Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

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Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering

ECE-1102
Electric Circuit & System Sessional
(Credit: 1.5)

Laboratory Manual
Experiments Summary

Exp. No Title of The Experiments Pages

1 Introduction to Electrical circuit lab equipments & Components 2
2 Verification of Ohms Law. 5
3 Verification of Kirchhoffs (KVL & KCL) Law. 6
10 Verification of Series & Parallel Circuits Voltage Divider & Current Divider 7
Rules
5 Verification of Superposition Theorem 8
6 Verification of Thevenins Theorem 10
7 Verification of Nortons Theorem 11
8 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 12
9 Verification of Reciprocity Theorem. 14
10 Study of PT/CT, Determination of Self and Mutual Inductance &
Polarities of Magnetic Circuits 15
11 Introduction to Circuit Simulation software (Matlab/Multisim) 19
Verification of KV, KCL, Thevenins & Nortons Theorem by using 26
12
Digital Simulator
Appendix Laboratory Regulations and Safety Rules 27

Prepared by
Md. Habibur Rahman
Lecturer, Dept. of ECE, RUET

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

General Instructions for students

1. Read carefully the Distribution of Marks in Sessional
Class participation and attendance 10%
Quizzes/ viva voce 15%
Viva voce (Conducted by Dept.) 25%
Performance/ reports 50%
Total 100%
2. Attained all classes regularly & perform experiments by individual.
3. Prepare lab report regularly before to come to next classes.
4. Connect apparatus as per given circuit diagram carefully & Check thoroughly before
connect with power supply.
5. Never burn any devices, It may be considered as a punishable offence.

Experiment 1
Introduction to Electrical circuit lab equipments &
Components
Voltmeter: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage
by use of an analog to digital converter. It can be two types: AC and DC. It should be
connected in parallel to the measurable branch.

Ammeter: An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure

the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.
Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are
designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments
which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved
instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate
measurements in electric power systems(Wiki). It can be two types: AC and DC. It should be
connected in series to the measurable branch.

Multimeter: A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm-

Milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display
readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a
graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common

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due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for
example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work,
or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be
used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices
such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and
wiring systems(Wiki).

Resistance: The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty

to pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical
conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares
some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical
resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S). An object
of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All Apparatus show some resistance, except
for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero. The resistance (R) of an object is
defined as the ratio of voltage across it (V) to current through it (I), while the conductance
(G) is the inverse: (Wiki).

Impedance: Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to
a current when a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the
voltage to the current in an alternating current (AC) circuit. Impedance extends the concept
of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both magnitude and phase, unlike resistance,
which has only magnitude. When a circuit is driven with direct current (DC), there is no
distinction between impedance and resistance; the latter can be thought of as impedance with
zero phase angle. It is necessary to introduce the concept of impedance in AC circuits
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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

because there are two additional impeding mechanisms to be taken into account besides the
normal resistance of DC circuits: the induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by
the magnetic fields of currents (inductance), and the electrostatic storage of charge induced
by voltages between conductors (capacitance). The impedance caused by these two effects is
collectively referred to as reactance and forms the imaginary part of complex impedance
whereas resistance forms the real part(Wiki).

Voltage Controller: It may be single phase & three phase. A voltage controller, also called
an AC voltage controller or AC regulator is an electronic module based on
either thyristors, TRIACs, SCRs or IGBTs, which converts a fixed voltage, fixed
frequency alternating current (AC) electrical input supply to obtain variable voltage in output
delivered to a resistive load. This varied voltage output is used for dimming street lights,
varying heating temperatures in homes or industry, speed control of fans and winding
machines and many other applications, in a similar fashion to
an autotransformer.[1][2] Voltage controller modules come under the purview of power
electronics. Because they are low-maintenance and very efficient, voltage controllers have
largely replaced such modules as magnetic amplifiers and saturable reactors in industrial
use.[2] (Wiki).
Applications:

Light dimming circuits for street lights

Industrial & domestic heating
Induction heating
transformer tap changing
Speed control of Motors (variable torque)
speed control of winding machines,fans
AC magnet controls [10] (Wiki).

Fig. Voltage Controller(230 V AC to 0~250 V AC)

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

Experiment 2
Verification of Ohms Law

OHMS LAW -Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality,
the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:[2]

or

Objectives
1. Learn how to use multimeter to measure resistance
2. Verify Ohms law
3. Determine the relationship for voltage and current for constant resistance
4. Determine value of resistance from slope of I-V characteristic curve.

Apparatus
One dc variable voltage power supply
One multimeter
One 0-100mA Ammeter
Resistor (108)
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure
1. Complete the circuit connection as above.
2. Connect a variable power supply controller.
3. Change the resistance two or three times
4. Take reading, Fill up the table below.
5. Plot a graph & Make comments about it.
Data Table: For DC Analysis:
Calculated Measured, V (Volt) I (Amp.) R (Ohm) Error (%)
V=
I=
R1=
V=
I=
R1=
V=
I=
R1=

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V-I graph: Draw a V-I graph below.

Conclusion: Write about experimental error, Heat of the resistors, Parallax error, Difference
in AC & DC analysis, Why Variac is not necessary for AC analysis? Discuss about
theoretical & practical results.

Experiment 3
Verification of Kirchhoffs Laws (KVL & KCL)
Introduction
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed
path equals zero. The Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all the
currents at a node is zero (current entering a node has opposite sign to the current leaving the
node).
Objectives
1. Voltage current measurement in a dc circuit
2. Verification of Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws.
Apparatus
One dc power supply
One multimeter/Voltmeter
Resistors (108)
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1; Circuit for KVL verification Fig.2; Circuit for KCL verification.

Procedure
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 & Figure 2.
2. Measure the voltages Vs, V1, V2, V3. Enter the values in Table 1. Note the polarities of the
voltages.
3. Measure the currents Is, I1, I2 and enter the values in Table 2. Note the polarity (sign) of
the currents.
5. Verify KVL & KCL

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Table 1: Data table for Fig.1

Vs V1 V2 V3 Total Branch Error (%)
voltage

Table 2: Data table for Fig.2

Parameters Is I1 I2 Total Branch Error (%)
current

Conclusion: Discuss about

1. Do the experimental and theoretical values of voltages and currents agree
2. Give possible reasons for any discrepancies.
3. Are KVL and KCL verified?
4. Give reasons for any discrepancies.
5. If AC voltage/current will apply then what will happen?

Experiment 04
Series & Parallel Circuits
Voltage Divider & Current Divider Rules
Introduction
Write theoretical analysis of series & parallel circuit from textbook.

Figure 1: Series circuit Figure 2: Parallel circuit

For a series circuit shown in Figure 1, the voltages across resistors R1, R2 and R3 can be
written as,
V1 Measured Vs= Error (%)
V2 Measured Vs= Error (%)
V3 Measured Vs= Error (%)
This is verified the voltage divider rule (VDR).
For a parallel circuit given in Fig. 2, the branch currents can be written in terms of the total
current as,
Measured Is , I1 & I2 Error (%)
I1= Is

I2= Caculate Is= I1 + I2

Is

This is termed as the current divider rule (CDR).

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Conclusion: Discuss about

1. Do the experimental and theoretical values of voltages and currents agree
2. Give possible reasons for any discrepancies.
3. Are theoretical result verified through experiment?
4. Give reasons for any discrepancies.
5. If AC voltage/current will apply then what will happen?

Table 1: Calculated & measured data as per Fig.1

Calculated:
Step 1 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Step 2 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Step 3 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Then Verify, Vs=V1 +V2 +V3 for three times
Measured:
Step 1 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Step 2 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Step 3 Vs= V1= V2= V3=
Then Verify, Vs=V1 +V2 +V3 for three times

Table 2: Calculated & measured data as per Fig.2

Calculated:
Step 1 Is= I1= I2=
Step 2 Is= I1= I2=
Step 3 Is= I1= I2=
Then Verify, Is=I1 +I2 for three times
Measured:
Step 1 Is= I1= I2=
Step 2 Is= I1= I2=
Step 3 Is= I1= I2=
Then Verify, Is=I1 +I2 for three times
Conclusion:
1. What is the difference between VDR & CDR? Write some real application.
2. Do you found any discrepancies between theoretical & practical result?
3. Give possible reasons for any discrepancies.
4. If AC voltage/current will apply then what will happen?

Experiment 5
Verification of Superposition Theorem
Introduction
If there is more than one source in an electric network, the response (voltage or current) can
be determined by considering one source at a time. The total response is the algebraic sum of
the individual responses. This is known as the superposition principle. While determining the
responses with a particular source, all other sources have to be deactivated (voltage sources
replaced by short circuits and current sources by open circuit).
Objectives
1. To verify superposition principle.
2. To verify superposition with hardwired components.
Apparatus
Two dc power sources
One multimeter/ Voltmeter/Ammeter.
Assorted resistors (108)

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Resistive circuit with two source.

Procedure
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1. Put the meters in the appropriate places to read
voltages across and currents through each resistor.
2. Record all the voltages and currents in the circuit and enter the m in Table 1. You can
use ammeters for current measurements, voltmeter for voltage measurements or
multimeter for both.
3. Note the current directions and voltage polarities shown in Figure 1.
4. Calculate each branch voltage & current & compare them with measured data.
Table 1: Voltage and current with both sources
37 k 108 K 370 K Total
Voltage
Current
4. Remove the 100-V source from the circuit. Replace it by a short circuit. Read data &
put in at table 2
5. Remove the 50-V source from the circuit. Replace it by a short circuit. Read data &
put in at table 2
Table 2: Voltage and current with the 100-V & 50 V source seperatly.
37 k 108 K 370 K Measured Error (%)
When 100 V Voltage
source Current
When 50 V Voltage
source Current
Total Voltage
Current
6.Compare Calculated data with Table 1 & Table 2 measured data.
Conclusion:
1. Compare the results obtained with calculated and measured data, and comment.
2. Superposition theorem applies for only certain types of circuit. State what is the type?
3. Superposition applies to only some variables or quantities like current and voltage. It
does not apply to, for example, power. State why not.

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Experiment 6
Verification of Thevenins Theorem
Theory:
Thevenins theorem states that any two terminal linear network having a number of voltage
current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a
single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage source is
equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network, and resistance is
equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources
are replaced by their internal resistances.
Objectives
To find the Thevenins equivalent circuit from the given circuit.
Apparatus
Two dc power sources
One multimeter
Assorted resistors
One decade resistor or as per circuit diagram.
Circuit Diagram:
37 370

+ 370

DC
RL 108
100 V

Rth

DC
RL
VTh

Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit

Procedure
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 1.
2. Vary the supply voltage V and take the corresponding reading from the ammeter.
3. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 1 in bread board (Removing the load resistor
RL).
4. Vary the supply voltage V in the same way as done in step 2 and note down the
corresponding VL or VTH from the voltmeter.
5. Find out the Rth and draw the Thevenin equivalent ciruit.
6. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 2.3 in bread board and note down the IL value
by varying VTH (fix the values of VTH got from step 10).
Data Tables
Table 1: Determination of I3 & Vth /VAB
V(v) IL (mA) Vth (v)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Table 2: Determination of IL.

Vth (v) IL (mA)
(Practical) Theoretical Practical

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Note: All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal analysis and
also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is applicable.
Conclusion:
Experiment 7
Verification of Nortons Theorem
Theory:
Nortons theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sources, voltage
sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit current
between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent
resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources are replaced by their
internal resistances.
Objectives
To find the Nortons equivalent circuit from the given circuit.
Apparatus
Two dc power sources
One multimeter
Assorted resistors
One decade resistor or as per circuit diagram.
Circuit Diagram:
37 370

+ 370

DC
RL 108
100 V

Rn

DC
RL DC
RL
In Rn Vo

Fig.1 Circuit for experiment [(a), (b), (c)]

Procedure:
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 1(a)
2. Vary the supply voltage V and take the corresponding reading IL from the ammeter.
3. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure 1(b) in bread board (Removing the load
resistor RL and shorting the terminals).
4. Vary the supply voltage V in the same way as done in step 2 and note down the
corresponding IN from the ammeter.
5. Find out the RN and draw the Nortons Equivalent circuit
6. Now apply source transformation in the circuit diagram as shown in figure 1(c) and
obtain the circuit as shown in figure 1(c)
7. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(c) in bread board and vary the supply.
8. Voltage and note down the corresponding IN from the ammeter.

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Data Tables:
Table 1: Determination of I3 & Vth /VAB
V(v) IN (mA) IN (mA)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

9. Table 2: Determination of IL.

Vo (v) IL (mA)
(Practical) Theoretical Practical

Note: All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal analysis and
also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is applicable.
Conclusion:

Experiment 8
Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Introduction
A two terminal network resistive network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with
an equivalent resistor. The value of the source voltage equals the open circuit voltage of the
two terminals under consideration. The value of the equivalent resistor equals the resistance
measured between the open terminals when all the sources of the circuit are deactivated
(voltage source shorted and current source opened). This is termed as the Thevenins
theorem. The voltage source is called Thevenins voltage (ETH) and the equivalent resistor,
the Thevenins resistance (RTH).

The maximum power output to a variable output resistance occurs when the value of the
output resistance equals the Thevenins resistance.

Figure 1: Maximum power output condition

The value of the maximum output power or transferred power is given as,

ETH2
Po
10R TH
37 370

+ 370

DC
RL 108
100 V DC

50 V
-

Figure 2: Maximum power transfer theorem verification circuit

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Objectives
1. To construct Thevenins equivalent using Workbench.
2. To verify the equivalent obtained in step 1 using hardwired components.
3. To determine maximum power transfer condition experimentally.
Apparatus
Two dc power sources
One multimeter
Assorted resistors
One decade resistor
Procedure
1. Construct the circuit given in Figure 2.
2. Remove the load resistor RL and connect a multimeter (or voltmeter) to read the open
circuit voltage between A and B. Record the voltage. This is ETH for this circuit
between A and B.
3. Remove the 100-V source. Replace it by a short circuit.
4. Remove the 50-V source. Replace it by a short circuit.
5. Connect a multimeter in the resistance measurement mode (ohmmeter) between A
and B. Record the value of the resistor. This is RTH in Figure 1.
6. Build circuit of Figure 1 with hardwired components in the laboratory.
7. Repeat step 2-5 and find the values of ETH and RTH experimentally.
8. In the circuit of Figure 2 connect a variable resistor (RL) between A and B.
9. Vary RL & Measure voltage between A and B (VL) in each case. Enter your results in
Table 2.
Table 1: Simulation and experimental results for Thevenin voltage and resistance

ETH RTH
Measured

Table 2: Experimental results for maximum power transfer

RL(K)
VL
PL

10. Plot RL vs. P

Conclusion:
1. At what value of RL the maximum value of PL occurs in the graph?

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2. Does this value of RL compare with RTH you obtained experimentally?

3. If not, how much is the error in either case (take workbench result as the base)?
4. Draw the Nortons equivalent of the circuit in Figure 1.
5. Differentiate % of error between calculated & measured data.

Experiment 9
Verification of Reciprocity Theorem
Theory:
In any branch of a network , the current (I) due to a single source of voltage (V) elsewhere in
the network is equal to the current through the branch in which the source was originally
placed when the source is placed in the branch in which the current (I) was originally
obtained.
In simple sense, the location of the voltage source and the through current maybe
interchange without a change in current . However the polarity of the voltage source should
have identically with the direction of branch current in each position. The limitation of this
theorem is that it is applicable only to single source networks and not in multisource network.
Moreover, the network where reciprocity theorem is applied should be linear one containing
resistors, inductors, capacitors and coupled circuits.
Apply a small voltage at a-a and measure the short circuit current at b-b. Check the ratio
=Va-a /Ib-b
Apply a small voltage at b-b and measure the short circuit current at a-a. Check the ratio
=Vb-b /Ia-a.

Objectives
To find the Nortons equivalent circuit from the given circuit.
Apparatus
Two dc power sources
One multimeter
Assorted resistors
One decade resistor or as per circuit diagram.
Circuit diagram
37 370

370

IL
DC 108 108
100 V

Fig. Circuit for experiment & vise versa.

Procedure:
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure
2. Vary the supply voltage V and take the corresponding reading IL from the ammeter.
3. Find out the ratio R = (V/ IL)

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4. Now interchange the position of ammeter and Variable voltage supply V as shown in
figure.
5. Vary the supply voltage V and take the corresponding reading IL from the ammeter.
6. Find out the ratio R = (V/ IL)
7. Now check whether R and R are same.
Data Tables:
Table 1: Determination of IL.
V(v) IL (mA) R=(V/IL)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Table 2: Determination of IL.

V(v) IL1 (mA) R1=(V/IL1)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Note: All theoretical values can be found by using either mesh analysis or nodal analysis and
also using voltage division rule and current division rule where it is applicable.
Conclusion:
Experiment 10
Study of PT/CT, Determination of Self and Mutual
Inductance & Polarities of Magnetic Circuits
Objective: To determine experimentally the self and mutual inductance of a given pair of
magnetically coupled coils, and to estimate there from the value of the coupling coefficient
K for the coil. Also determine the polarity of the coils.
Brief Theory
Measurement of self and mutual inductance of a two coil electrical circuit with mutual
coupling can be made with reasonable accuracy using static ac tests, provided a. the test is
conducted at the proper level of current and frequency on the two windings b. the level of
magnetization can be suitably maintained while the test is conductedpreferably at
unsaturated conditions of the magnetic circuit and c. the effect of power loss due to hysteresis
and eddy currents in the magnetic circuit is suitably accounted for.
Let us consider the schematic circuit of Fig. 10.1, together with a voltmeter, an ammeter and
a wattmeter, as shown in Fig.10.1.

Fig. 10.1. Schematic circuit arrangement.

Let voltage V1, at a known frequency f1, be applied across the terminals A-B of coil 1, such
that the current flow through the coil does not saturate the magnetic circuit. (While
performing the experiment we shall see how this is ascertained). If we connect the voltmeter
and the potential coil of the wattmeter in parallel, by temporarily connecting the terminals
AB, we can get the voltmeter reading V1, wattmeter reading W1, besides the ammeter reading
I1. With the circuit otherwise undisturbed, let us now remove the contacts of the
voltmeter/wattmeter potential coil combination from AB, instead let us now connect it to

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terminals C-D. We shall obtain new voltmeter reading V2 and wattmeter reading W2. By
knowing the value of resistance of coil 1 (say R1), it is possible for us to calculate,
W1' W1 I 22 R1
and we shall find that
W1' W2

V1 V2

Analysis of the nature of power flow shows that W1,in fact, is the power fed to account for
the hysteresis and eddy current losses of the magnetic circuit responsible for magnetic
linkage of the two coils.

10.2

10.3

10.2

10.3
3

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The value of L2 (and M) can be experimentally obtained by repeating the test with voltage
now applied across the terminals C-D of coil 2 and with terminals A-B of coil 1 kept open
circuited. The only precaution to be observed is to choose a proper value of applied voltage to
coil 2, which should be equal to V2 measured in the earlier test. This is to ensure that the flux
level in the magnetic circuit remains the same for both the tests.
Laboratory Work
Part I: Experimental determination of L1 and M
1. Choose the coil with higher voltage rating, as coil 1. Set up the circuit as shown in
Fig.10.4 and set the variac to zero output voltage. Get the connections verified by your
instructor.
2. Switch on the ac supply.
3. With the voltmeter kept connected across terminals A-B of the coil 1, increase the
applied voltage to coil 1 gradually to 180 V.

Fig. 10.4 Circuit Diagram for Tests Part 1.

(a) Increase the voltage in steps of 10 V up to 230 V and record the ammeter readings.
(b) Plot V-I. This should come out to be a straight line.
1. Turn the variac control fully in anticlockwise direction to reduce the applied voltage to
zero.
2. Now slowly increase the applied voltage by clockwise rotation of variac control, and set
the voltage to V1 = 200 V.
3. With wattmeter potential coil connected in parallel to the voltmeter, connect the
terminals of the combination across A-B. Record I1, V11 and W11, respectively.
4. Withdraw the contact of the voltmeter/wattmeter pressure coil combination from
terminals A-B without disturbing the voltage setting on variac, connect them to terminals
C-D of coil 2. Record V21 and W21, respectively.
5. Turn the variac regulating handle to set the voltage to zero. Switch off supply.

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6. Open the connections from across terminals A-B of coil 1 and transfer the original
connections to terminals C-D.
7. Get the connections checked by your instructor after ensuring that the variac handle is
turned fully anti-clockwise (zero voltage position).
8. Switch on ac supply and slowly turn the variac handle to set the applied voltage V22
(equal to V21 measured in step 7). Record the values of V22, I2 and W22, respectively.
9. Follow the procedure laid down in step 7 to obtain values of V12 and W12. Turn the
variac handle to zero voltage and switch off. Disconnect.
10. Given that the resistances of the two coils are (these are indicated on the coil): R1 for
coilR2 for coil 2 1.2
Follow the procedure outlined in the Theory to calculate self inductances ( L1, L2) and
the mutual inductance, M. Note that M obtained from the two tests are, for all practical
purposes, equal.
11 The value of the coefficient of coupling, K, is given by:
M
K
L1.L2
Part II: Determination of Polarities
1. Connect coil 1 and coil 2 in series by joining B and C.
2. Set the circuit through a lamp-board in series as shown in Fig. 10.5. Get the
circuit verified by your instructor.
3. Switch on the supply and note the intensity of glow of the lamp.
4. Switch off.
5. Interchange connections between terminals C and D only. This will cause the
terminal B to be connected to D and the supply (through the lamp board in
series) to be across A and C. check that this is the case.
6. Switch on and note the intensity of glow of the lamp. Note in which case the
intensity of glow is more.
Switch off and disconnect.

Fig. 10.5 Circuit for checking polarity.

Laboratory Report
Your laboratory report should follow the pattern, set in earlier experiments. Since you are
already acquainted with it, you should devise your own method of recording and labeling
the experimental data and results.

Note that this experiment has some precautions. Identify them and record them appropriately.
Try to comment on the procedure followed and give your comments by answering the
following questions:
1. In determining the voltage-current characteristics, why do we choose the coil with
higher voltage rating as coil 1?
2. Why do we plot the V/I characteristic for increasing values of the applied voltage?

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3. How do we recognize that the series connection, yielding lesser glow of the lamp, is
the coil configuration for series addition?
4. Why do we perform tests on the coils connected in series with currents equal to I1
measured in step 6 of part 1 of tests?
5. If the two coils were not magnetically coupled by an iron core (or core of some other
high permeance material) the wattmeter readings W21 and W21 would have been zero.
Can you reason why they show finite values when magnetic core is present?

Experiment 11
Electrical Circuits Simulation using
Multisim Electronics Workbench: An Introduction
Simulation is a mathematical way of emulating the behavior of a circuit. With simulation,
you can determine a circuits performance without physically constructing the circuit or using
actual test instruments. Multisim is a complete system design tool that offers a very large
component database, schematic entry, full analog/digital SPICE simulation, etc. It also offers
a single easy to use graphical interface for all design needs.

Introduction
Go to StartProgramsMultisim and click on Multisim. This will open the main window
as shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1 important toolbars and menu are labeled. In addition to
toolbars shown in Figure 1, there maybe other toolbars appearing on your screen concentrate
on the labeled items in Figure 1 at this time.
You can always open and close a toolbar from Main Menu. For example if you want to open
or close (select/unselect) the Design Toolbar, select ViewToolbarsDesign. If any
toolbar is not appearing on your screen then use the above procedure to bring the toolbar.
Most of the analysis can be performed turning on-off the simulate switch. If the Simulation
Switch shown in Figure 1 is not appearing on your screen then select ViewShow Simulate
Switch in the Main Menu. This will open the Simulation Switch.

Main Menu
Zoom Design
Toolbar Toolbar

Component Simulate
Toolbar Switch

Figure 1: Main Window of Multisim Simulation Software

We will now try to learn about Multisim simulation techniques by solving a simple example.

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

Example
Build the circuit shown in Figure 2 using Multisim Electronics Workbench.

Figure 2: Circuit for Multisim Simulation

STEP A: Placing the Components

1. Place a Battery (DC Source)

a. Bring a dc source in the Multisim workspace:

Open the Multisim program if it is not open. In the Component Toolbar, select
Sources icon (refer to Figure 1 to find the Component Toolbar). This will open
another window with several types of dc sources and other components as shown
below in Figure 3. Click on DC Voltage Source in this new window.

Select the Sources Icon

from Component Toolbar
Select the
DC Source

Figure 3: Selection of DC Voltage Source in Multisim

Now bring your cursor in the workspace area and notice the change in the shape of cursor to

Click at any point in the workspace. This will put the voltage source as

b. Change the value and name of voltage source:

Double click on the voltage source that you just placed in the workspace, a new
window with the name Battery will appear, as shown in Figure 10. Select Value in
the Battery menu, if it is not already selected. Change the value from 12 to 30. Keep
the unit as Volts in this menu. Now select Label in this menu and change the
Reference ID to Vs. Click on OK.

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Figure 10: Battery Window for setup of DC voltage source

2. Place a Resistor:
a. Bring a resistor in the Multisim workspace:
In the Component toolbar, select Basic icon as shown. This will open another window
with several basic components as shown below in Figure 5.

Select the Basic Icon from

Component Toolbar
Select the
Resistor

Figure 5: Selection of Resistor in Multisim

Click on Resistor, this will open the Browser-Basic window, as shown in Figure 6.
Scroll through the Component List, select 30kohm, and click OK. The cursor shape
will change again. Click in the workspace and this will put the resistor as,
Tip To make your scroll through the Browsers Component List faster, simply type
the first few characters of the components name. For example, type 30k to move
directly to the area of 30kohm list.

Figure 6: Setup window for Resistor values

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

b. Change the name of resistor:

Double click on the resistor, a new window with the name Resistor will open as shown in
Figure 7. Select Label from the menu of this window. Change the Reference ID to R1 (if
it is not) and press OK. This will change the name of the resistor to R1.

Figure 7: Battery Window for Label of Resistor

d. Add other resistor R2
Place resistor R2 of value 20k in the workspace through the same procedure.

e. Rotate the resistor:

Select resistor R2 and press Ctrl-R to rotate the resistor or select Edit90
Clockwise from the Main Menu. This will make the resistor vertical. Labels and
values of all the components can be dragged individually. Drag the label R 2 and
value 20kohm individually to put them at a proper place.

3. Place Ground:
In the Component Toolbar, select Sources icon. Now click on Ground icon in the new
window as shown in Figure 8. Click in the workspace to put the Ground symbol as

Select the Sources Icon

from Component Toolbar

Select
Ground

Figure 8: Selection of Ground in Multisim

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

STEP B: Connecting the Components

1. Arrange the components properly:
Arrange the components according to the circuit given in Figure 2. You can select and
drag the component to any place in the workspace. Select the components and drag them
one by one to proper places as shown in Figure 9.

Grid

Figure 9: Arranging the Components in proper order

2. Show Grid in the workspace:
You may show grid for ease of drawing the connections. Select ViewGrid Visible in
the Main Menu if it is not visible.
3. Connect DC Voltage Source Vs to R1:
Bring the cursor close to upper pin of Vs; cursor shape will change to a plus sign. Click
and move a little upward. A wire appears, attached to the cursor. Click again at a small
distance above the Vs source. Notice that the line will change direction. Control the
flow of the wire by clicking on points as you drag. Each click fixes the wire to that point
as shown in Figure 10. In this way, when the cursor reaches the pin of R 1 click again, this
will connect Vs to R1 in a nice manner. Notice that a node number is automatically
given.

The mouse button

was clicked at this
location

Figure 10: Manual connection of components

4. Connect R1 to R2:
In the same way connect R1 to R2 through the same procedure.

5. Making use of Junction to connect Ground:

In the similar manner connect ground with Vs and R2. Notice that a small black circle
appears just above the ground, this is called junction. When 2 or more components are
connected at one point, a junction is created. A junction can also be placed manually by
pressing Ctrl+J or selecting EditPlace Junction. This can be used to control the
connection points manually. Also notice the ground node is automatically given node
number 0. Do not alter it.

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

This completes the connection and the complete circuit is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Complete Circuit in Multisim

Wire paths can be modified using drag points. Click on a wire. A number of drag points will
appear on the wire as shown in Figure 12. Click any of these and drag to modify the shape.
You can also add or remove drag points to give you even more control over the wire shape.
To add or remove drag points, press CTRL and click on the location where you want the drag
point added or removed.

Drag Points
Figure 12: Drag points for connecting wire

STEP C: Placing Multimeter or Voltmeter in parallel to measure voltage.

1. To connect a Multimeter:
a. Select ViewToolbarInstruments. The Instruments toolbar will open as shown
in Figure 13.
Multimeter

Figure 13: Instruments Toolbar

b. Click on Multimeter icon. Now click in the workspace to place the Multimeter. Drag
it and place it near resistor R1 as shown in Figure 110. Make a connection from +
terminal of Multimeter to the left pin of R1 and from terminal to right pin of R1.
Note that reversal of + and terminals will give opposite readings.

Figure 110: Multimeter connection for voltage measurement

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

c. Set the Multimeter to measure DC voltage:

Double click on Multimeter to open the properties window shown in Figure 15. Select
V to measure voltage. Select the DC wave shape. (Notice that the meter can also
measure current A and resistance . It can measure AC as well as DC values.
Leave the window open for viewing the measurements.

Selection for Selection for

AC Measurement DC Measurement

Figure 15: Multimeter properties window

STEP D: Placing a Multimeter or Ammeter in series to measure current.

1. Place a second Multimeter in the workspace as we did in Step C. Remove the connection
between R1 and R2. Connect the + terminal of the Multimeter towards R1 and the -
terminal towards R2 as shown in Figure 16.
2. Set the Multimeter to measure current:
Double click on this multimeter and select A in the multimeter properties window. Set the
wave shape to DC. If current flows from 3 to zero, the meter will read positive.

Figure 16: Multimeter connection for current measurement

STEP E: Simulate the circuit.
1. Save the file.
Select
FileSave
2. Show the Simulate Switch, on the
workspace. Select ViewSimulate Switch.
3. If the properties window is not open, double click the multimeters. Click to 1 position
(ON) of the simulation switch to start simulation. Results will appear in the properties
window of Multimeter. Compare your result with those in Figure 17 and show them to
your instructor.

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

Figure 17: Simulation result

Experiment No: 12
1. Build the circuit of Figure 18 in Multisim Electronics Workbench.
2. Connect a voltmeter between nodes a and b.
3. Connect an ammeter for the measurement of Ib0.
9
D E
5
9
LQ 5
5 9

,
E

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 Lab Manual for course no: ECE-1102, Dept. of ECE, RUET.

Appendix

(LABORATORY REGULATIONS AND SAFETY RULES)

The following Regulations and Safety Rules must be observed in all concerned laboratory
location.

1. It is the duty of all concerned who use any electrical laboratory to take all reasonable
steps to safeguard the HEALTH and SAFETY of themselves and all other users and
visitors.
2. Be sure that all equipment is properly working before using them for laboratory
exercises. Any defective equipment must be reported immediately to the Lab. Instructors
or Lab. Technical Staff.
3. Students are allowed to use only the equipment provided in the experiment manual or
equipment used for senior project laboratory.
4. Power supply terminals connected to any circuit are only energized with the presence of
the Instructor or Lab. Staff.
5. Students should keep a safety distance from the circuit breakers, electric circuits or any
moving parts during the experiment.
6. Avoid any part of your body to be connected to the energized circuit and ground.
7. Switch off the equipment and disconnect the power supplies from the circuit before
leaving the laboratory.
8. Observe cleanliness and proper laboratory house keeping of the equipment and other
related accessories.
9. Wear the proper clothes and safety gloves or goggles required in working areas that
involves fabrications of printed circuit boards, chemicals process control system, antenna
communication equipment and laser facility laboratories.
10. Double check your circuit connections specifically in handling electrical power
machines, AC motors and generators before switching ON the power supply.
11. Make sure that the last connection to be made in your circuit is the power supply and first
thing to be disconnected is also the power supply.
12. Equipment should not be removed, transferred to any location without permission from
the laboratory staff.
13. Software installation in any computer laboratory is not allowed without the permission
from the Laboratory Staff.
14. Computer games are strictly prohibited in the computer laboratory.
15. Students are not allowed to use any equipment without proper orientation and actual
hands on equipment operation.
16. Smoking and drinking in the laboratory are not permitted.

All these rules and regulations are necessary precaution in Electrical Laboratory to safeguard the
students, laboratory staff, the equipment and other laboratory users.

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