DKM DEV

Orijinal ders kitabnda (Groover: FUNDAMENTALS OF

MODERN MANUFACTURING)
Fundamentals of Metal Casting
ve
Metal Casting Processes
blmlerinde yer alan aadaki
1.

Heating and Pouring

2.

Shrinkage

3.

Solidification Time and Riser Design

4.

Buoyancy Force

5.

Centrifugal Casting

6.

Defects and Design Considerations

Alt ana konudan 1 (bir) problem olmak zere toplam 6 (Alt)

problem seerek yantlaynz.
Problemin nce Trke evirisini yazp altna zmn yaznz.
Problemin zmnde gereken forml ve tablolar kitapta yer
almaktadr.

Heating and Pouring

1. A disk 40 cm in diameter and 5 cm thick is to be cast of pure aluminum in an open
mold casting operation. The melting temperature of aluminum = 660C, and the
pouring temperature will be 800C. Assume that the amount of aluminum heated will
be 5% more than what is needed to fill the mold cavity. Compute the amount of heat
that must be added to the metal to heat it to the pouring temperature, starting from a
room temperature of 25C. The heat of fusion of aluminum = 389.3 J/g. Other
properties can be obtained from Tables 4.1 and 4.2 in the text. Assume the specific
heat has the same value for solid and molten aluminum.
2. A sufficient amount of pure copper is to be heated for casting a large plate in an open
mold. The plate has dimensions: length = 25 cm, width = 50 cm, and thickness = 7.5
cm. Compute the amount of heat that must be added to the metal to heat it to a
temperature of 1175C for pouring. Assume that the amount of metal heated will be
10% more than what is needed to fill the mold cavity. Properties of the metal are:
3
density = 0.009 kg/cm , melting point = 1083C, specific heat of the metal =
0.395/gC in the solid state and 0.38 J/gC in the liquid state, and heat of fusion = 186
kJ/Kg.
3. The downsprue leading into the runner of a certain mold has a length = 175 mm. The
2
cross-sectional area at the base of the sprue is 400 mm . The mold cavity has a volume
3
= 0.001 m . Determine (a) the velocity of the molten metal flowing through the base
of the downsprue, (b) the volume rate of flow, and (c) the time required to fill the
mold cavity.
4. A mold has a downsprue of length = 15 cm. The cross-sectional area at the bottom of
2
the sprue is 3.125 cm . The sprue leads into a horizontal runner which feeds the mold
3
cavity, whose volume = 1172 cm . Determine (a) the velocity of the molten metal
flowing through the base of the downsprue, (b) the volume rate of flow, and (c) the
time required to fill the mold cavity.
5. The flow rate of liquid metal into the downsprue of a mold = 1 liter/sec. The cross2
sectional area at the top of the sprue = 800 mm , and its length = 175 mm. What area
should be used at the base of the sprue to avoid aspiration of the molten metal?
6. The volume rate of flow of molten metal into the downsprue from the pouring cup is
3
780 cm /sec. At the top where the pouring cup leads into the downsprue, the cross2
sectional area = 6.25 cm . Determine what the area should be at the bottom of the
sprue if its length = 20 cm. It is desired to maintain a constant flow rate, top and
bottom, in order to avoid aspiration of the liquid metal.
7. Molten metal can be poured into the pouring cup of a sand mold at a steady rate of
3
1000 cm /s. The molten metal overflows the pouring cup and flows into the
downsprue. The cross section of the sprue is round, with a diameter at the top = 3.4
cm. If the sprue is 25 cm long, determine the proper diameter at its base so as to
maintain the same volume flow rate.
8. During pouring into a sand mold, the molten metal can be poured into the downsprue
at a constant flow rate during the time it takes to fill the mold. At the end of pouring
the sprue is filled and there is negligible metal in the pouring cup. The downsprue is
2
2
15 cm long. Its cross-sectional area at the top = 5 cm and at the base = 3.75 cm . The

cross-sectional area of the runner leading from the sprue also = 3.75 cm , and it is 20
3
cm long before leading into the mold cavity, whose volume = 1015 cm . The volume
3
of the riser located along the runner near the mold cavity = 390 cm . It takes a total of
3.0 sec to fill the entire mold (including cavity, riser, runner, and sprue. This is more
than the theoretical time required, indicating a loss of velocity due to friction in the
sprue and runner. Find (a) the theoretical velocity and flow rate at the base of the
downsprue; (b) the total volume of the mold; (c) the actual velocity and flow rate at
the base of the sprue; and (d) the loss of head in the gating system due to friction.
Shrinkage
9. Determine the shrink rule to be used by pattern makers for white cast iron. Using the
shrinkage value in Table 9.1, express your answer in terms of centimeters of
elongation per meter of length compared to a standard one-meter scale.
10. Determine the shrink rule to be used by mold makers for die casting of zinc. Using the
shrinkage value in Table 9.1, express your answer in terms of decimal mm of
elongation per 300 mm of length compared to a standard 300-mm scale.
11. A flat plate is to be cast in an open mold whose bottom has a square shape that is 200
3
mm by 200 mm. The mold is 40 mm deep. A total of 1,000,000 mm of molten
aluminum is poured into the mold. Solidification shrinkage is known to be 6.0%.
Table 9.1 lists the linear shrinkage due to thermal contraction after solidification to be
1.3%. If the availability of molten metal in the mold allows the square shape of the
cast plate to maintain its 200 mm by 200 mm dimensions until solidification is
completed, determine the final dimensions of the plate.
Solidification Time and Riser Design
12. In the casting of steel under certain mold conditions, the mold constant in Chvorinov's
2
rule is known to be 4.0 min/cm , based on previous experience. The casting is a flat
plate whose length = 30 cm, width = 10 cm, and thickness = 20 mm. Determine how
long it will take for the casting to solidify.
13. Solve for total solidification time in the previous problem only using an exponent
value of 1.9 in Chvorinov's rule instead of 2.0. What adjustment must be made in the
units of the mold constant?
14. A disk-shaped part is to be cast out of aluminum. The diameter of the disk = 500 mm
2
and its thickness = 20 mm. If the mold constant = 2.0 sec/mm in Chvorinov's rule,
how long will it take the casting to solidify?
15. In casting experiments performed using a certain alloy and type of sand mold, it took
155 sec for a cube-shaped casting to solidify. The cube was 50 mm on a side. (a)
Determine the value of the mold constant in Chvorinov's rule. (b) If the same alloy and
mold type were used, find the total solidification time for a cylindrical casting in
which the diameter = 30 mm and length = 50 mm.
16. A steel casting has a cylindrical geometry with 10 cm diameter and weighs 9 kg. This
casting takes 6.0 min to completely solidify. Another cylindrical-shaped casting with
the same diameter-to-length ratio weighs 5.4 kg. This casting is made of the same

steel, and the same conditions of mold and pouring were used. Determine: (a) the
mold constant in Chvorinov's rule, (b) the dimensions, and (c) the total solidification
3
time of the lighter casting. The density of steel = 7850 kg/m .
17. The total solidification times of three casting shapes are to be compared: (1) a sphere
with diameter = 10 cm, (2) a cylinder with diameter and length both = 10 cm, and (3) a
cube with each side = 10 cm. The same casting alloy is used in the three cases. (a)
Determine the relative solidification times for each geometry. (b) Based on the results
of part (a), which geometric element would make the best riser? (c) If the mold
2
constant = 3.5 min/cm in Chvorinov's rule, compute the total solidification time for
each casting.
18. The total solidification times of three casting shapes are to be compared: (1) a sphere,
(2) a cylinder, in which the length-to-diameter ratio = 1.0, and (3) a cube. For all three
3
geometries, the volume = 1000 cm . The same casting alloy is used in the three cases.
(a) Determine the relative solidification times for each geometry. (b) Based on the
results of part (a), which geometric element would make the best riser? (c) If the mold
2
constant = 3.5 min/cm in Chvorinov's rule, compute the total solidification time for
each casting.
19. A cylindrical riser is to be used for a sand-casting mold. For a given cylinder volume,
determine the diameter-to-length ratio that will maximize the time to solidify.
20. A riser in the shape of a sphere is to be designed for a sand casting mold. The casting
is a rectangular plate, with length = 200 mm, width = 100 mm, and thickness = 18
mm. If the total solidification time of the casting itself is known to be 3.5 min,
determine the diameter of the riser so that it will take 25% longer for the riser to
solidify.
21. A cylindrical riser is to be designed for a sand casting mold. The length of the cylinder
is to be 1.25 times its diameter. The casting is a square plate, each side = 25 cm and
2
thickness = 1.875 cm. If the metal is cast iron, and the mold constant = 2.56 min/cm
in Chvorinov's rule, determine the dimensions of the riser so that it will take 30%
longer for the riser to solidify.
22. A cylindrical riser with diameter-to-length ratio = 1.0 is to be designed for a sand
casting mold. The casting geometry is illustrated in Figure P10.25, in which the units
2
are centimeters. If the mold constant in Chvorinov's rule = 3.12 min/cm , determine
the dimensions of the riser so that the riser will take 0.5 min longer to freeze than the
casting itself.
Buoyancy Force
23. An 92% aluminum-8% copper alloy casting is made in a sand mold using a sand core
that weighs 20 kg. Determine the buoyancy force in Newtons tending to lift the core
during pouring.
3

24. A sand core located inside a mold cavity has a volume of 2450 cm . It is used in the
casting of a cast iron pump housing. Determine the buoyancy force that will tend to
lift the core during pouring.

25. Caplets are used to support a sand core inside a sand mold cavity. The design of the
caplets and the manner in which they are placed in the mold cavity surface allows each
caplet to sustain a force of 45 N. Several caplets are located beneath the core to
support it before pouring; and several other caplets are placed above the core to resist
3
the buoyancy force during pouring. If the volume of the core = 5075 cm , and the
metal poured is brass, determine the minimum number of caplets that should be placed
(a) beneath the core, and (b) above the core.
26. A sand core used to form the internal surfaces of a steel casting experiences a
buoyancy force of 23 kg. The volume of the mold cavity forming the outside surface
3
of the casting = 5000 cm . What is the weight of the final casting? Ignore
considerations of shrinkage.
Centrifugal Casting
27. A horizontal true centrifugal casting operation will be used to make copper tubing.
The lengths will be 1.5 m with outside diameter = 15.0 cm, and inside diameter = 12.5
cm. If the rotational speed of the pipe = 1000 rev/min, determine the G-factor.
28. A true centrifugal casting operation is to be performed in a horizontal configuration to
make cast iron pipe sections. The sections will have a length = 105 cm, outside
diameter = 20 cm, and wall thickness = 1.25 cm. If the rotational speed of the pipe =
500 rev/min, determine the G-factor. Is the operation likely to be successful?
29. A horizontal true centrifugal casting process is used to make brass bushings with the
following dimensions: length = 10 cm, outside diameter = 15 cm, and inside diameter
= 12 cm. (a) Determine the required rotational speed in order to obtain a G-factor of
70. (b) When operating at this speed, what is the centrifugal force per square meter
(Pa) imposed by the molten metal on the inside wall of the mold?
30. True centrifugal casting is performed horizontally to make large diameter copper tube
sections. The tubes have a length = 1.0 m, diameter = 0.25 m, and wall thickness = 15
mm. (a) If the rotational speed of the pipe = 700 rev/min, determine the G-factor on
the molten metal. (b) Is the rotational speed sufficient to avoid "rain?" (c) What
volume of molten metal must be poured into the mold to make the casting if
solidification shrinkage and contraction after solidification are considered?
Solidification shrinkage for copper = 4.5%, and solid thermal contraction = 7.5%.
31. If a true centrifugal casting operation were to be performed in a space station circling
the Earth, how would weightlessness affect the process?
32. A horizontal true centrifugal casting process is used to make aluminum rings with the
following dimensions: length = 5 cm, outside diameter = 65 cm, and inside diameter = 60 cm.
(a) Determine the rotational speed that will provide a G-factor = 60. (b) Suppose that the ring
were made out of steel instead of aluminum. If the rotational speed computed in part (a) were
used in the steel casting operation, determine the G-factor and (c) centrifugal force per square
meter (Pa) on the mold wall. (d) Would this rotational speed result in a successful operation?

33. A horizontal true centrifugal casting process is used to make aluminum rings with the
following dimensions: length = 5 cm, outside diameter = 65 cm, and inside diameter =
60 cm. (a) Determine the rotational speed that will provide a G-factor = 60. (b)
Suppose that the ring were made out of steel instead of aluminum. If the rotational
speed computed in part (a) were used in the steel casting operation, determine the G-

factor and (c) centrifugal force per square meter (Pa) on the mold wall. (d) Would this
rotational speed result in a successful operation?
34. For the steel ring of preceding Problem 10.10(b), determine the volume of molten
metal that must be poured into the mold, given that the liquid shrinkage is 0.5%,
solidification shrinkage = 3%, and solid contraction after freezing = 7.2%.
35. A horizontal true centrifugal casting process is used to make lead pipe for chemical
plants. The pipe has length = 0.5 m, outside diameter = 70 mm, and wall thickness =
6.0 mm. Determine the rotational speed that will provide a G-factor = 60.
36. A vertical true centrifugal casting process is used to make tube sections with length =
25 cm and outside diameter = 15 cm. The inside diameter of the tube = 13.75 cm at the
top and 12.5 cm at the bottom. At what speed must the tube be rotated during the
operation in order to achieve these specifications?
37. A vertical true centrifugal casting process is used to produce bushings that are 200 mm
long and 200 mm in outside diameter. If the rotational speed during solidification is
500 rev/min, determine the inside diameter at the top of the bushing if the inside
diameter at the bottom is 150 mm.
38. A vertical true centrifugal casting process is used to cast brass tubing that is 37.5 cm
long and whose outside diameter = 20 cm. If the speed of rotation during solidification
is 1000 rev/min, determine the inside diameters at the top and bottom of the tubing if
the total weight of the final casting = 35 kg.
Defects and Design Considerations
39. The housing for a certain machinery product is made of two components, both
aluminum castings. The larger component has the shape of a dish sink, and the second
component is a flat cover that is attached to the first component to create an enclosed
space for the machinery parts. Sand casting is used to produce the two castings, both
of which are plagued by defects in the form of misruns and cold shuts. The foreman
complains that the parts are too thin, and that is the reason for the defects. However, it
is known that the same components are cast successfully in other foundries. What
other explanation can be given for the defects?
40. A large steel sand casting shows the characteristic signs of penetration defect: a
surface consisting of a mixture of sand and metal. (a) What steps can be taken to
correct the defect? (b) What other possible defects might result from taking each of
these steps?