Proportional (P) controllers

Proportional-integral (PI) controllers
Proportional-derivative (PD) controllers
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers
On/Off controllers

P-control

PI-control

PD-control

PID-control

Controller symbol

P controller for a step change in error

Controller symbol

P controller for a step change in error

PI controller for a step change in error

Controller symbol

P controller for a step change in error

PI controller for a step change in error

PD controller for a step change in error

Controller symbol

P controller for a step change in error

PI controller for a step change in error

PD controller for a step change in error

PID controller for a step change in error

Controller gain

Change in controller output

Kc =
Error

PID temperature controller

On/Off controllers

Two state with or without hysteresis:

100%
0

Without hysteresis

100%
0

With hysteresis

On/Off controllers
100%

Two state with or without hysteresis:

Without hysteresis

Set point

Controller output

Process output

Measured output

Without hysteresis

100%
0

With hysteresis

On/Off controllers
100%

Two state with or without hysteresis:

Without hysteresis

100%
0

With hysteresis

Set point

Controller output

Process output

Measured output

Without hysteresis

With hysteresis

On/Off controllers

Two state with or without hysteresis:

100%
0

Without hysteresis

100%
0

With hysteresis

100%

Three state with or without hysteresis:

-100%

Without hysteresis

-100%

With hysteresis

On/Off controllers

Two state with or without hysteresis:

100%

100%
0

Without hysteresis

With hysteresis

100%

Three state with or without hysteresis:

-100%

Without hysteresis

-100%

With hysteresis

one
cycle