Experiment 11castro

University of Perpetual Help
System DALTA
Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba, Laguna
College of Engineering
Digital Communication Laboratory
EXPERIMENT 11
FM MODULATION
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
CASTRO, CONRADO JR. M.

BENGCO
ENGR. EDISON
BSECE IV
2017
JANUARY 11,
I.
THEORY
A disadvantage of the AM, DSBSC and SSB communication systems is that

they are susceptible to picking up electrical noise in the transmission
medium (the channel). This is because noise changes the amplitude of the
transmitted signal and the demodulators of these systems are designed to
respond to amplitude variations.
As its name implies, frequency modulation (FM) uses a messages
amplitude to vary the frequency of a carrier instead of its amplitude. This
means that the FM demodulator is designed to look for changes in
frequency instead. As such, it is less affected by amplitude variations and
so FM is less susceptible to noise. This makes FM a better communications
system in this regard.
There are several methods of generating FM signals but they all basically
involve an oscillator with an electrically adjustable frequency. The oscillator
uses an input voltage to affect the frequency of its output. Typically, when
the input is 0V, the oscillator outputs a signal at its rest frequency (also
commonly called the free-running or centre frequency). If the applied
voltage varies above or below 0V, the oscillators output frequency
deviates above and below the rest frequency. Moreover, the amount of
deviation is affected by the amplitude of the input voltage. That is, the
bigger the input voltage, the greater the deviation.
Figure 1 below shows a bipolar square wave message signal and an
unmodulated carrier. It also shows the result of frequency modulating the
carrier with the message.
There are a few things to notice about the FM signal. First, its envelopes
are flat recall that
FM doesnt vary the carriers amplitude. Second, its period (and hence its
frequency) changes when the amplitude of the message changes. Third, as
the message alternates above and below
0V, the signals frequency goes above and below the carriers frequency.
(Note: Its equally possible to design an FM modulator to cause the
frequency to change in the opposite direction to the change in the
messages polarity.)
Before discussing FM any further, an important point must be made here. A
square wave message has been used in this discussion to help you
visualize how an FM carrier responds to its message. In so doing, Figure 1
suggests that the resulting FM signal consists of only two sine waves (one
at a frequency above the carrier and one below). However, this isnt the
case.
For reasons best left to your instructor to explain, the spectral composition
of the FM signal in Figure 1 is much more complex than implied.
This highlights one of the important differences between FM and the
modulation schemes discussed earlier. The mathematical model of an FM
signal predicts that even for a simple sinusoidal message, the result is a
signal that potentially contains many sine waves. In contrast, for the same
sinusoidal message, an AM signal would consist of three sine waves, a
DSBSC signal would consist of two and an SSBSC signal would consist of
only one. This doesnt automatically mean that the bandwidth of FM
signals is wider than AM, DSBSC and SSBSC signals (for the same message
signal). However, in the practical implementation of FM communications, it
usually is.
Theres another important difference between FM and the modulation
schemes discussed earlier. The power in AM, DSBSC and SSBSC signals
varies depending on their modulation index. This occurs because the
carriers RMS voltage is fixed but the RMS sideband voltages are
proportional to the signals modulation index. This is not true of FM. The
RMS voltage of
the carrier and sidebands varies up and down as the modulation index
changes such that the square of their voltages always equal the square of
the unmodulated carriers RMS voltage.
That being the case, the power in FM signals is constant.
Finally, when reading about the operation of an FM modulator you may
have recognized that there is a module on the Emona DATEx that operates
in the same way - the VCO output of the Frequency Generator. In fact a
voltage-controlled oscillator is sometimes used for FM modulation (though
there are other methods with advantages over the VCO).
II.
GENERAL OBEJECTIVES
In this experiment youll generate a real FM signal using the VCO module
on the Emona DATEx. First youll set up the VCO module to output an
unmodulated carrier at a known frequency. Then youll observe the effect
of frequency modulating its output with a squarewave then speech. Youll
then use the NI ELVIS Dynamic Signal Analyzer to observe the spectral
composition of an FM signal in the frequency domain and examine the
distribution of power between its carrier and sidebands for different levels
of modulation.
III. LIST OF FIGURES AND MATERIALS

Personal computer with appropriate software installed
NI ELVIS plus connecting leads
NI Data Acquisition unit such as the USB-6251 (or a 20MHz dual
channel oscilloscope)
Emona DATEx experimental add-in module
two BNC to 2mm banana-plug leads
assorted 2mm banana-plug patch leads
IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND DATA

RESULTS
Part A Frequency modulating a square wave
1. Ensure that the NI ELVIS power switch at the back of the unit is off.
2. Carefully plug the Emona DATEx experimental add-in module into the NI
ELVIS.
3. Set the Control Mode switch on the DATEx module (top right corner) to
PC Control .
4. Check that the NI Data Acquisition unit is turned off.
5. Connect the NI ELVIS to the NI Data Acquisition unit (DAQ) and connect
that to the personal computer (PC).
6. Turn on the NI ELVIS power switch at the back then turn on its
Prototyping Board Power switch at the front.
7. Turn on the PC and let it boot-up.
8. Once the boot process is complete, turn on the DAQ then look or listen
for the indication that the PC recognizes it.
9. Launch the NI ELVIS software.
10. Launch the DATEx soft front-panel (SFP) and check that you have soft
control over the DATEx board.
11. Slide the NI ELVIS Function Generators Control Mode switch so that its
no-longer in the Manual position.
12. Launch the Function Generators VI.
13. Press the Function Generator VIs ON/OFF control to turn it on.
14. Adjust the Function Generator using its soft controls for an output with
the following specifications:
Waveshape: Sine
Frequency: 10kHz
Amplitude: 4Vp-p
DC Offset: 0V
15. Wait until the Function Generators frequency reading has been
updated then minimizes its VI.
16. Connect the set-up shown in Figure 2 below.
This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 3 below. The
Master Signals module is used to provide a 2k Hz square wave message
signal and the VCO is the FM modulator with a 10k Hz carrier.
17. Launch the NI ELVIS Oscilloscope VI.

18. Set up the scope per the procedure in Experiment 1 with the following
changes:
Trigger Source control to Immediate instead of CH A
Timebase control to the 100Fs/div position instead of 500Fs/div
19. Activate the scopes Channel B input to view the FM signal on the
VCOs output as well as the message signal.
20. Set the scopes Trigger Source control to the CH A position.
Note: When you do this, youll probably lose the display until after youve
performed the next step.
21. Adjust the scopes Trigger Level control to 2.5V by typing 2.5 in the
space provided underneath it.
Note: You should now see the message signal overlaying the FM signal that
it produces.
Part B Generating an FM signal using speech

So far, this experiment has generated an FM signal using a square wave for
the message.
However, the message in commercial communications systems is much
more likely to be speech and music. The next part of the experiment lets
you see what an FM signal looks like when modulated by speech.
22. Return the scopes Trigger Level control to 0V.
23. Disconnect the plugs to the Master Signals modules 2k Hz SINE
output.
24. Connect them to the Speech modules output as shown in Figure 4
below.
25. Set the scopes Timebase control to the 200Fs/div position.

26. Hum, whistle and talk into the microphone while watching the scopes
display.
Part C Power in an FM signal

As mentioned earlier, the power in an FM signal is constant regardless of
its level of modulation. This part of the experiment lets you see this for
yourself.
27. Disconnect the Function Generators VCO IN input from the Speech
modules output.
28. Set the VCOs rest frequency to 50k Hz by adjust the Function
Generator accordingly.
29. Minimize the Function Generators VI.
30. Locate the Amplifier module on the DATEx SFP and turn soft Gain
control fully anticlockwise.
This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 6 below.

With the VCOs input connected to ground, its output is a single sine wave
at 50k Hz.
31. Connect the set-up shown in Figure 5 below.
32. Close the scopes VI.

33. Launch the NI ELVIS Dynamic Signal Analyzer VI.
34. Adjust the Signal Analyzers controls as follows:
General
Sampling to Run
Input Settings
Source Channel to Scope CHA
Voltage Range to 10V
FFT Settings
Frequency Span to 100,000
Resolution to 400
Window to 7 Term B-Harris
Triggering
Triggering to FGEN SYNC_OUT
Frequency Display
Units to Linear
RMS/Peak to RMS
Scale to Auto
Markers to OFF (for now)
Averaging
Mode to RMS
Weighting to Exponential
# of Averages to 3
35. Once done, one significant sine wave should be displayed.
36. Use the scopes M1 marker to measure the frequency of the sine wave
and verify that its the VCOs rest frequency (that is, 50k Hz).
37. To the left of the markers frequency measurement readout is the
measurement of the signals RMS-voltage-squared. Record this in Table 1
below.
Table 1
Unmodulated
Carrier V2RMS
38. Modify the set-up as shown in Figure 7 below.
This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 8 below.

Importantly, as the
Amplifier modules gain minimum isnt zero, carrier will now be frequency
modulated by a low level message signal. This means that the Signal
Analyzers display will show about four sidebands.
39. Use the marker to measure the RMS-voltage-squared of the five

sinewaves present in
the signals spectrum. Record these in Table 2 below.
40. Add and record the voltages in Table 2.
Table 2
SINE
1
2
3
4
5
TOTAL
VRMS
0.14
0.24
0.38
0.47
0.37
1.6
V2RMS
0.02
0.06
0.15
0.22
0.14
0.59
41. Use the Amplifier modules soft Gain control to increase the modulation
of the FM signal until the carrier drops to zero.
42. Repeat Steps 39 and 40 for the six significant sine waves in the signal
recording your measurements in Table 3 below.
Table 3
SINE
1
VRMS
0.1
V2RMS
0.01
2
3
4
5
6
TOTAL
0.54
1.14
0.54
0.1
0
2.42
0.3
1.3
0.3
0.01
0
1.92
Part D Bandwidth of an FM signal

The spectral composition of an FM signal can be complex and consist of
many sidebands. Often many of them are relatively small in size and so an
engineering decision must be made about how many of them to include as
part of the signals bandwidth. There are several standards in this regard
and a common one involves including all sidebands that are equal to or
greater than
1% of the unmodulated carriers power (or 2 VRMS ). This part of the
experiment lets you use this criterion to measure FM signal bandwidth.
43. Use the Signal Analyzers M1 marker to identify the lowest frequency
sine wave in the
FM signal with a voltage equal to or greater than 1% of the value in Table
1.
44. Use the Signal Analyzers M2 marker to identify the highest frequency
sine wave in the
FM signal with a voltage equal to or greater than 1% of the value in Table
1.
45. The Signal Analyzers df (Hz) reading is a measurement of the
difference in frequency between its markers. Following Steps 43 and 44,
this reading is the FM signals bandwidth. Record this value in Table 4
below.
Table 4
FM signals
bandwidth
4.216K Hz
46. Increase the Amplifier modules gain until the marker on its Gain
control points to the 9 oclock position.
47. Repeat steps 43 to 45 recording your measurement in Table 5 below.
Table 5
FM signals
bandwidth
29.216k Hz
V.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Question 1
WHY DOES THE FREQUENCY OF THE CARRIER CHANGE?
THE FREQUENCY CHANGES BECAUSE IT MATCHES THE VOICE INPUT
THROUGH THE MICROPHONE.
Question 2
HOW DO THE TOTALS IN TABLES 2 AND 3 COMPARE WITH THE VALUE IN
TABLE 1?
IN TERMS OF VRMS T3 IS GREATER THAN T2 AND T1, T2 ISS LESS
THAN T3 BUT GREATTER THAN T1, AND T1 IS LESS THAN T3 AND T2.
IN TERMS OF V2RMS, T1 IS GREATER THAN T2 AND T3. T3 IS LESS
THAN 1 BUT GREATER THAN T2 AND T2 IS LESS THAN T1 AND T3.
T1=TABLE 1
T2=TABLE 2
T3=TABLE 3
Question 3
WHAT DO THESE MEASUREMENTS HELP TO PROVE? EXPLAIN YOUR
ANSWER.
IN OUR OBSERVATION THESE MEASUREMENT HELP US TO PROVE THE
RELATIONSHIP OF AMPLIFIER MODULE SOFT GAIN. IT CAN CONTROL
AND TO ADJUST THE MODULATION OF FM SIGNAL AND SINE WAVES
TO MAKE SIGNALS SPECTRUM CLEARLY VISIBLE. THIS GAIN CAN
ALSO AFFECT THE VRMS AND V2RMS OF THE SINE WAVE.
Question 4
CALCULATE THE BANDWIDTH OF A 50KHZ CARRIER AMPLITUDE
MODULATED BY 2KHZ SINE WAVE?
BANDWIDTH = FUSB-FLSB
= (20K Hz +2k Hz) (20k Hz-2k Hz)
=4k Hz
Question 5
HOW DOES THE FM SIGNALS BANDWIDTH COMPARE TO AN AM SIGNALS
BANDWIDTH FOR THE SAME INPUTS?
IN AM THE BANDWIDTH IS TWICE THE HIGHEST MODULATING
FREQUENCY, WHERE IN FMS THE BANDWIDTH IS TWICE THE SUM OF
THE MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY.
Question 6
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MESSAGE SIGNALS AMPLITUDE
AND THE FM SIGNALS BANDWIDTH?
FM USES THE MESSAGES AMPLITUDE TO VARY THE FREQUENCY OF
BANDWIDTH.
VI.
OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

I OBSERVED THAT IN AMPLITUDE MODULATION, WHEN THE
AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER VARIES, THE FREQUENCY WAVE
REMAINS CONSTANT. AND ALSO THE OSCILLATOR USES AN INPUT
VOLTAGE TO AFFECT THE FREQUENCY OF ITS OUTPUT. IF THE
APPLIED VOLTAGE VARIES ABOVE OR BELOW 0V, THE
OSCILLATORS OUTPUT FREQUENCY DEVIATES ABOVE AND BELOW
THE REST FREQUENCY. SO, THE AMOUNT OF DEVIATION IS
AFFECTED BY THE AMPLITUDE OF THE INPUT VOLTAGE.
VII.
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

THEREFORE I CONCLUDE THAT THE POWER OF AMPLITUDE
MODULATION REFERS ON THEIR MODULATION INDEX WHEN
VARIES. ALSO IN FREQUENCY MODULATION, THE RMS VOLTAGE OF
ITS CARRIER AND SIDEBANDS VARIES AS THE MODULATION INDEX
VARIES, SO IN FREQUENY MODULATION THE POWER REMAINS
CONSTANT.
VIII. TEXTBOOK AND REEFERENCE

Emona DATEx-LabManual-student-v1-2.pdf

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University of Perpetual Help

CASTRO, CONRADO JR. M.

A disadvantage of the AM, DSBSC and SSB communication systems is that

III. LIST OF FIGURES AND MATERIALS

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND DATA

17. Launch the NI ELVIS Oscilloscope VI.

Part B Generating an FM signal using speech

25. Set the scopes Timebase control to the 200Fs/div position.

Part C Power in an FM signal

This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 6 below.

32. Close the scopes VI.

38. Modify the set-up as shown in Figure 7 below.

This set-up can be represented by the block diagram in Figure 8 below.

39. Use the marker to measure the RMS-voltage-squared of the five

Part D Bandwidth of an FM signal

OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

VIII. TEXTBOOK AND REEFERENCE

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