Sci20 Unita 1 5

Science 20 2006 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
1.5 Calculating Concentration
Figure A1.20: Some insect repellents contain 25% DEET. Health Canada regulates that there should be no more than 0.010 ppm of lead in drinking water. A lab
technician determines that a solution of cobalt(II) nitrate has a concentration of 0.200 mol/L.
Three Methods for Communicating Concentration

You can sometimes determine the relative concentrations of solutions by observing their qualitative properties; but it is often
very useful to know specifically how much solute is dissolved in a particular solvent. In science and technology, a variety
of ways are used to communicate the concentration of a solution. The table Expressing Concentration summarizes three
common ways to express concentrations.
EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
Symbol
Percent by
Volume
Parts Per Million
Formula
Use
Used By
% V/V
mL of solute
100%
mL of solution
communicating the
volume of a liquid solute
dissolved in the total
volume of a solution
manufacturers of
consumer products
ppm
g of solute
106 ppm
g of solution
communicating levels
of a substance (like a
pollutant) in very dilute
aqueous solutions
mol of solute
L of solution
Molar
Concentration
communicating the
amount of moles of
a pure substance
dissolved in the total
volume of a solution
agencies that set health

and safety standards
scientists and lab

technicians
In this lesson you will explore how and when to use these forms of communicating concentrations. By understanding
how concentration is communicated, you should be better able to understand the labels of some of the consumer goods you
purchase. You should also be able to make connections to environmental and scientific issues currently being debated.
40
Unit A: Chemical Change
Percent by volume is commonly used for liquids dissolved

in liquids. This form of concentration is usually used for
consumer products like drinks and cleaners. The equation for
calculating percent by volume is as follows:
volume of solute
dissolved in the
solution (mL)
(% V/V ) = V solute
100%
Example Problem 1.7

A mosquito repellent says that DEET makes up 45.0%
of the total volume. If you have a 75-mL sample of this
repellent, determine the volume of DEET within the
sample.
Solution
solution
percent by volume
concentration of the solution
Sometimes, solving problems requires using algebra to

rearrange the equation.
total volume of
the solution (mL)
Example Problem 1.6
List the knowns and the unknown.
(% V/V ) = 45.0%
Rearrange the percent by volume equation so Vsolute

is isolated.
A hair product requires you to combine 20.0 mL of

hydrogen peroxide with enough water to produce a
solution with a total volume of 120.0 mL. Determine the
percent by volume concentration of the solution.
Solution
Vsolute = 20.0 mL
Vsolution = 120.0 mL
(% V/V ) = ?
Vsolution = 75 mL Vsolute = ?
(% V/V ) =
Vsolute
100%
Vsolution
20.0 mL
100%
120.0 mL
= 16.7%
=
The percentage by volume concentration of the solution

is 16.7%.
Note: The rules of significant digits state that the
final answer must be expressed to the same number
of significant digits as the value with the least number
of significant digits. Because the volume of the solute
consists of only three significant digits, the final answer
must consist of only three significant digits. For more
information, refer to Calculations with Significant
Digits on pages 534 to 536.
When problem-solving throughout this course, there are
key points that you will want to remember:
Mathematical solutions begin by listing the known
and unknown values for this problem.
The list of knowns and unknowns is used to choose
the proper equation.
The data, including units, is substituted into the
equation.
The final answer is expressed with the correct
number of significant digits and with the proper
units.
(% V/V ) = V solute
100%
solution
(% V/V )
100%
(% V/V )
100%
(% V/V )
100%
(% V/V )
100%
=
=
Vsolution =
Vsolute
Vsolution
1000%
Divide both
sides by 100%.
100%
Vsolute
Vsolution
Vsolute
Vsolution
Vsolution
Vsolution = Vsolute Vsolute
Multiply both
sides by Vsolution.
is now isolated.
Substitute the values into the equation.

Vsolute =
(% V/V )
Vsolution
100%
45.0%
=
75 mL
100%
= 33.75 mL
= 34 mL two significant digits
The repellent sample contains 34 mL of DEET.

It is not necessary to show all of the algebra in your
solutions. Most students simply write the basic equation and
then write the rearranged version on the next line.
V
(% V/V ) = V solute
100%
solution
Vsolute =
(% V/V )
100%
Vsolution
The important thing to remember is that the second

equation is simply a rearranged version of the basic equation;
it is not a new equation.
Chapter 1: Aqueous Solutions
41
Percent By Volume (% V/V)
Practice
Insecticidal soap is an environmentally friendly way

to control insect pests on plants. A gardener needs
a solution with a percent by volume concentration
of insecticidal soap of 5.0%. If the total volume of
the solution was 4000 mL, calculate the volume of
insecticidal soap needed to make this solution.
28. To make a hand cleaner, a technician mixes 30 mL

of antiseptic with enough liquid soap to make
70 mL of solution. Determine the percent by volume
concentration of the antiseptic in the hand cleaner.
Solution
30. A bottle of insect repellent states that it has a DEET

percent by volume concentration of 25%. If you just
bought a 250-mL container of this product, what
volume of DEET have you purchased?
(% V/V ) = 5.0%
Vsolution = 4000 mL
Vsolute = ?
V
(% V/V ) = V solute 100%
solution
Vsolute =
(% V/V )
Vsolution
100%
5..0%
=
4000 mL
100%
= 200 mL
= 2.0 10 2 mL
To make this solution, 2.0 102 mL of insecticidal soap

is needed.
ID
Note: Because the percent by volume has the least

number of significant digits (two), the final answer must
be expressed with only two significant digits. To do this,
in this case, scientific notation is required.
O
Y
Example Problem 1.8
If you combined 50 mL of ethanol with 50 mL of

water, you get a solution with a volume of 95 mL. How
can this be? The molecules of ethanol and the molecules
of water do not directly stack on top of each other.
Instead, the two liquids intermingle with each other and,
thus, fill in some of the spaces between each others
molecules. This causes them to occupy less volume.
For this reason, if you are making a solution a
specific concentration, you first need to measure the
volume of your liquid solute; then you need to add a
sufficient amount of solvent to produce a final total
volume for your solution.
29. A solution of rubbing alcohol is labelled 60% (V/V ).

Determine the volume of rubbing alcohol present in
a 200-mL sample of the solution.
Parts Per Million (ppm)

Parts per million is a unit of concentration used for very
dilute solutions. You will often come across this unit when
you are investigating situations involving very small amounts
of substances in contaminated water systems or food. The
table Allowable Toxic Levels in Drinking Water lists the
current guidelines established by Canada Health for some
toxic elements in your drinking water.
ALLOWABLE TOXIC LEVELS IN
DRINKING WATER
Substance
Maximum Acceptable
Concentration (ppm)
arsenic
0.025
chromium
0.050
fluoride
1.5
lead
0.010
mercury
0.001
uranium
0.02
The term 1 part per million means one part solute for
every million parts of solution. The details of the equation
used to calculate parts per million is as follows:
mass of solute (g)
parts per million =

parts per million
concentration of
the solution
msolute
106 ppm
msolution
mass of solution (g)
Remember that 1.000 mL of water has a mass of 1.000 g.
42
Example Problem 1.9

A 200-g sample from a bottle of water contains 5.4 10-3 g of mercury.
a. Calculate the concentration of mercury in the sample in parts per million.
b. Use the information in the table Allowable Toxic Levels in Drinking Water
to determine if this water is safe to drink.
Solution
a. msolute = 5.4 10 - 3 g
parts per million =
msolution = 200 g
parts per million = ?
msolute
106 ppm
msolution
5.4 10 - 3 g
200 g
106 ppm
= 27 ppm
The concentration of mercury in this sample is 27 ppm.
Calculator Tip: You will be required to perform the calculations that involve entering values in scientific notation
into your calculator. For most calculators, this requires using a special key labelled EXP or EE. Pressing these
keys includes the 10 part of the scientific notation. So, you only need to enter the exponent.
Value
Keystrokes on Calculator
5.4 10- 3
106 = 1 106
EE
EE (-)
Consult the users guide that came with your calculator for more information.
b. The mercury concentration in the water is well above the maximum acceptable concentration of 0.001 ppm. This
water is not safe to drink.
Example Problem 1.10

Carbon monoxide, CO(g), is a deadly gas that takes the place of oxygen molecules and binds to hemoglobin in blood. If
you are smoking, the concentration of carbon monoxide that reaches your lungs is approximately 200 ppm. Determine
the mass of CO(g) that would be present in a sample of air having a mass of 9.6 g (approximately one breath). Express
your answer in scientific notation.
Solution
parts per million = 200 ppm
parts per million =
msolution = 9.6 g
msolute = ?
msolute =
=
msolute
106 ppm
msolution
parts per million
msolution
106 ppm
200 ppm
106 ppm
9.6 g
= 0.0019 g
= 1.9 10 - 3 g
There would be 1.9 10-3 g of CO(g) present.
43
step 1: Move the decimal to the right until it is on the

right side of the first non-zero digit.
0.00192
step 2: Round the number to the specific number of
significant digits. In this case, round the value to
two significant digits.
1.9
step 3: Insert the power of ten the value should be
multiplied by. Because the decimal moved three
places to the right, the exponent in the power of
10 is - 3.
1.9 10-3
ID
Alternatively, many calculators can be set to

automatically display answers in scientific notation. This
is a very useful feature because it reduces errors.
On many calculators, using the MODE key
automatically causes the answers to be displayed in
scientific notation. Check the users guide that came with
your calculator to learn how to set this up.
O
Y
Note: In Example Problem 1.10, the answer displayed on

the calculator is not in scientific notation. To write the
answer in scientific notation, follow these steps:
If you put 4 drops of ink into a rain barrel that

holds 210 L of water, the concentration of the ink would
be approximately 1 ppm.
Practice
31. A 250-g sample of water contains 8.30 10-3 g of
lead.
a. Calculate the concentration of lead in the
sample of water in parts per million.
b. Determine if this water is safe to drink.
32. Canadian law prevents the sale of fish for
consumption containing more that 2.00 ppm of
PCBs. A 227-g sample of fish is tested and found
to contain the maximum allowable concentration of
PCBs. Determine the mass of PCBs in this sample
of fish.
33. It is considered unsafe to have more than 50.0 ppm
of arsenic in drinking water. If you have a bottle of
water containing 250 g of water with this level of
arsenic, what mass of arsenic would you ingest?
Molar Concentration, C (mol/L)

Earlier in this chapter you saw how diagrams of the atomic
structure of a water molecule can communicate that two
hydrogen atoms covalently bond to one oxygen atom. If
you were to break up this molecule, you would expect to
get twice as many molecules of hydrogen gas, H2(g), as
you would oxygen gas, O2(g). The difficulty is that any
sample of water contains so many atoms of hydrogen and
oxygen that it is impossible to count them individually.
Technologists and scientists, who need to know the amount
of the substance, have solved this problem by counting
particles in a very large group called a mole.
mole: a specific amount of a substance that
consists of 6.022 1023 particles
molar concentration (molarity): the amount
of solute, in moles, per litre of solution
The mole is a very useful quantity because it enables

technologists to combine the precise amounts of substances
so that all of the reactants are completely converted into
products in a chemical reaction. Since many reactions occur
in solutions, concentrations within the scientific community
are most often communicated using molar concentration
or molarity. The molar concentration of a solution can be
calculated using the following relationship:
C=
n
V
concentration of
the solution (mol/L)
number of moles of
solute dissolved in
the solution (mol)
total volume of
the solution (L)
This technique is very useful because it communicates

the number of molecules or ions of solute dissolved or
dissociated in a specified volume of a solution.
44
A sample of water taken from a nearby lake is found to

have 0.0035 mol of salt in a 100-mL solution. Determine
the concentration of the salt in the lake.
Solution
V = 100 mL
= 0.100 L
C =?
n
V
0.0035 mol
=
0.100 L
= 0.035 mol/L
C=
n = 0.0035 mol
1L
1000 mL
Note: Because the volume

of the solution must be
in litres (L), convert the
original volume using a
conversion factor.
= 3.5 10 - 2 mol/L
You dissolve 30.0 g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(s), into

300 mL of water.
a. Determine the number of moles of sodium sulfate in
this solution.
b. Calculate the molar concentration of this sodium
sulfate solution.
Solution
a. First, determine the molar mass, M, of Na2SO4(s).
Na+
Molar Mass
Sometimes it is necessary to first calculate the number of
moles using the mass of the sample and information from the
periodic table to determine the molar mass. The equation for
calculating the number of moles in a substance is as follows:
mass of the
substance (g)
n=
number of moles of
a substance (mol)
16.00
S2
O2
sulfide
oxide
M = 2 ( M of Na ) + ( M of S ) + 4 ( M of O )
= 2 ( 22.99 g/mol ) + (32.06 g/mol ) + 4 (16.00 g/mol )

= 142.04 g/mol
Now, calculate the number of moles.

m = 30.0 g
n=
M = 142.04 g
conversion factor: a fraction used to

convert one set of units into another
Conversion factors offer a concise and consistent way

to sort out units. Conversion factors not only keep your
solutions organized, they help keep your thinking clear by
giving you a reliable way to handle units in all situations.
For more information, refer to Conversion Factors on
page 532.
32.06
sodium
8
oxygen
sulfur
22.99
Throughout this course, when you record measurements

or do calculations, you should always include the units. In
Example Problem 1.11, the volume of the solution was given
in millilitres (mL) instead of litres (L). It is essential that you
communicate, in a clear and concise way, how to convert one
unit into another. One of the best ways to do this is by using
a conversion factor.
16
sodium
The concentration of the salt in the lake is

3.5 10-2 mol/L.
molar mass: the mass

of 1 mol of a substance
Na
11
m
M
30.0 g
142.04 g/mol
= 0.211 208 110 4
= 0.211 mol
=
n=?
The solution contains 0.211 mol of sodium sulfate.

b. n = 0.211 208 110 4 mol
V = 300 mL
1L
1000 mL
= 0.300 L
C =?
Note: Although the number of moles was rounded to three
significant digits in part a., you should use the unrounded
value in this calculation to get a more accurate answer to part b.
Remember, the number of moles is still considered to have three
significant digits in this calculation.
n
V
0.211 208 110 4 mol
=
0.300 L
= 0.704 mol/L
C=
m
M
molar mass of the
substance (g/mol)
The process of finding the number of moles and then

calculating the molar concentration is illustrated in Example
Problem 1.12.
The molar concentration of the sodium sulfate

solution is 0.704 mol/L.
45
Practice
34. Determine the molar concentration for each solution.
a. 0.435 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl(s), dissolves in 200 mL of water.
b. 800 mL of water contains 0.674 mol of sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).
35. 30.0 g of NaCl(s) is added to water to make 800 mL of salt solution.
a. Use the periodic table on pages 554 and 555 to determine the number of moles in 30.0 g of NaCl(s).
b. Calculate the molar concentration of this salt solution.
36. In a science lab, 5.00 g of NaOH(s) is dissolved in 300 mL of water. What is the molar concentration of
the resulting solution?
Standard Solutions
Technologists in a number of industries often need to make solutions with a
specific concentration. In the field of health care, prescriptions can involve
creams or liquids that require an exact amount of medicinal solute to be combined
with the appropriate solvent. During manufacturing, specific solutions may have
to be prepared. Each solution is an essential component, allowing for the precise
control of a chemical reaction.
Why dont these facilities simply order the necessary solutions already mixed
in the proper concentrations? As is the case with consumer goods, it is less
expensive to ship highly concentrated solutions. Another reason is that sometimes
the solutions need to be modified. This provides greater flexibility when it comes
to mixing the specific solution needed for specific situations. Clearly, in many
industries, technologists follow careful procedures to prepare standard solutions.
Making a standard solution requires practice and skill because the slightest
error can cause the concentration of your standard solution to be less accurate. In
the next investigation you will have an opportunity to produce a standard solution
and a dilute solution.
standard solution: a solution having
a precisely known concentration
Figure A1.21: In a number of industries, solutions

need to be very specific.
Investigation
Developing Technological Skills with Solutions
Purpose
You will practise the skills for making a standard
solution and for making a dilute solution.
Materials
50-mL beaker
2, 100-mL volumetric flasks
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4(s)
distilled water
eyedropper
10-mL volumetric pipette
Part A: Making a Standard Solution

In this part of the investigation you will make 100 mL
of a 0.200 mol/L solution of copper(II) sulfate from
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.
46
Science Skills
Performing and Recording
Analyzing and Interpreting
Use gloves, safety glasses, and

a lab apron for this investigation.
Pre-Lab Analysis
1. Complete the following calculation to determine the number of moles of solute you will need for your solution:
V = 100 mL
n
V
n = CV
1L
1000 mL
C=
= 0.100 L
=(
C = 0.200 mol/L
)(
n=?
2. Complete the following calculation to determine the mass of the copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, you need.
M = 1( M of Cu) + 1( M of S ) + 4 ( M of O )
=(
m
M
m = nM
n=
n=
)+(
)+4(
=(
)(
m=?
Procedure
step 1: Measure the appropriate mass of solute,
CuSO4(s), and place it into a small beaker.
step 2: Dissolve the solute in the beaker with as little
distilled water as possible.
step 3: Carefully transfer the dissolved solute into a
volumetric flask. Be sure to rinse your beaker
with a little water, and add this rinse to the
volumetric flask as well.
step 4: Carefully fill the volumetric flask until the top of
the meniscus reaches the 100-mL line.
step 5: Use an eyedropper to add water until the bottom
of the meniscus touches the 100-mL line. This is
the key step. Do not overshoot the line. If you do
overshoot, discard the solution and start over.
step 6: Stopper the volumetric flask. Firmly hold the
stopper in place, and invert the flask 15 times to
mix the solution.
step 7: Show the solution to your teacher to check the
accuracy of your work. Keep your solution. It will
be used in Part B of this investigation.
Part B: Diluting a Standard Solution

In this part of the investigation you will make 100 mL of
a new solution that is a 10% dilution of your standard
solution from Part A.
Procedure
step 1: Have your teacher demonstrate the proper
technique for using a pipette.
Figure A1.22: The correct measurement of 100 mL occurs when the bottom
of the meniscus is even with the line on the volumetric flask. If the bottom of
the meniscus is above the line on the volumetric flask, you have more than
100 mL of solution.
step 2: Pipette 10 mL of your standard solution into another 100-mL volumetric flask.
step 3: Carefully fill the volumetric flask with water so the meniscus is just at the bottom of the 100-mL line.
step 4: Stopper the volumetric flask, and mix the contents of the flask by inverting and carefully shaking it.
47
step 5: Transfer the dilute solution to an appropriate storage container.

Calculate the concentration of your dilute solution. Label the
container with the name, chemical formula, and concentration. Also,
indicate which WHMIS symbols should be placed on the label.
Analysis
3. List the potential problems you may have encountered with each step
of the procedure. Identify steps that could affect the accuracy of the
concentration of your standard solution.
Do not pour the remainder of your

standard solution down the drain.
Consult your teacher regarding the
proper disposal of your solution.
4. Are you confident that your standard solution is exactly 0.200 mol/L? Give a reason for your answer.
5. Do you think it would be easier or more difficult to make a standard solution that is colourless? Support your answer.
6. Explain the importance of knowing the exact concentration of a standard solution.
7. Explain how volumetric flasks and pipettes help you measure volumes with greater precision.
Evaluation
In this investigation you were instructed not to pour your standard solution down the drain. One reason for doing this is
that once the water has evaporated, the crystals can be reconstituted and used by other classes. Another reason for not
pouring the solutions down the drain has to do with the harmful effects of copper substances on the environment.
8. Use the Internet and other sources of information to determine the harmful effects of copper compounds
released into the environment.
Diluting Solutions
Some chemical solutions are transported in concentrated form to save costs. It may be necessary to dilute such a solution to
obtain a solution with a specifically desired concentration. There are also times when water is removed from a solution to
make it more concentrated. In each case, the amount of solute is unchanged, but the amount of solvent changes.
Adding Solvent to a Solution
When solvent is added to a solution, the number of moles of solute, n, is unchanged.
initial solution
n
Ci =
Vi
final solution
n
Cf =
Vf
number of moles of
solute after dilution
n = Ci Vi
n = Cf Vf
number of moles of
solute before dilution
Since the number of moles of solute is constant,
initial concentration
initial volume
48
CV
= Cf Vf
i i
final volume
final concentration
Note: The final volume is the

total volume of the solution, not
the amount of solvent added.
You have 65.0 mL of a 0.759-mol/L solution of sodium chloride, NaCl(aq).

a.
b.
c.
d.
Calculate the final concentration of the solution if it is diluted to a final volume of 100.0 mL.
Calculate the final concentration of a solution prepared by adding 100.0 mL of water to the original solution.
How much water do you need to add to the original solution to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.200 mol/L?
How much water needs to evaporate from the original solution to obtain a solution with a concentration of 0.890 mol/L?
Solution
a. Vi = 65.0 mL
Ci = 0.759 mol/L
Ci Vi = Cf Vf
Cf =
Vf = 100.0 mL
=
Cf = ?
Ci Vi
Vf
(0.759 mol/L ) (65.0 mL )
100.0 mL
= 0.493 mol/L
Note: There is no need to convert millilitres to

litres because they cancel each other out.
The final concentration of the solution is 0.493 mol/L.

b. Vi = 65.0 mL
Ci = 0.759 mol/L
Vf = 65.0 mL + 100.0 mL
= 165.0 mL
Cf = ?
Ci Vi = Cf Vf
Cf =
=
Ci Vi
Vf
(0.759 mol/L ) (65.0 mL )
165.0 mL
= 0.299 mol/L
The final concentration of the solution is 0.299 mol/L.

c. Vi = 65.0 mL
Ci = 0.759 mol/L
Ci Vi = Cf Vf
Vf =
Cf = 0.200 mol/L
=
Vf = ?
Ci Vi
Cf
(0.759 mol/L ) (65.0 mL )
0.200 mol/L
= 246.675 mL
Vadded = ?
The amount added can be found by subtracting the initial volume from the final volume.
Vadded = Vf - Vi
= 246.675 mL - 65.0 mL
=181.675 mL
=182 mL
continued on
next page
You need to add 182 mL of water.
49
d. Vi = 65.0 mL
Practice
Ci = 0.759 mol/L
Cf = 0.890 mol/L
Vf = ?
Vevaporated = ?
Ci Vi = Cf Vf
Vf =
=
Ci Vi
Cf
(0.759 mol/L ) (65.0 mL)
0.890 mol/L
= 55.432 584 27 mL
The amount evaporated can be found by subtracting
the final volume from the initial volume.
Vevaporated = Vi - Vf
= 65.0 mL - 55.432 584 27 mL
= 9.567 415 73 mL
= 9.6 mL
The volume of water needed to evaporate is 9.6 mL.
Diluting Acids
In previous science courses you studied compounds that
form solutions that turn blue litmus paper red because they
produce hydrogen ions. These compounds are called acids.
acid: a substance that
produces hydrogen ions when
dissolved in water to form a
conducting aqueous solution
Soft drinks, tomato sauce, and pickles are foods that are
all slightly acidic. Acid content in food can be identified
with a sour taste. While these products are relatively
harmless, concentrated acids can be quite hazardous.
Concentrated acids can cause acid burns on skin, blindness
if splashed in the eyes, and death if swallowed.
The most common acid used in industry is sulfuric acid.
In fact, more sulfuric acid is produced each year than any
other industrial chemical. As youll see in the next set of
Practice questions, concentrated sulfuric acid is used in a
wide variety of applications.
Safety Tip: When diluting an acid, always add the acid
to the water in small amounts. The rearrangement of solute
and solvent when an acid is diluted is exothermic and can
be a safety risk.
50
Figure A1.23: A battery technician checks the concentration of

sulfuric acid.
37. The battery is the primary source of electrical energy

used in vehicles. Most automotive batteries produce
electricity by using the chemical reaction between
two different types of lead in a solution of sulfuric
acid. This application is the reason why some
people refer to sulfuric acid as battery acid. In one
automotive battery, 360 mL of concentrated sulfuric
acid, 17.8 mol/L, is combined with 640 mL of water
to form the solution with the proper concentration.
a. Determine the total volume of the solution in the
battery.
b. Calculate the molar concentration of the sulfuric
acid solution in the battery.
c. Determine the percent by volume concentration
of the sulfuric acid solution in the battery.
d. Consider your answers to questions 37.b.
and 37.c. Which method of communicating
concentration is likely used by scientists
researching new designs for batteries, and which
method is best for a brochure for customers
explaining the features of a particular battery?
38. Sulfuric acid is used to make chlorine dioxide
for bleaching in the pulp and paper industry. A
technician in a pulp mill needs to make 275 L of a
solution containing 4.25 mol/L of sulfuric acid.
a. Calculate the volume of concentrated sulfuric
acid (17.8 mol/L) that the technician must
measure to make the required solution.
b. Determine the volume of water needed to make
the required solution.
a. The technician measures out 2.50 L of a standard

solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration
of 10.0 mol/L. Determine the amount of water
that must be added to create a solution with a
concentration of 3.75 mol/L.
O
Y
ID
b. A large beaker contains 655 mL of a standard

solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of
10.0 mol/L. This beaker is placed in a fume hood
where evaporation can occur. Determine the
amount of water that would have to evaporate in
order for the solution to have a concentration of
11.0 mol/L.
Many natural compounds, such as the oils in

onions, contain sulfur. When you slice an onion, a gas
is released that rises upwards and combines with the
water in your eyes. The result is that a dilute sulfuric
acid solution forms in your eyes. In response to this
irritation, your eyes automatically start to blink and
tear to flush out the sulfuric acid.
Figure A1.24: The voltage output of an automotive battery is checked.
When the engine is running, the vehicles recharging

system prevents this situation from occurring by supplying
an electric current to the battery that flows in the opposite
direction. As the electrons are forced into the battery, the
chemical reactions are reversed, the concentration of sulfuric
acid rises, and the battery is said to be fully charged.
The concentration of sulfuric acid in the battery is a good
indicator of the state of charge of the battery. In the next
chapter you will learn more about the role of electrons in
chemical reactions and how all this relates to the batteries.
1.5 Summary
Chemical Reactions and Electricity

If a vehicles headlights are left on while the motor is shut
off, the battery produces the electric current for the lights.
The current is sustained by chemical reactions within the
battery that decrease the concentration of sulfuric acid. If
these reactions continue to the point that the sulfuric acid
concentration drops below a critical level, the battery is
said to be fully discharged or dead.
Having quantitative units for concentrations allows you

to know specifically how much solute is dissolved in a
solution. Percent by volume is a unit of concentration used
to communicate what volume of liquid solute is dissolved in
a solvent. Very dilute solutions are often expressed in parts
per million (ppm). The method preferred by technologists
and scientists is molar concentration (measured in mol/L).
Volumetric flasks and pipettes are useful tools for making
standard solutions. When you add more solvent to a solution,
its volume is increased, thus lowering the concentration of
the solvent and making it more dilute. The number of moles
of solute dissolved in the solvent does not change. It is
possible to calculate new volumes and concentrations when
diluting or evaporating solvent from a solution.
51
39. Approximately two-thirds of all the sulfuric acid

produced for industry is used in the production of
fertilizers. Ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate
are both fertilizers that are manufactured using
sulfuric acid. At a large fertilizer manufacturing plant,
a technician begins to prepare some tests using a
standard solution of sulfuric acid.
1.5 Questions
Knowledge
1. Define the following.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
mole
molar concentration
conversion factor
molar mass
parts per million concentration
percent by volume concentration
standard solution
volumetric flask
pipette
2. Describe why making quantitative measurements of the

concentration of a solution is useful.
3. Explain why there are many different units to measure
concentration.
4. Explain how each property listed changes as you add
more solvent to the solution.
a. the concentration of the solution
b. the volume of the solution
c. the number of moles dissolved in the solution
5. Explain why it is necessary to make standard solutions.
Applying Concepts
6. A student takes 7.00 g of potassium permanganate,
KMnO4(s), and dissolves it into 30.0 mL of water.
a. Calculate the concentration of the resulting solution
in mol/L.
b. Calculate the concentration of the resulting solution
in parts per million. (Remember, 30.0 mL of water is
equal to 30.0 g of water.) Is this an appropriate way
to communicate the concentration in this situation?
Support your answer.
c. If the student pours the original solution into a jar
that contains 250 mL of water, find the concentration
of the resulting solution in the jar in mol/L.
d. If the student pours the original solute into a
reservoir that contains 4.00 106 g of water,
calculate the concentration of the resulting solution
in parts per million. Is this an appropriate way to
communicate the concentration in this situation?
Support your answer.
7. A technician opens a jar that contains a concentrated
disinfectant solution. The molar concentration of the
disinfectant is 5.00 mol/L.
a. What volume of this disinfectant is required to make
a 2.00-L hand-soap solution that has a disinfectant
concentration of 0.400 mol/L?
52
b. If you take 20.0 mL of the disinfectant solution and

add it to 150 mL of water, determine the percent by
volume concentration of the resulting solution.
c. A 50.0-mL sample of the original disinfectant
solution is left in an open container overnight in a
fume hood. You notice in the morning that the volume
of the solution is now 40.0 mL. Assuming that no
disinfectant evaporated, calculate the new molar
concentration of the solution.
8. Design a flowchart describing the specific steps needed
to make a standard solution of copper(II) sulfate from
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate crystals. Include the types of
calculations and equipment you would use.
9. Each of the following three photographs shows a different
method for communicating concentration. Provide a
reason for the form of communication used in each
photograph.
Photo Credits and Acknowledgements

All photographs, illustrations, and text contained in this book have been created by or for Alberta Education, unless noted herein or
elsewhere in this Science 20 textbook.
Alberta Education wishes to thank the following rights holders for granting permission to incorporate their works into this textbook.
Every effort has been made to identify and acknowledge the appropriate rights holder for each third-party work. Please notify Alberta
Education of any errors or omissions so that corrective action may be taken.
Legend: t = top, m = middle, b = bottom, l = left, r = right
40 (m&r) Photodisc/Getty Images 42 Photodisc/Getty Images 46 (t)
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1.5 Calculating Concentration

Three Methods for Communicating Concentration

Parts Per Million

agencies that set health

scientists and lab

Unit A: Chemical Change

Percent by volume is commonly used for liquids dissolved

Example Problem 1.7

Sometimes, solving problems requires using algebra to

Example Problem 1.6

List the knowns and the unknown.

Rearrange the percent by volume equation so Vsolute

A hair product requires you to combine 20.0 mL of

The percentage by volume concentration of the solution

Vsolution = Vsolute Vsolute

Substitute the values into the equation.

The repellent sample contains 34 mL of DEET.

The important thing to remember is that the second

Percent By Volume (% V/V)

Insecticidal soap is an environmentally friendly way

28. To make a hand cleaner, a technician mixes 30 mL

30. A bottle of insect repellent states that it has a DEET

To make this solution, 2.0 102 mL of insecticidal soap

Note: Because the percent by volume has the least

Example Problem 1.8

If you combined 50 mL of ethanol with 50 mL of

29. A solution of rubbing alcohol is labelled 60% (V/V ).

Parts Per Million (ppm)

parts per million =

mass of solution (g)

Remember that 1.000 mL of water has a mass of 1.000 g.

Unit A: Chemical Change

Example Problem 1.9

parts per million =

parts per million = ?

Example Problem 1.10

parts per million =

Chapter 1: Aqueous Solutions

step 1: Move the decimal to the right until it is on the

Alternatively, many calculators can be set to

Note: In Example Problem 1.10, the answer displayed on

If you put 4 drops of ink into a rain barrel that

Molar Concentration, C (mol/L)

The mole is a very useful quantity because it enables

This technique is very useful because it communicates

Unit A: Chemical Change

A sample of water taken from a nearby lake is found to

Note: Because the volume

You dissolve 30.0 g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(s), into

= 2 ( 22.99 g/mol ) + (32.06 g/mol ) + 4 (16.00 g/mol )

Now, calculate the number of moles.

conversion factor: a fraction used to

Conversion factors offer a concise and consistent way

Throughout this course, when you record measurements

The concentration of the salt in the lake is

molar mass: the mass

The solution contains 0.211 mol of sodium sulfate.

The process of finding the number of moles and then