Introduction to

Control System
Feedback Control System, BSECE
Engr. Rica Jane Y. Kosca
TUP-Taguig
Topics
1. The general concept of a Control System.

2. Advantages of Control System

3. Objectives of Control System

4. System Configuration
Objectives
• Understand the interaction of the individual subsystems and their behavior
as part of the control system loop.

• Enumerate the control responses.

• Appreciate the benefits of what a control system brings.

• Realize the purpose of a control system.

• Determine the control system configurations and terminologies.

Topic 1
The General Concept
of Control System
Objectives:
Understand the interaction of the individual subsystems and their
behavior as part of the control system loop.
Enumerate the control responses
Control System Definition
• A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled
for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given
a specified input.

• System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

• Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system

configuration that will provide a desired response.

• Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process.
Example of Manual Control
• A manual control system for regulating the level of fluid
in a tank by adjusting the output valve. The operator
views the level of fluid through a port in the side of the
tank.
Example of Automatic Control
• A water bath is to be maintained at a constant temperature. The water bath
is heated by a helical pipe through which steam flows. The flow rate of
steam can be set by means of a control valve. Here the control system
consists of positioning of the control valve and the temperature of the water
bath. This result in a controlled system with the input variable
"temperature of water bath" and the output variable "position of control
valve."
Simplified Description of
Control System

Process to be controlled
An Elevator
Example of
Control System
(upon entering…)

• Press a floor button

• Rise to a selected floor

• Stops at the right floor level

• Door opens

• Door closes
An Elevator
Example of
Control System
• Input or stimulus:
_____________________________

• Desired response:
_____________________________

• Output response:
_____________________________

• Actual response:
_____________________________

• Process being controlled:

_____________________________
An Elevator
Example of
Control System
• Input or stimulus:
Pressing of the button

• Desired response:
Selected floor level

• Output response:
To rise up to the level

• Actual response:
Landing on the correct floor

• Process being controlled:

Automated responses of the whole
operation
An Elevator: Example of Control System
Desired performance Transient response curve
An Elevator: Example of Control System
With such elevator response… Yields undesirable performance
Topic 2
Advantages of
Control System
Objective: Appreciate the benefits of what a control system brings.
Objectives of Control System
• We briefly alluded to some
control system performance
specifications, such as
transient response and
steady-state error.
• We now expand upon the
topic of performance and
place it in perspective as we
define our analysis and
design objectives.
Analysis versus Design Objetives
Analysis objectives Design objectives
• Analysis is the process by • Design is the process by which
which a system's performance a system's performance is
is determined. created or changed.
• For example, we evaluate its • For example, if a system's
transient response and steady- transient response and steady-
state error to determine if they state error are analyzed and
meet the desired specifications. found not to meet the
specifications, then we change
parameters or add additional
components to meet the
specifications.
 • Transient response is important. In the case of
an elevator, a slow transient response makes
passengers impatient, whereas an excessively
Objectives 1 rapid response makes them uncomfortable.
• If the elevator oscillates about the arrival floor
Transient for more than a second, a disconcerting feeling
can result.
Response
• Transient response is also important for
structural reasons: Too fast a transient
response could cause permanent physical
damage.
• We analyze the system for its existing transient
response then adjust parameters to meet
desired response—our first analysis and design
objective.
 • This response resembles the input and
is usually what remains after the
transients have decayed to zero.
Objective 2
• For example, this response may be an
Steady-State elevator stopped near the fourth floor.
We are concerned about the accuracy of
Response the steady-state response. An elevator
must be level enough with the floor for
the passengers to exit.
• We analyze a system's steady-state
error, and then design corrective action
to reduce the steady-state error—our
second analysis and design objective.
 • The total response of a system is the sum of the
natural response and the forced response.
Natural response describes the way the system
Objective 3 •
dissipates or acquires energy. The form or
nature of this response is dependent only on the
Stability system, not the input.
• On the other hand, the form or nature of the
forced response is dependent on the input.
• Total response = Natural response + Forced
response
• For a control system to be useful, the natural
response must (1) eventually approach zero,
thus leaving only the forced response, or (2)
oscillate.
 • In some systems, however, the natural
response grows without bound rather
than diminish to zero or oscillate.
Objective 3 Eventually, the natural response is so
much greater than the forced response
Stability that the system is no longer controlled.
This condition, called instability, could
lead to self-destruction of the physical
device if limit stops are not part of the
design.
• For example, the elevator would crash
through the floor or exit through the
ceiling.
 • Control systems must be designed to be
stable. That is, their natural response
must decay to zero as time approaches
Objective 3 infinity, or oscillate. In many systems the
transient response you see on a time
Stability response plot can be directly related to
the natural response.
• Thus, if the natural response decays to
zero as time approaches infinity, the
transient response will also die out,
leaving only the forced response. If the
system is stable, the proper transient
response and steady-state error
characteristics can be designed. Stability
is our third analysis and design objective.
Total response = Natural response + Forced response
 Other design considerations
1. Factors affecting hardware selection, must be considered early
in the design.

motor sizing to fulfill power choice of sensors for accuracy

requirements
Other design considerations
2. Finances are another consideration. Control system
designers cannot create designs without considering
their economic impact. Such considerations as budget
allocations and competitive pricing must guide the
engineer.

 For example, if your product is one of a kind, you may be able to create a
design that uses more expensive components without appreciably
increasing total cost. However, if your design will be used for many copies,
slight increases in cost per copy can translate into many more dollars for
your company to propose during contract bidding and to outlay before
sales.
Other design considerations
3. Another consideration is robust design. System
parameters considered constant during the design for
transient response, steady-state errors, and stability
change over time when the actual system is built. Thus,
the performance of the system also changes over time and
will not be consistent with your design.
Other design considerations
Unfortunately, the relationship
between parameter changes and
their effect on performance is not
linear.
In some cases, even in the same
system, changes in parameter
values can lead to small or large
changes in performance,
depending on the system's
nominal operating point and the
type of design used.
Thus, the engineer wants to
create a robust design so that the
system will not be sensitive to
parameter changes.
History of Control System
ASSIGNMENT 1: Read Chapter 1 of Control Systems Engineering by Nise 6th Edition
Topic 3
Advantages of
Control System
Objective: Realize the purpose of a control system.
Advantages of Control System
Manual Control Automated Control

POWER AMPLIFICATION

With control systems we can move large equipment with precision that would
otherwise be impossible.
Advantages of Control System
Human intervention Machine surveillance

REMOTE CONTROL

A remote-controlled robot can be used to pick up material in a radioactive

environment
Advantages of Control System
Human convenience Automated Control

CONVENIENCE OF INPUT FORM

• Control systems can also be used to
provide convenience by changing the
form of the input.

• For example, in a temperature control

system, the input is a position on a
thermostat. The output is heat.

• Thus, a convenient position input

yields a desired thermal output.
Advantages of Control System
Manual Control Automated Control

COMPENSATION FOR DISTURBANCES

If wind forces the antenna from its commanded position, or if noise enters internally,
the system must be able to detect the disturbance and correct the antenna's position.
Exercise Problem 1

What control
system advantages
does this system
have and why?
Topic 4
System Configuration
Objective: Determine the control system configurations and
terminologies.
Open-loop Control Systems
• Open-loop control is a process
taking place in a system where by
one or more variables in the form
of input variables exert influence
on other variables in the form of
output variables by reason of the
laws which characterize the
system.
• The distinguishing feature of
open-loop control is the open
nature of its action, that is, the
output variable does not have any
influence on the input variable.
Block Diagram of Open-loop Control
• Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to
obtain the desired response.
• An open-loop system cannot compensate for any disturbances that add
to the controller’s driving signal or to the process output.
Example of Open-Loop Control
• Volumetric flow is set by adjusting
a control valve. At constant
applied pressure, the volumetric
flow is directly influenced by the
position of the control valve. This
relationship between control valve
setting and volumetric flow can be
determined either by means of
physical equation or by
experiment. This results in the
definition of a system consisting of
the "valve" with the output
variable "volumetric flow" and the
input variable "control valve
setting"
Example of Open-Loop Control
• This system can be controlled by
adjusting the control valve. This
allows the desired volumetric flow
to be set. However, if the applied
pressure fluctuates, the
volumetric flow will also fluctuate.
In this open system, adjustment
must be made manually. If this
adjustment is to take place
automatically, the system must
have closed-loop control.
Closed-Loop Control System
• Closed-loop control is a process where the controlled variable is continuously
monitored and compared with the reference variable. Depending on the result of
this comparison, the input variable for the system is influenced to adjust the
output variable to the desired value despite any disturbing influences. This
feedback results in a closed-loop action.
Block Diagram of Closed-Loop
Control
• Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to
the desired output response.
• A closed-loop system can compensate for disturbances by measuring the output,
comparing it to the desired output, and driving the difference toward zero.
Multivariate Control System
• Two or more process variables
Example of Multivariate System
Configuration
Example of Multivariate System
Configuration
Exercise Problem 2
Manual Street Lighting System
•Commonly a system that uses a timer to set the state of
the street light.
• ON and OFF at specific time
( Night = ON and Day = OFF)
• Duration within ON and OFF is set up by timer.
Input Controller Actuator Output
Signal System
Signal

Determine the physical quantities and each part of the block diagram.

43
Exercise Problem 3
Automatic Street Lighting System
• Commonly a system that using sensor as input element.
• ON and OFF automatically as the light sensor detect the light
regardless of the particular time.
• Dark = ON and Bright = OFF)
Comparator
Controller Actuator Process/
Reference Output
Input System signal

Measurement
element

Determine the physical quantities and each part of the block diagram
44
Assignment 2: Learn the following
control system terminologies:
Control Signals Devices
• Desired value • Controller

• Reference variable • Comparer

• Adder/Summing Device
• Controlled variable
• Final Correcting Device
• Manipulated Variable
• Actuator
• Error signal
• Sensor
• Input signal
• Measuring Device/Element
• Output signal
• Transducer
• Disturbances/Noise
• Controlled system/Process
• Deviation signal

Read Festo Process Control System

References
• https://www.canstockphoto.com/a-girl-and-a-boy-holding-hands-near-the-
13150336.html

• https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/a-boy-inside-the-elevator-
vector-1241291

• https://www.canstockphoto.com/an-elevator-with-a-man-and-a-young-girl-
13378318.html

• https://www.123rf.com/photo_18825315_illustration-of-a-girl-and-a-boy-
talking-inside-the-elevator.html

• https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/rel-
assets/dsauto/temp/uploaded/Mars_2020_rover.PNG

• http://www.deltechfurnaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Photo-for-
Focus-On-Glass-Melt-Furnaces-0310.jpg
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• https://i.ytimg.com/vi/oAuiDjthuqM/maxresdefault.jpg

• https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-Yi59CbRztM/hqdefault.jpg

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696x362.jpg

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qoDF5F48thBa4W5.jpg

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