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    Thyristors 3

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    afzal ansari
    Thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used as electronic switches. The most important type of thyristor is the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), which can be turned on by applying a voltage signal to its gate. Once triggered, the SCR will remain conducting even after the gate signal is removed. SCRs are used in applications such as motor controls, light dimmers, and power supplies due to their ability to control high power loads while withstanding high voltages and currents.

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    Thyristors 3

    Uploaded by

    afzal ansari
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    Thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used as electronic switches. The most important type of thyristor is the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), which can be turned on by applying a voltage signal to its gate. Once triggered, the SCR will remain conducting even after the gate signal is removed. SCRs are used in applications such as motor controls, light dimmers, and power supplies due to their ability to control high power loads while withstanding high voltages and currents.

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    Thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used as electronic switches. The most important type of thyristor is the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), which can be turned on by applying a voltage signal to its gate. Once triggered, the SCR will remain conducting even after the gate signal is removed. SCRs are used in applications such as motor controls, light dimmers, and power supplies due to their ability to control high power loads while withstanding high voltages and currents.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    162 views30 pages

    Thyristors 3

    Uploaded by

    afzal ansari
    Thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used as electronic switches. The most important type of thyristor is the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), which can be turned on by applying a voltage signal to its gate. Once triggered, the SCR will remain conducting even after the gate signal is removed. SCRs are used in applications such as motor controls, light dimmers, and power supplies due to their ability to control high power loads while withstanding high voltages and currents.

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    of 30

    Thyristors

    Silicon Controlled Rectifier


    First introduced by Bell Telephone Lab in 1956.
    Applications including relay controls, timedelay, power supplies, static switches, motor
    controls, choppers, inverters, cycloconverters,
    battery chargers, protective circuits, heater
    controls, and phase controls.
    Up to 10 MW, 2000 A, 1800 V, 50 kHz.
    It has two states a low current, high impedance OFF state and a
    low impedance high current, high ON state.

    Most important type of power


    semiconductor device.
    Have the highest power handling
    capability.they have a rating of 1200V /
    1500A with switching frequencies ranging
    from 1KHz to 20KHz.
    Thyristor are operated as bistable
    switches operating from nonconducting
    state to conducting state..

    Is inherently a slow switching device


    compared to BJT or MOSFET.
    Used as a latching switch that can be
    turned on by the control terminal but
    cannot be turned off by the gate.

    4-Layer pnpn Devices


    1. SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
    2. SCS - Silicon Controlled Switch
    3. GTO - Gate Turn-Off Switch
    4. LASCR - Light Activated SCR
    These 4-layer pnpn devices are commonly
    referred to as Thysistors.
    Construction, Characteristics and
    Applications are the learning objectives.

    Basic SCR Operation (2)

    (b) basic construction


    1. The Anode must be positive with respect to the Cathode
    (necessary condition)
    2. A turnturn-on pulse current must be established OR if
    applied voltage is greater than the forward breakover
    voltage

    SCR

    Symbol of SCR
    Silicon Controlled Rectifier
    As a Thyristor is basically a silicon made
    controlled device , it is known as
    Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
    also .

    Basic SCR Operation (1)

    (a) Symbol

    Device Operation
    When the anode is made
    positive w.r.t the cathode , the
    junctions J1 and J3 are
    forward biasesd and J2 is
    revesed biased.then the
    device is in forward blocking or
    OFF state.
    If the anode to cathode voltage
    VAK is increased to sufficiently
    large value the reverse biased
    junction J2 breaks this is
    known as avalanche
    breakdown resulting in a large
    forward current . The device is
    then in conducting or ON state.

    V-I Characteristics

    The anode current must be more


    than a value known as Latching
    current IL to maintain the required
    amount of flow or the device
    reverts to the blocking condition.
    Once a thyristor conducts it
    behaves like a conucting diode
    and there no control over the
    device. However if the forward
    anode current is reduced to a level
    known as Holding current I H- a
    depletetion region forms and the
    device goes to blocking state.
    Holding current is the minimum
    current to maintain the thyristor in
    the ON state.

    A thyristor can be turned ON by increasing the forward


    voltage VAK beyond VBO but such turn on can be
    destructive . In practice the forward voltage is maintained
    below VBO and thyristor is turned ON by applying a
    positive voltage between its gate and cathode shown by
    dashed line.
    Once a thyristor is turned ON by a gating signal and
    anode current is greater than IH, the device continues to
    conduct due to feedback even if the gating signal is
    removed A thyristor is a Latching device.
    The latching action due to a positive feedback can be
    studied by using a two transistor model of a thyristor. A
    thyristor can be considered as two complementary
    transistors one pnp (Q1) and one npn (Q2).

    Basic SCR Operation (3)


    $QRGH
    4

    SQS

    QSQ
    4

    *DWH

    &DWKRGH

    SCR can be represented by two transistors

    V-I Characteristics

    The anode current must be more


    than a value known as Latching
    current IL to maintain the required
    amount of flow or the device
    reverts to the blocking condition.
    Once a thyristor conducts it
    behaves like a conucting diode
    and there no control over the
    device. However if the forward
    anode current is reduced to a level
    known as Holding current I H- a
    depletetion region forms and the
    device goes to blocking state.
    Holding current is the minimum
    current to maintain the thyristor in
    the ON state.

    The general transistor equations are,


    IC IB 1 ICBO
    IC IE ICBO
    IE IC IB
    IB IE 1 ICBO

    Considering PNP transistor


    of the equivalent circuit,
    IE1 IA, IC IC1 , 1,
    ICBO ICBO1 , IB IB1

    IB1 IA 11 ICBO1 1

    Considering NPNtransistor
    of the equivalent circuit,
    IC IC2 , IB IB2 , IE2 IK IA IG
    IC2 2Ik ICBO2
    IC2 2 IA IG ICBO2 2

    From the equivalent circuit,


    we see that
    IC2 I B1

    2 I g ICBO1 ICBO2
    IA
    1 1 2

    C ase 1: W hen I g 0
    IA

    I C B O1 I C B O 2
    1 1 2

    Case 2: When IG 0

    2 Ig ICBO1 ICBO2
    IA
    1 1 2

    Two Transistor Model of thyristor

    Operation of SCR
    A thyristor can be turned ON by increasing the forward
    voltage VAK beyond VBO but such turn on can be
    destructive . In practice the forward voltage is maintained
    below VBO and thyristor is turned ON by applying a
    positive voltage between its gate and cathode shown by
    dashed line.
    Once a thyristor is turned ON by a gating signal and
    anode current is greater than IH, the device continues to
    conduct due to feedback even if the gating signal is
    removed A thyristor is a Latching device.
    The latching action due to a positive feedback can be
    studied by using a two transistor model of a thyristor. A
    thyristor can be considered as two complementary
    transistors one pnp (Q1) and one npn (Q2).

    V-I Characteristics

    The anode current must be more


    than a value known as Latching
    current IL to maintain the required
    amount of flow or the device
    reverts to the blocking condition.
    Once a thyristor conducts it
    behaves like a conucting diode
    and there no control over the
    device. However if the forward
    anode current is reduced to a level
    known as Holding current I H- a
    depletetion region forms and the
    device goes to blocking state.

    Turn-on Characteristics
    ton is the time between the
    application of gate signal
    and the conduction of the
    thyristor.
    td=time interval between
    10% of gate current (0.1IG) 10% of on state current
    (0.1IT).
    tr=time required for anode
    current to rise from 10 %
    (0.1IT). on state current to
    90 % (0.9IT). of on state
    current.

    ton td tr

    Methods of Thyristor Turn-on


    A thyristoris turned on by increasing the anode current. This can be
    accomplished in one of the following ways .
    1)Thermal Turn-on: if the temp is high thers is increase in number of
    e-h pair which increases leakage current-transistor may be turned
    on.
    2) Light: If light is alowed to strike the junctions of a thyristor, the
    electron-hole pairs increase, and the thyristor may be turned on. The
    light activated thyristor are turned on by allowing the thyristor to
    strike on the silicon wafers.
    3) High Voltage: If the anode to cathode voltage is greater than the
    forward breakdown voltage VBO , sufficient leakage current initiates
    regenerative turn on.
    4) Gate Current: if the thyristor is forward biased , the injection of gate
    current by applying gate voltage between gate and cathode
    terminals turns on the thristor. As the gate current increases,
    forward blocking voltage is decreased as shown in the figure
    5) dv/dt: the rate of rise of anode current cathode voltage is high the
    charging current of the capacitive junctions may be sufficient to turn
    on the thyristor

    Effects of gate current

    THYRISTOR TURN-OFF
    A thyristor can be turned off by reducing
    the forward current to a level below the
    holding current IH. There are various
    techniques to turn off a thyristor. In all the
    techniques
    the
    anode
    current
    is
    maintained below holding currentfor a
    sufficient time so that all the excess
    carriers in the four layers are swept out or
    recombined.

    SCRs and Their Characteristics


    SCRs are frequently used to control the amount of power that is

    delivered to a load.
    Figure shows a circuit where an SCR is used to control the amount of
    load current supplied to a lamp.

    Fig. 32-5 (a)

    Half-wave rectifier

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