OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) with VB.

NET
Visual Basic .NET is a fully object-oriented programming language, which means it supports the four basic
tenets of object-oriented programming: abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
VISUAL BASIC.NET IDE (Integrated Development Environment) Parts
1. Tool Box-Items of tool box are used to design the application interface. These items are called as
Controls/Objects. Controls are basically .OCX files. You can add additional controls to tool box using
Project Components or by Pressing Ctrl + T.
2. Label: This control displays a text on the form that the user cant edit. Labels are commonly used to
identify the controls. The label box can be identified by a name by setting a name property (this can
be done at design time only). The text in the label control can be change by changing the caption
property.
3. Text Box:-This control displays the text that the user can edit.
4. Frame/GroupBox -This control is used to draw boxes on the form and group other elements.
5. Command button- The most common element of windows interface was command button. A
command button represents an action that carries out when the user click the button.
6. Check box- control represents one or more choice that the user can select. One of the important
property of Check box control is Value. If the check box is marked it will be 1 otherwise it will be
0.
7. Option button: Option Buttons/Radio Buttons appears in a group, and the user can choose only
one of them. Its Value Property will be True if it is selected. Otherwise it will be false.
8. List Box: This contains a list of options from which user can choose one more items. [In windows
the Font List box is an example of the use of list box.]. The Selected item in a ListBox is given by the
Text property the control meanwhile sorted property determines whether the items in the list box
will be sorted or not.
9. ComboBox: This control is similar to the ListBox, but it contains a Text/ Edit field. The user can
either select an item from the list or enter a new string in Edit field. The item selected from the list
given by the controls TextProperty.
10. Timer: When we need to perform tasks at regular interval we can make use of Timer. The main
property of Timer Control is Interval, determines how often the timer notifies our application.
11. Picture Box: This control is used to display images and images set with Picture property. The
Picture Box control also supports few functionality of generating advanced drawing.
12. Shape: This control is used to draw graphical elements such as boxes, and circles etc.
13. Image: This one is similar to Picture Box but it support less functionality and make use of less
resources.
14. Line: Help use to draw a line.
15. Data: Data Control provides point and click access to data stored in database [DBMS]. It was the
simplest way to access Data Base.

File System Controls: These are set of controls which help us to add file handling capabilities to out
program. They are sued together to provide an interface for accessing and exploring drives, folders and
files. The file system controls are as follows
1) Drive List Box: Used to display the drives on the system in a drop down list which the user can
select.
2) Directory List Box: Used to Display all Folders in current Drive and lets the use move up and
down through the hierarchy of the folders.
3) File List Box: This control displays a list of files in the current folder.

Properties Window- Properties are the attribute of controls. Every object has properties, for
example a Pen, has its Color, Metal Type, Ink Color, Type etc. In the same manner every control in
VB has many properties. By using the property fields in property box we can change appearance,
text / values displayed in the controls, the manner in which it look like etc. Some properties are
read only, which means that they can to change at design time only, the values of such properties
cant change using code, while others are Read and Write. You can move Property window any side
of VB IDE Window, can invoke using tool bar or by Pressing F4.

Solution/Project Explorer Project explorer displays Opened project and other project components
such as Classes and Modules. We can start multiple projects at the same time; you have to select
the project you want to work with by selecting Set as Start Up. The project explorer has three
Buttons on the Top of the window, namely View Object, View Code (F7), Toggle Folder. The first two
used to move between Code Window and Form Designer. The third button helps you to change the
listing style of Project Explorer. We can add Multiple Forms [SDI & MDI] and as many modules and
classes we needed.
Form Layout- Form Layout Window is used to arrange the position of form while running the
program.
Form Designer- The form designer is the main window in the middle of the screen, in which we
can design and edit user interface. The same window displays a text editor in which we can enter
and edit applications code. The form designer displays two windows, the form itself and the code
window. Select the form you want to view in the project explorer, and then click one of two view
buttons to see form or its code.
 VB Editor/ Code Window- In Visual Basic, the editor is called code window, it is actually a turbo
charged text editor with many productivity tool built in. we can open the code window by double
clicking a form or control in the form. If we double click a form we will be taken into procedure for
that control. Once the code window is open, we can go to any procedure for any object on the
selected form.

Object Browser- Object browser allows us to browse through the Various Properties events and
methods that are made available or exposed. We can access it by selecting object browser from the
view menu or by pressing F2.

Intellisence- A window that will pop up as we write our code in VB Editor that helps us code
quickly by displaying all properties, objects and functions.

We have already conceptualized many of these object-oriented concepts by just looking at the
objects that surround us in our everyday lives. Let's look more closely at these terms and see
what they actually mean and what they do for developers of object-oriented software.

Abstraction-- If you write a piece of software to track payroll information, you would probably want
to create an Employee object. People come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. They have different
backgrounds, enjoy different hobbies, and have a multitude of beliefs. But perhaps, in terms of the payroll
application, an employee is just a name, a rank, and a serial number, while the other qualities are not
relevant to the application. Determining what something is, in terms of software, is abstraction.

-In object-oriented software, complexity is managed by using abstraction. Abstraction is a process

that involves identifying the crucial behavior of an object and eliminating irrelevant and tedious details. A
well thought-out abstraction is usually simple, slanted toward the perspective of the user (the developer
using your objects), and has probably gone through several iterations.

-Remember that the abstraction process is context sensitive. In an application that will play music,
the radio abstraction will be completely different from the radio abstraction in a program designed to teach
basic electronics. The internal details of the latter would be much more important than the former.

Encapsulation-- Programming languages like C and Pascal can both produce object-like constructs. In
C, this feature is called a struct; in Pascal, it is referred to as a record. Both are user-defined data types. In
both languages, a function can operate on more than one data type. The inverse is also true: more than
one function can operate on a single data type. The data is fully exposed and vulnerable to the whims of
anyone who has an instance of the type because these languages do not explicitly tie together data and
the functions that operate on that data.

-In contrast, object-oriented programming is based on encapsulation. When an object's state and
behavior are kept together, they are encapsulated. That is, the data that represents the state of the object
and the methods (Functions and Subs) that manipulate that data are stored together as a cohesive unit.

-Encapsulation is often referred to as information hiding. But although the two terms are often used
interchangeably, information hiding is really the result of encapsulation, not a synonym for it.
Encapsulation makes it possible to separate an object's implementation from its behaviorto restrict
access to its internal data. This restriction allows certain details of an object's behavior to be hidden. It
allows us to create a "black box" and protects an object's internal state from corruption by its clients.

-Encapsulation is also frequently confused with abstraction. Though the two concepts are closely
related, they represent different ideas. Abstraction is a process. It is the act of identifying the relevant
qualities and behaviors an object should possess. Encapsulation is the mechanism by which the
abstraction is implemented. It is the result. The radio, for instance, is an object that encapsulates many
technologies that might not be understood clearly by most people who benefit from it.

-In Visual Basic .NET, the construct used to define an abstraction is called a class. The terms class
and object are often used interchangeably, but an object is actually an instance of a class. A component is
a collection of one or more object definitions, like a class library in a DLL.

Inheritance-Inheritance is the ability to define a new class that inherits the behaviors (and code) of an
existing class. The new class is called a child or derived class, while the original class is often referred to as
the parent or base class.

-Inheritance is used to express "is-a" or "kind-of" relationships. A car is a vehicle. A boat is a

vehicle. A submarine is a vehicle. In OOP, the Vehicle base class would provide the common behaviors of
all types of vehicles and perhaps delineate behaviors all vehicles must support. The particular subclasses
(i.e., derived classes) of vehicles would implement behaviors specific to that type of vehicle. The main
concepts behind inheritance are extensibility and code reuse.

Polymorphism-Polymorphism refers to the ability to assume different forms. In OOP, it indicates a

language's ability to handle objects differently based on their runtime type.
 -A classic example of polymorphism can be demonstrated with geometric shapes. Suppose we have
a Triangle, a Square, and a Circle. Each class is a Shape and each has a method named Draw that is
responsible for rendering the Shape to the screen. Polymorphism is a very powerful concept that allows the
design of amazingly flexible applications.

The .NET Framework The objects you construct with VB.NET will live out their lives within the .NET
Framework, which is a platform used to develop applications. The platform was designed from the ground
up by using open standards and protocols like XML, HTTP, and SOAP. It contains a rich standard library that
provides services available to any language running under its protection.

-The impetus behind its creation was the desire to develop a platform for building, deploying, and
running web-based services. In spite of this goal, the framework is ideal for developing all types of
applications, regardless of the design. The .NET Framework makes child's play of some of programming's
most sophisticated concepts, giving you the ability to take advantage of today's cutting-edge
architectures:

Distributed computing using open Internet standards and protocols such as HTTP, XML, and SOAP

Enterprise services such as object pooling, messaging, security, and transactions

An infrastructure that simplifies the development of reusable cross-language compatible

components that can be deployed over the Internet

Simplified web development using open standards

Full language integration that make it possible to inherit from classes, catch exceptions, and debug
across different languages

Deployment is made simpler because settings are stored in XML-based configuration files that reside in
the application directory; there is no need to go to the registry. Shared DLLs must have a unique hash
value, locale, and version, so physical filenames are no longer important once these considerations are
met. Not having physical filenames makes it possible to have several different versions of the same
DLL in use at the same time, which is known as side-by-side execution. All dependencies and
references are stored within the executable in a section called the manifest. In a sense, we're back to
the days of DOS because to deploy an application, you only need to xcopy it from one directory to
another.

Two major elements of the .NET Framework will be addressed repeatedly throughout the
lesson. The first is the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which provides runtime services
for components running under .NET.

The second element is the .NET class library, a vast toolbox containing classes for everything from data
access, GUI design, and security to multithreading, networking, and messaging. The library also
contains definitions for all primary data types, such as bytes, integers, and strings. All of these types
are inherently derived from a base class called System.Object which you can think of as a "universal"
data type; there is no distinction between the types defined by the system and the types you create by
writing classes or structures. Everything is an object!

The Common Language Runtime- The CLR is the execution engine for the .NET Framework. This
runtime manages all code compiled with VB.NET. In fact, code compiled to run under .NET is called
managed code to distinguish it from code running outside of the framework.

Besides being responsible for application loading and execution, the CLR provides services that will
benefit component developers:
Invocation and termination of threads and processes
Object lifetime and memory management
Cross-language integration
Code access and role-based security
Exception handling (even across languages)
Deployment and versioning
Interoperation between managed and unmanaged code
Debugging and profiling support (even across languages)

Common Type System- The Common Type System (CTS) defines rules that a language must adhere
to in order to participate in the .NET Framework. It also defines a set of common types and operations
that exist across most programming languages and specifies how these types are used and managed
within the CLR, how objects expose their functionality, and how they interoperate. The CTS forms the
foundation that enables cross-language integration within .NET.
Common Language Specification -The Common Language Specification (CLS) is a subset of the CTS
that describes the basic qualities used by a wide variety of languages. Components that use only the
features of the CLS are said to be CLS-compliant. As a result, these components are guaranteed to be
accessible from any other programming language that targets .NET. Because VB.NET is a CLS-
compliant language, any class, object, or component that you build will be available from any other
CLS-compliant programming language in .NET.

FINALE

VB has always been easy to learn, but the power of simplicity came with a price. The language itself
has never gotten the respect it deserves because it always hid so much from the developer; getting
under the hood required a sledgehammer. This is no longer true. While VB is still a great language and
is relatively painless to learn and use, you are no longer restricted in how "low you can go."

One of the most important concepts behind .NET is that all languages are on a level playing field; the
choice of language should be determined more by your style than anything else. This is probably the
reason why you prefer VB over other languages: you like the syntax of Visual Basic and appreciate its
simplicity. No longer is choice of language a concern, because VB.NET is just as fast as C# and it does a
few things, such as event declaration and conditional exception handling, better. But for the most part,
any language that runs under .NET will provide you with the tools to develop cutting edge software.
Thus, it truly is a matter of style. VB.NET is no more or no less of a language than any other in the .NET
Framework.

INTRODUCTION ppt 2

To understand the world of object-oriented programming, look at the world around you for a
moment. You might see computer systems, air conditioning unit, ceiling fans, and a host of other
objects. Everywhere you look, objects surround you.

Some of these objects, such as cameras, operate independently. Some, such as telephones and
answering machines, interact with one another. Some objects contain data that persists between uses,
like the address book in a cell phone. Some objects contain other objects, like an icemaker inside of the
freezer.

Many objects are similar in function but different in purpose. Bathtubs and kitchen sinks, for
example, both provide water and are used for cleaning. But it is a rare occasion when you will take a
bath in the kitchen sink or wash your dishes in the tub. However, the bathtub and the kitchen sink in
your house probably share the same plumbing. Certainly, they share a common interface: hot and cold
water knobs, a faucet, and a drain.

Sometimes the same action causes an object to do different things depending on the context of the
situation. When you flip the switch on the back porch, the light comes on. But the switch in the kitchen
turns on the garbage disposal. You use the same kind of switch, but obtain different results

Any object has two inherent properties: state and behavior. The light bulb on the back porch has
state. It can be on or off. It has a brand name and a life expectancy. It has been in use for a certain
number of hours. It has a specified number of hours left before the irregular evaporation of its tungsten
filament causes it to burn out. Behaviorally, it provides light; it shines.

Many objects participate collectively in a system. The television and surrounding sound speakers
are a part of a system called a home theater. The refrigerator and oven belong to a system called a
kitchen. These systems, in turn, are a part of a larger system that is called an apartment. Collections of
apartments make up a system known as a complex. Apartments and houses belong to neighborhoods
and so on.

In essence, building and designing objects is one aspect of this process of building a system.
Determining how these objects interact with one another is another. Understanding both phases of
development is crucial when building any system that has more than a degree of complexity.

Generally, you can think of this process of developing a system as object-oriented programming
and object-oriented design. Specifically, though, you are really working toward an understanding of the
objects you build and the system in which they participate.

Today, Visual Basic .NET is a cutting-edge, object-oriented language that runs inside of a state-of-
the-art environment. It is feature-rich and designed to take advantage of the latest developments in
object-oriented programming. Writing software and building components has never been easier.
 Programming can be defined as the development of a program that, when directed through a
computer system, will produce the desired results. Computer programming involves much more
than simply writing a list of instructions

Computer programming is the process of planning a sequence of steps for a computer to follow. In
other words, programming is a problem-solving activity. Problem solving is a crucial component of
programming and requires a good deal of preplanning.

Before writing a program to solve a particular problem, it is essential to have a thorough

understanding of the problem, carefully plan approach to solving the problem, and develop its
solution. Computer programmers usually follow some common steps, called the program
development cycle, to build a computer program.

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (PDLC)

The program development life cycle (PDLC) is a set of steps that guides computer programmers
through the development of a program. The PDLC consists of six basic steps that enable you to use
your time efficiently and help you design error-free programs.

Phases of PDLC:

1. Analyze the problem. The first step is to carefully analyze the problem the programs should
solve so you can begin to develop an appropriate solution. Analyzing the problem involves
identifying the program specifications and defining each programs input, output, and
processing components.
2. Design programs. This step is to plan the solution to the problem. You find a logical sequence
of precise steps that solve the problem. Such a sequence of steps is called an algorithm. It can
be defined in programming terms as a set of detailed, unambiguous and ordered instructions
developed to describe the processes necessary to produce the desired output from a given
input.
3. Code programs. Coding is the technical word for writing the program. This step is to translate
the algorithm into a programming language. You must convert each algorithm step into one or
more statements in a selected programming language.
4. Test and debug programs. Once a programmer codes the solution algorithm, the next step is
to test and debug the program. Testing is the process of finding errors in a program, and
debugging is the process of correcting errors found during the testing process.
There are two types of errors: syntax errors and logic errors. A syntax error occurs when
the code violates the syntax, or grammar, or the programming language. A logic error is a flaw
in the program design and the algorithm, which generates inaccurate results.
5. Complete the documentation. Documentation is intended to allow another person, or the
programmer at later date, to understand the program. Internal documentation consists of
statements in the program that are not executed, but point out the purposes of various parts of
the program. Documentation might also consist of a detailed description of what the program
does and how to use the program.
6. Maintain programs. Maintaining programs involves modifying the programs to remove
previously undetected errors, to enhance the program with different features or functionality, or
keep the program up to date as government regulations or company policies change.

Presentation Prepared By:

DANIEL T. URSULUM, JR.

Subject Teacher