SentenceDefinition:

A sentence is a word or group of words that must expresses a complete idea or sense or meaning
and that may consists of a subject and a verb.
Also it may have an object or a complement and the words must be order properly.
sentence

Example:
- We practice English everyday. (Here we is subject, practice is verb, English is object and everyday is
adverb)
Basically there are two parts of a sentence: ( Sentence )
Subject and
Predicate
Subject: A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which something is said or written.
Predicate: And the Predicate that says what the Subject does.
In the above example We is subject and practice English everyday is Predicate. A sentence usually
starts with a subject and then predicate comes.
N. B.: In some case like order, advice or request subject is not mentioned. It is userstood.
Example:
- (You) Keep quite.
- (You) Take care of your health.
- (I) Thank you.
And sometimes sentence starts with the predicate and then subject comes.
Example:
- Long live Bangladesh
- Down went the Titanic.
Kinds of Sentence:
Sentence can be classified into five categories according to the meaning or functions.
They are:1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence
1 | Page

3. Imperative Sentence
4. Optative Sentence.
5. Exclamatory Sentence.

Assertive Sentence:
An assertive sentence is a simple statement or assertion, either affirmative or negative.
Pattern:
Subject + verb + Object/complement/adverb
Example:
-English is an International Language. (Affirmative)
-We do not do bad things. (Negative)
-Everybody should know English. (Modal auxiliaries)
Interrogative Sentence:
Interrogative sentence is a sentence that ask question to replay about some person or things and ends
with a question mark (?).
There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence.
I. Begins with helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were, have, had) or modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will,
would, can, could, may, might etc.).
Example:
- Do you have your assignment ready?
- Does he speak English?
- Did she work abroad?
- Should I go there?
- Can you hear the sound?
- Dont you want any food? (Negative)
II. Begins with some specific words like who, which, what, when, where, why, how, whom, how much,
how many. These are known as WH questions.
Example:
- How is your business going on?
- Who fixed the computer?
- Whom do you support?
- What are you expecting from me?
- What time is it now?
- How many people have died there?
2 | Page

Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a request, command, order, advice, suggestion is an imperative sentence.
In a imperative sentence, subject is usually unexpressed, it is understood.
Pattern:
Subject (Invisible) + verb + object / where
Example:
- Take care of you.
- Give me the pen.
- Do it now.
- Be honest.
- Come here
- Never tell a lie
- Do not laugh at others helplessness.
- Let him go there.
Clear Head: You must do your duty. (It is assertive, not imperative.)
Optative Sentence:
Wish, desire, prayer are expressed by the Optative sentence.
Pattern:
May + Assertive
Example:
- May you live long.
- May Allah bless you.
- Wish you all the best.
- Long live Bangladesh (can be formed without may)
Exclamatory Sentence:
Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or emotion like surprise, pain, delight,
anger, disgust etc.
Pattern:
Alas/ Hurrah/ Bravo/ What/ How etc. + Others
Example:
- Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.
- Alas! He has failed the competition.
- Bravo! You have done a great job.
- What a talent-full girl she is!
3 | Page

- How sweetly the cuckoo sings!

- What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!
- Were I a Super Hero!
- What a pity!
- Fantastic!
- What an idea!
- Put that down now!
- Leave the package at the door.
- Walk softly, please.
Structure of a Sentence:
According to structure sentence are three types.
I. Simple Sentence.
II. Complex Sentence.
III. Compound Sentence.

I. Simple Sentence:
Simple sentence is structured with only one subject and one finite verb.
Simple sentence has only one independent clause.
Pattern:
Subject + finite verb + complement
Exmaple: - Bangladesh is a populated country
- Life is not a bed of roses
- Human is the superior in this planet.
II. Complex Sentence:
A sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses is a complex
sentence.
Example:
- If you work hard, you will shine in life. (Here, if you work hard is sub-ordinate clause and you will
shine in life is Main or principal clause)
Sub-ordinate clause begins with conjunctions like who, which, that, when, how, where, while, if,
whether, because, since, as, though, although, till, until, unless, before, after, so that, whenever,
wherever, whoever, whatever etc.
Example: - I know where he lives.
- I do not know what his name is.
4 | Page

- While there is life there is hope

- We eat so that we can survive.
III. Compound Sentence:
A sentence having more than one principal clauses linked by one or more coordinating conjunctions
preceded by a comma is called compound sentence.
Conjunctions are used in compound sentences are and, but, or, for, nor, also, however, moreover, thus,
so, therefore, else, still, as well as, accordingly, otherwise, yet, not yet, but also, either or, neither nor,
on the contrary etc.
Example:
- Respect others, and others will respect you.
- He loves us, but he does not show it.

Parts of Speech
In a sentence words are divided into different classes or kinds because of their functions and
usage. And it is described by the term of parts of speech.
Parts of speech help to understand the uses or functions words and how different words can make a
meaningful sentence.
There are Eight types of parts of speech.
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
5 | Page

Noun:
Name of anything like person, animal, place, thing, abstract, idea, action, state or quality is called
Noun.
Example:
Maria, Girl, Dhaka, Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness, Family, Sleep, Death etc.
In Sentence: (Bold words are noun)
- A boy is coming towards us.
- Sarah is a pretty girl.
- The sun shines in daytime.
- Education removes darkness.
- Poverty is curse.
Function of Noun:
Noun plays the role in a sentence as subject of a verb or object of a verb or both subject and object of a
verb.
Classification of nouns:
Noun can be classified into five categories:
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. Abstract noun
5. Material noun

i. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of some particular person, place or things.
Example: - Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. ( Dhaka is the name of one particular capital)
- Sunny is a smart boy. ( Sunny is the name of one particular boy)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Rimi is the name of one particular girl)
Proper noun always starts with capital letter.
ii. Common Noun:
6 | Page

Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class but that represents one
or all of the members of that class or thing.
A common noun can be preceded by the definite articles (a, the).
Example:
- Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)
Example without sentence:
- People: boy, girl, mother, father, baby, child, teacher, student, man, woman etc.
- Things: book, table, computer, pen, pencil etc.
- Animals: bird, dog, cat, cow, goat, wolf, tiger etc.
- Place: city, country, state, capital, beach, forest etc.
iii. Collective Noun:
A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken
together and considered of as one whole.
Example:
- The navy is the ready for the voyage.
- Public was not aware for the incident.
- The proposal was approved by the cabinet.
Example without sentence:
Crowd, class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee, audience, council, public, navy,
cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation, senate, faculty, board etc.
iv. Material Noun:
A material noun is the name of material, substance or ingredient of things.
Such as iron, steel, copper, gold, coal, silver, milk, water, tea, sugar, wheat etc.
Example:
- The necklace is made of gold.
- The cow gives us milk.
- Give me a cup of tea.
v. Abstract Noun:
An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, state or concept.
Abstract noun are the names of such things those cant be touched, tested, smelt or heard.
Such as:
Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness, brightness
etc.
7 | Page

Action- Judgment, movement, laughter, hatred, theft etc.

State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep etc.
The names of Arts and Science such as grammar, chemistry, physics, music etc. are also abstract
noun.
Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun-equivalent. It is the replacement of noun.
Common pronouns are I, me, he, she, him, his, her, they, them, it, we, and us.
Example:
- She is a pretty girl.
- His contribution is appreciable.
- They are unbeatable.
- This job is done by them.
Role of Pronoun in a sentence: Pronouns are usually short words and they are used to make sentence
less cumbersome and less repetitive.
Kinds of Pronoun:
There are many different kinds of pronouns. Such as:
1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflexive Pronoun
4. Intensive Pronoun
5. Indefinite Pronoun
6. Demonstrative Pronoun
7. Relative Pronoun
8. Interrogative Pronoun
9. Reciprocal Pronoun.
i. Personal Pronoun:
Personal pronoun is used instead of person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and who.

8 | Page

When a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb then it is called Subjective Pronoun (I, we, he, she,
they, and you).
E.g. I love this book.
When a personal pronoun is not a subject and acts as the object then it is called Objective Pronoun
(me, you, her, him, it, us, them and whom).
E.g. Give it to him.
ii. Possessive Pronoun:
A Possessive Pronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his, hers, its, mine, yours, ours, and
theirs.
Example: - This pen is mine.
- Yours one is not real.
- Take hers from the room.
iii. Reflexive Pronoun:
Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself, himself, herself,
ourselves, themselves, yourselves and itself.
Example:
- I ask myself when I take a decision.
- He spoke to himself.
- We learn about ourselves every day.
iv. Intensive Pronoun:
An Intensive Pronoun is used for emphasis. Intensive pronouns are myself, himself, herself, yourself,
itself, yourselves, ourselves and themselves.
Example:
- I myself have done the job.
- The president himself visited the area.
- He himself cant do it.
v. Indefinite Pronoun:
An Indefinite Pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns are
any, anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, everyone, nobody, none, one,
several, some, few, many and each.
An Indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective but it is used differently in sentences by
taking the place of a noun.
9 | Page

Example:
- All people gathered here for the same purpose.
- Does anyone know anything about the matter?
- Anybody can play the game easily.
- None but the brave deserves the fair.
- Each must do his best.
- One must do ones duty.
vi. Demonstrative Pronoun:
A Demonstrative Pronoun particularly point out a noun. This, these, that and those are
demonstrative pronouns to point out a noun.
A Demonstrative pronoun stands alone but a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
Example:
- You can smell that from here.
- This smells good.
- Those were bad days.
- Look at that.
- Would you deliver this?
vii. Relative Pronoun:
A Relative Pronoun is a pronoun that introduces or links one phrase or clause to another in the
sentence.
Relative Pronoun are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever.
Example:
- The person who called me is my uncle.
- I know where I am going.
- The pen which I lost was red.
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
- Robii Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.
Who and whom refer only to people.
Which refers to things, qualities and ideas.
That and whose refer to people, qualities, things and ideas.
viii. Interrogative Pronoun:
An Interrogative Pronoun is used to ask question. It helps to ask about something.
Interrogative Pronouns are who, which, what, whom, whose as well as whoever, whomever,
whichever and whatever.
10 | P a g e

It is used in the beginning of the sentence.

Who and whom refer to person.
What refers to thing.
Which refers to person or thing and whose refers to person as possessive.
Example:
- Whats happened?
- What do you expect from me?
- Who designed this website?
- Whose mobile is this?
- Whatever did you want?
ix. Reciprocal Pronoun:
A Reciprocal Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things. Each other and
one another are Reciprocal Pronouns.
We use Reciprocal Pronouns when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.
Example:
- Rimi and Raju like each other.
- Why dont we believe each other?
- They do not tolerate each other.
- We should help one another.
Adjective:
An adjective is a part of speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying,
specifying or describing it.
Generally an adjective modifies a noun by answering one of these following questions:
Which? What kind? How many?
Example:
- Foxes are cunning animal. (Answer the question What king of animal?)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area. (Answer the question How many gunmen?)
- The one eyed man tells him the story. (Answer the question Which man?)
Adjective Classification:
Following are the different types of adjectives
Qualitative Adjective or Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of quality
Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity
11 | P a g e

 Numeric Adjective or Adjective of Number

Demonstrative Adjective
Distributive Adjective
Possessive Adjective
Interrogative Adjective

i. Qualitative Adjective or Adjective of quality:

Express the qualities of something or someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue etc.
Example:
- He gives me a great idea.
- Mr. Rahim is a good person.
- He is a bad guy.
Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?
ii. Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:
Express or indicate the quantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no etc.
Example:
- I have enough money to but he car.
- The whole countrymen congratulate the president.
- She wants all the money.
Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?
iii. Numeric or Adjective of number:
Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ., first,
second, third, , single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, fivefold,
etc.
Example:
- He can eat ten eggs at a time.
- She is the first girl in the class.
- The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.
12 | P a g e

Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.

Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as
- Cardinal (one, two, .),
- Ordinal (first, second, ),
- Multiplicative (Single, double, ..)

iv. Demonstrative Adjective:

Specify the nouns or pronouns. Such as this, that, those, these etc.
Example:
- This boy is good.
- That is her room.
- These are the book to follow.
v. Distributive Adjective:
Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
- Every movie in the series is popular.
- Both the boys are appreciated by them.
- Each person will get the reward.
vi. Possessive Adjective:
Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence. Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their
etc.
Example:
- This is her cell phone.
- I have seen their house.
- Our house is tow stored house.
vii. Interrogative Adjective:
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which, what, whose etc.
Example:
- What kind of man he is?
- Whose phone is this?
- Which program are you listening?
13 | P a g e

Verb
A verb is a word or group of word (phrase) that is used to describe an action, state or occurrence.
Role of Verb in a sentence:
Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.
Verbs are:
Action: read, do, walk, bring, run, learn, eat etc.
State: be, exist, stand etc.
Occurrence: happen, become etc.
Example: - He is a good man. (Using the most common to be verb)
- We learn from the Web.
- She speaks in English.
- Rimi is thinking about the incident.
Verbs change their form based on time/tense (past, present, and future), person (first person, second
person, and third person), number (singular, plural), voice (active and passive) etc.
Kinds of Verb:
Firstly verb is divided into two categories:
i. Principal or Lexical or Main Verb
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb

i. Principal or Lexical Verb:

Verbs which are used independently without help of other verbs are called Principal or Main verb.
Example: - He is a singer.
- She does her job.
- They have many problems.
Principal verbs are two types depending on the object they take:
a. Transitive verb.
Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the
verb in a sentence.
Example:
- She reads the book. (verb with the object the book)
- He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object me and mobile phone)
14 | P a g e

- I saw her in the market.

- Rifat wants a pen form Ryan.
b. Intransitive verb.
Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence.
Example:
- She reads. (no object in the sentence)
- Sit down here. ()
- The birds are flying. ()
- She is singing. ()
- The sun set. ()
- I walked to the park today. ()
- I went to the campus for a scheduled class. ()
Way to find transitive and intransitive verb:
If object is available in a sentence then the verb is transitive of that sentence.
And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitive of that sentence.
So, to find an object we ask the verb by Whom or what and the answer we get is an object of
that sentence.
Example:
-He gave me a mobile phone.
Gave Whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobile phone.
So the gave verb should be a transitive verb.
-She reads.
Reads what? No answer is found.
So the reads verb is intransitive verb.
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.
Example:
- He is singing a song.
- She is doing her job.
- They are facing many problems.
Here, is and are helping the main verb sing, do, face.

15 | P a g e

Auxiliary verbs are two types:

i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had,
having, do, does and did.
Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
- I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
- Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)
- It is done by her. (passive form)
- Rifat reads the book. (present form as principle verb)
- She is here. (principle verb)
- They have completed the mission. (present perfect)
- Does he make it?
- Have you prepared for the situation?
ii. Modal Auxiliaries such as can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, need, dare,
used to, ought to etc.
Modals only take the base form of verbs after them.
Example:
- Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
- You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
- Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
- I can do the sum? (ability)
- May I come in? (permission)
- I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
- We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)

Finite and Non-finite Verbs:

Finite verb:
A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is
called finite verb
Example:
- I saw her crying.
- He makes me proud.
- I will write a book in this month.
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.
16 | P a g e

Non-finite verb:
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and
cannot act as main verb.
There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.
i. Infinite
ii. Gerund
iii. Participles
Infinite:
Infinite verb is a non-finite verb that is made up of to + base form of verb.
Example:
- He likes to play football.
- Honey is sweet to taste.
- The man is too late to go.
- People gathered here to hear the news.
Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear is used without to and is called bare
infinitive.
Example:
- Make her stand.
- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.
Gerund:
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ing at the end of the base
form of a verb.
Example:
- I saw her crying.
- Swimming is good for health.
- Being tired I took rest for a while.
- Seeing is believing.
Participles:
A Participle is verbal and works as an adjective. Participle can be following types.
Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ing to the base form.
17 | P a g e

Example:
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg.
- Dont put your hand into boiling water.
- Look at the setting sun.
- Dont get into a running bus.
N. B.:
Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ing to the base form.
But difference between them is Gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an
adjective.
Example:
- Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg. (Here swimming is an adjective)

Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding ed, -d or -t to the base form of a regular verb.
Such as looked, said, slept, broken etc.
The past participle can be preceded by have, has, had etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it also
expresses the passive voice.
Example:
- They have invited him to the party.
- The faded flower attracts none.
- It is said by them.
- The floated area is good for cultivation.
Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or
any other words or phrases in the sentence such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely
etc.
Example: - The leopard runs quickly. ( Here quickly modifies the verb)
- He works extremely hard. (here extremely modifies the adverb)
- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)
- I absolutely have idea about the matter.
Function of adverb in a sentence:
Adverb adds information and impression about time, manner, place etc. in a sentence.

18 | P a g e

Form of Adverbs:
Many adverbs those express how an action is performed are end in ly. But many others like fast, well,
never, least, more, far, now, very, just, still etc.
Kinds of Adverbs:
There are different kinds of adverb according to their functions in a sentence.
i. Adverbs of Time: Indicate the time of an action and answer the question when?
Such as now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately,
tomorrow, once, someday, early etc.
Example: - I have already finished my job.
- I will do it now.
- The result will be published tomorrow.
ii. Adverbs of Manner: Express the manner of an action and answer the question How?
Such as happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly etc.
Example: - Rafat is speaking quietly.
- He is doing the job carefully.
- The boy is crying loudly.
iii. Adverbs of Place: Indicate the place of an action and answer the question Where?
Such as here, there, up, down, in, out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere,
nowhere etc.
Example: - Go out.
- I love to be here.
- People still live there.

iv. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity: Express quantity and answer the question How much/ How far/ to
what extent?
Such as extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, rather
etc.
Example: - He is quite wrong.
- She is fully cured.
- He is bad enough to kill you.
v. Adverbs of Affirmation and negation: Indicate assertion and express the ones reaction to question.
Such as yes, no, yeah
19 | P a g e

Example: - Yes, I can.

- No, she isnt.
vi. Adverbs of Frequency: Express the frequency of an action and answer the question How often?
Such as never, ever, always, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely,
hardly, scarcely, once a week etc.
Example: - He always helps the poor.
- The barking dog seldom bites.
vii. Adverbs of reason: Express the reason and make the conclusion.
Such as hence, therefore, thence etc.
Example: - He therefore resigned the job.
Conjunctive Adverb:
Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together.
Such as also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise,
nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus and therefore.
N.B: Conjunctive Adverb joins two independent clauses with a semi-colon.
Example: - The people waited for an hour; finally the train comes to the station.
- The police men searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.
Position of Adverb:
General positions of adverbs are as follows:
i. Adverbs of time usually come at the end of a sentence or at the beginning of sentence.
Example: - It may rain today.
- Last night I dreamt a sweet dream.

ii. Adverbs of place usually follow the verb.

Example: - The doctor is in.
- They were everywhere.
iii. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity come before the verb, adjective or adverb.

20 | P a g e

Example: - He is fairly good.

- You are quite wrong.
- He can run very fast
Prepositions:
By the word preposition means position something before something. And in English grammarA preposition is a word placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun or noun equivalent to
show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
The following are the words used as preposition in the sentenceFor, of, on, at, in, to, off, by, up, with, from, into, within, like, until, above, about, against, under,
before, after, among, along, across, around, behind, bellow, beneath, beside, between, beyond, down,
during, except, inside, near, since, toward, through and upon.

Role or function of preposition in a sentence:

A preposition sits before a noun or a pronoun to show nouns or pronouns relationship to another
word in the sentence. Preposition helps to construct a sentence.
Example:
- He is looking for papers.
- Rifat lives in Dhaka.
- Place the book on the table.
- I will go there after breakfast.
- Look at the sky clearly.
- You should stand by him.
Prepositions are five different kinds:
i. Simple Preposition such as in, at, by, of, for, on, over, under, up, to, from, out, about, under, with
etc.
- He goes to school.
- Maruf is about seven.
- These people are coming from abroad.
ii. Double Preposition such as into, onto, within, without, from, among, toward, behind etc.
- He will be back within three days.
- We cannot do this job without you.
- She is different among the girls.
iii. Compound or Phrasal or Complex Prepositions are made of two or more words. Such as instead
of, in front of, in between, out of, in behalf of, in place of, except for, throughout, underneath, on
21 | P a g e

account of, according to etc.

- Rahat is talking in behalf of his team.
- Musfiq is playing in place of Rasel.
- They carried on rescue mission in spite of bad weather.
- Her GPA is 3.50 out of 4.00
iv. Participial Preposition.
Present or Past Participles can be used as Prepositions. Such as concerning, regarding,
considering, pending etc.
Example:
- What does he know regarding this proposal?
- Considering the quality, the price is not high.
Following are the specific area to use prepositions.
i. Preposition of Place, Position and Direction (in, at, on, by, next, to, beside, )
In
At
On
By
Above
To
Toward
s
From
Into

In the room.
At the window. At the
office.
On the table.
Sitting by the woman.
Above the sky.
Go to university.
Towards east.
Fled from home.
Jumped into the well.

ii. Preposition of time

At
After
Before
By
During
From
For
In
On
Since
Within
22 | P a g e

At 10 a.m., at dawn, at noon, at night, at an early

age.
After 3 Oclock, after his arrival.
Before the 15th July.
By 4 p.m.
During five years. During the whole day/summer,
during five years.
From 1st January.
For a week/month.
In June, in 2010, in the morning/evening/afternoon.
On Sunday.

Since he comes.
througho
Within three days.
ut
Throughout the year.

iii. Preposition of Reason or Purpose

For
Form
Of
Through
With

For the good of the people, died for the country.

Died from fatigue, suffering from fever/cold.
Died of cancer.
Lost his pen through negligence
Trembles with fear shivers with fever.

Conjunction:
A conjunction is a part of speech or word that connects
- One word to another word.
- One word to another clause.
- One sentence to another sentence.
The conjunctions are and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, because, if, whether, lest, unless, as, since, how,
when, where, while, why, till, until, after, before, however, as soon as, though and than.
Example:
One word to another word:
- Rupom and Rifat are two brothers. (noun to noun)
- Rimi and you have done this work. (Noun to pronoun)
- You and I will go there. (Pronoun to pronoun)
- The old man sat down and wept. (verb to verb)
- We are sad but hopeful. (adjective to adjective)
- A cat moves slowly and silently. (Adverb to adverb)
- The bird flies through and through the sky. (preposition to preposition)
One word to another clause:
- He is so weak that he cannot walk.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
One sentence to another sentence:
- I trust him because he is honest.
- He says that he will do it.
- They will come if they are allowed here.
- It is a long time since I saw you last.
23 | P a g e

- You must wait here until your father comes back.

- I wish to know whether he will come or not.

There are different types of conjunctions:

- Coordinate Conjunction
- Subordinate Conjunction
- Correlative conjunction
Coordinate Conjunction:
Coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet are used to join individual words,
phrases and independent clauses.
Example:
- She stood first and got a prize.
- He is sad but hopeful.
- The snake is small but dangerous.
- You must read or you may fail in the examination.
Subordinate Conjunction:
The subordinate clause such as since, because, although, as, until etc. are used to join an
independent clause to a dependent clause.
The subordinate conjunctions are used before the dependent clauses. Dependent clause can be placed
before or after the independent clauses.
Example:
- He never gives up until he wins.
- Since she had the headache, she did not go to work.
- Though he loved her cousin, he married another one.
- Despite calling several times, she never received a replay.
Correlative conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions such as bothand, either..or, neithernor
etc. used in the sentences to link words, phrases and clauses.
Correlative conjunctions connect two words or phrases or clauses those have the similar structure and
are grammatically similar. That means nouns are linked to nouns, adjectives to adjectives,
prepositional phrases to prepositional phrases.
24 | P a g e

Correlatives conjunctions are:

Both.and, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also, so.that, such.that, no sooner.than,
hardly.when, scarcely.when, else.than, else.but.
Example:
- He is both a fool and a knave. (noun to noun)
- She is both wise and good. (adjective to adjective)
- He must either work or go. (verb to verb)
- He behaved neither wisely nor kindly. (adverb to adverb)
- He is so tired that he cannot run.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
- No sooner had I sat down than they left the room.
- Hardly had I left the room when it began to rain.
- Scarcely had I left the room when it began to rain.
- She has none else than her mother.
- She has none else but her mother.
Interjection:
The part of speech that expresses strong feeling or sudden emotions or sentiment is called
interjection or exclamation.
Interjections are not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
Example:
- Oh no, I missed the schedule of the class. (express failure)
- Hey! Dont you hear me? (calling attention)
- Hey! Take it easy. (calling attention)
- Uh, I forget the answer. (Express hesitation)
- Hurrah! We have won the match. (Express joy)
- Wow! She is amazing. (Express surprise)
Number:
Number Grammar , noun pronoun
Number

Types of Number:
Number
Singular number
25 | P a g e

 Plural number
Singular Number:
noun pronoun Singular number
Example: - Book, Brother, Cow, Tree etc.
Plural number:
noun pronoun Plural number
Example: - Books, Brothers, Cows, Trees etc.
Singular number Plural Number Rule 1:
Singular Noun s Plural Singular
Cow
Boy
Girl
Cat
House
Hand
Eye
Tiger
Desk

Plural
cows
Boys
Girls
Cats
Houses
Hands
Eyes
Tigers
Desks

Rule 2:
Singular Noun s, ss, sh, x, z ch Noun
es Plural
Singular
Bus
Class
Brush
Bush
Box
Brunch
26 | P a g e

Plural
Buses
Classes
Brushes
Bushes
Boxes
Brunches

Inch
Watch
Match

Inches
Watches
matches

Singular Noun ch es s
Plural
Singular
Stomach
Patriarch
Monarch

Plural
Stomachs
Patriarchs
Monarchs

Rule 3:
Singular Noun o consonant noun es
plural
Singular
Mango
Potato
Hero
Negro
Cargo
Volcano
Buffalo

Plural
Mangoes
Potatoes
Heroes
Negroes
Cargoes
Volcanoes
Buffaloes

noun o o consonant s plural

Singular
Photo
Solo
Piano
Canto

27 | P a g e

Plural
Photos
Solos
Pianos
Cantos

Singular number Plural Number Rule 4:

Singular Noun o o vowel s plural
Singular

Plural

Radio

Radios

Cuckoo

Cuckoos

Stereo

Stereos

Bamboo

Bamboos

Studio

Studios

Rule 5:
Singular Noun y y consonant y ies plural

Singular

Plural

City

Cities

Baby

Babies

Army

Armies

Body

Bodies

Hobby

Hobbies

Lady

Ladies

y vowel singular noun s plural

Singular

Plural

Key

Keys

Donkey

Donkeys

Monkey

Monkeys

28 | P a g e

Boy

Boys

Toy

Toys

Day

Days

Rule 6:
f, fe, ef singular noun f, fe, ef ves plural
Singular

Plural

Calf

Calves

Leaf

Leaves

Wife

Wives

Thief

Thieves

Life

Lives

ief, oof, ff, rf, if, eef, ife, fe, s plural

Singular

Plural

Roof

Roofs

Hoof

Hoofs

Safe

Safes

Dwarf

Dwarfs

Cliff

Cliffs

Reef

Reefs

Belief

Beliefs

Rule 7:
singular noun vowel consonant plural
29 | P a g e

Singular

Plural

Man

Men

Woman

Women

Mouse

Mice

Foot

Feet

Tooth

Teeth

Rule 8:
noun en, ren ne plural
Singular

Plural

Ox

Oxen

Brother

Brethren

Child

Children

Rule 9:
Compound noun noun s vowel plural
Singular

Plural

Brother-in-law

Brothers-in-law

Son-in-law

Sons-in-law

Washer-man

Washer-men

Passer-by

Passers-by

Step-son

Step-sons

Maid-servant

Maid-servants

Rule 10:
Hyphen(-) compound noun s plural
30 | P a g e

Singular

Plural

Handful

Handfuls

Bookcase

Bookcases

Spoonful

Spoonfuls

Armchair

Armchairs

Singular number Plural Number Rule 11:

compound noun s plural
Singular

Plural

Man-servant

Men-servants

Lord-justice

Lords-justices

Woman-servant

Women-servants

Knight-templar

Knights-templars

Rule 12:
compound noun noun s plural
Singular

Plural

Bookcase

Bookcases

Inspector-general

Inspector-generals

Showcase

Showcases

Armchair

Armchairs

Rule 13:
noun singular plural
Singular

Plural

Sheep

Sheep

31 | P a g e

Pair

Pair

Swine

Swine

Deer

Deer

Dozen

Dozen

Gross

Gross

Rule 14:
collective noun singular plural
poultry, people, cattle, gentry, public, vermin, majority, mankind.
Rule 15:
common noun singular plural
the rich, the poor, the virtuous, the pious.
- The rich are not always happy. ( Rich is not )
- The virtuous are blessed.
Rule 16:
noun plural singular verb singular
form
physics, mathematics, politics, economics, wages, athletics, news, optics, statistics.
- Mathematics is hard subject to me.
- This news is is important.
Rule 17:
noun singular

Furniture, alphabet, brick, business, hair, information, scenery, machinery, beard, issue, poetry,
progress, money, abuse, expenditure, baggage.
- Her hair is very black.
- Money is not a matter.
Rule 18:
noun plural singular
Measels(), Mumps(- )
Billiards, Draughts.
32 | P a g e

 - trousers, drawers( )
/ spectacles, scissors.

Rule 19:
, plural ( )
- There are five M.As in our village.
- Add four 3s and five 2s.
Rule 20:
noun singular plural
Singular

Plural

Advice ()

Advices ()

Wood ()

Woods ()

Physic ()

Physics ( )

Good ()

Goods ()

Force ()

Forces ()

Sand ()

Sands ( )

Rule 21:
pronoun singular form### Subjective form of pronounsSingular

Plural

We

He/ she

They

This

These

You

You

It

It

That

That

33 | P a g e

### Possessive form of pronouns

Singular

Plural

My

Our

His/her

Their

Its

Their

Mine

Mine

Your

Your

### Objective form of pronounsSingular

Plural

Me

Us

Him/her

Them

You

You

Rule 22:
Material noun plural - water, sugar, iron, cooper, oil, silver, wood.
Rule 23:
Abstract noun plural form . - kindness, hope, charity, love, honesty.
Rule 24:
plural formSingular

Plural

Agendum

Agenda

Axis

Axes

Analysis

Analyses

Basis

Bases

Curriculum

Curricula

34 | P a g e

Crisis

Crises

Focus

Focuses

Formula

Formulas

Medium

Media

Radius

Radii

Oasis

Oases

Genus

Genera

Forum

Forums

In English Grammar Tense is used to refer to time of an action or event.

Tense is the concept of time which may be present, past or future.
tense Tense ,

Example: - I eat rice. (present)
- I ate rice. (past)
- I will eat rice. (future)
,

Types of Tense:
The concept of time (tense) can be differentiated into three categories.
The present / simple present tense. (what are you presently doing )
The past.(What you did some time back).
The future. (What you will do some time later).

And all of these tense are differentiated into the following four categories.
35 | P a g e

 Indefinite Tense
Continuous Tense
Perfect Tense
Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Indefinite Tense:

Present indefinite tense denotes an action in the present time or habitual truth or eternal truth.
Present Indefinite Tense
:
, , , , , , , ,
Structure:
Subject + Main Verb + Object.
Example: - I eat rice.
- I go to school.
- He goes to school every day.
- You read a book.
- He goes to bed at ten pm every day.
- The sun rises in the East.
- Water freezes at 0 centegrade.
Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it, , , )
verb s es

Present Continious Tense:

Present continious tense is used when an action is continiued or going to be continued in near
future.
present continuous tense
:
verb , , , , , , , , , ,
36 | P a g e

Structure:
Subject + be verb (number person ) + verb + ing + object.
Example: - I am eating rice.
- I am going to school.
- He is going to school.
- / You are reading book.
- I am going to Dhaka tonight. (Near future)
- Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon? (Near future)
Note - I am He, She, it third person singular number is We, you,
they Plural subject are

Present Perfect Tense:

Present perfect tense is used when the work has been done but its effect lasts.
(), Present perfect tense

:
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , Present perfect tense
Structure:
Subject + have/has + past participle + object.
Example: - I have eaten rice.
- I have gone to school.
- He has gone to school.
- I have not eaten rice.
- / They have done the work.
- He/she has studied for hours.
- - They have just played football.
- He has just played football.
Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it , , )
has I, we, you, they plural subject have

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

37 | P a g e

The present perfect continuous tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and
is still continuing.
Present perfect continuous tense
:
, ,, , , , , , , , ,

Structure:
Subject + has been/have been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object.
Example: - I have been doing this work for two days.
- He has been reading for two hours. ( )
- He has been reading since mourning.
- He/She has been reading in this school for three years.
- He has been living here from his boyhood.
- Fahim has been suffering from fever since sunday last.
Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it , , ) has
been I, we, you, they plural subject have been
Note - since point of time (past tense)
since or from
tense from
, from
Period of time for
Past Indefinite Tense:
Past Indefinite Tense is used to denote an action completed in the past or a past habit and result is
not lasted.
, Past Indefinite
Tense
:
, , , , , ( , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
)
38 | P a g e

Structure:
Subject + past form of main verb + object.
Example: - / I ate rice.
- / I went to school.
- / He went to school.
- / /- You did the work.
- He spent his boyhood in London.
- Luna sang a song.
- He played football.
Note - Past indefinite tense sentence main verb be verb main verb

Past Continuous Tense:

Past continuous tense is used when the action was continued for some time in the past.
Past continuous tense
:
, , , , , , , , , , ,

Structure:
Subject + was/were + main verb + ing + object.
Example: - / I was eating rice.
- / He was going to school.
- / They were playing football.
- He was going to Dhaka last evening.
- I was singing song alone.
Note - subject first person and third person singular number was we, you, they
plural number were

Past Perfect Tense :

Past perfect tense is used in the former action between two completed actions of the past; simple
past is used in the later action.
39 | P a g e

 Past perfect tense

simple past tense
:
, , , , , , , , , , ,

Structure:
1st subject + had + verb past participle + 2nd subject + verb past form +2nd object.
Example: - He had come home before I ate rice.
- He had died before I went to school.
- They had reached the station before the bell rang.
- The patient had died before the doctor came.
- The doctor had come before the patient died.
- I had shut the door before I got into bed.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

Past perfect continuous tense is used for an action that begun before a certain point in the past and
continued up to that time.
Past perfect
continuous tense Past perfect
continuous tense
:
, , , , , , , ,

)
)
)
Structure:
1st subject + had been + main verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject + verb past form + 2nd object.
Example: - I had been eating rice when he came.
- We had been playing before the bell rang.
- He had been reading book when I went to
met with him/her.
- Your mother had
40 | P a g e

been waiting for you when you went to your friends home.
I had been sleeping when he saw the game.
Future Indefinite Tense:
Future indefinite tense is used when an action will be done or will happen in future.
Future indefinite tense
:
, , , ,
Structure:
Subject + shall/will + verb + object
Example: - - I will/shall do the work.
- - They will/shall do the work.
- ()- I shall go to the school.
- ()- He will go to the school.
- () They will go to the market.
Note - 1st person shall will

Future Continuous Tense:

Future continuous tense is used when an action is thought to be going on in the future.

Future continuous tense

:
, , ,
Structure:
Subject + shall be/will be + main verb + ing + object.
Example: - I shall be reading the book.
- - I shall be singing the song.
- - They will be playing football.
- - He will be doing the work.
- / - they will be going to school.
- - He will be going to office.
41 | P a g e

Future Perfect Tense :

Future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain time in the future.

Future perfect tense
Future perfect tense simple
present tense
:
, , , , Future perfect
tense
Structure:
1st subject + shall have/will have + verb past participle + 1st object + before + 2nd subject +
main verb + 2nd object.
Example: - - I shall have done the work before my father
comes.
- I shall have finished reading the book by 4. P. m.
- - I shall have sang a song before you leave.
- I shall have finished my lesson before they come.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

Future perfect tense is used when an action will have been continuing by a certain future time.

future perfect tense

future perfect tense

simple present tense
:
, , ,
Structure:
Subject 1st subject + shall have been/will have been + main verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject
+ main verb + 2nd object.
Example: - - we shall have been waiting for
you until you come back.
42 | P a g e

- - I shall have been doing the work before my father comes.

- - I shall have been playing before they come.
- he will have been studying at Dhaka
university for four years before he gets degree.

Articles
A, an the Article
Article
1. Indefinite Article and
2. Definite Article.

Indefinite Article:
A an Indefinite Article , singular
countable noun A an
Example - He has a pen.
- I bought a book.
- This is an elephant.
- He took an apple.

Definite Article
The definite Article ,
Example -I saw the bird.
- I read the book.
- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

Use of A and An
43 | P a g e

1. consonant a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) an

a hen, a book, a pen, an apple, an egg, an orange.
2. h h h a o
an
- a horse, a historian, an honest man, an hour.
3. Vowel u a
- a ewe, a European, a uniform, a university, a useful metal.
4. O an one a
- an open field, an open heart surgery, an opera, an orange, a one taka note, a one eyed man.
5. abbreviation vowel an
abbreviation consonant a
- an M.B.B.S, an F.C.P.S, an M.A, a B.A, a B.SC.

Other uses of A and An

1. singular common noun a/an
- A tiger is a dangerous animal; An ant is an industrious insect.
2. a/an
- He bought an orange, He lives in a tiny room.
3. (the same, the certain) singular common noun a/an

- Birds of a feather flock together.

- Criminals are of a (the same) character.
- There lived a farmer.
4. Preposition a a disguised preposition
- He went a (on) fishing, She went a (on) shopping.
5. Few, little, good many, lot of, great many, good deal plural noun a /an
many a /an
Example
- I have a few friends here.
- The library has a lot of books.
- The rich man has a good deal with money
- Many a man was present in the meeting.
6. - dozen, hundred, thousand, million, couple, score a
44 | P a g e

7. Exclamation what, how, why a

- What a beautiful lady!
- How nice a bird!
8. Singular common noun quite, many, rather, but, more a/an
- He is rather a gentleman.
- You are but a child.
9. Mr./Mrs./Miss a/an
- A Mr. Ashik called in his house.
- A Mrs. Habiba sought his help.

Articles (Use and Omission):

Omission of a/an:
1. (meals) a/an (meals) adjective a/an .
Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.
Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.
Incorrect- We had good breakfast yesterday.
Correct- We had a good breakfast yesterday.
2. Plural noun a/an
- Birds are beautiful.
- Cows are useful.
3. Uncountable noun advice, information, news, baggage, water, milk, oil, tea, paper
a/an
- He gave me some information.
- We take tea.
- He drinks water.
measure words a/an
Give me a glass of water.

Use of definite article:

45 | P a g e

1. common noun singular plural number the

- The boy is reading.
- The girl is singing.
2. singular common noun the
- The cow gives us milk.
- The rose is beautiful flower.
3. man and women the
Incorrect The man is mortal.
Correct - Man is mortal.
4. , , , , , the
The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.
5. the
The holy Quran, The Daily sun.
6. , , , , , , the
The sun, The earth, The moon.
7. the
- The U.S.A, the panjab.
8. the
- The 10th March.
9. the
The rich, The poor, The Muslims.
10.Superlative degree adjective the
He is the best boy in the class.
11.Material noun the the
The Diamond of Africa is famous.
12.Proper noun adjective the
The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.
13. plural the
The khans, The Pathans.
14. word unit the
Eggs are sold by the dozens.
46 | P a g e

15.Musical instrument the

I cant play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.
16. the
Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.
17.Singular designation the
The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.

Omission of definite article:

1. the the
The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.
2. , , , the
He is going to park.
3. the
Bengali is our mother lsnguge. English is an international language.
4. language the
The English language is an international language.
5. the
Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.
6. the
Friday is holyday.
7. the
Fever has broken out in the home.
8. Allah or God the
Allah has created us.
9. - - the
Raise your right hand. Put off your shirt.
10. the
by bus, by train, by launch.
Degree
47 | P a g e

Degree Adjective Positive Degree

Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
Positive Degree:
sentence Noun pronoun , , adjective
Positive Degree
Mr. Roni is a good man.

Comparative Degree:
Noun pronoun , , adjective
Comparative Degree
Rahim is wiser than Karim.

Superlative Degree:
adjective Superlative Degree
Rony is the best player in the team.

Change of Degrees:

Superlative Degree into Positive Degree

Superlative Degree Positive Degree
Rule 1:
No other + Superlative + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree Positive form +
as + sentence subject.
48 | P a g e

Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.

Positive: No other player in the team is as small as Rony.
Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.
Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.
Rule 2:
all other, most other, many other, few other, very few, one of the Superlative Degree Positive
Degree
very few + Superlative + verb plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree
Positive form + as + sentence subject.
Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.
Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron.

Comparative into positive

Rule 1:
Than any other/all other Comparative Degree Positive Degree
No other + any other/all other + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree Positive
form + as + sentence subject.
Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the class.
Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as Kibria.
Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.
Rule 2:
Than Comparative Degree Positive Degree
Than + verb + not + so/as + Comparative Positive form + as + sentence
subject.
Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.
Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.
Comparative: He is stronger than I.
Positive: I am not as strong as he.
49 | P a g e

Rule 3:
Than most other / than few other Comparative Degree Positive Degree
Very few + most other/few other + verb plural form + so/as + Comparative
Positive form + as + sentence subject.
Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other metals.
Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.
Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than most other politicians in Bangladesh.
Positive: very few politicians in Bangladesh were as/so great as A. K. Fazlul Haque.
Rule 4:
No less/not less ..than Comparative Degree Positive Degree
No less/not less as than as

Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.
Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa.
Rule 5:
No sooner had .than Comparative Degree Positive Degree
No sooner had as soon as + subject + verb past form + than +
than +
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

Change of Degree:

Superlative into comparative

Rule 1:
Subject + verb + Superlative comparative form + than any other +
sentence
50 | P a g e

Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.
Note: All of All of than all other
Superlative: He is the best of all men.
Comparative: He is better than all other man.
Rule 2:
One of the Superlative Degree Comparative Degree
Subject + verb + Superlative comparative form + than most other +
sentence
Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the team.
Comparative: Kibria is better than most other players in the team.
Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.
Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.

Positive into comparative

Rule 1:
No other positive Degree Comparative Degree
sentence subject + verb + positive degree comparative
form + than any other + no other verb
Positive: No other player in the team is as best as he.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.
Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as Canada.
Comparative: Canada is colder than any other country in the world.
Rule 2:
Very few positive Degree Comparative Degree
sentence subject + verb + positive degree comparative
form + than most other + no other verb
Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu.
Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.
51 | P a g e

Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.

Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.
Rule 3:
Asas positive Degree Comparative Degree
sentence subject + verb + not + positive degree
comparative form + than + sentence subject
Positive: He is as good as his brother
Comparative: His brother is not better than he.

Comparative into superlative

Rule 1:
Subject + verb + the + Comparative superlative form + other

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Superlative: He is the best player in the team.
Note other plural noun superlative of all
Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.
Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.
Rule 2:
Than most other/than few other Comparative Superlative :
Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative degree superlative form +
most other/few other
Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.
Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.
Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.
Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

Positive into superlative:

52 | P a g e

Rule 1:
No other positive degree superlative degree
sentence Subject + verb + the + positive superlative form +
no other verb
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.
Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.
Positive: No other man man in the society is as good as he.
Superlative: He is the best man in the society.
Rule 2:
Very few positive degree superlative degree
sentence Subject + verb + one of the + positive superlative
form + very few verb
Positive: Very few men in the village are as tall as kobir.
Superlative: Kobir is one of the tallest men in the village.
Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as Rakib
Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.

Voice
Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been
done to it.
voice ,

Voice verb subject

Types of voice:
There are two types of voice:
53 | P a g e

 Active voice.
Passive voice.

Active voice:
sentence subject active sentence verb Active voice
Structure:
Subject + verb + object.
Example: I do the work.

Passive voice:
sentence subject object sentence
verb passive voice
Structure:
Object + be verb + verb past participle+ by+ subject.
Example: The work is done by me.

Active voice passive voice :

Rule 1:
a) Active voice subject passive voice object
b) Active voice object passive voice subject
c) verb past participle subject tense auxiliary verb/be verb

Rule 2:
Indefinite tense:

54 | P a g e

a) Present indefinite am, is, are.

b) Past indefinite was, were.
c) Future indefinite shall be, will be.
Continuous tense:
a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.
b) Past Continuous was being, were being
c) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.
Perfect tense:
a) Present Perfect has been, have been.
b) Past Perfect- had been.
c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.
Rules of changing voice : Page 1
Rule 3:
a) Present indefinite tense active voice passive voice Structure:
Object subject + am/is/are + v3+ by + subject object.
Active I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
Active- They eat rice.
Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

b) Present continuous tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + am being/is being/are being + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I am playing football.
Passive: football is being played by me.
Active: He is eating rice.
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.

c) Present perfect tense active voice passive voice 55 | P a g e

Structure:
Object subject + have been/ has been + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: He has eaten rice.
Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.

d) Past indefinite tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + was/were + v3+ by + subject object
Active: I ate rice.
Passive: Rice was eaten by me.
Active: They played football.
Passive: Football were played by them.

e) Past continuous tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + was being/were being + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I was eating rice.
Passive: rice was being eaten by me.
Active: They were catching fishes.
Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.

f) Past perfect tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + had been + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I had eaten rice.
Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Active: we had dug the cannel.
Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.

56 | P a g e

g) Future indefinite tense active voice passive voice Structure: Object subject + shall be/will be + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I will eat rice.
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them.

h) Future continuous tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + shall be being/will be being + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I will be eating rice.
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.
Active: They will be playing football.
Passive: Football will be being

i) Future perfect tense active voice passive voice Structure:

Object subject + shall have been /will have been + v3+ by + subject object.
Active: I will have eaten rice.
Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.

Rule 4:
May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice passive voice Structure:
Object subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to be + v3+ by + subject
object.
Active: I may help you.
Passive: you may be helped by me.
57 | P a g e

Active: you must do the work.

Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: we ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.

Rules of changing voice : Page 2

Rule 5:
Imperative sentence active voice passive voice A) verb active voice passive voice Structure:
Let + object subject + be + v3
Active: close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
Active: shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.

B) Do not active voice passive voice Structure:

Let not + object subject + be + v3
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.

C) Let object (me, us, you, them, him, her) Imperative

sentence , active voice passive voice Structure:
Let + object subject + be + v3 + by + object.
58 | P a g e

Active: Let me play football.

Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.

D) Never active voice passive voice Structure:

Let not + object subject + ever be + v3
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never go there.
Passive: let not there ever be gone.

E) verb object (me, us, you, them, him, her) Imperative

sentence , active voice passive voice Structure: Let + direct object ( verb object + be + v3 + for +
object
Active: Buy me a shirt.
Passive: let a shirt be bought for me.
Active: Give me a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.
Interrogative sentence

Rule 6:
Interrogative sentence active voice passive voice A) Structure:
Interrogative sentence Assertive sentence + Assertive sentence
active voice passive voice + passive voice auxiliary verb
+ **** Tense
59 | P a g e

Active: Have you eaten rice?

Assertive: You have eaten rice.
Assertive passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Passive : Has rice been eaten by you?
Active: Is he reading a book?
Assertive: He is reading a book.
Assertive passive: A book is being read by him.
Passive : Is a book being read by him?
Active: Did you play football?
Assertive: you played football.
Assertive passive: Football was played by you.
Passive : Was football played by you?
B) Who active voice passive voice Structure:
Who By whom + tense person Auxiliary verb + object subject +
tense be/ being/ been + V3+ ?.
Active: Who is playing football?
Passive: BY whom is football being played?
Active: who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?

C) Whom active voice passive voice Structure:

Whom who + tense person
Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject object +?
Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Passive: who was seen by you on the road?
Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?
D) What active voice passive voice 60 | P a g e

Structure:
What + tense person Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject object +?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?

Rules of changing voice : Page 3

Rule 7:
Subject + verb + object + present participle active voice passive voice Structure:
Object subject + tense person Auxiliary verb + v3 + present participle +
by + subject object.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Active: I took him for my friend.
Passive: He was taken for my friend by me.

Rule 8:
Double object active voice passive voice Structure:
object subject (personal object subject ) + v3 +
tense person Auxiliary verb + object + by + active voice subject object

Active: I gave him a flower. Passive: He was given a flower by me. Active: He teaches us math.
Passive: we are taught English by him.

Rule 9:
Complex and compound sentence active voice passive voice Complex and compound sentence active voice clause voice
61 | P a g e

Active: I know that he did the work.

Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.
Note: Active voice people say It is said passive voice
Active: people say that the lion is the king of forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 10:
Intransitive verb active voice passive voice Intransitive verb passive voice Intransitive verb preposition
group verb Intransitive verb
Structure: Object subject + tense Auxiliary verb + v3 + preposition + by + subject
object
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: they looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.

Rule 11:
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) active voice
passive voice Structure:
Active voice subject passive voice subject + tense person
Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + Reflexive object
Active: He hanged himself.
Passive: He was hanged by himself.
Active: you killed yourself.
Passive: you were killed by yourself.

62 | P a g e

Rule 12:
Factitive object/Complementary object active voice passive voice Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name transitive verb
object
object Factitive object/Complementary object
Structure:
object (me, us, you, them, him, her) object subject + tense person
Auxiliary verb + v3 + Factitive object + by + subject object
Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: we call him liar.
Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 13:
Cognate object active voice passive voice Cognate object intransitive verb object transitive verb
object Cognate object
Structure: Object subject + tense Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + subject object
Active: he caught a fish.
Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: you ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 14:
Infinitive active voice passive voice Structure:
active voice subject + verb + infinitive object ( ) + to be + infinitive
verb v3.
Active: He wants someone to take camera.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken.
63 | P a g e

Active: He wants you to write a letter.

Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.

Rule 15:
Gerund combinations advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object active voice
passive voice Structure:
active voice subject + verb + that + gerund object + should be +
gerund verb v3
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Active: He wanted playing football.
Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 16:
Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object
active voice passive voice Structure:
active voice subject + verb + that + infinitive + object + should be + infinitive
verb v3.
Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: you agreed to sell the house.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

Rule 17:
One + should active voice passive voice Structure:
Object subject + should be + v3

64 | P a g e

Active: one should take care of ones education.

Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: one should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.

Transformation of Sentences

Affirmative to Negative:
Rule 1:
Only alone None but
Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
Negative: None but they can do the work.
Note: only nothing but only not
more than
Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Affirmative: They have only two cars.
Negative: They have not more than two cars.
Rule 2:
Affirmative sentence must negative must can not but/ can not help
can not help verb ing
Affirmative: you must yield to your fate.
Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
Negative: we can not but obey our parents.
Affirmative: you must care them.
Negative: You can not help caring them.
65 | P a g e

Rule 3:
Every Negative every There is no + every + but +
sentence
Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.
Rule 4:
As soon as sentence Negative As soon as no sooner had + Sentence + Sentence verb
v3 + sentence + than +
Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.
Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.
Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.
Rule 5:
Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Affirmative Negative
Negative not
Affirmative: He is a good man.
Negative: He is not a bad man.
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
Rule 6:
Always Affirmative sentence Negative Always never Affirmative
Negative
Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.
Affirmative: I always tell truth.
Negative: I never tell lie.
66 | P a g e

Rule 7:
Superlative degree Affirmative sentence Negative
No other + superlative + verb + as + superlative degree positive form + as +
sentence subject.
Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.
Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as he.
Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
Rule 8:
Than any other/than all other comparative degree Negative
No other + any other/all other + verb + so/as + comparative degree
positive form + as + sentence subject.
Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as he.
Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Rule 9:
Than comparative degree Negative
Than + verb (tense person ) + not + so/as + comparative degree
positive form + as + sentence subject.
Affirmative: He is stronger than you.
Negative: You are not as/so strong as he.
Affirmative: I am taller than you.
Negative: You are not as tall as me.
Rule 10:
As....as positive degree Negative
as not less as than
Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.
Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.
67 | P a g e

Affirmative: He is as good as you.

Negative: He is not less good than you.
Rule 11:
Less...than sentence Negative
Less not as than as
Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.
Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.
Affirmative: You are less good than he said.
Negative: You are not as good as he said.
Rule 12:
Too.....to sentence Negative
Too so + Too adjective/adverb + that + subject + tense
can not/could not + to
Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.
Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out.

Transformation of Sentences

Assertive to interrogative
Rule 1:
verb Assertive sentence interrogative
sentence affirmative Auxiliary verb + nt + subject + + ?
Note- assertive will, can, shall, am interrogative wont, cant, shant, aint
.
Assertive He is in the school.
Interrogative Isnt he in the school?
68 | P a g e

Assertive You can do the work.

Interrogative Cant you do the work?
Rule 2:
Auxiliary verb negative Assertive sentence interrogative negative
verb
Assertive He is not in the school.
Interrogative Is he in the school?
Assertive I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Interrogative Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
Rule 3:
Auxiliary verb Assertive sentence interrogative
Subject and tense dont/ didnt/ doesnt + subject + v1 + verb +?
Assertive He played good football.
Interrogative Didnt he play good football?
Assertive He likes ice-cream.
Interrogative Doesnt he like ice-cream?
Rule 4:
Assertive sentence never ever nothing anything auxiliary verb
Subject and tense
Assertive You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Assertive I have nothing to do?
Interrogative Have I anything to do?
Note Assertive sentence subject nothing nothing what
Assertive Nothing can ruin him.
Interrogative what can ruin him?
Rule 5:
Everybody/ everyone/all Assertive sentence interrogative Everybody/
everyone/all who + Subject and tense dont/ didnt/ doesnt + v1 + verb
+?
69 | P a g e

Assertive Everybody wants to be win.

Interrogative Who doesnt wish to be win?
Assertive Everybody/All loves flowers.
Interrogative Who doesnt love flower?
Rule 6:
Nobody/none/no one interrogative
Nobody/none/no one who + + ?
Assertive Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative Who could ever count my love for you?
Assertive No one can beat him.
Interrogative Who can beat him?
Transformation of Sentences

Exclamatory to assertive
Rule 1:
Exclamatory Assertive subject + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective +
Exclamatory What a nice flower it is!
Assertive It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory What a genius student he is!
Assertive He is a very genius student.
Rule 2:
Hurrah Exclamatory Assertive
Hurrah it is a matter of joy + Hurrah
Exclamatory Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
70 | P a g e

Rule 3:
If exclamatory sentence sentence Assertive
Exclamatory If I were a player!
Assertive I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory If I could fly!
Assertive I wish I could fly
.
Rule 4:
had Exclamatory Assertive
Subject + wish + subject + had +
Exclamatory Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory Had I been a king!
Assertive I wish I had been a king.
Rule 6:
Alas Exclamatory Assertive
Alas it is a matter of sorrow that + alas
Exclamatory Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.
Rule 7:
Fie Exclamatory Assertive
Fie it is shameful that + fie
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He dont respect seniors.
Assertive It is shameful that he dont respect seniors.
Rule 8:
71 | P a g e

 Would that Exclamatory Assertive

subject + wish + Would that
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive I wish I could be a child again.
Rule 9:
o that Exclamatory Assertive
Subject + wish + o that
Exclamatory O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory O that i were a poet.
Assertive I wish I were a poet.

Common errors in translation (part 1)

Errors in Nouns
Please make a little room for me. (place )
I have an urgent piece of business.(an urgent business )
I have curly hair.(hairs )
Please accept my thanks. (thank )
I do not take fruit. (fruits )
- When do you take your meals. (meal )
? Why do you neglect your studies? (study )
The scenery of Bangladesh is very charming (sceneries )
Father gave me much advice. (many , advices )
He is a man of very low morals. (moral )
72 | P a g e

 He went by the 2:30 train. (2:30 oclock )

He lives in a boarding-house. ( boarding )
Masud has five yoke of oxen. (yokes )
Errors In Pronoun
Neither of us was present. (not were)
None of us are fair-complexioned. (not is)
Let you and me do it. (not I)
He is a man who I know is trust-worthy. (not whom)
One should love ones country. (not his)
Errors in pronouns
Rahim and I have done it. (not myself)
He took leave of me. (not my)
Errors in adjective
Learning is preferable to wealth. (more preferable to than )
This thing is inferior to that. (not than)
No one could do it. (anybody could not )
Man is not immortal. (a man )
I cannot eat rough meat. (hard stiff )
? What kind of man he is? (a man )

Errors in verb
Listen to me. (hear )
73 | P a g e

 - Please sharpen this pencil. (mend )

Look at the moon. (see )
I knew him to be a thief. (to be )
He told me to wait. (said )
The prize is hard to win. (to be )
I was informed of the matter.
I am afraid the patient will die. (think or hope )
He did nothing but sleep.
- He called me a liar. (told )
He never tells lies. (speak or says )
He spoke the truth. (said )
Rakib took hold of my hand. (caught )
Errors in adverb
I am coming presently. (just now )
This is partly true. (somewhat )
- The room is much too small tor us. (too much )
Are you going to cinema? Certainly! (Of course )
Write the essay briefly. (shortly )
Errors in preposition
? Whom are you speaking of? (of whom )
My face resembles my fathers. (to my father )
I warned him of this. (against or about )
I prefer reading to writing. (to read than to write )
74 | P a g e

 It admits of no doubt. (of )

Have you finished reading the book. (to read )
? Where had you been? (to )
I profited by your advice. (from )
I have no confidence in you. (on or upon )
? What is Rajshashi noted for?
I congratulate you on your success. (for )
He has ordered ten books. (ordered for )
Please recommend me to the headmaster. (for me
)
- The examination will begin on the 29th May. (from )
To a hermit a king and a beggar are alike. (equal )
Errors in conjunctions
Unless you try, you will never succeed. (unless you do not try )
, I shall wait until you come back. (until you do not )
He cannot speak English as I can. (like I )
? What country does he belong to. (belongs )
Miscellaneous Errors
My father died when I was a child five years old. (of
)
Tell me when you are going.
I wrote to him yesterday or I wrote him a letter yesterday. (I wrote him
yesterday )
I dont know what his name is. (what is his name )
75 | P a g e

 Maruf as well as you is intelligent. (are )

Fifty thousand taka is a large sum. (are )
You must finish your work by 12 oclock. (within )
Rice and curry is our food. (are )

76 | P a g e