n

qls.r E.LCT Rotrt tCS C sen't

r-+-
B.Te<\

Alrebva
uNlT T '.- xlr.rmbeY S:lsitqm
,\ri,-t ELE aP(llYl^zw
.,t: i
1!$ EP!}H!
tu
i-!rl^r\ !\,

n''rtnbqts , t-tumbqv BqsQ aonUeYsiont

DiSi-te\ SgSftetnS , Binos'tr
mtq\ qvrd HQxqdacrnro.\ nuxnbqxs , coanP[e\qnts , s\gned RinorX
-

lne , Binorl
R?nern sto(atQ qtnA Qe3istexs
Nutnbc$s , B\nsvX eodes ,

snotS\ott.,Axiomqti(-beeiY]\t\onoRBodqqn A\ebro t

8o.sic *rheoratns ond PYoPe\\rQs o Boolq-qrr A\Xebxo ,

Boo\qqrn Ctr.nCt'ro\0g, conOnic-o.\ qVrd sta.nd.qxd Fofvns , crt\q1

r.oQtc- opq\atio\fts , DiXitcil t'eqic Gotqs , Crntenro*ed cirquits,

G'\qte- \eVe\ rn\niuniLotion : fhe \ qP met*d , FottY- tlAvio\oh,

t(-W\o.p , trive - Vq\r\ob\e t4V\o.P , Pvodtr(.} sR St[tns S,cn{i8iqo\o$,
:'' i '

Dcrr't - cqre': Cond,itbfrS , NAIID ( NoQ tuoptementgh$n

- ''
t

Exe\rrS\Ve - o[l. trurne\'roy\S ,

uNtT -s '-- Nkas

cornbinq{ronq\ cirtutts , Ano\qsis P\bqad\\a , DQ*iBn prrotedure,
cod.c- - co\uq{gron Birrq\\ AAdet *'S.rbt^rqt-to( r co\tt PrcFQ$.h\o\n,
r

t\qt8 Sq\at\o.(*o\ , tr.r\\ sr.r\o\rqQ*s\ , girr\q\t Subtto.(*ot uecivna.l ,

Aild.er , Bcb qdder , SnurX wr\r$tpLiQt ,

uoqrrt\ude compqyeto\,
Dec-ed.ets , Errcqlqlg qnd nnu\\ip(exexS ,

.___ iii
uNr\- :" Seq
tua]t/5
qeY\tiat (oqi c
ar{iry
^^ail.r

sqnchxo\nous ; segua\\\a\ c-irc-uits , sto\ota qtqmqvRs : lqtches ,

(n\xoducdorr to mu\tl Vibso.ffi,totS , etie r elops Arrol.gsfs o

,
e\octed s*Qo*\td CrftuitS, Stqte raduCrroy\ q\.\d Assignrnent
As6neh\o\eu\ Avro\Xsts procedu\e, circ-uits .^r?h Lqtc-he{ ,,

Des\Xn P\ScQ&\$Q , Red.qct\ov\ Or Sto'te- avrd 4{o,o tob(eg,

 Rqce * Fvee Shte. , Ass\Xnvnant , Hqloards.

uNtT-iV :
ResiSters
arr(jaaal*

ReXtsre.xs (.l)i*rn trqxq\\et(oo.d , shiRt reqisters ) s*riq\

ttqrns{r , Sqs\q\ Addition , un\va\sq.l dn\qt QeXistet t

Qipp\e counta\s i B\norq Rrppte qoqu\ter , Bc,b R\pptq

qo\$tQ\ r Sgnclnro\ous e5^.\ntg\S Ri,Ag|.\[ eoUntef Up -
] ,
boron esuntar , Bcs cguntgx , B\norX qen\ntqy trstt\n
Qqto\\q\ \oqd , cot^r$tet rrJi"rso unusqd sro.tq , RinX
c_o\r\te\ r tohnssn qo\\\\te\ .

oNrr-s:-
.J-:---J
'i
ngllgtt g[g LgBs
pJgtTs!$ng_w
Qqndom _ Acc_ess (v\q\fls\\
, Ersc\te_ q,nd Rqqd opqyq$on\
tinn\nX q:uvesotm
, Tqpes. ,oR, *q\'.:\\as:: Mqrno\r.6 beao&ing i
. ,

, cotnerdent o.*d^*q , nO*reqs

I
t'Au\\\ptcx..\ , Erro\ betac+\on
''n
4 qoryaClioo j Hqvnmivrq
qeeLq, S\r..e - Erfot cs\fec\rbyl , boulq(q * Errot t)e5qc*.on
,

_ { \Ao{y\r\r\r
Qqq.d oVr\u \\e\ns\\ ,i Corrnlcrinr
co\l$bi\q.\ eircuit trrrpQvne$tu\oy1
,

\p.s sR RDN\'S , cerrr\bc\taq.tcrnq-l pLD,s , PYot\o.mrncrbte

teq;ic Atnrq , Proxro.wrmq.bter A.rr:o1 ,;(_oqic
, Seguentio(,
P(og\q\$raqbte Devices.
 UruTTL
--
I

I. NUYIBER. SYSTEY\S Attb B66LEAN

,fl.r.F+tlrrrlr\.ir*>
ALGTEBRA
,VlAaraAfia4rrrv
a\r\
^^Ar\rrd-+

r. Ee5f11q\
vrunn\oqf stsg:-
3,\,S ,6,+, B, I (tod*Xits)
O,l,>l

Ex r: +1o ' 48-q 2ro-+ Bo.sq Qor) eqclix Qor) Sw&ox '

! -

! 73t'23 ---> (eo.s* siSniticavn Rit tor) &",S".t

| '-^'
t&T"
r.^bs-. sign'r$,conn
""so I " f lsR er) Lsb)
Frt (or) bid"rt I

( tlse e\) Msb) Jedm*r poivrt

t-l@A-L
tO to' lo ro to @St+\ovTq_\ rfq\ueS Gr\ cr:e-rqlrts
+ 3 [. z 3 -)

z' Sa nlrtdoqx
ofl C
" d.t ts)
Ex'. tlol lr ttool02_
t"t i i t- ---> Fos\t\ovrq-$ Wtrr.eS tg\) coe\g\l.*s
to t .Ol
J
Bt\o.Y$ Pstv.*'

B. St numLex SUS$:*
;,L,8,+,5,6,* (I dJ,A',u9

EX: , 4o+Z* , ta3'658

"38
B' B, BoS 6'----> Ne_iq\uS @O positio,r.o$ v*l-rlqf ,

I Z 3.6 5 N

t
oc*o.-0 poirtt .
4,S
,'o,\r'?,3
Ex,^ B43te r s+A.c3ra
--'
tet ," tgo ,it tt' -----> NerB\^.*S bU Pcc.itlo\^o.0 voh*of
I z A. r R
t
Hexo. d-euvro_0 poty* ,

Eg** btrp !Lu$!sx srsss:

Def.rnqg octo-! Hexo.4ecnno.0 <ino.xg

O o o ]--o
f-r
I
I I
I

2- 2_ L l-
I

lo
I

j \t
3 3 3
q
+ + t50
5

i s
S
tol
G e C ---1 ltO
+

l
+ -1 + I t\
8 lo R * t ooo
9 rt -t I - lool
to
\l
lz
\2_
rl
t\
l
-T
I
B
A

(-
.\ oto
- l ort
^I I Oo
13 _T
s I

D .1\ot
tT l6 -_-t- E r lto
ts + I

tr rltl
l6 )o _t I
lo t o oo o
t? 1\. -+ I
ll loDOl
Nusnbqr Bs.Se conuQ\sig0 "*

t. - Rttnqvq cov\uq\\igo : -
\l

\
-
Exr O (tot.tl), -- ( 1)
. /lD
irf (. iir
fuQ:- Io t I

.loj-\
t1t"'+ bKL + tKz + lX2' +lXz

Ctor.t\), = (s'+s)io
@ (tott.lot). = C.,," ),o
u t- ( x23+oxi * rxJ + txf + lxl + oxi"1 rxiS
= rr )+ r+ i+ +
=- (t r.Gri,o
(rotr. \oD,- = (rt'ozs),o

6
o1-. ccto-0
---...._.-
to secinnq\ cc)\lSJSgO:-
Exr o (+s.B)e= q ?)ro
lol:- ?x8' + Sxtot 3l q

C+s.3)r -. Qct.3+s)ro
@ (erq."(+ = C ?),o
s"t zxR' + .lKB'+ + xd +
'xf t "x[3
Sir^
<: 6x

= 6x6\ r t6t \ t+tfi,*ft

= 3gq t zot o.8+s + o.o t56zg -5 o'oo\Qo6rS
= f+ot .8Qt+) ro
(az+:+ tz)B = (+o+ 'Be tt) ro
 !xr- @ C Qe r.s \)g =e 1 ),o
'rf,- ots
not a\ octo.\ nu\doe-\
Ss , conue.(stgtrr is not trDSsi b(e

He4ggleci$not to bqcixna$ Colql!\Sisn : -

8.,.- O C+nr ..cg),c" = e ? ),o

&ol:^
:==>
4xtsL+ Axrr'+ zxrs + cx,i' o gx tf,L
+xzsc + toxtc t
* ttt ft6 2x,

\+q2 + t6o t , * + 1 o-3s\s62s

(rls+. *t)ro

C+nr. .l)te : (tla\ .+t)to

o (css.e+),s = C ? ),o
&o!'. c.K t*+ D K tt'r 3x tf t extd + }x 6L
= \ex2s6 t r3xrct 3 x $+ fu
- (tzt:. *ts),o
(c-u3. BD,e = Qgztt'+\$ro

Bo.se 5 no. E Dedunq\ conva\stQnn : r

:
EN'-- o Qq:r .23)s = C tt G. sl)to
'

-
&oQ't
<=: 4 xslt 3xs\ + \ xsot z^d + t*s'

= ro6t tS * I -L2-.r-3
\LS
\>\-
 (=z:r.rz)= : c ? ),o
.$[l :.t is hot a Rqse 3 tD.

Bo.Se R ho. AiSi*s q\Q O'1,2'

Dedrr,q0 19 RBt cEs&,':-

St:
-- o (e-s),o= C ?).
trracrtons-0 qonvQtsi$o
SS^ teQle\ Fa\t e6\uq\si's\n Po.Yh

2-ll1 g.zsX)- =Q.S

zLS-t
zl :-o
A
\ o,t rernorvrdoE
o"sx r- - l.O
tnteq-.{
I
L\'t-l \ +.*r, hottscvr pa\$ o(
o -l I ao tsp alJ
prodrrct .tqw[J
(t3),o:- t\olr {rsqn *ctr to
hottgwt .

O.2S,o= O "Ota

Q:,rs),o = (ttot'oDz

.@
Q.6)ro t? ),
*ol',- t-.P . c. tr.P'C
=r2-.
r[( O-6X:- - [->-
.lz-\ O.2-X :- - O. \
.-E -o 1 o.\xr- -- 6-B
c5 -1 o.8x:- :- 1.6 o,iooi
O.6t(z- - (.1
tE),o=Qor)- o-zx:->o'\
l-\
o.*Xr_:to.&
(5'a),o (tot - ioot ):-
--
O'E xL = r. 6.

Alote. :- Se thqra
o
rS Y\D \epeta*iev1 ',(t -tho*
< .\
the process rnutttplicat,Wr is be
stqp$ q(tq o\ \ *qcq) .
 Qeclga\ tq e-Ssst eo.lNgIsig.0 :*

Ex:^ () Gr.s>s)to= C ?. )8
;Y] " awteXe-x cosue\sieA^ Frqc*iorns.-! trarr:r covryerftlq

O .6 )S K =
K
_S-OOO tz

Co.e zs )to = Co. s)e

r1
Gs;,o Qrr )*

C+t.s2s ),o = (ttt.s)t

i

SoQ,. tvrtqggr Post* cc>Nqf\\enn

4\
fact'or,^o0 poJrt colluertr'or4

e [)qe O.RBXE, = I.SR\

eF-o 6.sRtxE : \.6+r
8[J -s
4\
o'612X t : S.316

l
I
o -q I o .31sxt :3.oo8
o.oo8XB 0. 0611
=
CzqO,o = tqsb\ 6.O6ttKt * o.St:_
Co.\qS,o = (o.t.tS3o$e
\QR ),o = (+so ' tqs3ods
C+qg.

8. Deir.nnq\ to
:- HeXq
:. Deirngrq! ' \
..::.
Eht ( (_ e \.1
Li ) rastt. +ss),,) rL(t
-- ._

So,[: SnteXer, Pant Conve-XSig,fl fxoc*\qr.e-g tuvt Qonvqyg'gn,4

--- o .+tS X (6
161 trs+ = e.SC ,(
ra\ t2> -L
o. S6K (6 : g.ge lu
re[-6*
t;
o.9oK16: t5.36.

o+ 0'36Xt6 = s.}C
o.+6x16 s rp.r(
(ttstr),o
= (+qgre
C
U
Co'+ss)
1D_- (o .crpsc),a U
(n st .+rg,; (+ar. cB Fsc),. g
 tt i) (tztt. tts)o = Ql ),.
trnhqqqr pnrt CsNa\\iSVl tr.co-c*tor,rc-l tro\At eonuq\siW)
"s.[
4E: (j
O.ltSa-|e = tt'QY B
16 l3>83 )
o'Q4Xtg =?-o\ \
,al zos - 3
O.o\X t6 = o.6y 6
tef:-z @rb O. 6\r X t6= ro.2.\ A
o @)c 1
(o-+rs),o= Co.RloA),a
t:zt r1o =L(C1b>3),e

q. Bose 3 to BaSqS :*
?-

Exr- ti )
==-
{e!:'-

sl" 0.s33XS : t.665

gf-= :
o-i t \.66sxs
O.32SXS =
3'Szs
\.625 I

tT ),o = Crz)s 0.6LSAS=-?'{zS \

o.l>SKS-: 0.+zS' V
o.?zS\-= 3. 6zS

Co.tl3),o = (0.(B rI6)s-

to- OCtA\ to
Ex,.^ ti)
So.0:- + 3.1
t\ \
+
J ou -$oto
 Q0 Cz:.q e)r : e ?)"
E'' 2R
+-t.t
q e
.t
oto otl \0o \lo

It. Hgxode-cimq\
F___ to R".noxg conve"tsig,o..-

S': Li ) C+4.t.),u= C I ).
U:- +Azc
.1, $ J, t,
o t\1 toto 0oro uoo

(!i) (sr.eq)..= C I ):_

So.[: D2_ E9
rLq A -t/
t\ot .ooto ((\o too I

12. B'r\a\\ oc-tq\ conUaf

-----+-.
sign : - I
:
\aRqzl
-\, (totr\. ro\)r= ) )E
Jr': u)
3oI.. o10\\\. \o\
< <-T == (z*. s)r
L + g--

{ ( otu'tor)r= (z+'s)e

G) (rot\.1)L: C 1 )r
<-Sol'.-
oo\o\\,loo
*3 (tr...,)*
"-t ,-"

Co tr ott . roo);(t:'tr)g
 Binqr
:v \l E ug@rostr
torr\o\\l ' l'o15)z =
( ? )re
$,.^ ti ) ,

&1'' o\\\o\\\'toto
-----= : (lq.A ),n
a-+ A
--

0o,\\ .,1ooo)- = C ),e.

1':
t'I
So.L'.- ooo\oQ(\,,oS = (t+.e),n
4
"T'+ =
a

t\. octq\ to He.xo, decrnnq.-0 l*

:-

B'. Lt ) (ts-+)(: t ) )re

&o.0-'. octq-0 Binq\\ *texa &unro{
-) --)
3 5. +
..t .U t.L'
o\\ tol t\l
(:s.+1 =
lq,lgr,\0"
t -b Ft -

Gs'+)B = (ts. s)re

tii; (rt.r)E = ( ) ,) ts
3o!,. +3 2
ttl Otl 6to

(+s- ';* : ( ttr.o11 .ot0).-L

--)
3Kc|-
ts- {-
 g @:*Aeci-a'l --+
r5. Hqxo.de-i'.w^ro-\
He)ca $inao1 FI
Gx'. fD (ro,G)ro:- c ?)( o.f
rI
.:S.,.Q,.
ooo
lb.
I \\o I
E
(\\ o JJ
Lt D. R)te :- (+Ug - S),-
sr+' JJ
:
a
(tu.s),o. Gs.+L
G s.0e
JJ
@ ('re. $) tg = C 1)R
JJ
&eg 3a
I
\ JJ
oo\
J
10(\ O too

: fut ot\
<-
,D(o\. )
+ 3 L-
r{
*{
*{

,gP" -{
*{
Btarax.d ad&it\sHn
,e F{
*{
-
Cor{\t Resu\t
+t
\
q
Susn lo F{
+l
o+o o O O
(t F{
ot( \ O \
\r
Ioo il
t+ o I
o I fl F{
r.+ \ c) I lo (ot
\ il
r{
J=.- d) per&rvon to\\ r- + \\\t 2_ rl
So-0'. totl
+\ \ t I
rl
-
-
o r
t\ \rz---\'-\--l o e-{
w
r{
lt
Co-vrg
\or(L+ \\tt>_ = \\oto^
'

+
Scr.ro

lE
.1* JJ
 ton" t tl olr+ ttlol @
Ul) Pe\oxnn
\\t o'l I
3o9' r ot
-----a- t

. tlro
.,t-llr
IDO I 1 o
tw t V
t

C.aWS Ss.tAfi

ro tr, t \otz + t\ \or loo(\oL

- "
(i\i ) {o(>t.te-{ llDl'ol:-
So0: toot.Lo
I I Ot'Ot
--l ol tD' t.l
uY\, \--+/
Csv\t-J S,-r$n

@:-
Er'.'- ti) \o\z x t\\1
&o Q:-
\ol
x \\\
(O \
\o\
\or
l0 oo I I

Lit; tC)\b.tz-E \D\t'lL

&o.Q' \o\o.(x to\\'\
---- \o\ot
totot
lotot
OOOOO
rnlol,
_'tj-ru.of

* Stg &h\sh'-
ti1 11 \ I0 t.= looz 6xi (,i) lotD'l : lo('ol
-Ex'. (tttr 1o [D"l
B'- roo)
lllrot
t\l
ar'
3"9^;
-tC)t'O'
loo
--1T0 1s \0 lO
(oo
rol tOlol
tlE 9( =9
+P Btrnxq
rl- r---:,
subtro.c*iwr + cor,^pb,vnq\nk .-
---- {I
\i
Note.'-
ea:- ta
g
- (
A-B A + Y's cornpbrrnanr og R s.tutro.c+\e^n wiuq ra&
covnptomeu*)
A*B A+ Qv-rjs cs$nPLasru^M og R + t C tu!oqyq16rn., \rSivrs
dirn,ntshed ri:.&ix .o*pot^*1
V rq&tx aeO Bo.se- o A { R v,crls
->
3e A4B B, qxe B\norX no.ts \'t^e^A

A-R= A+ t's co\mp. oR R +l t^:hqrce

= A+ds b$np. 6g R. A-)ttinuend
R -5 Suhtvqhend.
I
\s cornp\q\rQ[t:-
t.
t s o aln\ nuYnhe\
connpto_\an* <-a\n Ice" obtoiued
\
dnonXtu,q qo.C-[^ o tO 'i
tt
a.r*d ',r' to o
-
\'s corl5pbsoeq oQ ttOtoo\ is ooto(\o.
\ts as$fip[qmq\r Sqbtro.Cticsrn
:!
: .

rC,{eA''

t) AAcI vn',nuqvr.d qnd is cotnptqnnqrn.i o su\crtlSxqylg .

(.\) te tb.exe
o
IS c.artS\ atqY o.d&it\gn , -*Lt-o-,r2l *tkq-
-+vd
VeSL(t fs ive' . e\se {qsqr\k. ts , Q-\se. yesutt & Lw;
a.i) te rQSl(\ ?S +\e ,
qdd cav\\ to sqYn to get

1ila_ qcru..$ \.,a[^^a

fuu) rg \es\*\ ts '-ve tqKo t's cornrrp(.Q.wlqyl o$ S,rrt4

+o ae-t *t^s- o.c+u.e0 Va_b^e-

EX': (l) Pe\o\^n unsiqrned bivrcnxl Sqlotro.q\eU

=: ugi\ r,s
" Co.np br^1'p^^,t .
ri) tlola t 06lL
$" \tot
tO.Dl
--> vninuer,c0
Sr,rtc1Xa\r.Ou.d
o \l o ( s Counpb,tr,ta,ra- of S.rhroher^d.
 tt ot --) wrirnuqnd
Ot tc is 65r\\p. o 8u-\s
->
to o \
a-^^-, f--a'arta.--7
I

Co-x\t Slr-{fl
't
'$^e\e t s o' Ca\\\ ,
Resu\t ts +ve

To tet -t1^q ct- c*..ro-tr UG[r^-o t diReexence) odd C.o-v\u to

DOtl
,l
Et
- o - d.i qvn-.nqo

->

LIi) DDl z - \\orr_

8oQ:" 1O o I ----> sninuqv,d

\\ O \ Su-\otfqhqurd
--)Wr\rnue-\Nd
\DCI \
*-)
oo t o ---__) t'S. Corr.npLo_ruWAa.,Ub o{ S,..{6tfahq^d
\oll
(--l-1,t\-:
Suvn .

-r\erta- is \^o ca.Y\t. Qqsu\\ is -vQ

r's o(
To 8qt *'\^-o_ qc*uo-0 Uo.-!;.,ro tqKq co\nDl-o1fu\a/"(^ Su'vn

iS Covnp(aru.Lr.M o.R \o \\ ?s s \oo

z s c9,nsg\gr't .'-

2.s co\ph).^ a^ x o * I's Coilrr1Qkurc;6 o A + I

^
ei'wd t's CornnptoL.tr.-Or,^* o tD to
.-Ex'.-
8o['. = l's ConnPtolu.-o,r,rX
o'g toto +l
=-
oto(
= C}lol+ I
.tl
= Dt\D otto

g5 co.nf o[ totloo ',s of c\o'(Uox\tc \)o. Gi \+ \s i"oar.' .o\o;i -ir icit

.{itst I AS it is.
unki\ u {ou^oA \- .\t u iound't t\e^n Dxit e th.t
thtl c hon3je {he tr[Yng.\ni t'3 "no'5 {^to'n Ct, tc \: A'oc\ is toc ,)
zns cr=.nnp(emrerrs Su-btxqrgsrq ql\Sg ,-
--
-
(t\ AAd vn\nuevtd arrr.& J -s c.NP(qr, qv\t o s\_rbttqhe*d
(i.) AR\qr o-dditisrrr i e -t\^q\Q, is c*q\\U q{,r..A.AJ *fl1q fqsutt
?s '+*ra' r Q\se lve ' '
t i0 f + '+\^-o-- rasu-rt is + uq
to ta-t +ua- qquo-f \rq.Iuq
discg1r c! -t{^q c-4.\ \ \
Lr.v) 3-( -tuq \es\\tt ts ave' tr> tel -tt^q qc*u-o=( va,(r.,u_l toft
il* connpQr'nrror.tt oQ Su'Yn '

Err t. pqxornn Lr.ng\gr1 br\oxg sulotrqc\isrr *sryr.q is (ornpQptort+,

&" () tlotL* 1oto.

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a\Q-
\.Ri. '$utnc*reU r,.rot\r. tes 1
*- .b isrrpLUxuou* q.

to rr',n'(nirnise- vuxiu\k1 S
uSQ \"ove-
\^o. tc R \o\Q\
tg\'Nns'
{Na- urnn\oq.( o*

Boo\qqn u\qqka \L\\as '- -

-u

Li) QoN.t\utgXiue \e\tD

A\R : R+A

\i) Asso cio.*ive t-otr:

A+(R+c) = (Atg)te-
qts)q = nte.)
(n) b\str\ou$.w \utx)
ettte) = AR+Ac-
A* Kc = CA+$Cn+q)
Ltv) Add,.itiue Lqul
A4o = A

A+* = A

A+\ = I

AtA:- \
 Lv) .nnu\ttqLturRwr' PrsPqYt\
A-o - o
A.\ 5 A
A-A s A

A.'A = O,

U) Doub\e n\u\ts\n
G):
- A'
Lvi\; Abssrpligm \o.t-^l

n(A+e) I A

A+ AB : A
A (Ett)
= AR
AB+E = A rR
AR+ e = ArB .

uio o,.LalitX P\CIPQSt , AB+ hE = tArR) ( AtR)

trx) Uernoxqor.lS lhe-orqrn A.R = AtR
+
AtB A. -R
= --

tX) eoYrseT\Sq* t$nqoxeryr Ae+ Ac tBc= AR+ A-e.

E eso\a \\^q* (nts)(ntq)': A*Re-

p.too$t" L.H,\ = tnrR)(A*c)

-a',

: AA+Aq+RA +R( C.' n.* - R)

A + Ac-*"R$-tRe
Ac+ ( t+ c+ s) A e" tr A = r)

A +Bc (,* An6rri*g

=t iq
toxf-"-0 ,q*{.).
R.H.S.

o
A+Be -(A*B)(A+c)
Ex'.^ stnnp( i4X -go \\o *t*t boobovt eKP\Qt Sr"E+s to q snivr I

\o. o g variq\tsl o\ tRe-xojj .

( E to,> R' 6o1t. ofg
D& (* +R) ( n+E ) -
!

-@r]
&o.Q'.
+ A'B + R'A-t R'B
A.,q
A + A'G + B'A + o
A ( r+ B + E)
('.' lt orr'X^t\rli.,rq :
A C\+ r) f )
A

N.t + %bB r %tE+ iXa

3o!'. z\+ %\E + x'AE + {Ht
%BIttztEl + {Uz
a. $.r + xt> Q ,*ol^h+L\^ril .' )

Etz t "t\ G. . 4+tsc - (atelA+c ;

r\
\[e5+rt] tL
n
(r,.ti)+(x+t)J
-\

= ftztzl
\\\
xt + %B + e(t+ ? t I

So.9.'.- o'f8tb'J + rf g+ TJ
-=:
: dt,l + nuf,] a- ,ot )r\ I

A
TI + Ast REt At
-:
$! I
A t AB +46 t A-
". AR)
f\ * hea^6E()
a B + -\
c)
'= AB+ nEr*c)

ByA--4c
 @ ABc t fie+ ABe
3o0l- ' Asc r AeE +Es
= AB(c+E)t f S
Ag tAB
= B( n rI') =B e

,t b' * qb + zt6
Sol.,.- ,i Cqtu)t .:{.t
-:
+ ?(t
\
= "(
s (cr'ortl ("it U) --, dfst* ?b,r*iv u- (o-o.: )
L
t
?(f3
o+ db + dbtc + dd c d
\r- ( ol^sorpt\un \a\,r)

'--
Sd'r o,.+ o1 b+tc+ bl c\d + ----I ('.'AthB= AtR)

de-** d Cd +
: o.t lot d f c+ ctd + C d'e + C ' qtoqorptiern h^r)
ArEn : 4*g
= o.rb + c+
"td +
Cd'e *
i

o+bt e+ d +-e +
p\B$e *{^o.} A C I*c)( It,r-O =o
(n A+ Ac)f Ie+L)
= Ai I ferO t

Re.hB + Ag t) o)
Q\.I)s. + AG)
O +o =D.
p.T . (A+c)(nto)Cg+OCe+o; = AB tcD',
y^
'c
f A.A + Au't'cA t cuJtB'R + R'D + c'R* c"t
= f n*AbtcAtcb]f g*Rb+cRtt{ru
( Atc)Cn+l) Cet OCet c) AtRc = 6 + R)(A-O]
I
(n n eb) ( et cu)
CDt AB

P'\ r A-i r- RlRc ( nst c) *

Ae, I

Aet At a + ARc.AB t ARc.c

?
ABt A-cp6 + nGc C s'E= o)
(atE)(E+R) t aEc 1^

AB + Ea+ aR c-
A(e'rEO t ft C,' At 6c :--(A*rs) CA-.)
At(etE)t(Q+e;l tAt stE * r)
C
AB.+ Rc- + fr-
---f-,4=: t

r
\* Ae e' (+uwg-tt^:.g
=r)
F
\

pxove- *'t^od AEd+ F-eE-+*se + AEE' =E

--
nZ
(-.
L e + -\KJ t t-
Ac L BtaJ
-\

(.", A+? = r)
= Ac-t AC

= -cIA+AJ -a\
Ex'.^ ee-AuCo -v\^o 4o\\o u51*q
TJ
Beoloqn er p\aSStenn * o

".wdic-*eA \Ao, o ( var8".\starl o\ tite-ro.lg . :'''

@ AL + A Bc t Ac- 3 Urcxcr-tx .

-!oI'.' (AtA)a'+ A RE
-=
:- E + Atsc.

= (E+ q) (-E+ Ats)

= E+ AB

(Q-r^ * *1* z- t '.b t .*,z

(e{) + z t 2 t'tt\ + r$E

ry
"(\z+z+ztfsz rn)
Z +2'x'A ti- aLt t \
+E)Cz+*'D t %to
*= ^v
Qz \
Z+ tt*t t ,ta + UJZ
ztr* r*) + ?ttL\+ \)
Z. rr-
"tt '

([Erz)tz+at1+ LsE to t ven^qh[o-t

Bar
&o.8.'. a.q-z + ZtxX"ttr:Z
-1
(n+E)z
l-
-\ + Z{t+ ur ) lr ^d\

= ztrE 'rr :zct +

"= aE+ bE+ Z +-dt.
= Z+ n> + tsE-+ aX
= (z +rr) tz *E') + B -z + a'N
rr * L )\ +{.-15 2,.(t+ r) t tzt r)[> oE)
 t+ AW'"r'th^\^t
x+ttz = t

ds Cc'b+ s')* B( At a'cs) -to t Gtet o.l

neCL)+ des'*AB+ decs

= Asu Cc+ c') t AR + deu' C A+B q = (AteXR+q)

(*"f:r)
= ds,u + AB + dRi
: ,As tb +o')+ AB

{^q co,nn ptduvte-txt o ( -vt^o Boo(qan 4uvr ctigvr onnd

@.tsi*0 o. wRn'r'tnu\'o rrrurtrn\oqr o t UQnio.lohl
teAud*g to

9,'G (ee" ru) ( eE + cE)

XoQ.'.
7
o'(tqr toxiS qe\N\ptu,\Na^^i
(sa + Es)CnE+cS)
nAsE+Ascts) ('," A.n'=o)
GeEE-t sEcS +

o =l
,\'t d*z')tztt+ i)
Sol'. "itti-r + ) Q"t+'d+S )
-:

= e?,
tu' {)
o i, ) ftxt..at
i{J + oiun d) r )
: C"t'a'*od/t+ {dq +

{Yi t ii U
+ -a''d
-

-,t, C'\+d ) * U
----- -.'t'
-----------'---1-t
,-il; T
c- @
iJ1,*,1 = fi=O
q- )v
r,
7Z
--+
Lx)+L>)
- = t(.+z
 ,}
@ etnd tr s Aer Bc t Ac

F= (f+R) C e+ c) C nt t Srio. ^'s -t +1

&1'.^ U^olitt o{ ) ds
-r.x,s-
o\ "-r r\
etwd dro*l oF ?(tt ztZ =o , r's -g',
@
=) (at{)(x+z) --
\
3ol'. u.rdit*tr
..:,

;:ry GATES : -

"gys**
b\) ND\ ;s:-e:-
NOT Cac*e PQ-r$o\trns inve\stg\^ o peto$B\A

a..A"d e\ O o\r*Pr\t
At \^o.\ t inptt\

s. SrrsntooQ '- -
.J+ A '+ Y=A

TrU{h 1ub(o \r.rt\n "tabtq T.,r&i qe-ta\

'.- DLrtputs &r

$f{ QqlerNt possibtGties o( t(plr*'

t/p o/p

A Y=T

o I

I D

'ftrxn irr.q Aioqn o.\,\n : - tNs \nptr.* ( OtL*Qr.rrt L\5O-V

-----1q-

o
&9({.crs S\r.otsiuq tturtg- ve"l.qltenr.r ship t\ cq.t0n d

tisntv.X di*qxo*ttn

tt/e) A

(oh ) v
tc+.,*rt/+-tsj*ty-I
 qo.Ie
(\+ :*
S-

A+ Y= A
otr$Pu.t is So.u,rq qS 'fl/.e i

(IP <.r/s .
-t\

St \rsqd {o\
.o
\\^'\q Autrg

-
3, ANP =AgL-e "
-t
A\'\b pq\+o\{v\s (o3tc-a! v'nu\ttp Ueo$iQA/
8o*e_

t\ hcts. turo o\ $Ao\Q, 'r{p's o*d e\N!- ou*pnt .

A
\oqtc Sq\tol 'B
4

v- A o.nd B oMd----.N
f-
N

= AB- - -..t-l

2 i(P A [.\D Rc$e

.. '. -

A
oqtc sUrnhoQ
R-.|-l ,[
_ 'l -ll,-- = RB
f\ulSn rq\!o- I'^

A B Y

o o o
o \ D
1 o
I I

A\sb- =-S*e o(p ts Ktb \$Vro'u a\\ tlp't crrQ high'

ttvrn\u$ &ioq'tqt'n:-

,(Ve)- A o:,
.
ol I

(i{er rs ry
;-
(ole)'Y "..:t,,Oti, l-q
i" K\-,,o*** I

K- t. 1

t.
r. itp \\b--t$e -.
a. .N--....._
 @ OR tse l.-

OR toae pexbtv'rrt (o3tc*i: qA&it\s\^ . tb r^ag

o\ sNs\e trn p,.rr15 + g\^-q oq.\'ptrt

qum,tol ,.-
W. .BA
F.\
):A o\R o\---..N
= A t R + r - _. N
.l-iF o, L-Ro{e
"-

2i(b oR 'Jtal*q '.

*t-. t$sNeq{,E
_ t;:)__^t
= 4+c
tvut\n toJolo t-
Vp's "olP
A B Y

6 o o eR tr*- olP is L.t^:

o t
a

q\\ -t\^o- tcrPuis qsq

I tr:lr.or..rr
o I I

\ I Lotrs .
1

lbqis1 &iotxo*nt-.
(i{p) A

(:re; B O 'o
t.
t
i--_.i------]-
(oF) ) Oltr[,r

jp;e-:- Logt cixct*itg u;hi cfa trSG- ANb, oR, t=\oT

tqlreA 5l\A\t o.r\a- c-^l,{-o-d ADf Lontc crrcui6

USles.so\ Sqtgs r -
4 t -\Oe
'o.rro qello-d qtn\qrsoJ Wq
NAND
be_co.use- bg U.St"r..q ei\\^sy NIAt\-\b. o\ NoR q"$nS &lq

can tmPtornrtoru'l qnt toX?c circt^it

qG\q'-- TQ\$n t -\AND ?S 'q ccluhiuo$iW o(

NN \- 'r\xo

AT\D & f.\en '

tat r
bss Snmbol

A#-As
B_V

z--'.[e

):r*R

T{u$$n

ts \ors c,JNa^ *uo (i.ll -t(^{

6tntrb *olQ- o\P
9.\
\(P s os\a \in\
-rLo-- s-\oQ T s 0. Cr:vrnh..,trr.O.hSfn Of
NOR q!3 t- "Tq{sl\

OR 4 t\=\st {o\"4
LgB!. q$\bo.Q :'
A -- ilaA*R

.>Y=eTE
L itP's $oR--il*e l'
1#Y=ATE-
Y--?
 IN\ rs$
i[p's \ olP

A B Y

O 0 I
NDR t"$e o/e is htgh

I ,o 9 tot el^ qt\ t(p's .11 toto.

o I o
I I o

ExoR
-:. Qt) XoR Lor) .EKcLUS(ue*o-R BEe :-
(oq\c- sx\$,leol i

i+)=ArERB" AOB
AE r -AR

A ) xoR. o(p t s to,.o ofu^

o o o q\\ ",[p's as\a Sorrrrq -
o I 1

\ o 1

\ o

Eltlgu Lox) Xr.-\oR to\) SXCLUS\UE NOR .9O}A'.-

:

togic sqrmbo!'..
--
-

u-))t, Y = A'xuoe
= q AOB
AOR
?.-
s---_-

= ABtAB = Ae+48-'
 {\\\*dA
'---
EKNoR o (P is hiXh to[,,.0,^,a

0\\ ilP's CI\e_ ScT q.

oo
o\
\e)

oq XoR \o'tQ
is XNoR.
NOta: Auq\
-
.d4e:
brrq0 o? xoR Ba*e t s XNoR

&rro! oq Es+ nt
s-
=- h.a+F-E+RR+ R'R

: ?R* AR
Ex,.- frr.npl.enneql F = Ag RBI + BA *x,.^A b*\'c tonic- t"*q
So[:-

Lo{)
B

Exi oR , .NoP , EINoR , ExoR

Srnnp\or.,*our NtbT , Ao.tb { BoreS

us'.*X NAN\b 8rR

 Ao. N Y=AE
tr

L\oT qedtq
E!--\,
,.rSirnS NAt{\ w'-
A*---Do*--jt = f : ANt.R
Y=a

ANS qo:[e \rSr\^q

\t
NANb:-

aR Ssfe tlSlyq NaNb'.:

-.'*
\:ArR = A+R A.R (.' demo(Eo\{)
=

A _-___
=
(A.E)
a
NoR go.rQ" ..S\*R Nt ANb

Afuy=LtEs A.E = ffi

u*----)/
A

E XOR gcL*Q
\\s\ NAt-\D'.*

A- r\ Y:AOB : hR+ AR
-
e---JV- :

t -".

A
R
 EKNrR tqs
IE+Ag = ffi
-.-----l+

A- rtr )=AoR = A R. AR-

B EE'ne
--

Srnnp[esnq\t o,.\\ t$t XutQs

expect NoR Wre *sI^?
=EXn
f.!oR Xoie .

*"!l^ NoR qs*-e :-

NOT

o. oo. '-=
a
ry:A
AND tire usi$,-

e
--Ll-

oR tore uSiug NoP to*e :-

':-
A. \. l=AtB=AtR
e---)/-
 NAND qc$e LrSi\ NbR te\te :t

A* T\ = ?+s =
-H

I Et--.
AB
. AtE
e -----))
A

EXoR aq\e .tSi*q .-\rOR $$e :

A , \\. y=Aoe,
s--1v rr
-__
= ?e+aE AR+AR
-:

=-AB T- AR

Exa.roR Bqte Ltst!^q NDR

A --------f\llD-.< \: Aog = AE + AS : AR+ 6s

e*-4)/ ---
= =--:-
[+E + ErE (RAE F-R-
" F*E-
__
*ts * htE

9^' Ssoptqrrnqvrt F = at + :tqt \E u.\iwq t\ ) Rqsii $rq

t\) Arrs 4 Nor A*tes ti(.) oR q NoT q"+er
fuv) ontt NANs 8*re (ir) on{t r\OR. Sote
5o1:-
- F* E.tr ttt tz
\i) tr Str,n q Bqs?c t**eg .

n
t

t \) uq',*A 4 Nct\- qeta

F-at+q\+\z = iq+q\+SE =-
a(u.
"t\ HE

(iii ) 6usi"q oR + Nctr ..tote{

:
.

F- ?tt et3+ 5E
-:-\
'rt$t ?X + b+
:-
z.r.S f itB + (B)
-
::-
DrtE + .:t+h + =.-
Ht>

W) usi,a.n t\ANS AoSe

ts.H+ art Hi
q tHt\tr ( {o,^" orp^ g )
HE
.drrltri
 U1) ut\ t\toR. q*e{ '

tr= Att a(H+ XE

.--
R\*iE't uL
= x+\+EGa$[
=.-

- 1t+\ t =--= :--.- :=- ---

= -: 2i.+ S= + HtL
-=< e(tq+r.+X+f,tt

x R.p*.s."rtot\$n js S\ Ntns L"J $[c 4unGsnns

tor) RecLqqrr
S^,'=
.rbrqtq q\a ttr:o sUndqrd frr*ns o,rn t^:\r..rc-l-
(.rti. {urnct\ons ,
cg\n teQ. exPrre\\ed
I
() Surtrn qT prod.ucls &rurn ( SoP)

(,\) Pv55$uu of Strv$'S ( oos) .

o oT prc.d^rq* tetuns ottd

ti) Sop--- SoP rS
TooP
&2ettnex

Sa.' F: 2(t{- et[ t l:

 ti\ ) po\ i PoS ts a- t**P oe S.*\n terorg At.lDad -t%

p r Ct* E)trt{\)tXtt)
M^onl csnonlcq! -g ( g\ ftt^n s :-
- <Ian&a4
a\t. *tt^a i'"&vi4r^oJ
1ri; 11^o! soP 4 Pos *>r'^,rs

te\ry\S Ao v\D! csvr*drrn o.Il vqniqhh-r a eq& 1a\no ?s

't[a,.^ it
soP 4 Pos -btrnn torrctoins q'[f va,\iahG-l
s*# soP 4 Pos &rtnS
Ex. o( etsoP is,
trcA,B,c): Eect Aec+ AEC

Ex. o.Q G,Pos is ,

F (A, B, c) = ( [+a'tc)( e+u+c) (n+E+c)

Gx:- QONq\t tt\a- ftVe.ut

qx pyas(ie^^ ts 't\Nto

SDP {orv.n..

Li) \(A,R,c) :- Ae+ nE, c

b[r- Astctt)+ nEc
IRc+ kE+ *G.c

ti\ ) Y(AtR,c) = AR+Rc+ cA

&o!: Ae(ctE) + RcCnt[)+ aA (<tE)
4 =
+ AS'c+ AR e
= ABc + AKE + ARc -t Esc-
= ARc- Ct+t+0 t +St t AR< + ARq (.' ,*a'^tlr^^\^r :,)
> Acc+ Arc-1 AR'(+ En..
[ii\ \ A(x,\,8) = Y+XY+ X\z
&oh' : x(y+T ) (z+z) + xY ( z+E) + xY z a
= X(vz+Y=+Tz+T?) t xv(z+E)+XY=

= xYz + xYE+xTz + xYE + x

= Xyz(t+ t+ t) 1 xlE+ x9z + xtE-+xYE
: xyz + YYE + xg* + xlE+- kYE \
!

\.v,+xv'-+XVZ-+raV,
W EK'. Cornv e{t \\r.0 X\ve^,r Q-xpre ss iov) tv.to ecr:\AcAn[c.4/ Fcs

&t*n
o F(ArG,c) CAtsXs+ c)C4tc)

:&"!.1"
tttsrcE)tetctnE)Stc*r,G) C $,o*ibu+,vp)
QAtB+ c)(n+e,t t) ( e*cr n)tR*q+ I )(AteBXn*G* c)

(A+ R*c) ( A*a.*") (A't8+.) ( A+ R+ E)

L,\) tr C{, B,+) = '{ Cztt) tz+ S+tr)

$o,t'.- (zt b t + zE)Cr+tt zE) (x+ B tE)
:i,

C *r UB rE)(xt H tz)Cv-t U+ EXvrt X tE)

t z)(",.+tB
Cx+Ht t)Crtt g-4t *b+E)(r,* T+ E)t"*HtL)(xty*E)
(z*tt>)(zt E+ z)ftttU tE)(:t+ \n E)

* t'{intefrns o"nd t^o.XbqYv'o S '.*

+ Eo-c\n irndivi&uo-g te$^n ts csop ?s cqUL.0 Minte(trrr

+ Eo.et^ i.,r&iviAr.r.q0 tqtun in ePoS is c-q1lqJ Mo.KtQYq.

* tro\ ''r.' r,qr\*\s\o- \oXiq &.t nq\iG,cr -t\lrexe. qf\{ {

xnir,rtqssrnS Axl.d o-\ $^cxtqfwrS

uh$s ud rss g 3 Rinur H

vorri ab hf ttirnte-{'ryrS Cnnt) Mqxtrr{n

-V
C rrrr )
ABC Tet$ &siqnole6 Tef.tfr &Sigrta.tiO,ra
ooo A-E E $fls A+Rt c Mo
ool FEc $nr A+ c,r E Ml
o .l o FsE rtlA r_ ArE+c _- t12_
0 00 Asc rn3 n+E+i - r.1,J
o 00 A EE rrv19
AtS+ q M
r o,0 A E'c rn5 Ar< t C-
Y

M5
r 00 A B-c $fi g **igt e * 11,
lrl AR c ,rnn ,
 -> thq $er\rqtQ\to \eprQSqrxtqd tog rn , t\4fxta1rrr1l bg M
.: tne S.r\sSc-f \ Pt is -t(^o &ci*nol ltLt\A bE{ a?ui v a-for,,r,* o (

borlno*\\ rn PU* '

\^OtqHSl g , togic
t V.ri*fn -t\nese- Shot\ hornd urnQh\S\n Co'Y)

be \ap\Qsa-\N\Qd a-s (ottotus '

I 1t o t I t Ol I o o
Etr' ti)
--t
\: ABc + Isc + AEc + A tr E
= s'nq + \3 + \\g + M1
( 5tmCS,et,S'f)
: ds^notef So P
= (3,q,S,?)
D6ololltl

= Mo-Mu,M+
-ITM(o,5,T)
=
= Tr(o,S,+) Tr denote s po s

Note:'s+ ofe .Bunc. tS

1l
I *trro.r,n tt Qo\\esPot.df to vt\vrteyvy
'- *{.a; tt esrrdpoSd* to \q{wt
t_+ o(p .funt: \\ o o^
P" Mo..r '

_
Ex:-
- Ftnd SoP Or*d Pos Qtpre sS is\^s .f.rgm giu eu

ooo ! NlOt e'--

o0l D -- _()
o \o I
OIP tS I --+ sa,\nte (on

o't .o^
I I DIP t\ D t Aa\te \f\t\f\
\ oo -> ,

o
tDI o
r lD o
\ ll I

&o,!.1" Sor
,F
. + AG e t ARc t Ae,e-
AE
Y(A,K,c) =
= \nn o+ ffiz* m3+ rv\+ = a*(o, 2, 3. +)
PT
YCATB, c) = (A+e+i) tI-+ s+ c)CE *,4*i) 1[+E+ c)
.= \^r.t"\4.Mg. N\6 =- T\MC,,q,s,6)
*' Fxonn aa*- a]oova- exPfQ\\ig'^q -theve- is
q CornPhrl^ar$ory ,
.^^G a l
 B Vo.lu.a6q qKP\QSSiQ^^q

bsdqqn o.\Xebra

ri) \ o{ i(p
B \,rrs\io.bka
\ = $Ar * NR+ \ctS t \+
-

"!o0'.
= AEe+ ABq+ AEc + ABe
= A.( BtR)+ n e (e+R)
(. A+h= i)

= cCA+E) =
(r) Y= Trt^(8,+)

So.0l" \, = Mg.M+
_ 1a.e-Z) tA.A-e)
= n.I t + A.R+ R + B'c + eA+Rc,+ c
F F\f:-F\

A.E + A.E

' AE + Af + A.tr+e+R.a + C. rE A

= R(n+E)t ? Cn*E)+ E(,+ a)+ E

= E+E+ E +E ('- (tar.nnt\rr\t = , )

= B+ e

Ex'.^ cc\n ve\\ *\,\q- \otvQlrr

ex pre ssi E^n i*to M\$tstiA s (lt
e-

counp(tru.unttx\ f){opq\tt , crru'.d Sivnpt-r(1 -tt^a erpfe\siqr,

ri) F = 'ITI'A L3,S,+)

F = $\I.MS'Ml _- r\ni s ?s Pos -Qot,rn.,
a 8.o1":-

E o
Sop .?rcvon t( '

'tr(ArB,C) Ztn(o.t1z,U, 6)
\Ao * "(.nr* v\NLt$Au* \6

AeatEE,c + [eC + A-Bc.tABf

AECc-rE)+ [ BE + AECr<tG,)
f,F+,EraF-.r- aF
 = AR+ ECAB+*) ( ,.' d;s+ritou*ive to.to)
= (AE* E)C AG+AetA)
=(Aet e)( Ate*g;'+A)
(A+A) * hE,+ E'
= (nAte)
*t-U\o -lo\\o *tt,t.q 4urn t.t-tgrls Squn o.P tnniUt<vrq
?rn
fx 1^ ExPt Qss (
o+ Mol(' ten^At " cauonicd
C carnovr\coi
ssp) o'.*d P^rodrrU .
POS)
= .*:t* ?tt+Uz +
tt
e(bE'
(i) c( t^:,x'\'E) R

&t. "tb
d__$ I
\'/ (^l 1t t
I
bJx \z o to o _ rnq
Oo tO {Y\u
yl .f\n o lo I
- sf\s
OD 3
\ .o. o ffl tl
o\ ,o _ fn6 I

\l l- ton? I to I tnnB.
Ot

(^)
re(S Z" wr\
-
xHz
\0 I
o o\ 'l - trAj ol I I Tn+

o \ t \ r \ I - ff,s.
t I
-v\r\:t
rlf\
\ o - rrt(' r,t

1'
\ I I -
c soP qor) Surtrlr o rnn.?rntqrunr 4orwr"
,
/
trtvo,Y,\,2) $A 2-+ Ts3+ lltA \.1 +\S+ \AA t\Qn W,r *W t"t
= S
M,3 t sA rS

= 2m(z,j,Lt; s, 6, *, \\ r (2-1tj, r5)

Rexnor,i.,trw -tqYvv\x o.A! p1q1{q[tltlvl

U

CPo! Qor) Plodu* o tlo<tQXr,rns {ofv,n ,

Qt.rr'rt,t,?) , Mo.M,'Mts'Mq'M,o' 11 rg

Tf Mfo,t,B,1,t0,lt'()
 trt A tR,e) = Cee+ c)C Ac + R)

&r.h-
?
trLA,B ,C) : ABc t AR t Ac +Rr.
ABC AB gs- &-c
A Bc- ABc ARE
'b t *Yn
A RE
1 r r+S+ \ I o -[n6 I 3 \bt ^ \fn
\ \ I -\n.1 r \l _ ronX ( l, 's
-- yhl

S.nxn o4 vrn'r\tev\rxg F 2mCj,s,G,*)

Product o& NAo$ tq\\^Ng E T nt(o t (1L,\)

* KglnaL\ab l'{qp Cu-MoA o-

t{ -t trp qiver o. Sgstenrnutic appretJn &r S.9*,rph,fX\

A toed.oo.xr a-x PYeS\ign *rt^o bests o( 'ttfrs \N^oJS^o4 tS

o. gvo.phico-! cVrq$t \
K\AOu.l\h q-g K - $,\o.p !t conto.irq
[oxe] cqil.o-d ceil.s Eqch oR *t^o . cQ0[ Tatrese\\t3
One- oR *tt\o J poss\bto pvoduclS T1^cU Co^ be- {r.f,med
.kg\r^ 'rA vqriubb} .

2-vortah\e K* Mo.P
Li) Repr es qvtto.*ig.o r^t\uq a--voeeioloto- t-tnsP
N BB tr.\ute$tl,3 W .*-
a AE Ae o I
A Atr AB
o moac mr
I
tnL YnB
ln ll

e -rrq+\e{ato B -rooq
v@ "egi"t
\Aoil{sfi/Ytt
(i) Repyeggulhqligv\ ttsiuq t\\(X\gY\A.$ ,

A
 Br" () strn ptiRX FCA R) m(o, ) t -Si^1 t{* vlo.p @rt
B
Xo.O'.
:
I
FCA rB) : t-vn(o, t)
. = Tnotrnl
trtu rminte.$ns L.oo,t{ 't'.
v C.. tr(Arts)=TE+aR
a,

(i) s?,nr ptt{a P({\tB) \ 5.rn (o,z) trsil\,t k-MqP

^\B
E B
^\-o i
e) (rn (o,t)
a ,If,"|-l s(n
.9"-01 ,

A rMfJ fr)o* Yn2_ .

(R'.s) - B

Qii) Srnp[tRX e(A rR) -- -Co,3) "tst\^q K*Mo'P

A \BB'\
r'(ArB)- J(o,B)
$!,. A
A. ?ffi
= fno + Tn3

e(AtR): AR +AS

Ctv) (mflt1 s(A rs) = tU (ol, 3,) USivtX K't/aP '

&rX'. A 1s:F F(A,B): rtrq(t,i)

A

a ;m =* M,+ M3
o
6.;\\ rvroxte-\,nns coo..'tL,r S .

etR,e) = E

S?unVtiE"t e(x r t) = tt Ct ,r) t^s'q k+^qP,

Lv)
Sotr'.
x s AB
ot FCx,t5)= trM(trr-)
:-.
x o (o
= Mit't,
* @ tri\\
I
N\qKte\,rns eoi+r,. b' s

a
F(x, s) (o.+ E)Ca t S)
 3 - Vqvio.b\e t<* Mop 3 -

Repvesevrioh.on *t*t trNvrtqrrru

Bc
A G^
L_ \: \- TSC. ltec oo ol ll lo
a AtrA A trc- E ec- Ase o YYIe Ynr Yn-.5e TnL
A Atre ARc ARC ABe I fr,* o nns rn-,2 rn6 c

Represerttoliorrx rSt*q t
^qxtqvvns
Bc
A c B-bE E+E E+
AtB+c A+ R+E
"
A Etd A+E+e n+
A It Rtc A+RrE E+E+E f r E+c-

=Exl o sirnnp[i(\ s(Ar R, g 4-rn(t, s,2,6) US?r^.X [. - Mop.

So-f ,^
A
ecE e
ooo
Ec BC eE
o
E F(ArR.O * 5n'1( t, S,z,C)
A
\1O 1 tvy\1t nng-\ m6
o
tri\l mr\lttQyrnS t:ittn ^r 'S

OO
tr(ArB,c) = BC+ BE ('.' eCAtB,c) =- EEc+[s?reEctA8t
r{n'B,c) - B@ <-
Rt(ntA)+ e iGttr )
R,c * Rt
B,@c )

ti) 9*pttt F(AtRrc) s 2CtrR,S,4,6) *i"B k{rtot .

Asc Ee Rq Kc R- lo
3o-0.
+: : {(r
Eo F(ArR,c) r3,S, +, (_)

At
h,t rn3 tTns+m6trn+

tr\\\ r\\n
--o
tqfw\s o,>il\ 'r's ^

.(^,e,6=.-r"!
 tr(A rB, q) 5 Co r \ r ttrSr 2' 6)
ti\\ )
BC Qc BC SE
6 (A rR O = 'rfio{YrA,ttv\f rn.(t\stYYt6,;
I

f,o!'t oo o\ r\ tO' ,

--r-- A o

A I

.'. S[A,R,O= Btc'

g

Li") etx,\,?) z-nn(ort,2,3,s)

.ALEJe qF qe BE
l( ol \\ to
del:- oD
o
\

.'. e (x, H,{) * v.r Ez

\D F trt..A,L)- (-,,t{,S,6)
. oo (>\ t \ I

&c,.Al- a L b> !z BL tsE

=r='
,
D -x o rn, 3 I
\ .x.
I-D u uJs + {_,

.', Ftx,$,?): gz +E

Aorit CC\Q cox\dit grn

, it cqu be o oY l'
x-> Ao,n t Cq\Q sqmhb-Q

r,3,s) i g-d,( e +)
tvi) Y IA ,B,C) = 2mC ,

, gc [c Gs. qE
\ ( A r B,c) mrtrnR+tns + d5td1
A
Bc- E; 6\ , r\ =
L
z
I 5,_, tri\\ 'cn\ x\g\\NNg t":.:th ' '
I

q
o
\
o

ti Lf---+ *l- X6
tri\\ dovrt t9\wre toittn x'
'

5t \\no,,,{ be 'o' o\ ' t ' '

)tA..tt,c) c
= cor,rstJ.o-r- do = ,
sx :^ Siun ptKn -Yr,r..o 4o \\erss\v*g \ooo [oavr qx pre s\is\n q-d
Axqrs \eX?c cixt\rit'
fui) V(e,B,O = 2(o,r,1,6)
&o1:- Y(A,R,O * Z(o.r.",9
---'
= Yfto{\, tW\2-t\M5

\(n,B,O - ee+ec
("ti. c\\q\t , -
A

-Exl^ S'lrAnp L*$t 4ot\ou-r'.rnq taoo(q-o.M eX pveStiSl,. A*J

&'
Aro.n Lon?c- crvt'.r.its tl.s\*r'q t\ANb BeeQ gVr(U

Qi\i) F * 2Lo,\,s,G) t, ACq,t)

Solr \BtB EA
BrL E
Bc. Bc F : tnD\tn,+tnatMC+ dltdO
ir= A oo o\ \\
Rc.
to

Aco (T" il x3 F\\\ rrn',u\elwr\ w\ti,r ,'S

Ar ut,. I ,, 7
c-. tri\\ Aeruit tq\.1,rt wittr X S.

tr= Er B+Ae - AC+R rl

to
tcqlc cirtuit F ,- nE*
:.
= aE+G i
-T- G B'?4[ -

- - B.AI
-
A --

B
 ,@
- Livl tr( A , B,O - TiM(o,\rj,q,+) ...?
I

9l tl lO
A
oo
Brc R+ a E+E tr(A,B,c) = \M(D,(ri,Q'1)
t &!:"
oA Mo' [1,'M3't't+'\
=
rI
Fit\ t.^c.xtq{,l s tr\r,n cis .

trtA tB, c) : (sr c;(Rrt)ta+ E)

(o{)
te+c) ( R+t) (A+R)

Y Cx) F : \M(o,1,3,?) *t ttdCc,5.)

B+c B+E B+E E+C
F : ttt\ [o, t r3 +) +\d[>.s)
,
Ssl:^
Ao
- Ar = Mo'M,'M3'M?+ dr'dS
tri\\ tv\uxtq\yns t+:fu.n ds
' trtA,R rc) = Aa. Fi\\ dotrt tq{$os. ta1'qt\^ '15
(elnsidQ\( d.1, dg \g o's

Q(\ ) Givqrr F = [o,3,\ r*) . Pivrd tq) F (b ) dtro,! og F tc) F'

=-
&ol', o\c
Io f = {vntottr\r}) '
Al 1 fr\o t n)a + Toq+W2
F'\\\ 'M\$\Q{'Nr\ to^stft fS

F -+ ss SOP
ti) e (A ,R, c) t. Ee+ Bc = BOc

ti ) btro-$ o.R
6
F tS tE* E)(R+c)
n.E + c.R+ 6'r<'t c'i
BE+R< = 8oc
Duo-Q oe F = eE+Rc = ROc.

I
t"\) tr --> SOP .

.Ft = Tt( r12,s,6)

Ft = A^.n o( F) .

F. = E+c)(B+ c')
(
'' A:lqJiqbtq
Eygg '.-

Qepresentqtion ,*.int Mintqv{ns

CD c
AS CS CD CD C6 O ol rt lO

o0 rno lYl m3 rYll

AIB AB?D AEZ D ff Rcu A RCS r

T,B ABcb A eEu A RcU I ecS ot noq rng Yn-

'+ nfl6

AIB AeEu A BCD ABcU ARC6 rl st- rnr: Tt')rS h,u

A\B AEcD AB CD AEcl ABc> to Tto8
\ frlr, ft"\ro

Represento.t\on us\nX rvhxtesos

Aq
tb AR
SD
c+D c+D c+ b c+b oo ot rl to
* a
oo Mo Mr M3
A"tB A+R+c+t Rte.{e*O A+Rtc+D AtR+-ctc Mr-

AR+E*o
ot M+ t,ts M+ Mnb
A+B A+BrctD ArB+e+D A+B+c+t)
A.
It M11- M,a ltrs
\*B A+R+r*t A+R+c+D A+e+crt
A. A+B+ crD w\rtl

qtg*c*C AtR+ctD A+ei-a6 A+ts{c+N (D w\ts

A+g M9 Mu Mro

Sx:^ 1i FCArB,c,D)= -tn(2,+,s,9, ro t ta, t:)

&Dl Ae \
u
cD rS
Eb
oo
ec_D
ot
c\)
tt
cD
to
AAo)o U F ( A,8,.<-, $* r.nCa,\, s,qrro, (2,13)
leo)t ir;
h

-l = T$
r+tfnu+'{Yta+vn o
r m (o +vn (;t'fYl
B

$t-
6

Ag tt I
Lr- J,. tri\\ tq\nte(,rnS witrn iS
tE rco
.

Rr
il Fl ,"

eo tr(AtB,Q, b)= Bt+ AEb+EcE

 LO tr(\$, X,\, t) = m(1 13,$, 1'8 r t, to1\lp t2 | (\t)

&!'." tsL
6\
ts+-
t1
Sf tr(us,v..,.J,L) = hr\ tt m3\ vhs- tvY\.'t
ro
,6\ oo
w\t t\ t Ynro+ tY\rl
\ \rl{ s r\
6r o\
\\ rM,\vriQ\*,tf t rr'ttn- t'5
\o1 \\ $'-i

ua to

F tt tr) rr( , S ,Z) zoJ -\- ucz + u)1

uJx + LOZ + (r)Ea

rt() F(A,8, Q,D) : 2@,l,trR,Sr* ,8,9rlor tl ,t\,rS)

cb CD
cL, CD CD
So.tt- AE .tD ;; Ol \\ tO
AB OD l'r I _u" F(A,R, Qr D) - tYro \Vn r+YT\L+ V\n3+vn5 t
Ee olI [. I "
\\atttnt t \q r Yy\ \o.r vnit+
4 + .6

AB t\\ l.= I
YrlrR ltfhrs
l1 c rq

AE (o
o {l; LL-' IJ 1," tri\\ rn\{\\q\$r\f, t,ot*h i S

F(ArB,c1 o): D+ A

tiu; F=A(o, S ,l 18, to I ts) +ea (2,(trt).

C.D CD CD cD c!.
8o[: ol (t (o F= 5_ [o, S, 1, tr fo, rS) -t- d (f,6, (3)
AE 00
I'ylo + \\f\ S tTfl +* ri\ g rtln ,or tq,S f
Ie ol
Ag u
drr do$d,r
AN ro etfr *i.nta.C*. '|
uJr'\\ 1rS
:

ei\\ Aovr* \eI$ \ (r>otth X's ,

Cornsidea d.,a ,d, Rg' is.

F(A,R,c1 g)H Bo+EE : Bob

U) Z Lo t \, 2,u , ( ,6,1, \3,rs) + LdO, t2, ttt 19, tr) ,

&o!'.' F = \N\o\rNN,* \Mu-*s.r.t \lV\f +\,M ?'WItStrrl(f + d Zo 0t"t

--7
d,un dr+6,,
Git\ rrn\v*eli,rg t^rttr \^ S

I . s artn tArrn:./'J.'^ d=, d,, qS iS

 cu ts ZD
o\
ct>
\\
CD
to
AB Q5
..,rg oo
Ag D\

Ag \\
'\o.
A

o
OO etA,B,QrU): a+ D,
(or)

Eo. B

CVD F = ts ro(r,s ,B,ts,r3,r\)+ E_d (4,+) ,

CD aD c-D cD c'b
Ae \ p0 o\ r\
&"o"0'. \o F : \,t.fngt\y\t* h,StMtS +\,ql
=5
AE oo fr)
E
o , ? L
t&e* 4t
Eg olI D- -il.
Fi\l 'A' +etuwl i,.\t\
q
s
('S
AB (II tt '1,
_il,0
82- t{
Cows\&ur d.+ , &+ 0$ iS.
AE' roo c B q u (q

o'. e(A rB, e,D = Bu + Bc + AcD + AB cU' --+_

QiD = \M to,q,4,ro) tT\d(3'rt)

c+6 8*5 ?to
ot l\ to
-ry"- F= Mo$ Mqt Mlt t\,o t d. 'd,a
Ats 00

AtG ol Cornrst&nn As qs o'

-An I t\
E+B (b

p
* c + b)C A+"+b) (-q+6+ Eru)
6r F IA tB,Q,b) = Cn
 z) = \(o , q ,$,8, t\ r 12-, \\r) + \t $ (r. e)
f"*) tr C.ur,9( ,
(d
,
.ArE
t3
9tE Bt u
.

o\
F Qt^r,
e(,$.?) 5 Mo'sg'Mt^'Mq' HBMtt'
&o! r C,J+I Oto M.rM,ut S; d e
tr:tt D\ I

\\ tri\ r^^^'qxterw* ro\trn OS

'I:tt
Gtx to tri\\ / te-trnirs tr:\'t\ x's .

os
I

cD\si&on dr 6" Os

trCtu,.:t,S,z) = (Btz)( ;t@:+OC*tEtE)

-rnvicr\a\e
5_:_-

Repre-sentrnX t^si\ rnintef,r,q 4 Mq.xte$Yls

Ail.OS \\o 1U (o, too

00

o\
t\
(D

Exs Sirr.np\ 1{l.o Ro\\o*t^X boo Cqqrn qxP\asSi$^s ur.sir,r.q Kr Ma+ .

-
(ro,zt r ra,36)
ri) tr=TtM (o ,, ,Q 1 S,1,1t,t\ , tsr t6, tl ,Ls t2+,lgl z9 't')+ttd
;
4So\'.' Gto*G (tl)+ E c+o+E
C.rb{ G "*5G
or\ ot0 \lO t\\
ANCDE':T' oo
AB 6

R+E ol
[+[ \\
i*e rD

h--
-
( E * tr) (B +o) (E+ E+D)
Gi) F= am( o,2rQ,6, 1, tl rt3 r ls' tq , z\rL$rz?rLg,ll)

X[r
 DE--- ;--
CDE i.6e EDe CDE cDe cEE eGE
\ ooo 06\. Ou orb t\l tol loo
AB OO

Ag ol
DE
AB \\
AB \O

.O" tr= BE+AEE+TEFE

Nloter ti\ Crn K *tv\o.P pq"rV ts e $touP o tcoo adecou

cetts C^,v.t^"\C]A Ca\ncefu e^^a vari abto .

Quo.d is o. oL q o{aonnr cet[s

(iD
$ouP !r!i

\d^tc.t^ Co.rnce-Ir tu)o vo-xto.bbq .

[i") Octe.t is o, t*op og t o.{ecorrt .exn,

tr:hicln c-aYrce-$.r lhveq vGvicbkJ .

x^.^ o Us?u.q Jg-\^Ao.ttqh'= (qut strrrnpti1 :ttlq 4otto.oi^g.

ri) vt1 (C** b,)( cr d)J

So.0'. Yr= ( (q+ E) Ca+ d)) ('." &en"srqrt is [qtr

==?

( qFE) r (e+71 XtY . = x ,T

-
[a.c) + (E.e) F=T *T)
taO + (c.r)
(
\, = tr't r c.&

\ti ) Yr = (a+ r)r

So!'..
.4-
Yr = (a+ u)'
= a.6 = E.t^
Yr:6 u
 'EK:. @ Siurrpt\(1 *t^a 4o\totlsi.l'g aKPYQssietr's o^^d tunp

us'{Aq l- (qv e-! $J Att\b 8o.rc

ri) ABt + ABbr ARb'+ a'Cst+ ngC

0'ntBc =(Rte)(ato)
jt nd + Ae( u'tS ) + A c' D't
dBe'
L'
v nett AB + A"tDtt AtBc

= (At A'Xn* c'u') r CB.'

I
A+ ACD'+ n'g.
(pcn d.'d + ri<r/ = A"ibt+ AtBc'
: (At 4')( n+ Bi) + crbt
= A+ B,C * id
= (to+Bc'nts'))'
= A trE"6

A -....:-
A'Bc'eE
ts
C

@\)
t
\
A (nl te").C a o'))
t
C,
D
cl
B

S:- i lp vq\io-h(eA n

t-oto! rrrurrnbev of M\ax'Eqnn =- 2n

r\ \\ ,r r^6-^-atr-
Mtntq$Ins = 2
Yl

,n
, t\ \r ', (96[ean eypVeStiOtnl = Z
 .o
tne $,n\\r\U\0 'numbet oP NANb \a?*ired
s"@
to tsnpbrnnqxl A + AR\+ ABcl .

g A (,+ E* e'E) ('-' ttu(gt\nt^fl = r )

=A -A
.'o -r\e- v\Oo o $ N ANb toter Yegtrf,red : +.o

@ eirrrd cbrnp(o$nqrl.t oF F= EUZ+t\=

SoQr

connptO-rrrr.q^M o.P F' ts F= ?Ul + i\z

l
_
x\e . xHB
(a*gtE) (EoE *E)
Lz+ H+z) ('r+ H t z)
tr-.\

Pqr(orC.rn *{^o- .fu ttou.riv.q CIPQ \qtiG^ S tr"r z\lcomfl.^ta,rUgt 40r*:

I - bit Bi'natg o\.$Mqtmeti c.
(ii) *0.,-6 (iii) +r{ -+
ri) +6 -3
f-{0'.01-
*a*G +q*1
&o!'. +6-3 Sp.Q',
=-
=- (-L)+ = G.i1t q-q)
= Ge)
= Go)+ Cx)

Rq4ex etlc A dAit ic^/'.g

Po,gtq
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g
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\,
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(q- * +) [e-a + tS) = 6
DL=+ Qr) t+
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ao

tii; ( rtr)-n : (el:)*

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n
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o'. I x-- te \

tii) ({er )* = C
Jr0

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t-
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o
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a-. 46A = I

3. A@t = f, ( enverter)
Q, A0o= A
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A\tqrrrqttvq gte No{]::

t. -l.Io\ S.fS ,'

AA
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9-. N\ ANb $eLe

A
B

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Bo$E

qola p[qeq o. loutoto[q o] output

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OR
S(&!-'
(i\) it ts oR 8o$Q
p(o.ce. o. buhhb
ANO

iv"reu* sid.o- '

p(eceJ *trrd bulohk
k r) P(o.cq o. No\ t*t3 c'-)hqxe u)Q
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(j\ ) E\\ri,\uha &ouh\o trrlva-\\a{s

trsirq (cXfc .
Ex,.^ Y= ABt Ac N AN\b
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B Ae + ed

t*q}\l.sd ,

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c.

sterJ B',-

A
B

C
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:=-

tn oR go*e
t.crbhta- a.t o(p sr& &lo\
StQp )'-- v P\qc-a o. 4 P\crte q Bq*e.
=G-nsu g*e p\o.c,e o, bu\o\ts- o.}. i {p si& ( ptqcq q I(ot
Eo.ta.
A
B

3$:3'^ Qut'roo brr.tob\q 6AN\b u.e\ b6 .t\',\ f.roR

B
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= f+R rA*Tr