Chemical Reactor Design P Harriott PDF
Chemical Reactor Design P Harriott PDF
Chemical Reactor Design P Harriott PDF
Created by
Sneha R Iyer
B-Tech Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
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Author: P. Harriott
Edition: 1
Year: 2002
ISBN: 978-0824708818
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
1 Homogeneous Kinetics 6
3 Ideal Reactors 19
6 Nonideal Flow 61
8 Multiphase Reactors 96
3
List of Scilab Codes
4
Exa 7.1 Overall Reaction Rate Coefficient Percent Resistance
Reaction Volume and Reactor Size . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 7.2 The gradient for B in the liquid film . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 7.3 Overall mass transfer coefficient and percent resistance 76
Exa 7.4 Local selectivity due to mass transfer limitations . . . 78
Exa 7.5 Maximum rate of CO absorption and Dimensions of
Bubble Column Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exa 7.6 Fraction of O2 Power of agitator kLa and average dis-
solved oxygen concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 7.7 Apparent value of kLa regime of operation and selectiv-
ity dependency on gas mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 8.1 Gas absorption coefficient and fraction of overall resis-
tance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exa 8.2 External Mass Transfer resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 8.3 Apparent rate constant and consistency . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 9.1 Model II Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient K . . . 104
Exa 9.2 Model II Fraction unconverted naphthalene . . . . . . 106
Exa 10.1 Fraction unconverted naphthalene based on model II . 108
Exa 10.2 Conversion as a function of No of Gauzes . . . . . . . 110
5
Chapter 1
Homogeneous Kinetics
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Activation energy from packed bed data
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 1 Ex1 . 4 Pg No . 23
3 // T i t l e : A c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y from p a c k e d bed d a t a
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 clf
8 // COMMON INPUT
9 L = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9]; // Bed l e n g t h i n f e e t ( f t )
10 T =[330 338 348 361 380 415 447 458 ] // T e m p e r a t u r e
C o r r e s p o n d i n g t h e bed l e n g t h g i v e n ( C )
11 R =1.98587 E -3; // Gas c o n s t a n t ( k c a l / mol K)
12
13 //CALCLATION ( Ex1 . 4 . a )
6
14 // B a s i s i s 1 mol o f f e e d A( F u r f u r a l ) X m o l e s r e a c t e d
t o form F u r f u r a n and CO
15 x =( T -330) ./130; // C o n v e r s i o n b a s e d on f r a c t i o n a l
temperature r i s e
16 n = length ( T ) ; // 6 m o l e s o f steam p e r mole o f F u r f u r a l
i s u s e d t o d e c r e a s e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n t h e bed
17 P_mol = x +7; // T o t a l No . o f m o l e s i n p r o d u c t s t r e a m
18 for i =1:( n -1)
19 T_avg ( i ) = ( T ( i ) + T ( i +1) ) /2
20 P_molavg ( i ) = ( P_mol ( i ) + P_mol ( i +1) ) /2
21 delta_L ( i ) = L ( i +1) -L ( i )
22 k_1 ( i ) =(( P_molavg ( i ) ) / delta_L ( i ) ) * log ((1 - x ( i ) )
/(1 - x ( i +1) ) )
23 u1 ( i ) =(1/( T_avg ( i ) +273.15) ) ;
24 end
25 v1 =( log ( k_1 ) ) ;
26 i = length ( u1 ) ;
27 X1 =[ u1 ones (i ,1) ];
28 result1 = X1 \ v1 ;
29 k_1_dash = exp ( result1 (2 ,1) ) ;
30 E1 =( - R ) *( result1 (1 ,1) ) ;
31
32 //OUTPUT ( Ex1 . 4 . a )
33 // C o n s o l e Output
34 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex1 . 4 . a ) ;
35 mprintf ( \n
=================================================================
n )
36 mprintf ( L \ t \ t T \ t \ t x \ t \ t T a v e r a g e \ t (7+ x ) a v e
\ tk 1 )
37 mprintf ( \n ( f t ) \ t \ t ( C ) \ t \ t \t\t ( C ) \t )
38 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
)
39 for i =1: n -1
40 mprintf ( \ n%f \ t %f \ t %f ,L ( i +1) ,T ( i +1) ,x ( i +1) )
41 mprintf ( \ t %f \ t %f \ t %f , T_avg ( i ) , P_molavg ( i ) , k_1
(i))
7
42 end
43 mprintf ( \n\ nThe a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y from t h e s l o p e =
%f k c a l / mol , E1 ) ;
44 //
==================================================================
45
46
47 // T i t l e : I I Order R e a c t i o n
48 //
==================================================================
49 //CALCULATION ( Ex 1 . 4 . b )
50 for i =1:( n -1)
51 T_avg ( i ) = ( T ( i ) + T ( i +1) ) /2
52 P_molavg ( i ) = ( P_mol ( i ) + P_mol ( i +1) ) /2
53 delta_L ( i ) = L ( i +1) -L ( i )
54 k_2 ( i ) =(( P_molavg ( i ) ) / delta_L ( i ) ) *(( x ( i +1) -x ( i ) )
/((1 - x ( i +1) ) *(1 - x ( i ) ) ) )
55 u2 ( i ) =(1/( T_avg ( i ) +273.15) ) ;
56 end
57 v2 =( log ( k_2 ) ) ;
58 plot ( u1 .*1000 , v1 , o , u2 .*1000 , v2 , ) ;
59 xlabel ( 1 0 0 0 /T (K 1) ) ;
60 ylabel ( l n k 1 o r l n k 2 ) ;
61 xtitle ( l n k v s 1 0 0 0 /T ) ;
62 legend ( l n k 1 , l n k 2 ) ;
63 j = length ( u2 ) ;
64 X2 =[ u2 ones (j ,1) ];
65 result2 = X2 \ v2 ;
66 k_2_dash = exp ( result2 (2 ,1) ) ;
67 E2 =( - R ) *( result2 (1 ,1) ) ;
68
69 //OUTPUT ( Ex 1 . 4 . b )
70 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex1 . 4 . b ) ;
71 mprintf ( \n
=================================================================
n )
8
72 mprintf ( L \ t \ t T \ t \ t x \ t \ t T a v e r a g e \ t (7+ x ) a v e
\ tk 2 )
73 mprintf ( \n ( f t ) \ t \ t ( C ) \ t \ t \t\t ( C ) \t )
74 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
)
75 for i =1: n -1
76 mprintf ( \ n%f \ t %f \ t %f ,L ( i +1) ,T ( i +1) ,x ( i +1) )
77 mprintf ( \ t %f \ t %f \ t %f , T_avg ( i ) , P_molavg ( i ) , k_2
(i))
78 end
79 mprintf ( \n\ nThe a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y from t h e s l o p e =
%f k c a l / mol , E2 ) ;
80
81 // FILE OUTPUT
82 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter1 Ex4Output . t x t , w ) ;
83 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex1 . 4 . a ) ;
84 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================================
n )
85 mfprintf ( fid , L \ t \ t T \ t \ t x \ t \ t T a v e r a g e \ t (7+ x
) ave \ t k 1 )
86 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( f t ) \ t \ t ( C ) \ t \ t \t\t ( C ) \
t )
87 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
)
88 for i =1: n -1
89 mfprintf ( fid , \ n%f \ t %f \ t %f ,L ( i +1) ,T ( i +1) ,x ( i
+1) )
90 mfprintf ( fid , \ t %f \ t %f \ t %f , T_avg ( i ) , P_molavg ( i
) , k_1 ( i ) )
91 end
92 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ nThe a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y from t h e
s l o p e =%f k c a l / mol , E1 ) ;
93 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n
=================================================================
n )
9
94 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex1 . 4 . b ) ;
95 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================================
n )
96 mfprintf ( fid , L \ t \ t T \ t \ t x \ t \ t T a v e r a g e \ t (7+ x
) ave \ t k 2 )
97 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( f t ) \ t \ t ( C ) \ t \ t \t\t ( C ) \
t )
98 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
)
99 for i =1: n -1
100 mfprintf ( fid , \ n%f \ t %f \ t %f ,L ( i +1) ,T ( i +1) ,x ( i
+1) )
101 mfprintf ( fid , \ t %f \ t %f \ t %f , T_avg ( i ) , P_molavg ( i
) , k_2 ( i ) )
102 end
103 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ nThe a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y from t h e
s l o p e =%f k c a l / mol , E2 ) ;
104 mclose ( all ) ;
105
106 //
============================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===========================================
107 // D i s c l a i m e r ( Ex1 . 4 . a ) : The l a s t v a l u e o f t a v g and
k 1 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o L=9 i n T a b l e 1 . 6 ( Pg No .
25) of the textbook i s a misprint .
108 // The v a l u e s h o u l d be 4 5 2 . 5 and 4 . 9 5 5 4 7 6
r e s p e c t i v e l y i n s t e a d o f 455 and 1 8 . 2 a s p r i n t e d
in the textbook .
109 // Hence t h e r e i s a c h a n g e i n t h e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y
o b t a i n e d from t h e c o d e
110 // The a n s w e r o b t a i n e d i s 2 1 . 3 9 3 5 k c a l / mol i n s t e a d
o f 27 k c a l / mol a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k .
111 // F i g u r e 1 . 8 i s a p l o t b e t w e e n l n k 1 v s 1 0 0 0 /T
i n s t e a d o f k 1 v s 1 0 0 0 /T a s s t a t e d i n t h e
s o l u t i o n o f Ex1 . 4 . a
10
112 //
==================================================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 1 Ex1 . 5 Pg No . 29
3 // T i t l e : Methods t o d e t e r m i n e km and vm
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 clf
8 //INPUT
9 S =[2;5;10;15]*10^( -3) ; // C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
substrate [
HCO3 ]
10 r_reciprocal =[95;45;29;25]*10^(3) ; // R e c i p r o c a l r a t e s
11
( Ls e c / mol )
11
12 //CALCULATION
13 // P l o t 1 r e f e r e q u a t i o n 1 . 2 4 Pg No . 2 9
14 x1 =( S ) .^( -1) ;
15 y1 = r_reciprocal ;
16 scf (0)
17 plot ( x1 , y1 *10^( -3) , RED ) ;
18 xlabel ( 1 / [ S ] ) ;
19 ylabel ( ( 1 / r ) 10 3 ) ;
20 xtitle ( 1/ r v e r s u s 1/ S ) ;
21 p = length ( x1 ) ;
22 X_1 =[ x1 ones (p ,1) ];
23 R1 = X_1 \ y1 ;
24 slope (1) = R1 (1 ,1) ;
25 intercept (1) = R1 (2 ,1) ;
26 v_m (1) =(1/( intercept (1) ) ) ; //Maximum R e a c t i o n Rate (
mol /Ls e c )
27 k_m (1) = slope (1) * v_m (1) ; // M i c h a e l i s Menton c o n s t a n t
28
29 // P l o t 2 r e f e r e q u a t i o n 1 . 2 5 Pg No . 2 9
30 x2 = S ;
31 y2 = S .* r_reciprocal ;
32 scf (1)
33 plot ( x2 *10^(3) , y2 ) ;
34 xlabel ( ( S ) 1 0 3 ) ;
35 ylabel ( ( S ) / r ) ;
36 xtitle ( ( S ) / r v e r s u s ( S ) ) ;
37 q = length ( x2 ) ;
38 X_2 =[ x2 ones (q ,1) ];
39 R2 = X_2 \ y2 ;
40 slope (2) = R2 (1 ,1) ;
41 intercept (2) = R2 (2 ,1) ;
42 v_m (2) =1/( slope (2) ) ; //Maximum R e a c t i o n Rate ( mol /L
sec )
43 k_m (2) = intercept (2) /( slope (2) ) ; // M i c h a e l i s Menton
constant
44
12
45
46 //OUTPUT
47 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
48 mprintf ( \n \ t \ tMethod 1 \ tMethod 2 );
49 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
50 i =1
51 mprintf ( \n S l o p e \ t%f \ t%f , slope ( i ) , slope ( i
+1) ) ;
52 mprintf ( \n I n t e r c e p t \ t%f \ t%f , intercept ( i ) ,
intercept ( i +1) ) ;
53 mprintf ( \n Km (M) \ t%f \ t%f , k_m ( i ) , k_m ( i
+1) ) ;
54 mprintf ( \n Vm( mol /Ls e c ) %f\ t%f , v_m ( i ) , v_m ( i
+1) ) ;
55
56 // FILE OUTPUT
57 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter1 Ex5Output . t x t , w ) ;
58 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
59 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ t \ tMethod 1 \ tMethod 2 );
60 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
61 i =1
62 mfprintf ( fid , \n S l o p e \ t%f \ t%f , slope ( i ) ,
slope ( i +1) ) ;
63 mfprintf ( fid , \n I n t e r c e p t \ t%f \ t%f , intercept
( i ) , intercept ( i +1) ) ;
64 mfprintf ( fid , \n Km (M) \ t%f \ t%f , k_m ( i ) ,
k_m ( i +1) ) ;
65 mfprintf ( fid , \n Vm( mol /Ls e c ) %f\ t%f , v_m ( i ) ,
v_m ( i +1) ) ;
66 mclose ( fid ) ;
13
67
68 //
==================================================================
END OF PROGRAM=================================
69 // D i s c l a i m e r : L e a s t S q u a r e method i s u s e d t o f i n d
t h e s l o p e and i n t e r c e p t i n t h i s e x a m p l e .
70 // Hence t h e v a l u e s d i f f e r from t h e g r a p h i c a l l y
o b t a i n e d v a l u e s o f s l o p e and i n t e r c e p t i n t h e
textbook .
14
Chapter 2
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Effectiveness factor for solid catalyzed reaction
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 2 Ex2 . 1 Pg No . 5 2
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r f o r s o l i d c a t a l y z e d
reaction
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 clf
8 //INPUT
9 // Case : I c o n s t a n t h y d r o g e n p r e s s u r e : P H2= 2 1 1 0
torr
10 P_B =[70 185 286]; // Benzene P r e s s u r e ( t o r r )
15
11 r_1 =1 E -3 *[4.27 5.4 6.12]; // ( mol / h r g ) o b s e r v e d
rates
12 P_H2_const =2110; // C o n s t a n t Hydrogen P r e s s u r e ( t o r r )
13
14
15 // Case : I I C o n s t a n t b e n z e n e p r e s s u r e P B c o n s t =70
torr
16 P_H2 =[1050 2105 2988]; // Hydrogen P r e s s u r e ( t o r r )
17 r_2 =1 E -3 * [3.81 4.27 4.5]; // ( mol / h r g ) o b s e r v e d
rates
18 P_B_const =70; // C o n s t a n t Benzene P r e s s u r e ( t o r r )
19
20 //CALCULATION
21 // Case : I c o n s t a n t h y d r o g e n p r e s s u r e : P H2= 2 1 1 0
torr
22
23 n = length ( P_B )
24 for i =1: n
25 Y_1 ( i ) =( P_B ( i ) * P_H2_const / r_1 ( i ) ) ^(1/3) ;
26 X_1 ( i ) = P_B ( i ) ;
27 end
28 coefs_I = regress ( X_1 , Y_1 ) ;
29 intercept_1 = coefs_I (1)
30 slope_1 = coefs_I (2)
31
32 // Case : I I C o n s t a n t b e n z e n e p r e s s u r e P B c o n s t =70
torr
33 m = length ( P_H2 )
34 for i =1: n
35 Y_2 ( i ) =( P_B_const * P_H2 ( i ) / r_2 ( i ) ) ^(1/3) ;
36 X_2 ( i ) =( P_H2 ( i ) ) ^0.5;
37 end
38 coefs_II = regress ( X_2 , Y_2 ) ;
39 intercept_2 = coefs_II (1) ;
40 slope_2 = coefs_II (2) ;
41 coef_1 =( intercept_1 ) ^0.5;
42 coef_2 =( slope_1 * slope_2 ) ^(1/2) *( slope_1 / slope_2 ) *
intercept_1 ;
16
43
44 function y = funct1 ( K_H2 )
45 y = coef_2 * K_H2 ^0.5 - coef_1 * K_H2 ^(4/3) -1
46 endfunction
47
48 [ K_H2_res ]= fsolve (0 , funct1 ) ;
49
50 K_B = K_H2_res ^(4/3) *( slope_1 / slope_2 ) ;
51
52 k =(0.635) ^( -1/3) * K_B ^2/ K_H2_res ;
53 scf (0)
54 plot ( X_1 , Y_1 , )
55 xtitle ( Benzene H y d r o g e n a t i o n ( a ) V a r i a b l e b e n z e n e
pressure )
56 xlabel ( P B ( t o r r ) ) ;
57 ylabel ( ( P H2 P B / 1 0 3 r ) ( 1 / 3 ) ) ;
58 legend ( T=67.6 C );
59
60 scf (1)
61 plot ( X_2 , Y_2 , )
62 xtitle ( Benzene H y d r o g e n a t i o n ( b ) V a r i a b l e h y d r o g e n
pressure )
63 xlabel ( P H2 ( t o r r ) ) ;
64 ylabel ( ( P H2 P B / 1 0 3 r ) ( 1 / 3 ) ) ;
65 legend ( T=67.6 C );
66
67 //OUTPUT
68 mprintf ( \n Solving f o r the three parameters g i v e s )
;
69 mprintf ( \n K H2 = %f t o r r 1 , K_H2_res ) ;
70 mprintf ( \n K B = %f t o r r 1 , K_B ) ;
71 mprintf ( \n k = %E ,k ) ;
72
73 // FILE OUTPUT
74 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter2 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
75 mfprintf ( fid , \n S o l v i n g f o r t h e t h r e e p a r a m e t e r s
g i v e s );
76 mfprintf ( fid , \n K H2 = %f t o r r 1 , K_H2_res ) ;
17
77 mfprintf ( fid , \n K B = %f t o r r 1 , K_B ) ;
78 mfprintf ( fid , \n k = %E ,k ) ;
79 mclose ( fid ) ;
80
81 //
==================================================================
82 // D i s c l a i m e r : Page 53 There i s a t y p o i n t h e
e q u a t i o n f o r Y o b t a i n e d f o r Model c a s e I :
C o n s t a n t h y d r o g e n p r e s s u r e and v a r i a b l e b e n z e n e
pressure formulation
83 // From F i g 2 . 7 ( a ) , I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t f o r P H2 =
2110 t o r r , t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d f o r l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n . However , from
t a b l e 2 . 1 , o n l y two p o i n t s c o r r e s p o n d s t o P H2 =
2110 t o r r . In comparison with Fig . 2 . 7 ( a ) , the
t a b l e v a l u e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o P H2 = 2 1 0 5 i s a l s o
r e a d a s P H2 = 2 1 1 0 .
84 // T h e r e f o r e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e c o n s t a n t s a r e
d i f f e r e n t from t h a t o b t a i n e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k .
Also r e g r e s s i o n i s used to obtain the v a l u e s o f
s l o p e s and i n t e r c e p t w h e r e a s t h e t e x t b o o k
c o n s i d e r s g r a p h i c a l method f o r t h e c o m p u t a t i o n o f
the codes
18
Chapter 3
Ideal Reactors
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Time to reach desired conversion for bimolecular batch
reaction
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 1 Ex3 . 1 Pg No . 8 4
3 // T i t l e : Time t o r e a c h d e s i r e d c o n v e r s i o n f o r
b i m o l e c u l a r batch r e a c t i o n
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 C_A0 =1; // Assuming 1 mol b a s i s f o r the l i m i t i n g
reactant
9 C_B0_old =1.02; // 2% E x c e s s o f r e a c t a n t B i s s u p p l i e d
10 R_old = C_B0_old / C_A0 ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 7 Pg No .
11 X_A =0.995; // C o n v e r s i o n i n t e r m s o f l i m i t i n g r e a c t a n t
12 t_old =6.5; // Time r e q u i r e d f o r t h e g i v e n c o n v e r s i o n (
hr )
19
13 C_B0_new =1.05; // 5% E x c e s s o f r e a c t a n t B
14 R_new = C_B0_new / C_A0 ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 7 Pg No . 8 3
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 k =( log (( R_old - X_A ) /( R_old *(1 - X_A ) ) ) /(( R_old -1) * t_old
* C_A0 ) ) ;
18 t_new = log (( R_new - X_A ) /( R_new *(1 - X_A ) ) ) /(( R_new -1) * k *
C_A0 ) ;
19
20 //OUTPUT
21 mprintf ( \ nTime r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e r e q u i r e d
c o n v e r s i o n f o r 5%% e x c e s s o f B= %f h r , t_new ) ;
22
23 // FILE OUTPUT
24 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
25 mfprintf ( fid , \ nTime r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e r e q u i r e d
c o n v e r s i o n f o r 5%% e x c e s s o f B= %f h r , t_new ) ;
26 mclose ( fid ) ;
27 //=================================================
END OF PROGRAM==================================
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Residence time and heat generation for four STR s
in series
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 2 Pg No . 96
3 // T i t l e : R e s i d e n c e t i m e and h e a t g e n e r a t i o n f o r f o u r
STR s i n s e r i e s
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
20
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 X_A =0.95; // Given c o n v e r s i o n
9 t_batch =6; // Batch t i m e t o r e a c h t h e d e s i r e d
conversion
10 N =4 //No . o f r e a c t o r s i n s e r i e s
11 X_final = X_A ;
12
13 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 2 . a )
14 k = log ((1/(1 - X_A ) ) ) / t_batch ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 2 9 Pg
No . 90
15 t_1 =((1/(1 - X_A ) ) ^(1/ N ) -1) / k ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 4 0 Pg
No . 94
16 t_Tot = N * t_1 ;
17
18 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 2 . a )
19 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 2 . a ) ;
20 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
21 mprintf ( \ nThe t o t a l r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f t h e f o u r
r e a c t o r s i n s e r i e s = %f h r , t_Tot ) ;
22
23 //
==================================================================
24
25 // T i t l e : Heat g e n e r a t i o n i n CSTR i n S e r i e s
26 //
==================================================================
27 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 2 . b )
28 t_1 =((1/(1 - X_final ) ) ^(1/ N ) -1) / k ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
3 . 4 0 Pg No . 94
29 for i =1: N
30 X ( i ) =1 -(1/(1+ k * t_1 ) ^( i ) ) ;
31 end
32
21
33 delQ_by_Q (1) =( X (1) ) / X_final ; // R a t i o o f h e a t
generated in 1 st reactor
34 for i =1: N -1
35 delQ_by_Q ( i +1) =( X ( i +1) -X ( i ) ) / X_final ; // R a t i o
o f h e a t g e n e r a t e d i n 2 nd , 3 r d and 4 t h
reactors
36 end
37
38 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 2 . b )
39 mprintf ( \n
=================================================================
n )
40 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 2 . b ) ;
41 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
42 mprintf ( \ n R e a c t o r v e s s e l \ t C o n v e r s i o n \ t F r a c t i o n
o f t o t a l h e a t r e l e a s e d \n )
43 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
)
44 for i =1: N
45 mprintf ( \n %d \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \n ,i ,
X ( i ) , delQ_by_Q ( i ) )
46 end
47
48 // FILE OUTPUT
49 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
50 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 2 . a ) ;
51 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
52 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe t o t a l r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f t h e f o u r
r e a c t o r s i n s e r i e s = %f h r , t_Tot ) ;
53 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==============================================================
)
54 mfprintf ( fid , \ n R e a c t o r v e s s e l \ t C o n v e r s i o n \ t
22
F r a c t i o n o f t o t a l h e a t r e l e a s e d \n )
55 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==============================================================
)
56 for i =1: N
57 mfprintf ( fid , \n %d \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \
n ,i , X ( i ) , delQ_by_Q ( i ) )
58 end
59 mclose ( fid ) ;
60
61
62 //
=============================================================
END OF PROGRAM================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 3 Pg No . 97
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e on y i e l d
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 C_A0 =1; // I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f A
9 C_B0 =5; // I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f B
10 E1 =15; // A c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r f i r s t r e a c t i o n ( k c a l )
11 E2 =20; // A c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r s e c o n d r e a c t i o n ( k c a l )
12 X_A =0.88; // T o t a l c o n v e r s i o n o f r e a c t a n t A
13 Y =0.81; // Y i e l d f o r t h e r e a c t i o n t o p r o d u c e C
23
14 R =1.987; // Gas C o n s t a n t ( c a l /K1 mol 1)
15 T_0 =350; // T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
16
17 //CALCULATION
18 // Assuming f i r s t o r d e r by t a k i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n of B
constant s i n c e B i s in Excess
19 C_A = C_A0 *(1 - X_A ) ; // U n r e a c t e d amount o f A
20 C_B = C_B0 - Y ; // U n r e a c t e d amount o f B
21 k1_plus_k2_t =( X_A /(1 - X_A ) ) ;
22 S = Y / X_A ; // At 350K
23 k1_by_k2 =11.57;
24 k1_plus_k2_by_k2 = k1_by_k2 +1; // R e f e r Ex3 . 3 f o r t h e
coded e q u a t i o n s
25 k2_t = k1_plus_k2_t / k1_plus_k2_by_k2 ;
26 k1_t = k1_plus_k2_t - k2_t ;
27 T =345;
28 for i =1:7
29 T = T +5;
30 Temp ( i ) = T ;
31 k1_dash_t ( i ) = k1_t * exp ((( E1 *1000/ R ) *((1/ T_0 ) -(1/ T ) ) ) )
; // A r r h e n i u s law
32 k2_dash_t ( i ) = k2_t * exp ((( E2 *1000/ R ) *((1/ T_0 ) -(1/ T ) ) ) )
; // A r r h e n i u s law
33 k1_plus_k2_t_new ( i ) = k1_dash_t ( i ) + k2_dash_t ( i ) ;
34 X_A_new ( i ) = k1_plus_k2_t_new ( i ) /(1+ k1_plus_k2_t_new ( i
));
35 S_new ( i ) =(( k1_dash_t ( i ) / k2_dash_t ( i ) ) /(1+( k1_dash_t (
i ) / k2_dash_t ( i ) ) ) ) ;
36 Y_new ( i ) = S_new ( i ) * X_A_new ( i ) ;
37 end
38
39 //OUTPUT
40 mprintf ( ======================================= ) ;
41 mprintf ( \n\ t T \ t X A \ t S \ t Y );
42 mprintf ( \n\ t K \ t ( ) \ t ( ) \ t ( ) ) ;
43 mprintf ( \n====================================== ) ;
44 for i =1:7
45 mprintf ( \n\ t %d \ t %0 . 3 f \ t %0 . 3 f \ t %0 . 3 f ,
24
Temp ( i ) , X_A_new ( i ) , S_new ( i ) , Y_new ( i ) ) ;
46 end
47 maximum = max ( Y_new ) ;
48 mprintf ( \n\ t \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f y i e l d i s %f ,
maximum ) ;
49 mprintf ( \n\ t \ nHigh y i e l d i s o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n 365K
t o 375K ) ;
50
51 // FILE OUTPUT
52 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
53 mfprintf ( fid ,
======================================= ) ;
54 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t T \ t X A \ t S \ t Y ) ;
55 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t K \ t ( ) \ t ( ) \ t ( ) ) ;
56 mfprintf ( fid , \n
====================================== ) ;
57 for i =1:7
58 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t %d \ t %0 . 3 f \ t %0 . 3 f \ t %0 . 3 f
, Temp ( i ) , X_A_new ( i ) , S_new ( i ) , Y_new ( i ) ) ;
59 end
60 maximum = max ( Y_new ) ;
61 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t \ nThe maximum v a l u e o f y i e l d i s
%f , maximum ) ;
62 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t \ nHigh y i e l d i s o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n
365K t o 375K ) ;
63 mclose ( fid ) ;
64 //
======================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===================================================
65 // D i s c l a i m e r : R e f e r Ex3 . 3 i n t h e t e x t b o o k The
A r r h e n i u s law e q u a t i o n h a s a t y p o e r r o r .
E x p o n e n t i a l term m i s s i n g i n t h e t e x t b o o k
25
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Volume of reactor for Gas Phase isothermal reaction
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 4 Pg No . 101
3 // T i t l e : Volume o f r e a c t o r f o r Gas Phase i s o t h e r m a l
reaction
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 // F i r s t Order R e a c t i o n
9 // B a s i s : 1 mol o f f e e d
10 k =0.45; // Rate c o n s t a n t o f f i r s t o r d e r r e a c t i o n ( s 1)
11 v0 =120; // V o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e ( cm3/ s )
12 C_A0 =0.8; // I n i t i a l amount o f r e a c t a n t A ( mol )
13 X_A =0.95; // C o n v e r s i o n i n t e r m s o f r e a c t a n t A
14 C_inert =0.2; // C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i n e r t ( N i t r o g e n ) i n
feed
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 E_A =((2* C_A0 + C_inert ) -( C_A0 + C_inert ) ) /( C_A0 + C_inert )
; // Volume f r a c t i o n
18 Tot_mol =( C_A0 + C_inert ) +( E_A ) ; // T o t a l No . o f m o l e s
19 V = v0 *(( -( E_A ) * X_A ) + Tot_mol *( log (1/(1 - X_A ) ) ) ) /( k ) ; //
R e f e r P e r f o r m a n c e E q u a t i o n e q u a t i o n 3 . 4 4 and 3 . 4 2
i n Pg No . 100
20 V_l = V *10^ -3; // Volume o f r e a c t o r i n l i t e r s
21
22 //OUTPUT
26
23 mprintf ( \n\ tThe Volume o f t h e r e a c t o r r e q u i r e d f o r
t h e g i v e n c o n v e r s i o n i s %. 0 f cm3 o r %0 . 2 f l i t e r s
,V , V_l ) ;
24
25 // FILE OUTPUT
26 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex4Output . t x t , w ) ;
27 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe Volume o f t h e r e a c t o r r e q u i r e d
f o r t h e g i v e n c o n v e r s i o n i s %. 0 f cm3 o r %0 . 2 f
l i t e r s ,V , V_l ) ;
28 mclose ( fid ) ;
29 //
==============================================================
END OF PROGRAM
==========================================
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Rate Equation to fit Initial Rate data
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 5 Pg No . 104
3 // T i t l e : Rate E q u a t i o n t o f i t I n i t i a l Rate d a t a
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 clf ()
8 //INPUT ( Ex3 . 5 . 1 )
9 // I n i t i a l Rate Data
10 B_by_A = [5 7 10 20 37]; //B/A Mol R a t i o
11 r_0 =[75 65 50 33 18]; // Rate ( mol / h r g )
27
12
13 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 5 . 1 )
14 // Assuming E l e y R i d e a l Mechanism f o r t h e b e n z e n e
a l k y l a t i o n with propylene
15 for i =1:5
16 C_B ( i ) = ( B_by_A ( i ) /(1+ B_by_A ( i ) ) ) ; // I n t e r m s o f
Mol F r a a c t i o n
17 C_A ( i ) = (1/(1+ B_by_A ( i ) ) ) ;
18 CA_CB ( i ) = C_B ( i ) * C_A ( i ) ;
19 C_by_r ( i ) = CA_CB ( i ) / r_0 ( i ) ;
20 end
21 coefs = regress ( C_A , C_by_r ) ; // The e q u a t i o n ( ( C BC A ) /
r 0 )= 1 / ( k K A ) + ( C A/ k )
22 scf (0)
23 plot ( C_A , C_by_r , ) ;
24 xtitle ( T e s t o f Eley R i d e a l model f o r b e n z e n e
a l k y l a t i o n );
25 xlabel ( CA , Mol F r a c t i o n ) ;
26 ylabel ( CA CB/ r 0 ) ;
27 intercept = coefs (1) ;
28 slope = coefs (2) ;
29 K_A = slope / intercept ;
30 k =1/( slope ) ;
31 K_A_k = k * K_A ;
32
33 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 5 . 1 )
34 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 5 . 1 ) ;
35 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
)
36 mprintf ( \ nThe r a t e e q u a t i o n f o r Eley R i d e l y
Mechanism i s : \ n r= %0 . 0 fC A C B/(1+%0 . 2 fC A ) ,
K_A_k , K_A ) ;
37 //
==================================================================
38
39 // T i t l e : C o n v e r s i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f S p a c e v e l o c i t y
28
40 //
==================================================================
41 //INPUT ( Ex3 . 5 . 2 )
42 x = [0.16 0.31 0.40 0.75];
43 Exp_Inverse_WHSV =(10^ -3) *[4 8.2 17 39]; // Weight
Hourly Space V e l o c i t y
44 Feed_ratio =10;
45
46 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 5 . 2 )
47 // The i n t e g r a t e d r a t e e q u a t i o n i n t e r m s o f
c o n v e r s i o n l n (1/(1 X) ) + 0 . 2 3 6X= 6 0 . 4 /WHSV ( Page no
. 106)
48 function [ y ]= integrated_rate_eqn ( x0 )
49 y = log (1 ./(1 - x0 ) ) + 0.236.* x0 - 60.4.*
Exp_Inverse_WHSV
50 endfunction
51
52 n = length ( x )
53 x0 =0.9* ones (1 , n ) ; // P r o v i d e g u e s s v a l u e f o r
conversion
54 [ x_predicted ]= fsolve ( x0 , integrated_rate_eqn ,1 d -15) ;
// U s i n g f s o l v e t o d e t e r m i n e c o n v e r s i o n from
i n t e g r a t e d r a t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r each o p e r a t i n g
WHSV
55
56 scf (1)
57 plot ( Exp_Inverse_WHSV ,x , , Exp_Inverse_WHSV ,
x_predicted , )
58 xtitle ( I n t e g r a l a n a l y s i s , I n v e r s e o f WHSV ,
Conversion )
59 legend ( E x p e r i m e n t a l , P r e d i c t e d )
60
61 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 5 . 2 )
62 // C o n s o l e Output
63 mprintf ( \n
=================================================\
n );
29
64 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 5 . 2 ) ;
65 mprintf ( \n P r e d i c t e d and E x p e r i m e n t a l C o n v e r s i o n
Values )
66 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
)
67 mprintf ( \ n10 3/WHSV\ t X e x p e r i m e n t a l \ t X p r e d i c t e d )
68 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
)
69 for i =1: n
70 mprintf ( \n %0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f ,
Exp_Inverse_WHSV ( i ) *10^3 , x ( i ) , x_predicted ( i ) )
71 end
72
73 // FILE OUTPUT
74 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex5Output . t x t , w ) ;
75 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 5 . 1 ) ;
76 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
)
77 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe r a t e e q u a t i o n f o r Eley R i d e l y
Mechanism i s : \ n r= %0 . 0 fC A C B/(1+%0 . 2 fC A ) ,
K_A_k , K_A ) ;
78 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================\
n )
79 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex3 . 5 . 2 ) ;
80 mfprintf ( fid , \n P r e d i c t e d and E x p e r i m e n t a l
Conversion Values )
81 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
)
82 mfprintf ( fid , \ n10 3/WHSV\ t X e x p e r i m e n t a l \
tX predicted )
83 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
)
30
84 for i =1: n
85 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f
,
Exp_Inverse_WHSV ( i ) *10^3 , x ( i ) , x_predicted ( i ) )
86 end
87 mclose ( fid )
88
89 //===========================================END OF
PROGRAM=================================
90 // D i s c l a i m e r : R e g r e s s i o n method i s u s e d t o f i n d t h e
s l o p e and i n t e r c e p t i n Ex3 . 5 . 2 .
91 // Hence t h e r a t e e q u a t i o n d i f f e r from t h e
g r a p h i c a l l y o b t a i n e d v a l u e s o f s l o p e and
i n t e r c e p t in the textbook .
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 6 Pg No . 114
3 // T i t l e : Optimum r e a c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 del_H = -20*10^3; // Heat o f r e a c t i o n ( c a l )
9 T_eq =[500 700]; // E q u i v a l e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s (K)
10 R =1.987; // Gas C o n s t a n t ( c a l / mol K)
11 E2_by_E1 =2; // R a t i o o f a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y
12
13 //CALCULATION
14 T_opt (1) = T_eq (1) /(1+( log ( E2_by_E1 ) *( R /( - del_H ) ) ) *
31
T_eq (1) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 6 3 Pg No . 113
15 T_opt (2) = T_eq (2) /(1+( log ( E2_by_E1 ) *( R /( - del_H ) ) ) *
T_eq (2) ) ;
16 delta_T (1) = T_eq (1) - T_opt (1) ;
17 delta_T (2) = T_eq (2) - T_opt (2) ;
18
19
20 //OUTPUT
21 mprintf ( \n \ t \ t Temperature 1 \ t Temperature 2
);
22 mprintf ( \n \ t \t
================================== ) ;
23 mprintf ( \n ( T eq T o p t ) (K) : \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0 . 0 f
, delta_T (1) , delta_T (2) ) ;
24 mprintf ( \n T o p t (K) : \ t \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0 . 0 f , T_opt
(1) , T_opt (2) ) ;
25
26 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex6Output . t x t , w ) ;
27 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ t \ t Temperature 1 \ t
Temperature 2 );
28 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ t \t
================================== ) ;
29 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( T eq T o p t ) (K) : \ t%0 . 0 f \t\
t%0 . 0 f , delta_T (1) , delta_T (2) ) ;
30 mfprintf ( fid , \n T o p t (K) : \ t \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0 . 0 f ,
T_opt (1) , T_opt (2) ) ;
31 mclose ( fid ) ;
32
33 //
=========================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=====================================
34 // D i s c l a i m e r : There i s an a r i t h m e t i c e r r o r i n the
optimum t e m p e r a t u r e s o b t a i n e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k .
35 // Based on t h e v a l u e s ( T eq T o p t ) 1=17 and ( T eq
T o p t ) 2=32 t h e optimum t e m p e r a t u r e s o b t a i n e d
are
36 // T o p t 1 =483 K and T o p t 2 =668 K r e s p e c t i v e l y .
32
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Equilibrium temperature as a function of conversion
and optimum feed temperature
1 // H a r r i o t P , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n )
M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . USA , pp 436
2 // Chapter 3 Ex3 . 7 Pg No . 115
3 // T i t l e : E q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e a s a f u n c t i o n o f
c o n v e r s i o n and Optimum Feed T e m p e r a t u r e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 P_opt =1.5; // ( atm ) O p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e
of f i r s t
converter
9 x =[0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95]; // C o n v e r s i o n o f SO2
10 k =[2 E -06 5.1 E -06 10.3 E -06 18 E -06 27 E -06 37.5 E -06 48 E
-06 59 E -06 69 E -06 77 E -06] ; // Rate C o n s t a n t ( gmol
/ g c a t s e c atm )
11 T =420:20:600; // T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
12 X =0.68;
13 T_F =700; // Feed T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
14 C_pi_800 =[12.53 18.61 8.06 7.51];
15 F =100; // ( mol ) amount o f f e e d
16 delta_H_700 = -23270; // ( c a l / mol )
17 percent_SO2_f =11; // (%) P e r c e n t a g e o f SO2 i n f e e d
18
19
20 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 7 . a )
33
21 n = length ( x ) ;
22 m = length ( k ) ;
23 for i =1: n
24 K_eq ( i ) =(( x ( i ) /(1 - x ( i ) ) ) ) *((100 -5.5* x ( i ) )
/(10 -5.5* x ( i ) ) ) ^0.5*(1/ P_opt ) ^0.5;
25 T_eq ( i ) =(11412/( log ( K_eq ( i ) ) +10.771) ) ;
26 P_O2 ( i ) =(10*(10 -5.5* x ( i ) ) * P_opt ) /(100 -5.5* x ( i ) ) ;
27 P_SO3 ( i ) =(11* x ( i ) * P_opt ) /(100 -5.5* x ( i ) ) ;
28 P_SO2 ( i ) =(11*(1 - x ( i ) ) * P_opt ) /(100 -5.5* x ( i ) ) ;
29 end
30
31 for i =1: n
32 for j =1: m
33 r (j , i ) = k ( j ) *( P_SO2 ( i ) / P_SO3 ( i ) ) ^0.5*( P_O2 ( i )
-( P_SO3 ( i ) /( P_SO2 ( i ) * K_eq ( i ) ) ) ^2)
34 end
35 r_max ( i ) = max ( r (j , i ) ) ;
36 end
37 clf ()
38 scf (0)
39 plot (x , T_eq -273 , ) ;
40 xtitle ( T e m p e r a t u r e i n S t a g e 1 o f an SO2 c o n v e r t e r )
;
41 xlabel ( x , SO2 C o n v e r s i o n ) ;
42 ylabel ( Temperature , C ) ;
43
44 //CALCULATION ( Ex3 . 7 . b )
45 n_SO2 = F * percent_SO2_f *10^ -2*(1 - X ) ;
46 n_SO3 = F * percent_SO2_f *10^ -2* X ;
47 n_O2 =(10 -5.5* X ) ;
48 n_N2 =79;
49 sigma_n_C_pi = n_SO2 * C_pi_800 (1) + n_SO3 * C_pi_800 (2) +
n_O2 * C_pi_800 (3) + n_N2 * C_pi_800 (4) ;
50 Temp_change =( F * percent_SO2_f *10^( -2) * X *( -1) *
delta_H_700 ) / sigma_n_C_pi ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 6 0
Pg No . 1 1 0
51 mprintf ( \ nHeat C a p a c i t y e v a l u a t e d a t 800 K : %0 . 0 f (
c a l / C ) , sigma_n_C_pi ) ;
34
52 mprintf ( \ n T e m p e r a t u r e Change t o c a r r y o u t t h e
r e a c t i o n at T F ,\ nusing the energy to heat the
p r o d u c t g a s : %0 . 0 f C , Temp change ) ;
53 // From g r a p h i c a l p r o c e d u r e ( F i g u r e 3 . 1 9 , Pg No . 1 1 8 )
t h e f i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s o b t a i n e d a s 410 C
54 T F =410;//( C ) Final temperature
55 // From F i g u r e 3 . 1 9 , Pg No . 1 1 8 t e m p e r a t u r e f o r
corresponding conversion i s obtained
56 X stage = [ 0 . 1 ; 0 . 2 ; 0 . 3 ; 0 . 4 ; 0 . 5 ; 0 . 6 ]
57 T stage =[441;470;500;540;565;580]
58 m=l e n g t h ( X s t a g e ) ;
59 f o r i =1:m
60 K eq ( i )=exp ( ( 1 1 4 1 2 / T s t a g e ( i ) ) 1 0 . 7 7 1 ) ;
61 end
62 k =10 6[5.25 1 4 . 1 5 27 48 6 1 . 5 6 9 ] ; / / From T a b l e 3 . 5
Corresponding to the s t a g e temperature data
o b t a i n e d form F i g u r e 3 . 1 9
63 f o r i =1:m
64 P SO2 ( i ) =11(1 X s t a g e ( i ) ) P o p t / ( 1 0 0 5 . 5
X stage ( i ) )
65 P SO3 ( i ) =11 X s t a g e ( i ) P o p t / ( 1 0 0 5 . 5 X s t a g e ( i )
)
66 P O2 ( i ) =10(10 5.5 X s t a g e ( i ) ) P o p t / ( 1 0 0 5 . 5
X stage ( i ) )
67 r ( i )=k ( i ) ( P SO2 ( i ) / P SO3 ( i ) ) 0 . 5 ( P O2 ( i ) (
P SO3 ( i ) / ( P SO2 ( i ) K eq ( i ) ) ) 2 ) 1 0 6 ;
68 i n v e r s e r ( i ) =(1/ r ( i ) ) ;
69 end
70 scf (1)
71 p l o t ( X stage , i n v e r s e r , * ) ;
72 x t i t l e ( 1/ r vs x , X ( c o n v e r s i o n ) , 10 6/ r ) ;
73
74
75 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 7 . a )
76 mprintf ( \n\n OUTPUT Ex3 . 7 . a ) ;
77 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
35
78 mprintf ( \n X\ t P h i \ t \ t T e q \ t T e q \ t \ t r m a x ) ;
79 mprintf ( \n \ t ( atm 0 .5 ) \ t (K) \ t ( C ) \ t \ t ( gmol / g c a t
s e c ) );
80 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
81 for i =1: n -1
82 mprintf ( \n %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 f \ t %0 . 0 f \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0 . 6 E
,x ( i ) , K_eq ( i ) , T_eq ( i ) , T_eq ( i ) -273 , r_max ( i ) ) ;
83 end
84 mprintf ( \n %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 0 f \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0 . 6 E ,x
( n ) , K_eq ( n ) , T_eq ( n ) , T_eq ( n ) -273 , r_max ( n ) ) ;
85
86 //OUTPUT ( Ex3 . 7 . b )
87 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex3 . 7 . b ) ;
88 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
89 mprintf ( \n
=========================================== ) ;
90 mprintf ( \n 10 6/ r \tX ( c o n v e r s i o n ) ) ;
91 mprintf ( \n ( gmol / g c a t , s ) \ t ( ) ) ;
92 mprintf ( \n
=========================================== ) ;
93 for i =1: m
94 mprintf ( \n %0 . 2 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 2 f , inverse_r ( i ) ,
X_stage ( i ) ) ;
95 end
96 mprintf ( \nFrom g r a p h i c a l p r o c e d u r e ( 1 / r v s x ) t h e
optimum t e m p e r a t u r e o b t a i n e d i s T o p t : 412 C ) ;
97
98 // FILE OUTPUT
99 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter3 Ex7Output . t x t , w ) ;
100 mfprintf ( fid , \ nHeat C a p a c i t y e v a l u a t e d a t 800 K : %0
. 0 f ( c a l / C ) , sigma_n_C_pi ) ;
101 mfprintf ( fid , \ n T e m p e r a t u r e Change t o c a r r y o u t t h e
r e a c t i o n at T F ,\ nusing the energy to heat the
p r o d u c t g a s : %0 . 0 f C , Temp change ) ;
36
102 m f p r i n t f ( f i d , \ n OUTPUT Ex3 .7. a ) ;
103 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
104 mfprintf ( fid , \n X\ t P h i \ t \ t T e q \ t T e q \ t \ t r m a x ) ;
105 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ t ( atm 0 .5 ) \ t (K) \ t ( C ) \ t \ t ( gmol /
g c a t s e c ) );
106 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
107 for i =1: n -1
108 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 f \ t %0 . 0 f \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \
t%0 . 6 E ,x ( i ) , K_eq ( i ) , T_eq ( i ) , T_eq ( i ) -273 ,
r_max ( i ) ) ;
109 end
110 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 f \ t \ t%0 . 0 f \ t%0 . 0 f \ t \ t%0
. 6 E ,x ( n ) , K_eq ( n ) , T_eq ( n ) , T_eq ( n ) -273 , r_max ( n ) ) ;
111 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex3 . 7 . b ) ;
112 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
113 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=========================================== ) ;
114 mfprintf ( fid , \n 10 6/ r \tX ( c o n v e r s i o n ) ) ;
115 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( gmol / g c a t , s ) \ t ( ) ) ;
116 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=========================================== ) ;
117 for i =1: m
118 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 2 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 2 f , inverse_r ( i )
, X_stage ( i ) ) ;
119 end
120 mfprintf ( fid , \nFrom g r a p h i c a l p r o c e d u r e ( 1 / r v s x )
t h e optimum t e m p e r a t u r e o b t a i n e d i s T o p t : 412
C );
121 mclose ( fid ) ;
122
123 //
==========================================================
37
END OF PROGRAM
======================================
124 // D i s c l a i m e r : The optimum t e m p e r a t u r e f o r e a c h
c o n v e r s i o n i s f o u n d by t r i a l a t maximum r a t e and
the k i n e t i c data in the textbook i s not
s u f f i c i e n t t o c a l c u l a t e t h e optimum t e m p e r a t u r e
in the code .
38
Chapter 4
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Diffusivity of Chlorine and tortuosity in catalyst pel-
let
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 4 Ex4 . 1 Pg No . 135
3 // T i t l e : D i f f u s i v i t y o f C h l o r i n e and t o r t u o s i t y i n
catalyst pellet
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7
8 // COMMON INPUT
9 S_g =235; // T o t a l s u r f a c e p e r gram (m2/ g )
10 V_g =0.29 E -6; // Pore volume p e r gram ( cm3/ g )
11 rho_p =1.41; // D e n s i t y o f p a r t i c l e ( g /cm3 )
12 D_He =0.0065; // E f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f He ( cm2/ s e c )
39
13 D_AB =0.73; // a t 1 atm and 298K
14 M_He =4; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f He
15 M_Cl2 =70.09; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Cl2
16 T_ref =293; // R e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e
17 T_degC =300;
18 T_01 = T_degC +273; // R e a c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e (K) ( Ex4 . 1 . a )
19 T_02 =298; // O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ( Ex4 . 1 . b )
20 T_03 =573; // o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ( Ex4 . 1 . c )
21 P_ref =1; // R e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e
22 D_Cl2_CH4 =0.15; // a t 1 atm 273K
23 P =15; // o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e
24 // t a u = 1 . 2 5 ; / / From v a l u e c a l c u l a t e d i n Ex4 . 1 . b Pg . No
. 136
25
26
27 //CALCULATION ( Ex4 . 1 . a )
28 r_bar =2* V_g / S_g ; // Mean Pore r a d i u s
29 D_Cl2_Ex_a = D_He *(( M_He / M_Cl2 ) *( T_01 / T_ref ) ) ^(0.5) ; //
Assuming Knudsen f l o w a t 573K
30
31 //CALCULATION ( Ex4 . 1 . b )
32 r_bar =2* V_g *(10^6) /( S_g *(10^4) ) ;
33 D_K =9700*( r_bar ) *( T_ref / M_He ) ^(0.5) ; // Knudsen f l o w
34 D_AB1 = D_AB *(293/298) ^(1.7) // a t 1 . 5 atm and 293K
35 D_pore =1/((1/ D_K ) +(1/ D_AB1 ) ) ; // p o r e d i f f u s i o n
36 Epsilon = V_g * rho_p *(10^6) ;
37 tau =( D_pore * Epsilon ) / D_He ; // T o r t u s i t y
38
39 //CALCULATION ( Ex4 . 1 . c )
40 D_Cl2_CH4_new = D_Cl2_CH4 *( P_ref / P ) *( T_03 / T_ref ) ^(1.7)
;
41 D_K_Cl2 =9700* r_bar * sqrt ( T_03 / M_Cl2 ) ;
42 D_pore =1/((1/ D_Cl2_CH4_new ) +(1/ D_K_Cl2 ) ) ;
43 Epsilon = V_g * rho_p ;
44 D_Cl2_Ex_c = D_pore * Epsilon / tau ;
45
46
47 //OUTPUT
40
48 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . a ) ;
49 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
);
50 mprintf ( \ nThe p r e d i c t e d d i f f u s i v i t y o f C h l o r i n e i s
%0 . 2 e cm2/ s , D_Cl2_Ex_a ) ;
51 mprintf ( \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . b ) ;
52 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
);
53 mprintf ( \ nThe t o r t u s i t y v a l u e = %0 . 2 f , tau ) ;
54 mprintf ( \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . b ) ;
55 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
)
56 mprintf ( \ nThe E f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f C h l o r i n e a t
%g K and %g atm = %0 . 2 e cm2/ s e c , T_03 , P ,
D_Cl2_Ex_c ) ;
57
58 // FILE OUTPUT
59 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter4 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
60 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . a ) ;
61 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
);
62 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe p r e d i c t e d d i f f u s i v i t y o f
C h l o r i n e i s %0 . 2 e cm2/ s , D_Cl2_Ex_a ) ;
63 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . b ) ;
64 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
);
65 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe t o r t u s i t y v a l u e = %0 . 2 f , tau ) ;
66 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 1 . b ) ;
67 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
)
68 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe E f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f
C h l o r i n e a t %g K and %g atm = %0 . 2 e cm2/ s e c ,
41
T_03 , P , D_Cl2_Ex_c ) ;
69 mclose ( fid )
70 //============================================END OF
PROGRAM
=================================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 4 Ex4 . 2 Pg No . 140
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f O2 i n a i r
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 S_g =150; // T o t a l s u r f a c e p e r gram (m2/ g )
9 V_g =0.45; // Pore volume p e r gram ( cm3/ g )
10 V_i =0.30; // M i c r o p o r e volume p e r gram ( cm3/ g )
11 V_a =0.15; // M a c r o p o r e volume p e r gram ( cm3/ g )
12 rho_P =1.2; // D e n s i t y o f p a r t i c l e ( g /cm3 )
13 tau =2.5; // T o r t u s i t y
14 r_bar_i =40*(10^( -8) ) ; // M i c r o p o r e r a d i u s
15 r_bar_a =2000*(10^( -8) ) ; // M a c r o p o r e r a d i u s
16 D_AB =0.49; // For N 2 O 2 a t 1 atm ( cm2/ s )
17 M_O2 =32; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
18 T =493; // O p e r e a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
19
20
21
22 //CALCULATION ( Ex4 . 2 . a )
42
23 Epsilon = V_g * rho_P ;
24 D_K_i =9700*( r_bar_i ) * sqrt ( T / M_O2 ) ; // Knudsen f l o w f o r
micropore
25 D_Pore_i =1/((1/ D_K_i ) +(1/ D_AB ) )
26 D_K_a =9700*( r_bar_a ) * sqrt ( T / M_O2 ) ;
27 D_Pore_a =1/((1/ D_K_a ) +(1/ D_AB ) ) ; // // Knudsen f l o w f o r
macropore
28 D_Pore_Avg =( V_i * D_Pore_i + V_a * D_Pore_a ) /( V_i + V_a ) ;
29 D_e = Epsilon * D_Pore_Avg / tau ;
30
31 //CALCULATION ( Ex4 . 2 . b )
32 Epsilon = V_g * rho_P ;
33 r_bar =2* V_g /( S_g *10^4) ;
34 D_K =9700*( r_bar ) * sqrt ( T / M_O2 ) ; // Knudsen Flow
35 D_Pore =1/((1/ D_K ) +(1/ D_AB ) ) ;
36 tau = D_Pore * Epsilon / D_e ;
37
38 //OUTPUT
39 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex4 . 2 . a ) ;
40 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
);
41 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f O2 i n a i r =
%0 . 2 e cm2/ s , D_e ) ;
42 mprintf ( \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 2 . b ) ;
43 mprintf ( \n
=================================================
);
44 mprintf ( \n The c a l c u l a t e d s u r f a c e mean p o r e r a d i u s
= %. 0 e cm , r_bar ) ;
45 mprintf ( \n The p r e d i c t e d p o r e d i f f u s i v i t y = %0 . 2 e
cm2/ s e c , D_Pore ) ;
46 mprintf ( \n The c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r t u s i t y = %0 . 2 f , tau
);
47
48 // FILE OUTPUT
49 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter4 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
50 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex4 . 2 . a ) ;
43
51 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
);
52 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y o f O2 i n
a i r = %0 . 2 e cm2/ s , D_e ) ;
53 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n OUTPUT Ex4 . 2 . b ) ;
54 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================
);
55 mfprintf ( fid , \n The c a l c u l a t e d s u r f a c e mean p o r e
r a d i u s = %. 0 e cm , r_bar ) ;
56 mfprintf ( fid , \n The p r e d i c t e d p o r e d i f f u s i v i t y = %0
. 2 e cm2/ s e c , D_Pore ) ;
57 mfprintf ( fid , \n The c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r t u s i t y = %0 . 2 f
, tau ) ;
58 mclose ( fid ) ;
59
60
61 //
======================================================
END OF PROGRAM
========================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 4 Ex4 . 3 Pg No . 154
3 // T i t l e : I n f l u e n c e o f Pore d i f f u s i o n o v e r r a t e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
44
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 d_p =1/4; // S p h e r i c a l C a t a l y s t p e l l e t s i z e ( i n c h )
9 k =[7.6*10^ -3 14*10^ -3]; // R e a c t i o n r a t e s ( mol / h r )
10 f_A =[0.1 0.2]; // Feed f r a c t i o n o f r e a c t a n t A
11 D_e =0.0085; // D i f f u s i v i t y o f A ( cm2/ s )
12 rho_p =1.4 ; // D e n s i t y o f c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e ( g /cm3 )
13 V_ref =22400; // r e f e r e n c e volume ( cm3 )
14 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
15 P_ref =1; // R e f e r e n c e P r e s s u r e ( atm )
16 P =1.2; // O p e r a t i n g P r e s s u r e ( atm )
17 T_C =150;
18 T = T_C +273; // O p e r a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
19
20 //CALCULATION
21 // For 10% o f A
22 C_A (1) = f_A (1) * T_ref * P_ref /( V_ref * T * P ) ;
23 R = d_p *2.54/2;
24 k_app (1) = k (1) * rho_p /(3600* C_A (1) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
4 . 5 3 Pg . No . 153
25 phi_app (1) = R * sqrt ( k_app (1) / D_e ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
4 . 5 5 Pg . No . 155
26 C_A (2) = f_A (2) * T_ref * P_ref /( V_ref * T * P ) ;
27 // I f C A i s d o u b l e d t h e o r d e r i s q u i t e c l o s e t o 1 ,
from t h e F i g u r e 4 . 8 Pg . No . 1 4 8 , r e f e r v a l u e o f
effectiveness
28 eta_graph =0.42;
29 k_app (2) = k_app (1) / eta_graph ;
30 phi_app (2) = R * sqrt ( k_app (2) / D_e ) ;
31 eta_calc =(3/ phi_app (2) ) *((1/ tanh ( phi_app (2) ) ) -(1/
phi_app (2) ) ) ;
32 eff_rate =(1 - eta_graph ) *100;
33
34 //OUTPUT
35 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t i v e n e s s from g r a p h = %0 . 2 f \n
The c a l c u l a t e d e f f e c t i v e n e s s = %0 . 2 f , eta_graph ,
eta_calc ) ;
36 mprintf ( \n The p o r e d i f f u s i o n d e c r e a s e d t h e r a t e by
45
%. 0 f%% , eff_rate ) ;
37
38 // FILE OUTPUT
39 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter4 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
40 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t i v e n e s s from g r a p h = %0 . 2
f \n The c a l c u l a t e d e f f e c t i v e n e s s = %0 . 2 f ,
eta_graph , eta_calc ) ;
41 mfprintf ( fid , \n The p o r e d i f f u s i o n d e c r e a s e d t h e
r a t e by %. 0 f%% , eff_rate ) ;
42 mclose ( fid ) ;
43 //
==============================================================
END OF PROGRAM===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Effectiveness factor for solid catalyzed reaction
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 4 Ex4 . 4 Pg No . 1 5 7
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r f o r s o l i d c a t a l y z e d
reaction
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 D_e_A =0.02; // ( cm2/ s )
9 D_e_B =0.03; // ( cm2/ s )
10 D_e_C =0.015; // ( cm2/ s )
11 X_f_A =0.3;
12 X_f_B =(1 - X_f_A ) ;
13 eta_assumed =0.68; // E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r from F i g . 4 . 8
46
for f i r s t order reaction
14 T =150; // ( deg C)
15 T_K = T +273; // (K)
16 r =0.3; // ( cm ) R a d i u s o f c a t a l y s t s p h e r e
17 P_opt =4; // ( atm ) O p e r a t i n g P r e s s u r e
18 R =82.056; // ( cm3 atm /K mol ) Gas c o n s t a n t
19
20
21 //CALCULATION
22 // K i n e t i c e q u a t i o n r= ( 2 . 5 1 0 5 P AP B ) / ( 1 + 0 . 1 P A
+2P C ) 2
23 P_A = X_f_A * P_opt ;
24 P_B = X_f_B * P_opt ;
25 r_star =(2.5*10^ -5* P_A * P_B ) /(1+0.1* P_A ) ^2;
26 C_A = P_A /( R * T_K ) ;
27 k = r_star / C_A ;
28 Phi = r *( k / D_e_A ) ^(0.5) ;
29 P_A_bar = eta_assumed * P_A ;
30 delta_P_A = P_A *(1 - eta_assumed ) ;
31 delta_P_B = delta_P_A *( D_e_A / D_e_B ) ;
32 P_B_bar = P_B - delta_P_B ;
33 delta_P_C = delta_P_A *( D_e_A / D_e_C ) ;
34 P_C_bar = delta_P_C ;
35 r_calc =(2.5*10^ -5* P_A_bar * P_B_bar ) /(1+0.1* P_A_bar +2*
P_C_bar ) ^2
36 eta_calc = r_calc / r_star ;
37 eta_approx =( eta_calc + eta_assumed ) /2;
38
39 //OUTPUT
40 // C o n s o l e Output
41 mprintf ( \ t B a s e d on a v e r a g e p r e s s u r e s c a l c u l a t e d
Rate and E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r ) ;
42 mprintf ( \n\ t r : %0 . 2 E ( mol / s cm3 ) , r_calc ) ;
43 mprintf ( \n\ t e t a c a l c : %0 . 3 f , eta_calc ) ;
44 mprintf ( \n The a c t u a l v a l u e o f E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r
e t a a c t u a l : %0 . 1 f , eta_approx ) ;
45
46 // F i l e Output
47
47 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter4 Ex4Output . t x t , w ) ;
48 mfprintf ( fid , \ t B a s e d on a v e r a g e p r e s s u r e s
c a l c u l a t e d Rate and E f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r ) ;
49 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t r : %0 . 2 E ( mol / s cm3 ) , r_calc ) ;
50 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t e t a c a l c : %0 . 3 f , eta_calc ) ;
51 mfprintf ( fid , \n The a c t u a l v a l u e o f E f f e c t i v e n e s s
f a c t o r e t a a c t u a l : %0 . 1 f , eta_approx ) ;
52 mclose ( fid ) ;
53 //================================================
END OF PROGRAM
==================================================================
Scilab code Exa 4.5 The optimum pore size distribution for a spherical
pellet
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 4 Ex4 . 5 Pg No . 164
3 // T i t l e : The optimum p o r e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a
spherical pellet
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 d_pellet =5*10^ -1; // C a t a l y s t p e l l e t s i z e ( cm )
9 k_cat =3.6; // True Rate C o n s t a n t ( s e c 1)
10 V_g_cat =0.60 ; // Pore Volume o f t h e c a t a l y s t ( cm3/ g )
11 S_g_cat =300*10^4; // S u r f a c e a r e a o f c a t a l y s t ( cm2/ g )
12 dp =0.02; // S i z e o f powdered c a t a l y s t ( cm )
13 rho_p =0.8 ; // D e n s i t y o f c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e ( g /cm3 )
48
14 r_bar_narrow = 40*10^( -10) // n a r r o w d i s t r i b u t i o n
15 D_KA =0.012 ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
16 D_AB = 0.40 ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
17 r_macro =2000*10^( -10) ; // For M a c r o p o r e s
18 V_cat =1/ rho_p ; // T o t a l c a t a l y s t volume ( cm3/ g )
19 eta =1; // For powdered c a t a l y s t
20
21 //CALCULATION
22 epsilon = V_g_cat / V_cat ;
23 r_bar =2* V_g_cat / S_g_cat ;
24 R = dp /2;
25 R_pellet = d_pellet /2;
26 D_pore_a =1/((1/ D_KA ) +(1/ D_AB ) ) ;
27 tau =3; // Assumed v a l u e
28 D_e_cat = D_pore_a * epsilon / tau ;
29 Phi_app = R * sqrt ( k_cat / D_e_cat ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 4 . 5 5
Pg . No . 153
30 D_KB = D_KA *( r_macro / r_bar_narrow ) ;
31 D_pore_b =1/((1/ D_KB ) +(1/ D_AB ) ) ;
32 V_a_end =0.35;
33 del_V_a = -0.05;
34 V_a = V_g_cat : del_V_a : V_a_end ;
35 for i =1:6
36 V_b ( i ) = V_g_cat - V_a ( i ) ; // R e f e r E q u a t i o n 4 . 8 1 Pg .
No . 164
37 S_a ( i ) =2*( V_a ( i ) / r_bar_narrow ) *(10^ -6) ;
38 S_b ( i ) =2*( V_b ( i ) / r_macro ) *(10^ -6) ;
39 S_g ( i ) = S_a ( i ) + S_b ( i ) ;
40 k ( i ) = k_cat * S_g ( i ) /( S_g_cat *10^ -4) ;
41 D_e ( i ) =(( D_pore_a * V_a ( i ) + D_pore_b * V_b ( i ) ) /
V_g_cat ) *( epsilon / tau ) ;
42 phi ( i ) = R_pellet * sqrt ( k ( i ) / D_e ( i ) ) ;
43 eta ( i ) =(3/ phi ( i ) ) *((1/ tanh ( phi ( i ) ) ) -(1/ phi ( i ) ) )
;
44 eta_k ( i ) = eta ( i ) * k ( i )
45 end
46 //OUTPUT
47 mprintf ( \n
49
=================================================================
)
48 mprintf ( \ nV a \ t V b \ t \ t S a \t S b \t S g \
t k \t D e \t phi \ t e t a \ t e t a k );
49 mprintf ( \ nVolume \ t cm3/ g \ t \ t S u r f a c e Area \ t m2/
g \ t \ t s 1 \ t cm2/ s \ t ( ) \ t ( ) \ t ( ) ) ;
50 mprintf ( \n
================================================================
)
51 for i =1:6
52 mprintf ( \n %. 2 f \ t %0 . 2 f \ t \ t %. 0 f \ t %. 1 f
\ t %0 . 1 f \ t \ t %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 e \ t%0 . 2 f \ t
%0 . 2 f \ t %0 . 2 f , V_a ( i ) , V_b ( i ) , S_a ( i ) , S_b
( i ) , S_g ( i ) ,k ( i ) , D_e ( i ) , phi ( i ) , eta ( i ) ,
eta_k ( i ) ) ;
53 end
54
55 // FILE OUTPUT
56 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter4 Ex5Output . t x t , w ) ;
57 mfprintf ( fid , \n
=================================================================
)
58 mfprintf ( fid , \ nV a \ t V b \ t \ t S a \t S b \t
S g \t k \t D e \t phi \ t e t a \ t e t a k );
59 mfprintf ( fid , \ nVolume \ t cm3/ g \ t \ t S u r f a c e Area \
t m2/ g \ t \ t s 1 \ t cm2/ s \ t ( ) \ t ( ) \ t
( ) ) ;
60 mfprintf ( fid , \n
================================================================
)
61 for i =1:6
62 mfprintf ( fid , \n %. 2 f \ t %0 . 2 f \ t \ t %. 0 f \ t
%. 1 f \ t %0 . 1 f \ t \ t %0 . 2 f \ t%0 . 2 e \ t%0 . 2 f
\ t %0 . 2 f \ t %0 . 2 f , V_a ( i ) , V_b ( i ) , S_a ( i )
, S_b ( i ) , S_g ( i ) ,k ( i ) , D_e ( i ) , phi ( i ) , eta ( i )
, eta_k ( i ) ) ;
63 end
64 //
50
==============================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===================================================
51
Chapter 5
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . USA , pp 436
2 // Chapter 5 Ex5 . 1 Pg No . 185
3 // T i t l e : T e m p e r a t u r e P r o f i l e s f o r t u b u l a r r e a c t o r
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 clf
8 //INPUT
9 delta_H = -25000; // ( k c a l / mol ) E n t h a l p y
10 D =2; // ( cm ) D i a m e t e r o f T u b u l a r R e a c t o r
11 C_A0 =0.002; // ( mol /cm3 ) I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f e e d
12 k =0.00142; // ( s 1) Rate C o n s t a n t
52
13 E_by_R =15000; // (K1)
14 rho =0.8; // ( g /cm3 )
15 c_p = 0.5; // ( c a l / g C )
16 U =0.025; // ( c a l / s e c c m 2 C )
17 u =60; // ( cm/ s )
18
19
20 //CALCULATION
21 function diffeqn = Simul_diff_eqn (l ,y , T_j )
22 diffeqn (1) =( k * exp ( E_by_R *((1/ T_initial ) -(1/ y (2)
) ) ) ) *(1 - y (1) ) / u ; // D e r i v a t i v e f o r t h e f i r s t
variable
23 diffeqn (2) =( C_A0 *( k * exp ( E_by_R *((1/ T_initial )
-(1/ y (2) ) ) ) ) *(1 - y (1) ) *( -1* delta_H ) -U *(4/ D ) *( y
(2) - T_j ) ) /( u * rho * c_p ) ; // D e r i v a t i v e f o r t h e
second v a r i a b l e
24 endfunction
25
26 // =======================================
27
28 T_j_data = [ 348 349 350 351];
29 m = length ( T_j_data ) ;
30 n = 1;
31 while n <= m
32 T_j = T_j_data ( n )
33 T_initial =340; // f o r r a t e c o n s t a n t
34 x0 =0;
35 T0 =344;
36 l0 =0;
37 l =0:0.1 E2 :70 E2 ;
38 y = ode ([ x0 ; T0 ] , l0 ,l , list ( Simul_diff_eqn , T_j ) ) ;
39 x_data (n ,:) = y (1 ,:) ;
40 T_data (n ,:) = y (2 ,:) ;
41 n = n + 1;
42 end
43 // ================================
44 scf (0)
45 plot (l , T_data (1 ,:) , r ,l , T_data (2 ,:) , b ,l , T_data
53
(3 ,:) , k ,l , T_data (4 ,:) , g )
46 xtitle ( T e m p e r a t u r e P r o f i l e s f o r a j a c k e t e d tubular
reactor )
47 xlabel ( Length ( cm ) )
48 ylabel ( T e m p e r a t u r e (K) )
49 legend ([ 348 ; 349 ; 350 ; 351 ]) ;
50
51 scf (1)
52 plot (l , x_data (1 ,:) , r ,l , x_data (2 ,:) , b ,l , x_data
(3 ,:) , k ,l , x_data (4 ,:) , g )
53 xtitle ( C o n v e r s i o n f o r a j a c k e t e d tubular reactor
);
54 xlabel ( Length ( cm ) )
55 ylabel ( C o n v e r s i o n )
56 legend ([ 348 ; 349 ; 350 ; 351 ]) ;
57
58 //OUTPUT
59 mprintf ( \n The T e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s f o r f o u r f e e d
t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e p l o t t e d );
60 mprintf ( \n For T0 : 3 4 8 K a t t a i n s i t s maximum
t e m p e r a t u r e a t c o n v e r s i o n o f a b o u t 25%%30%% ) ;
61 mprintf ( \n At T0 : 3 5 1 K t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s by
6.5 C high s e n s t i v i t y that the r e a c t o r i s
n e a r i n g u n s t a b l e );
62
63 // FILE OUTPUT
64 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter5 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
65 mfprintf ( fid , \n The T e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s f o r four
f e e d t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e p l o t t e d . );
66 mfprintf ( fid , \n For T0 : 3 4 8 K a t t a i n s i t s maximum
t e m p e r a t u r e a t c o n v e r s i o n o f a b o u t 25%%30%% ) ;
67 mfprintf ( fid , \n At T0 : 3 5 1 K t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
i n c r e a s e s by 6 . 5 C h i g h s e n s t i v i t y t h a t t h e
r e a c t o r i s n e a r i n g u n s t a b l e );
68 mclose ( fid ) ;
69
70 //
===================================================
54
END OF PROGRAM
======================================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 5 Ex5 . 2 Pg No . 194
3 // T i t l e : Maximum i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 format (16)
7 clc
8 //INPUT
9 T_C =200; // T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
10 P =1.2; // P r e s s u r e ( atm )
11 f_ethylene =0.05; // f r a c t i o n o f e t h y l e n e
12 k_s =8*10^( -4) ; // S o l i d c o n d u c t i v i t y ( c a l / s e c c m C )
13 D_e =0.02; // D i f f u s i v i t y f o r e t h y l e n e ( cm2/ s )
14 del_H = -32.7*10^(3) ; // Heat o f r e a c t i o n ( c a l )
15 V_ref =22400; // r e f e r e n c e volume ( cm3 )
16 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
17 P_ref =1; // R e f e r e n c e P r e s s u r e ( atm )
18 T_K = T_C +273; // R e a c t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
19
20 //CALCULATION
21 C_s = f_ethylene * P * T_ref /( V_ref * T_K * P_ref ) ;
22 Tc_minus_Ts = D_e * C_s *( - del_H ) / k_s ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
5 . 5 1 Pg No . 194
23
55
24 //OUTPUT
25 mprintf ( \n\ tThe maximum i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e
d i f f e r e n c e %0 . 3 f C , Tc_minus_Ts ) ;
26
27 // FILE OUTPUT
28 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter5 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
29 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe maximum i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e
d i f f e r e n c e %0 . 3 f C , Tc_minus_Ts ) ;
30 mclose ( fid ) ;
31
32 //
=====================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=================================================
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Overall heat transfer coefficients and radial average
bed temperature for packed bed reactor
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 5 Ex5 . 3 Pg No . 209
3 // T i t l e : O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s and
r a d i a l a v e r a g e bed t e m p e r a t u r e f o r p a c k e d bed
reactor
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7
8 // COMMON INPUT
9 k_s = 8*10^( -4) ; // ( c a l / s e c c m C )
10 M_air_avg =29.24; // A v e r a g e M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f air
56
11 Cp_air_mol =7.91; // c a l / m o l C ;
12 Cp_air_g = Cp_air_mol / M_air_avg ; // c a l / g C
13 dp =0.4; // S i z e o f t h e c a t a l y s t p e l l e t ( cm )
14 D =3.8; // D i a m e t e r o f t u b e ( cm )
15 R_pellet = D /2; // R a d i u s
16 f_EO =0.7; // F r a c t i o n of ethylene forming ethylene
oxide
17 f_CO2_H2O =1 - f_EO ; // F r a c t i o n o f e t h y l e n e f o r m i n g CO2
and H2O
18 rho_p =2.5; // D e n s i t y o f c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e ( g /cm3 )
19 V_ref =22400; // R e f e r e n c e volume ( cm3 )
20 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
21 P_ref =1; // R e f e r e n c e P r e s s u r e ( atm )
22 P =5; // System P r e s s u r e ( atm )
23 T_C =230; // System T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
24 T = T_C +273; // System T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
25 u_ft =[1.5 3]; // V e l o c i t y ( f t / s )
26 myu =0.026*(10^( -2) ) ; // V i s c o s i t y o f a i r ( P o i s e )
27 M_wt =[28 32 44 28]; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
28 M_fraction =[0.04 0.07 0.06 0.83];
29 Cp =[15.3 7.4 10.7 7.4]; // ( c a l / m o l C )
30 k_g =9.27*10^( -5) ; // ( c a l / s e c c m C )
31 del_H_rxn =[ -29.9 -317]; // ( k c a l / mol )
32 E =18*1000; // A c t i v a t i o n Energy ( c a l )
33 R =1.987; // Gas C o n s t a n t ( c a l /K . mol )
34
35 //CALCULATION ( Ex5 . 3 . a )
36 rho = M_air_avg * P * T_ref /( V_ref * P_ref * T ) ;
37 u =30.533.* u_ft ; // V e l o c i t y i n ( cm/ s )
38 Re_p =( rho * dp / myu ) .* u ;
39 Pr = Cp_air_g * myu / k_g ;
40 ks_by_kg = k_s / k_g ;
41 k0e_by_kg =3.5; // From f i g u r e 5 . 1 6 Pg . No . 203
42 kr_by_kg =2.5; // From e q u a t i o n 5 . 6 8 and 5 . 6 9 Pg . No .
204
43 for i =1:2
44 ktd_by_k_air ( i ) =(0.1* Pr ) * Re_p ( i ) ;
45 ke_by_kg ( i ) =( k0e_by_kg + kr_by_kg ) + ktd_by_k_air ( i ) ;
57
46 k_e ( i ) = ke_by_kg ( i ) * k_g ;
47 h_bed ( i ) =4* k_e ( i ) / R_pellet ;
48 Nu_w ( i ) =(1.94* Pr ^(0.33) ) * Re_p ( i ) ^(0.5) ; // R e f e r
equation 5.83 Pg . No . 208
49 h_w ( i ) =( k_g / dp ) * Nu_w ( i ) ; // ( c a l / s e c cm2 K)
50 h_j =100*10^( -3) ; // Assumed
51 U ( i ) =1/((1/ h_j ) +(1/ h_w ( i ) ) +(1/ h_bed ( i ) ) ) ;
52 end
53
54 //CALCULATION ( Ex5 . 3 . b )
55 minus_delH = f_EO *( - del_H_rxn (1) ) + f_CO2_H2O *( -
del_H_rxn (2) ) ;
56 T_max = T +20;
57 del_Tc = R *( T_max ) ^2/ E ;
58 T_new =250 +273;
59 X_E =0.1;
60 k250_by_k230 = exp (( E / R ) *((1/ T ) -(1/ T_new ) ) ) ;
61 P_E = P *(1 - X_E ) * M_fraction (1) ;
62 P_O2 = P *(1 - f_EO * X_E ) * M_fraction (2) ;
63 P_CO2 = P *(1+ f_CO2_H2O * X_E ) * M_fraction (3) ;
64 r = k250_by_k230 *((0.076* P_E * P_O2 ) /(1+2* P_E +15* P_CO2 ) )
;
65 Q_dash = r * minus_delH *10^3/3600;
66 epsilon =0.4;
67 rho_bed = rho_p *(1 -0.4) ;
68 A_percm3 =4/ D ;
69 Q =( Q_dash * rho_bed )
70 for i =1:2
71 delta_T ( i ) =( Q / A_percm3 ) *(1/ U ( i ) ) ;
72 end
73
74 //OUTPUT ( ( Ex5 . 3 . a ) )
75 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex5 . 3 . a ) ;
76 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
77 mprintf ( \ nThe O v e r a l l Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r
given V e l o c i t i e s )
58
78 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
79 mprintf ( \n u ( v e l o c i t y ) U)
80 mprintf ( \n ( f t / s ) ( c a l /cm2 s e c K) )
81 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
82 for i =1:2
83 mprintf ( \n %0 . 1 f %3E , u_ft ( i ) ,U ( i ) )
84 end
85
86 //OUTPUT ( ( Ex5 . 3 . b )
87 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex5 . 3 . b ) ;
88 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
89 mprintf ( \ nThe Peak R a d i a l a v e r a g e bed t e m p e r a t u r e
for given V e l o c i t i e s )
90 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
91 mprintf ( \n u ( v e l o c i t y ) delta T )
92 mprintf ( \n ( f t / s ) ( C ) )
93 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
)
94 for i =1:2
95 mprintf ( \n %0 . 1 f \ t \ t %0 . 0 f , u_ft ( i ) ,
delta_T ( i ) )
96 end
97
98 // FILE OUTPUT
99 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter5 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
100 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex5 . 3 . a ) ;
101 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
59
102 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe O v e r a l l Heat t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t for given V e l o c i t i e s )
103 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
104 mfprintf ( fid , \n u ( v e l o c i t y ) U)
105 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( f t / s ) ( c a l /cm2 s e c K) )
106 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
107 for i =1:2
108 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 1 f %3E , u_ft ( i ) ,U ( i ) )
109 end
110 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex5 . 3 . b ) ;
111 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
112 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe Peak R a d i a l a v e r a g e bed
temperature f o r given V e l o c i t i e s )
113 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
114 mfprintf ( fid , \n u ( v e l o c i t y ) delta T )
115 mfprintf ( fid , \n ( f t / s ) ( C ) )
116 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
)
117 for i =1:2
118 mfprintf ( fid , \n %0 . 1 f \ t \ t %0 . 0 f , u_ft ( i ) ,
delta_T ( i ) )
119 end
120 mclose ( fid ) ;
121 //===============================================END
OF PROGRAM
=======================================================
60
Chapter 6
Nonideal Flow
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Power Consumption at 300 rpm speed of stirrer and
blending time
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 6 Ex6 . 1 Pg No . 2 3 6
3 // T i t l e : Power Consumption a t 300 rpm , s p e e d o f
s t i r r e r and b l e n d i n g t i m e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 D_a =0.1;
9 D_t =0.3;
10 H =0.3;
11 N_P =5.5;
12 rho =1000;
13 n =5;
14 S_f =6; // S c a l e up f a c t o r i n d i a m e t e r
61
15 P_by_V_limit =10; // P r e s s u r e p e r u n i t volume (HP/ 1 0 0 0
gal )
16 n1 =5;
17 Da_by_Dt1 = D_a / D_t ;
18 Da_by_Dt2 =0.5;
19
20 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 1 . a )
21 P_unit_vol =( N_P * n ^3* D_a ^5) /( %pi *(1/4) * D_t ^2* H ) ;
22 P_thousand_gal = P_unit_vol *5.067;
23 t =(4/ n ) *( D_t / D_a ) ^2*( H / D_t ) ;
24 P_unit_vol_new = S_f ^2* P_thousand_gal ;
25
26 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 1 . b )
27 n_limit =( P_by_V_limit / P_unit_vol_new ) ^(1/3) * n1 ; //
P r e s s u r e p e r u n i t v o l p r o p o t i o n a l t o n3
28 t_inc_factor = n1 / n_limit ; // t i n v e r s e l y p r o p o t i o n a l t o
n
29 rotational_speed = n_limit *60; // Speed i n rpm
30
31 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 1 . c )
32 n2 =( Da_by_Dt1 / Da_by_Dt2 ) ^(5/3) * n_limit ;
33 rotaional_speed = n2 *60;
34 t1 =4*(1/ Da_by_Dt1 ) ^2*( H / D_t ) *(1/ n_limit ) ;
35 t2 =4*(1/ Da_by_Dt2 ) ^2*( H / D_t ) *(1/ n2 ) ;
36
37 //OUTPUT ( Ex6 . 1 . a )
38 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . a ) ;
39 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
40 mprintf ( \n The Power c o n s u m p t i o n p e r u n i t volume a t
300 rpm = %. 2 f HP/ 1 0 0 0 g a l , P_thousand_gal ) ;
41 mprintf ( \n\ The Power c o n s u m p t i o n s c a l i n g up
s i x f o l d i n d i a m e t e r = %. 0 f HP/ 1 0 0 0 g a l ,
P_unit_vol_new ) ;
42
43
44 //OUTPUT ( Ex6 . 1 . b )
62
45 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . b ) ;
46 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
47 mprintf ( \n The s p e e d o f t h e s t i r r e r = %. 2 f s e c 1
o r %. 0 f rpm , n_limit , rotational_speed ) ;
48 mprintf ( \n B l e n d i n g t i m e i n c r e a s e s by f a c t o r o f %. 2
f , t_inc_factor ) ;
49
50 //OUTPUT( Ex6 . 1 . c )
51 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . c ) ;
52 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
53 mprintf ( \n The new s t i r r e r s p e e d = %. 2 f s e c 1 o r %
. 0 f rpm ,n2 , rotaional_speed ) ;
54 mprintf ( \n The new b l e n d i n g t i m e f o r Da/Dt r a t i o
o f 0 . 5 = %. 1 f s e c , t2 ) ;
55
56 // FILE OUTPUT
57 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter6 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
58 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . a ) ;
59 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
60 mfprintf ( fid , \n The Power c o n s u m p t i o n p e r u n i t
volume a t 300 rpm = %. 2 f HP/ 1 0 0 0 g a l ,
P_thousand_gal ) ;
61 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ The Power c o n s u m p t i o n s c a l i n g up
s i x f o l d i n d i a m e t e r = %. 0 f HP/ 1 0 0 0 g a l ,
P_unit_vol_new ) ;
62 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . b ) ;
63 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
64 mfprintf ( fid , \n The s p e e d o f t h e s t i r r e r = %. 2 f
s e c 1 o r %. 0 f rpm , n_limit , rotational_speed ) ;
65 mfprintf ( fid , \n B l e n d i n g t i m e i n c r e a s e s by f a c t o r
63
o f %. 2 f , t_inc_factor ) ;
66 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 1 . c ) ;
67 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
68 mfprintf ( fid , \n The new s t i r r e r s p e e d = %. 2 f s e c 1
o r %. 0 f rpm ,n2 , rotaional_speed ) ;
69 mfprintf ( fid , \n The new b l e n d i n g t i m e f o r Da/Dt
r a t i o o f 0 . 5 = %. 1 f s e c , t2 ) ;
70 mclose ( fid ) ;
71 //
======================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=================================================
72 // D i s c l a i m e r : I n Ex6 . 1 . c t h e r e i s an a r i t h e m a t i c
e r r o r i n t h e v a l u e o f D a / D t . The v a l u e o f D a /
D t s h o u l d be 1 1 . 4 i n s t e a d o f t h e v a l u e r e p o r t e d
in the textbook f o r D a/D t =11.1.
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Effect of diffusion on conversion for laminar flow
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 6 Ex6 . 2 Pg No . 239
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t o f d i f f u s i o n on c o n v e r s i o n f o r
laminar flow
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 D =1*10^( -2) ; // D i a m e t e r o f p i p e l i n e (m)
64
9 R = D /2; // R a d i u s (m)
10 D_m =10^( -4) ; // D i f f u s i v i t y (m2/ s e c )
11 k =1; // R e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t a n t ( s e c 1)
12
13
14 //CALCULATION
15 alpha = D_m /( k *( R ^2) ) ; // R e f e r t o p i c ( D i f f u s i o n in
l a m i n a r f l o w r e a c t o r s ) Pg No . 2 3 9
16
17
18 //OUTPUT
19 if ( alpha <=0.01)
20 then
21 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t o f r a d i a l d i f f u s i o n on
c o n v e r s i o n can be n e g l e c t e d a s a l p h a = %. 0 f ,
alpha )
22 else
23 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t o f r a d i a l d i f f u s i o n makes
c o n v e r s i o n a l m o s t a s same a s p l u g f l o w a s
a l p h a = %. 0 f , alpha )
24 end
25
26 // FILE OUTPUT
27 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter6 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
28 if ( alpha <=0.01)
29 then
30 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t o f r a d i a l d i f f u s i o n
on c o n v e r s i o n can be n e g l e c t e d a s a l p h a = %
. 0 f , alpha )
31 else
32 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t o f r a d i a l d i f f u s i o n
makes c o n v e r s i o n a l m o s t a s same a s p l u g f l o w
a s a l p h a = %. 0 f , alpha )
33 end
34 mclose ( fid ) ;
35 //================================================
END OF PROGRAM
========================================================
65
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Effect of Axial dispersion and length on conversion
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 6 Ex6 . 3 Pg No . 248
3 // T i t l e : E f f e c t o f A x i a l d i s p e r s i o n and l e n g t h on
conversion
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 u =1; // S u p e r f i c i a l v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s )
9 D =2*10^( -5) // M o l e c u l a r D i f f u s i v i t y ( cm2/ s )
10 Re =30; // R e y n o l d s No .
11 Pe_a =0.25; // P e c l e t No . c o r r e s p o n d i n g Re No . from F i g
6.10
12 dp =3*(10^ -1) ; // P a r t i c l e S i z e ( cm )
13 L =48; // Length o f t h e bed ( cm )
14 X_A =0.93; // C o n v e r s i o n
15 L_old =48; // Old bed l e n g t h ( cm )
16 L_new = L_old /2; //New bed l e n g t h ( cm )
17
18
19
20 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 3 . a )
21 Pe_dash = Pe_a * L / dp ; // R e f e r Pg . No . 2 4 7
22 one_minus_X_A =(1 - X_A ) ;
23 k_rho_L_by_u1 =2.65; // From F i g 6 . 1 2 f o r g i v e n Pe dash
24 X_A1 =1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u1 ) ;
66
25 //To i n c r e a s e t h e c o n v e r s i o n more c a t a l y s t i s n e e d e d
26 k_rho_L_by_u2 =2.85; // From F i g 6 . 1 2
27 X_A2 =1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u2 ) ;
28 Percentage_excess_cat_a =(( k_rho_L_by_u2 -
k_rho_L_by_u1 ) / k_rho_L_by_u1 ) *100;
29
30 //CALCULATION( Ex6 . 3 . b )
31 k_rho_L_by_u_new = k_rho_L_by_u1 /2;
32 X_A_cal =(1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u_new ) ) ; // C a l c u l a t e d
conversion
33 Pe_dash_new = Pe_dash /2;
34 k_rho_L_by_u_graph =1.3992; // V a l u e o b t a i n e d from
Figure6 .12 f o r the c a l c u l a t e d conversion
35 Percentage_excess_cat_b =(( k_rho_L_by_u_graph -
k_rho_L_by_u_new ) / k_rho_L_by_u_new ) *100;
36
37 //OUTPUT( Ex6 . 3 . a )
38 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 3 . a ) ;
39 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
40 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t o f a x i a l d i s p e r s i o n i s
s i g n i f i c a n t and t h e p e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s o f c a t a l y s t
= %. 0 f%% , Percentage_excess_cat_a ) ;
41
42 //OUTPUT ( Ex6 . 3 . b )
43 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 3 . b ) ;
44 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
45 mprintf ( \n The e f f e c t o f a x i a l d i s p e r s i o n i s l e s s
on r e d u c i n g t h e bed l e n g t h \n The p e r c e n t a g e
e x c e s s o f c a t a l y s t = %. 0 f%% ,
Percentage_excess_cat_b ) ;
46
47 // FILE OUTPUT
48 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter6 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
49 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 3 . a ) ;
67
50 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
51 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t o f a x i a l d i s p e r s i o n i s
s i g n i f i c a n t and t h e p e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s o f c a t a l y s t
= %. 0 f%% , Percentage_excess_cat_a ) ;
52 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 3 . b ) ;
53 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
54 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e f f e c t o f a x i a l d i s p e r s i o n i s
l e s s on r e d u c i n g t h e bed l e n g t h \n The p e r c e n t a g e
e x c e s s o f c a t a l y s t = %. 0 f%% ,
Percentage_excess_cat_b ) ;
55 mclose ( fid ) ;
56 //==============================================END
OF PROGRAM
=========================================================
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Conversion in packed bed for same superficial veloc-
ity
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 6 Ex6 . 4 Pg No . 2 5 1
3 // T i t l e : C o n v e r s i o n i n p a c k e d bed f o r same
superficial velocity
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
68
7 //COMMON INPUT
8 L =2.5; // Lendth o f bed ( f t )
9 X_A =0.95; // C o n v e r s i o n
10 L_a =3; // Length o f s e c t i o n a ( f t )
11 L_b =2; // Length o f s e c t i o n b ( f t )
12 u_oa_by_u0 =0.88; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 3 . 6 4
13 u_ob_by_u0 =1.12;
14 L =2.5; // ( f t )
15
16
17 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 4 . a )
18 k_rho_L_by_u = log (1/(1 - X_A ) ) ; // F i r s t Order r e a c t i o n s
19 // For S e c t i o n a
20 k_rho_L_by_u_a = k_rho_L_by_u *( L_a / L ) ;
21 X_A_section_a =(1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u_a ) ) ;
22 // For S e c t i o n b
23 k_rho_L_by_u_b = k_rho_L_by_u *( L_b / L ) ; // D i m e n s i o n l e s s
Group b a s e d on i d e a l p l u g f l o w f o r f i r s t o r d e r
reaction
24 X_A_section_b =(1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u_b ) ) ;
25 X_A_Ave =( X_A_section_b + X_A_section_a ) /2;
26 Percent_X_A_Ave = X_A_Ave *100
27
28 //CALCULATION ( Ex6 . 4 . b )
29 k_rho_L_by_u = log (1/(1 - X_A ) ) ; // F i r s t Order r e a c t i o n
30 // For S e c t i o n a
31 k_rho_L_by_u_a = k_rho_L_by_u *( L_a / L ) *(1/ u_oa_by_u0 ) ;
32 X_A_section_a =(1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u_a ) ) ;
33 delP_a_by_alpha_u0_pow = L_a *( u_oa_by_u0 ) ; // R e f e r
equation 3.64
34
35 // For S e c t i o n b
36 k_rho_L_by_u_b = k_rho_L_by_u *( L_b / L ) *(1/ u_ob_by_u0 ) ;
// D i m e n s i o n l e s s Group b a s e d on i d e a l p l u g f l o w
for f i r s t order reaction
37 delP_b_by_alpha_u0_pow = L_b * u_ob_by_u0 ;
38 X_A_section_b =(1 - exp ( - k_rho_L_by_u_b ) ) ;
39 X_A_avg =( u_oa_by_u0 * X_A_section_a + u_ob_by_u0 *
69
X_A_section_b ) /2;
40 Percent_X_A_avg = X_A_avg *100;
41
42 //OUTPUT( Ex6 . 4 . a )
43 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 4 . a ) ;
44 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
45 mprintf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e c o n v e r i o n when e a c h s e c t i o n
h a s same s u p e r f i c i a l v e l o c i t y : %0 . 1 f%% ,
Percent_X_A_Ave ) ;
46
47 //OUTPUT( Ex6 . 4 . b )
48 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 4 . b ) ;
49 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
50 mprintf ( \ nThe o v e r a l l c o n v e r s i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t
v e l o c i t i e s : %0 . 1 f%% , Percent_X_A_avg ) ;
51
52 // FILE OUTPUT
53 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter6 Ex4Output . t x t , w ) ;
54 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex6 . 4 . a ) ;
55 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
56 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe a v e r a g e c o n v e r i o n when e a c h
s e c t i o n h a s same s u p e r f i c i a l v e l o c i t y : %0 . 1 f%% ,
Percent_X_A_Ave ) ;
57 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6 . 4 . b ) ;
58 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
59 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe o v e r a l l c o n v e r s i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t
v e l o c i t i e s : %0 . 1 f%% , Percent_X_A_avg ) ;
60 mclose ( fid ) ;
61 //
=======================================================
70
END OF PROGRAM
=================================================
71
Chapter 7
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Overall Reaction Rate Coefficient Percent Resistance
Reaction Volume and Reactor Size
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 1 Pg No . 2 6 0
3 // T i t l e : O v e r a l l R e a c t i o n Rate C o e f f i c i e n t , P e r c e n t
R e s i s t a n c e , R e a c t i o n Volume and R e a c t o r S i z e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 k2 =8.5; // R e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t a n t ( L/ mols e c )
9 T =50; // R e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
10 P =2; // R e a c t i o n P r e s s u r e ( atm )
11 H_O2 =8*10^4; // S o l u b i l i t y ( atm / mol f r a c t i o n )
12 F =17000 // Feed r a t e ( L/ h r )
13 C_B_feed =1.6; // Feed c o n c e n t r a t i o n (M)
14 C_B_product =0.8; // P r o d u c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n (M)
72
15 k_L_a =900; // L i q u i d f i l m mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ( hr
1)
16 k_g_a =80; // Gas f i l m mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ( mol / h r
L atm )
17 Epsilon =0.1; // P o r o s i t y
18 percent_inc =0.2; // P e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s r e q u i r e d f o r
r e a c t o r volume
19
20
21 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 1 . a )
22 H_O2_conv = H_O2 *18/1000; // C o n v e r t ( atm L/ mole O2 )
23 k_L_a_by_H = k_L_a / H_O2_conv ;
24 reaction_resistance = H_O2_conv /( k2 * C_B_product *(1 -
Epsilon ) *3600) ;
25 Kg_a =1/((1/ k_g_a ) +(1/ k_L_a_by_H ) +(
reaction_resistance ) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 7 . 1 0
26 gasfilm_resistance_per =((1/ k_g_a ) /(1/ Kg_a ) ) *100;
27 liq_film_resistance_per =((1/ k_L_a_by_H ) /(1/ Kg_a ) )
*100;
28 reaction_resistance_per =(( reaction_resistance ) /(1/
Kg_a ) ) *100;
29
30 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 1 . b )
31 delta_C_B = C_B_feed - C_B_product ;
32 mol_O2_needed = F * delta_C_B /4;
33 N_air =100; // Assuming 100 mole o f f e e d a i r
34 f_O2 =0.209; // F r a c t i o n o f O2
35 f_N2 =1 - f_O2 ; // F r a c t i o n o f N2
36 N_O2_in = N_air * f_O2 ;
37 N_N2_in = N_air * f_N2 ;
38 N_O2_out = N_O2_in /2; // H a l f o f O2 f e d
39 N_N2_out = N_N2_in ;
40 N_air_out = N_N2_out + N_O2_out ;
41 P_O2_out = P *( N_O2_out / N_air_out ) ;
42 P_O2_in = P *( N_O2_in / N_air ) ;
43 P_O2_bar =( P_O2_in - P_O2_out ) /( log ( P_O2_in / P_O2_out ) ) ;
// Log mean P r e s s u r e
44 volume = mol_O2_needed /( Kg_a * P_O2_bar ) ;
73
45 reactor_vol = volume + volume * percent_inc ;
46 volume_gal = volume *0.264;
47 reactor_vol_gal = reactor_vol *0.264;
48
49
50 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 1 . a )
51 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 1 . a ) ;
52 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
53 mprintf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e gas f i l m r e s i s t a n c e : %0
. 1 f%% , gasfilm_resistance_per ) ;
54 mprintf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e l i q u i d f i l m r e s i s t a n c e : %0
. 1 f%% , liq_film_resistance_per ) ;
55 mprintf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n
r e s i s t a n c e : %0 . 1 f%% , reaction_resistance_per ) ;
56
57 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 1 . b )
58 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 1 . b ) ;
59 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
60 mprintf ( \n R e a c t i o n volume c a l c u l a t e d : %0 . 0 f L ,
volume ) ;
61 mprintf ( \n R e a c t o r s i z e t o be c h o s e n : %0 . 0 f L ,
reactor_vol ) ;
62
63
64 // FILE OUTPUT
65 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
66 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 1 . a ) ;
67 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
68 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e gas f i l m r e s i s t a n c e
: %0 . 1 f%% , gasfilm_resistance_per ) ;
69 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e l i q u i d f i l m
r e s i s t a n c e : %0 . 1 f%% , liq_film_resistance_per ) ;
74
70 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n
r e s i s t a n c e : %0 . 1 f%% , reaction_resistance_per ) ;
71 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 1 . b ) ;
72 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
73 mfprintf ( fid , \n R e a c t i o n volume c a l c u l a t e d : %0 . 0 f
L , volume ) ;
74 mfprintf ( fid , \n R e a c t o r s i z e t o be c h o s e n : %0 . 0 f L
, reactor_vol ) ;
75 mclose ( fid ) ;
76 //
===================================================
END OF PROGRAM
======================================================
Scilab code Exa 7.2 The gradient for B in the liquid film
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 2 Pg No . 2 7 0
3 // T i t l e : The g r a d i e n t f o r B i n t h e l i q u i d f i l m
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 C_B0_by_C_Ai =40;
9 D_A_by_D_B =1.2;
10 sqrt_M =10;
11 phi = sqrt_M ; // Assume t h e g r a d i e n t f o r A i s t h e same
75
a s when t h e g r a d i e n t f o r B i s negligible
12 eff_diff_distA_by_xL =(1/ phi ) ;
13
14 //CALCULATION
15 eff_diff_distB_by_xL =(1 - eff_diff_distA_by_xL ) ;
16 CB0_minus_CBbar_by_CB0 = D_A_by_D_B *(1/ C_B0_by_C_Ai ) *(
eff_diff_distB_by_xL / eff_diff_distA_by_xL ) ;
17 C_Bbar_by_C_B0 =(1 - CB0_minus_CBbar_by_CB0 ) ;
18 sqrt_kC_B = sqrt ( C_Bbar_by_C_B0 ) ;
19 phi_corrected = phi * sqrt_kC_B ;
20 Percent_change =(( phi - phi_corrected ) /( phi ) ) *100;
21
22 //OUTPUT
23 mprintf ( \n P e r c e n t a g e D e c r e a s e i n Rate : %0 . 0 f%% ,
Percent_change ) ;
24 mprintf ( \n The d e c r e a s e i n r a t e i s s i g n i f i c a n t ,
hence the g r a d i e n t f o r B i s s i g n i f i c a n t in l i q u i d
f i l m );
25 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
26 mfprintf ( fid , \n P e r c e n t a g e D e c r e a s e i n Rate : %0 . 0
f%% , Percent_change ) ;
27 mfprintf ( fid , \n The d e c r e a s e i n r a t e i s s i g n i f i c a n t
, hence the g r a d i e n t f o r B i s s i g n i f i c a n t in
l i q u i d f i l m );
28 mclose ( fid ) ;
29 //================================================
END OF PROGRAM
==========================================================
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Overall mass transfer coefficient and percent resis-
tance
76
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 436
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 3 Pg No . 2 7 4
3 // T i t l e : O v e r a l l mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t and
percent resistance
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 k2 =8500; // ( L/ mol s e c ) a t 25 C
9 kg_a = 7.4 // ( mol / h r f t 3 atm )
10 k_star_L_a =32; // ( hr 1)
11 a =34; // ( f t 2 / f t 3 )
12 H_CO2 =1.9*10^(3) ; // ( atm /m f ) Henry s C o n s t a n t
13 D_CO2 =2*10^( -5) ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
14 D_OH =2.8*10^( -5) ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
15 P_CO2_in =0.04; // ( atm )
16 P_CO2_out =0.004; // ( atm )
17 Caustic_conc =[0.5 0.75]; // C o c e n t r a t i o n on b o t h t h e
e n d s o f t h e column bottom and t o p (M)
18 n =2;
19 M_H2O =18; // M o l e c u l a r Weight
20 H_H2O =62.3; // ( g / f t 3 ) Henry s C o n s t a n t
21 H_H2O_dash = H_H2O / M_H2O ; // Henry s C o n s t a n t c o n v e r t e d
i n t o c o n s i s t e n t u n i t s with kg a
22
23
24 //CALCULATION
25 C_Ai = P_CO2_in / H_CO2 *(1000/18) ;
26 k_star_L =( k_star_L_a /( a *3600) ) *(30.5) ;
27 H_CO2_dash = H_CO2 *(1/ H_H2O_dash ) ;
28 for i =1:2
29 Phi_a ( i ) =(1+( Caustic_conc ( i ) /( n * C_Ai ) ) *( D_OH / D_CO2 ) )
; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 7 . 5 1
30 sqrt_M ( i ) = sqrt ( k2 * Caustic_conc ( i ) * D_CO2 ) / k_star_L ;
31 Phi ( i ) = sqrt_M ( i ) ; // R e f e r f i g 7 . 7
77
32 K_ga ( i ) =(1/((1/ kg_a ) +( H_CO2_dash /( Phi ( i ) * k_star_L_a )
) ) ) ; // O v e r a l l Mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
33 Percent_resis_gasfilm ( i ) =( K_ga ( i ) / kg_a ) *100;
34 end
35
36 //OUTPUT
37 mprintf ( \n \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ tTop \ t Bottom ) ;
38 mprintf ( \n O v e r a l l mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ( mol /
h r f t 3 atm ) : %0 . 1 f \ t %0 . 1 f , K_ga (1) , K_ga (2) ) ;
39 mprintf ( \n P e r c e n a g e r e s i s t a n c e i n g a s f i l m :
%0 . 0 f%%\ t %0 . 0 f%% ,
Percent_resis_gasfilm (1) , Percent_resis_gasfilm
(2) ) ;
40
41 // FILE OUTPUT
42 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
43 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ t \ tTop \ t Bottom ) ;
44 mfprintf ( fid , \n O v e r a l l mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t (
mol / h r f t 3 atm ) : %0 . 1 f \ t %0 . 1 f , K_ga (1) , K_ga (2) ) ;
45 mfprintf ( fid , \n P e r c e n a g e r e s i s t a n c e i n g a s f i l m :
%0 . 0 f%%\ t %0 . 0 f%% ,
Percent_resis_gasfilm (1) , Percent_resis_gasfilm
(2) ) ;
46 mclose ( fid ) ;
47 //
==================================================================
END OF PROGRAM
==================================================================
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Local selectivity due to mass transfer limitations
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
78
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 436
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 4 Pg No . 2 7 9
3 // T i t l e : L o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y due t o mass t r a n s f e r
limitations
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 C_Ai =0.02; // (M)
9 C_B0 =3; // (M)
10 D_A =10^( -5) ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
11 D_B = D_A ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
12 D_C = D_B ; // ( cm2/ s e c )
13 k_1 =10^(4) ; // ( L/ mol s e c )
14 k_star_l =0.015; // ( cm/ s e c )
15 n =1;
16 C_c0 =[0 1.4];
17 X =[0 0.5] // C o n v e r s i o n
18 Phi =[33 23]; // From f i g u r e 7 . 7
19
20
21 //CALCULATION
22 k_2 =0.09* k_1 ;
23 for i =1:2
24 C_B ( i ) =(1 - X ( i ) ) * C_B0 ;
25 sqrt_M ( i ) = sqrt ( C_B ( i ) * k_1 * D_A ) / k_star_l ;
26 Phi_a ( i ) =(1+( C_B ( i ) /( n * C_Ai ) ) *( D_B / D_A ) ) ; // R e f e r
equation 7.51
27 C_Bbar_by_C_B ( i ) =( Phi ( i ) / sqrt_M ( i ) ) ^2; // R e f e r
equation 7.59
28 delta_C_B ( i ) =(1 - C_Bbar_by_C_B ( i ) ) * C_B ( i ) ; // R e f e r
equation 7.60
29 delta_C_c ( i ) = delta_C_B ( i ) ;
30 C_cbar ( i ) = delta_C_c ( i ) + C_c0 ( i ) ;
31 C_Bbar ( i ) = C_Bbar_by_C_B ( i ) *( C_B ( i ) ) ;
32 S ( i ) =(1 -( k_2 * C_cbar ( i ) /( C_Bbar ( i ) * k_1 ) ) ) *100; // R e f e r
79
equation 7.56
33 end
34
35 //OUTPUT
36 mprintf ( \n\ t L o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y due t o mass t r a n s f e r
l i m i t a t i o n s );
37 mprintf ( \n\ tThe l o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y f o r Z e r o
C o n v e r s i o n : %0 . 0 f%% ,S (1) ) ;
38 mprintf ( \n\ tThe l o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y f o r 50%%
C o n v e r s i o n : %0 . 0 f%% ,S (2) ) ;
39
40 // FILE OUTPUT
41 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex4Output . t x t , w ) ;
42 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t L o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y due t o mass
t r a n s f e r l i m i t a t i o n s );
43 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe l o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y f o r Z e r o
C o n v e r s i o n i s %0 . 0 f%% ,S (1) ) ;
44 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe l o c a l s e l e c t i v i t y f o r 50%%
C o n v e r s i o n i s %0 . 0 f%% ,S (2) ) ;
45 mclose ( fid ) ;
46 //
======================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===================================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 436
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 5 Pg No . 2 9 3
3 // T i t l e : Maximum r a t e o f CO a b s o r p t i o n and
80
D i m e n s i o n s o f Bubble Column R e a c t o r
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 P_dash =5; // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f a c e t i c a c i d ( atm )
9 P_total =20; // T o t a l P r e s s u r e ( atm )
10 myu =0.19; // V i s c o s i t y o f a c e t i c a c i d
11 T_C =180; // T e m p e r a t u r e i n ( C )
12 T_K = T_C +273; // T e m p e r a t u r e i n (K)
13 sigma_20 =28; // S u r f a c e T e n s i o n ( Dynes /cm ) a t 20 ( C )
14 sigma_180 =20; // S u r f a c e T e n s i o n ( Dynes /cm ) a t 180 ( C
)
15 M_CO =28; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f CO
16 M_B =60.05; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a c e t i c a c i d
17 V_A = 30.7; // Molar volume
18 S_CO =7*10^( -3) ; // S o l u b i l i t y o f CO ( mol /L atm )
19 f_CO =0.75; // F r a c t i o n o f CO i n f e e d
20 f_acetic_acid =1 - f_CO ; // F r a c t i o n o f A c e t i c a c i d
21 R =82.056*(10^ -3) ; // ( c m 3 a t m / K mol )
22 rho_air =1.21; // ( kg /m3) d e n s i t y o f a i r a t 20 ( C )
23 sigma_H2O =72; // S u r f a c e t e n s i o n ( Dynes /cm )
24 myu_H2O =1; // V i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r
25 k_L_a_air_water =0.051; // ( s e c 1)
26 D_O2_water =2.4*(10^ -5) ; // ( cm2/ s e c ) d i f f u s i v i t y f o r
oxygen i n w a t e r a t 20( C )
27 Conc_Rh =4*10^( -3) ; // C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Rohdium (M)
28 Conc_CH3I =1; // C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Methyl I o d i d e (M)
29 F_product_acetic_acid =0.1; // Rate o f a c e t i c a c i d
p r o d u c e d ( kmol / s e c )
30 f_CO_reacted =0.8; // 80% o f CO r e a c t e d
31 u_g =0.1; // (m/ s e c )
32 Epsilon_air_water_new =0.07; // At v e l o c i t y 3 ( cm/ s e c )
33 Epsilon_air_water_old = 0.12; // At v e l o c i t y 6 ( cm/ s e c )
34 u_g_c =5*(10^( -2) ) ; // Gas V e l o c i t y Ex7 . 5 . c (m/ s e c )
35
81
36
37
38 //CALCUATION ( Ex7 . 5 . a )
39 D_CO =(7.4*10^( -8) * M_B ^(1/2) * T_K ) /( myu * V_A ^(0.6) ) ; //
D i f f u s i v i t y o f CO ( W i l k e C h a n g e q u a t i o n Eq4 . 1 7 )
40 M_ave = f_CO * M_CO + M_B * f_acetic_acid ; // A v e r a g e
Molecular weight
41 rho_g = M_ave * P_total /( R * T_K ) ; // From i d e a l g a s law
42 epsilon_air_water = 0.12; // At v e l o c i t y 6 ( cm/ s e c )
43 epsilon = epsilon_air_water *( sigma_H2O / sigma_180 )
^(0.4) *( myu / myu_H2O ) ^(0.2) *( rho_g / rho_air ) ^(0.2) ;
// From e q u a t i o n 7 . 6 4
44 u_G =6; // From f i g u r e 7 . 1 2 ( cm/ s e c )
45 k_L_a = k_L_a_air_water *( D_CO / D_O2_water ) ^(0.5) *(
epsilon / epsilon_air_water ) ; // From e q u a t i o n 7 . 6 9
46 P_CO = P_total - P_dash ;
47 C_CO_Star = S_CO * P_CO ;
48 r_max = C_CO_Star * k_L_a ; // Rate o f CO a b s o r p t i o n a t 15
atm
49 r_test =158.8*(10^(6) ) * exp ( -8684/ T_K ) *( Conc_Rh ) *(
Conc_CH3I ) ; // K i n e t i c r a t e a t 180 ( C )
50
51 //CALCULATION( Ex7 . 5 . b )
52 F_feed_CO = F_product_acetic_acid / f_CO_reacted ; // Rate
o f f l o w o f CO ( kmol / s e c )
53 F_total = F_feed_CO / f_CO ;
54 Q = F_total * R * T_K /( P_total ) ;
55 S = Q / u_g ;
56 D_t = sqrt (4* S / %pi ) ;
57 r_test_b =(158.8*(10^(6) ) * exp ( -8684/ T_K ) *( Conc_Rh ) *(
Conc_CH3I ) ) *(10^( -3) ) ; // K i n e t i c r a t e a t 180 ( C )
58 liquid_vol = ( F_product_acetic_acid / r_test_b )
*(10^( -3) ) ; // l i q u i d volume (m3)
59 h0 = liquid_vol / S ; // c l e a r l i q u i d
60 h = h0 /(1 - epsilon ) ; // a e r a t e d l i q u i d
61
62 //CALCULATION( Ex7 . 5 . c )
63 Q = F_total * R * T_K /( P_total ) ;
82
64 S = Q / u_g_c ;
65 D_t_c = sqrt (4* S / %pi ) ;
66 Epsilon_new =( Epsilon_air_water_new /
Epsilon_air_water_old ) * epsilon ;
67 liquid_vol = ( F_product_acetic_acid / r_test_b )
*(10^( -3) ) ; // l i q u i d volume (m3)
68 h0 = liquid_vol / S ; // c l e a r l i q u i d
69 h_new = h0 /(1 - Epsilon_new ) ; // a e r a t e d l i q u i d
70
71 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 5 . a )
72 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . a ) ;
73 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
74 mprintf ( \n\ tThe maximum r a t e o f CO a b s o r p t i o n a t 15
atm : %f ( mol /L s ) , r_max ) ;
75 mprintf ( \n\ tThe k i n e t i c r a t e o f CO a b s o r p t i o n a t
1 8 0 ( C ) : %f ( mol /L s ) , r_test ) ;
76 mprintf ( \n\ tThe p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f k L a : %0 . 2 f ( s
1) , k_L_a ) ;
77
78 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 5 . b )
79 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . b ) ;
80 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
81 mprintf ( \n\ tThe D i m e n s i o n s o f t h e r e a c t o r a r e ) ;
82 mprintf ( \n\ t D i a m e t e r : %0 . 0 f m , D_t ) ;
83 mprintf ( \n\ t H e i g h t : %0 . 2 f m ,h ) ;
84
85 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 5 . c )
86 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . c ) ;
87 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
88 mprintf ( \n\ tThe new d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e r e a c t o r ) ;
89 mprintf ( \n\ t D i a m e t e r : %0 . 1 f m , D_t_c ) ;
90 mprintf ( \n\ t H e i g h t : %0 . 1 f m , h_new ) ;
83
91
92 // FILE OUTPUT
93 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex5Output . t x t , w ) ;
94 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . a ) ;
95 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
96 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe maximum r a t e o f CO a b s o r p t i o n
a t 15 atm : %f ( mol /L s ) , r_max ) ;
97 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe k i n e t i c r a t e o f CO a b s o r p t i o n
a t 1 8 0 ( C ) : %f ( mol /L s ) , r_test ) ;
98 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f k L a : %0
. 2 f ( s 1) , k_L_a ) ;
99 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . b ) ;
100 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
101 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe D i m e n s i o n s o f t h e r e a c t o r a r e
);
102 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t D i a m e t e r : %0 . 0 f m , D_t ) ;
103 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t H e i g h t : %0 . 2 f m ,h ) ;
104 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 5 . c ) ;
105 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
106 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe new d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e r e a c t o r
);
107 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t D i a m e t e r : %0 . 1 f m , D_t_c ) ;
108 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t H e i g h t : %0 . 1 f m , h_new ) ;
109 mclose ( fid ) ;
110
111 //=================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===========================================================
84
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Fraction of O2 Power of agitator kLa and average
dissolved oxygen concentration
1 // H a r r i o t P , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n )
M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 6 Pg No . 3 0 0
3 // T i t l e : F r a c t i o n o f O2 , Power o f a g i t a t o r , k L a and
a v e r a g e d i s s o l v e d oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 Vol_reactor =200; // Volume o f r e a c t o r (m3)
9 D =4; // D i a m e t e r o f r e a c t o r (m)
10 depth =12; // Depth o f r e a c t o r (m)
11 u_g =3; // S u p e r f i c i a l v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s e c )
12 T_C =30; // T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
13 T_K =273+ T_C ; // T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
14 f_O2 =0.21; // F r a c t i o n o f O2 i n a i r
15 myu_soln =1.5*(10^( -3) ) ; // V i s c o s i t y o f s o l u t i o n ( Pa
sec )
16 R =0.08206; // Gas c o n s t a n t ( m 3 a t m / K kmol )
17 r_O2_peak =45*(10^( -3) ) ; // Flow r a t e o f O2 a t peak
demand
18 Da_by_Dt =(1/3) ;
19 Da =1.333; // (m)
20 N =120; // ( rpm )
21 N_conv =( N /60) ; // ( s e c 1)
22 Press_top =1; // P r e s s u r e a t t h e t o p o f t h e v e s s e l ( atm
)
85
23 rho =1000; // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r ( kg /m3)
24 ug_sup1 =3*(10^( -2) ) ; // b a s e d on 3 0 ( C ) and 1 ( atm )
25 V =151; // Volume o f s o l u t i o n c a l c u l a t e d Ex7 . 6 . a (m3)
26 ug_sup1 =3*(10^( -2) ) ; // b a s e d on 3 0 ( C ) and 1 atm .
27 Press_top =1; // P r e s s u r e a t t h e t o p o f t h e v e s s e l ( atm
)
28 Press_bottom =2; // From Ex7 . 6 . c
29 ug_sup2 = ug_sup1 / Press_bottom ; // a t 2 atm s u p e r f i c i a l
v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s e c )
30 ug_ave =( ug_sup1 + ug_sup2 ) /2; // A v e r a g e s u p e r f i c i a l
v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s e c )
31 depth =12; // Depth o f r e a c t o r (m)
32 one_atm_water =10.3; // 1 atm p r e s s u r e c o r r e s p o n d s t o
1 0 . 3 (m) h e i g h t o f w a t e r
33 k_H_O2 =5.2*10^(4) // Henery s law c o n s t a n t f o r O2 i n
w a t e r f o r O2 ( atm / mol f r a c t i o n )
34 M_O2 =32; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f O2
35 M_H2O =18; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f w a t e r
36 C_O2_critical =1*10^( -3) ; // C r i t i c a l O2 C o n c e n t r a t i o n
( g /L )
37 percent_reduction =40/100; // Mass t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
i n t h e u p p e r r e g i o n o f t h e r e a c t o r i s 40% l e s s
than the a v e r a g e
38 kLa_soln =0.22; // V a l u e c a l c u l a t e d i n Ex7 . 6 . d
39 r_conv =1.25*10^( -5) ; // Rate a t peak O2 demand ( mol /L
sec )
40 depth =12; // Depth o f r e a c t o r (m)
41
42
43 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 6 . a )
44 S = %pi *( D ^2) /4; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a r e a (m2)
45 V = S * depth ; // Volume o f s o l u t i o n (m3)
46 F_air =( S * u_g *(10^( -2) ) *3600) /( R *(10^( -3) ) * T_K ) ;
47 F_O2 = f_O2 * F_air ; // Feed r a t e o f O2 ( mol / h r )
48 F_O2_used = r_O2_peak * V *(10^(3) ) ; //O2 u s e d f o r a e r o b i c
f e r m e n t a t i o n ( mol / h r )
49 F_O2_left = F_O2 - F_O2_used ; //O2 l e f t after aerobic
f e r m e n t a t i o n ( mol / h r )
86
50 f_O2_exitgas = F_O2_left / F_air ; // F r a c t i o n o f O2 i n
e x i t gas
51 Percent_O2_exitgas =( f_O2_exitgas ) *(100) ;
52 Frac_O2_used =(( f_O2 - f_O2_exitgas ) / f_O2 ) ;
53
54 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 6 . b )
55 Re =( rho * N_conv * Da ^2) / myu_soln ;
56 N_p =6; // For a s t a n d a r d t u r b i n e
57 N_p_pitched =1.7; // For a p i t c h e d b l a d e t u r b i n e
58 P0 =( N_p * rho *( N_conv ^3) *( Da ^5) ) *(10^( -3) ) ; // R e f e r
e q u a t i o n 7 . 7 3 (kW)
59 // I f t h e t u r b i n e i s 2 m from t h e bottom , o r 10 m
b e l o w t h e s u r f a c e , t h e p r e s s u r e i s a b o u t 2 atm
s i n c e 1 atm= 1 0 . 3 m w a t e r
60 Press_bottom =2
61 ug_sup2 = ug_sup1 / Press_bottom ;
62 Q = ug_sup2 * S ;
63 N_Ae = Q /( N_conv *( Da ^3) ) ;
64 Pg_by_P0 =0.55; // From f i g u r e 7 . 1 5 b a s e d on N Ae v a l u e
calculated
65 Pg = Pg_by_P0 * P0 ; //When a e r a t e d
66 P0_pitched =( N_p_pitched / N_p ) * P0 ;
67 Pg_by_P0_pitched =0.8; // S o l u t i o n r e a c h i n g t h e u p p e r
s t i r r e r s i s already aerated
68 Pg_pitched = Pg_by_P0_pitched * P0_pitched ;
69 Tot_Pow_no_air = P0 + Press_bottom * P0_pitched ; // T o t a l
power when no a i r i s p r e s e n t e d
70 Tot_Pow_aerated = Pg + Press_bottom * Pg_pitched ; // T o t a l
power when i t i s a e r a t e d
71
72 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 6 . c )
73 P_by_V_ave = Tot_Pow_aerated / V ;
74 kLa_O2_sulfite =0.32; // U s i n g f i g u r e 7 . 1 6 b a s e d on a v e (
P/V) v a l u e and u g a v e r a g e v a l u e
75 kLa_soln =0.7* kLa_O2_sulfite ; // kLa f o r t h i s s o l u t i o n
i s 70% o f t h e v a l u e f o r o x y g e n a b s o r p t i o n i n
sodium s u l f i t e ( s e c 1)
76 y_O2 =0.086; // I f g a s i s backmixed
87
77 depth_ave = depth /2;
78 Press_ave =( Press_top +( depth_ave / one_atm_water ) ) ; //
P r e s s u r e a t a v e r a g e d e p t h ( atm )
79 C_O2_star =( Press_ave * y_O2 / k_H_O2 ) *(1000/ M_H2O ) ; //
C o n v e r s i o n ( mol /L )
80 r_conv = r_O2_peak /3600; // Rate a t peak O2 demand ( mol /
L sec )
81 C_ave =( C_O2_star -( r_conv / kLa_soln ) )
82 C_ave_conv = C_ave * M_O2 *1000; // C o n v e r t e d v a l u e o f O2
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n (mg/L )
83
84 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 6 . d )
85 depth_ave = depth /2;
86 Press_ave =( Press_top +( depth_ave / one_atm_water ) ) ; //
P r e s s u r e a t a v e r a g e d e p t h ( atm )
87 kLa_soln_reduced = kLa_soln *(1 - percent_reduction ) ;
88 C_star_minus_C = r_conv / kLa_soln_reduced ;
89 C_O2_new =( C_O2_star -( C_star_minus_C ) ) ;
90 C_O2_new_conv = C_O2_new * M_O2 *1000; // C o n v e r t e d v a l u e
o f O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n (mg/L )
91 C_O2_star_new = C_O2_star / Press_ave ;
92
93 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 6 . a )
94 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . a ) ;
95 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
96 mprintf ( \ nAt t h e peak demand , f r a c t i o n o f t h e
o x y g e n s u p p l i e d = %. 3 f , Frac_O2_used ) ;
97
98 //OUTPUT( Ex7 . 6 . b )
99 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . b ) ;
100 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
101 mprintf ( \ nThe t o t a l power r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a g i t a t o r
b e f o r e t h e a i r i s t u r n e d on : %0 . 0 f kW ,
Tot_Pow_no_air ) ;
88
102 mprintf ( \ nThe t o t a l power r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a g i t a t o r
a f t e r t h e a i r i s t u r n e d on : %0 . 0 f kW ,
Tot_Pow_aerated ) ;
103
104 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 6 . c )
105 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . c ) ;
106 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
107 mprintf ( \ nThe c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f kLa ( mass
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ) o f s o l u t i o n : %0 . 2 f ( s e c 1) ,
kLa_soln ) ;
108 mprintf ( \ nThe c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f a v e r a g e d i s s o l v e d
O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n : %0 . 2 f (mg/L ) , C_ave_conv ) ;
109
110 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 6 . d )
111 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . d ) ;
112 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
113 mprintf ( \ nThe new c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f a v e r a g e
d i s s o l v e d O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n %0 . 2 f (mg/L ) ,
C_O2_new_conv ) ;
114 if ( C_star_minus_C > C_O2_star_new )
115 mprintf ( \ nThe r e a c t o r i s o p e r a t e d a b o v e
c r i t i c a l O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) ;
116 else
117 mprintf ( \ nThe r e a c t o r s h o u l d be o p e r a t e d a t
h i g h e r a i r r a t e o t h e r w i s e C O2 would d r o p t o
zero )
118 end
119 // FILE OUTPUT
120 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex6Output . t x t , w ) ;
121 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . a ) ;
122 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
123 mfprintf ( fid , \ nAt t h e peak demand , f r a c t i o n o f t h e
89
o x y g e n s u p p l i e d = %. 3 f , Frac_O2_used ) ;
124 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . b ) ;
125 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
126 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe t o t a l power r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
a g i t a t o r b e f o r e t h e a i r i s t u r n e d on : %0 . 0 f kW ,
Tot_Pow_no_air ) ;
127 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe t o t a l power r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
a g i t a t o r a f t e r t h e a i r i s t u r n e d on : %0 . 0 f kW ,
Tot_Pow_aerated ) ;
128 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . c ) ;
129 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
130 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f kLa ( mass
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t ) o f s o l u t i o n : %0 . 2 f ( s e c 1) ,
kLa_soln ) ;
131 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f a v e r a g e
d i s s o l v e d O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n : %0 . 2 f (mg/L ) ,
C_ave_conv ) ;
132 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 6 . d ) ;
133 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
134 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe new c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f a v e r a g e
d i s s o l v e d O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n %0 . 2 f (mg/L ) ,
C_O2_new_conv ) ;
135 if ( C_star_minus_C > C_O2_star_new )
136 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe r e a c t o r i s o p e r a t e d a b o v e
c r i t i c a l O2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) ;
137 else
138 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe r e a c t o r s h o u l d be o p e r a t e d
a t h i g h e r a i r r a t e o t h e r w i s e C O2 would d r o p
to zero )
139 end
140 mclose ( fid ) ;
141 //
90
===================================================
END OF PROGRAM
======================================================
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Apparent value of kLa regime of operation and selec-
tivity dependency on gas mixing
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 7 Ex7 . 7 Pg No . 3 0 4
3 // T i t l e : Apparent v a l u e o f kLa , r e g i m e o f o p e r a t i o n
and s e l e c t i v i t y d e p e n d e n c y on g a s m i x i n g
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 Vol_reactor =35; // Volume o f r e a c t o r ( L )
9 No_reactor =3; //No . o f r e a c t o r
10 T_C =155; // O p e r a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
11 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
12 T_K = T_C + T_ref ; // O p e r a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
13 P =8.2; // O p e r a t i n g P r e s s u r e ( atm )
14 X_conversion =9.5*10^( -2) ; // C o n v e r s i o n
15 S =73*10^( -2) ; // S e l e c t i v i t y
16 M_cyclohexane =84.16; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f
cyclohexane
17 F_cyclohexane =100; // Feed r a t e o f c y c l o h e x a n e ( L/ h r )
18 F_air =9.9; // Feed r a t e o f a i r ( nm3/ h r )
19 f_O2_air =0.21; // F r a c t i o n o f O2 i n a i r
20 V_ref =22400; // R e f e r e n c e volume a t STP ( cm3/ mol )
91
21 y_O2 =0.002; //O2 i n v e n t g a s
22 f_O2_consumed =0.99; // F r a c t i o n o f O2 Consumed
23 rho_cyclohexane =0.779; // D e n s i t y o f c y c l o h e x a n e a t 20
( C )
24 main_pdt_ratio =3/2;
25 by_pdt_ratio =(1 - main_pdt_ratio ) ;
26 stoi_rxn_O2 =[0.5 1];
27 rho_M =0.650; // D e n s i t y o f C y c l o h e x a n e a t 155 ( C )
28 P_dash =5.8; // Vapour P r e s s u r e o f c y c l o h e x a n e a t 155 (
C )
29 D_reactor =30; // D i a m e t e r o f r e a c t o r ( cm )
30 h_reactor =50; // H e i g h t o f r e a c t o r ( cm )
31 myu_20 =0.98; // ( cp ) V i s c o s i t y a t 2 0 ( C )
32 myu_155 =0.2 // ( cp ) V i s c o s i t y a t 1 5 5 ( C )
33 x_O2 =6.38*(10^( -6) ) ; // Mol f r a c t i o n o f O2
34 D_B_by_D_A =0.5; // Assumed v a l u e ( r e f e r Ex7 . 7 )
35 Phi =20; // R e f e r F i g . 7 . 7
36 n =1/(0.7) ;
37
38
39 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 7 . a )
40 F_O2 =( F_air *10^(6) * f_O2_air ) /(3600* V_ref ) ;
41 delta_N_O2 = F_O2 * f_O2_consumed ;
42 F_C6 =( F_cyclohexane *10^(3) * rho_cyclohexane ) /(3600*
M_cyclohexane )
43 F_prdts = F_C6 * X_conversion * S ;
44 F_O2_prdts = F_prdts *( main_pdt_ratio * stoi_rxn_O2 (1) +
by_pdt_ratio * stoi_rxn_O2 (2) ) ;
45 F_O2_remain_used = delta_N_O2 - F_O2_prdts ;
46 F_O2_prdts_conver = F_O2_prdts /( F_C6 * X_conversion * S ) ;
47 F_O2_remain_used_conver = F_O2_remain_used /( F_C6 *
X_conversion *(1 - S ) ) ;
48 X_O2 =10^(0.366* log10 ( T_K ) -3.8385) ; //O2 s o l u b i l i t y
from Wild e t a l . [ 3 7 ] :
49 PO2_plus_PN2 =P - P_dash ;
50 P_O2 = y_O2 * PO2_plus_PN2 ;
51 x_O2 = P_O2 * X_O2 ; // Mol f r a c t i o n o f O2
52 C_M = rho_M *10^(3) / M_cyclohexane ;
92
53 C_O2_star = C_M * x_O2 ;
54
55 // Assume e a c h r e a c t o r h a s 30 L s o l u t i o n
56 V_soln_n =30; // Volume o f s o l u t i o n i n e a c h r e a c t o r
57 apparent_kLa =( delta_N_O2 ) /( V_soln_n * No_reactor *
C_O2_star ) ;
58 F_total =( F_air *10^(6) /3600) *( T_K / T_ref ) *(8.2/2.4)
*(1/8.2) ; // The t o t a l v a p o r f l o w i s 8 . 2 / 2 . 4 t i m e s
the a i r flow
59 CSA_reactor = %pi *( D_reactor ^2) /4;
60 u_g = F_total /( CSA_reactor * No_reactor ) ;
61 // C a l c u l a t i o n f o r p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f kLa
62 kLa_20 =0.16; // From F i g u r e 7 . 1 6 , f o r O 2 C 6 H 1 2 a t 20
( C ) , 2 cm/ s e c , 5 kW/m3
63 T_data =20+ T_ref ; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t which d a t a i s t a k e n
from t h e t a b l e
64 D_155_by_D_20 =( T_K / T_data ) *( myu_20 / myu_155 ) ;
65 Predicted_kLa = kLa_20 *( D_155_by_D_20 ^(0.5) ) *( u_g /2)
^(0.5) ;
66
67 //CALCULATION ( Ex7 . 7 . b )
68 C_M = rho_M *10^(3) / M_cyclohexane ;
69 C_B0 =(1 - X_conversion ) * C_M ;
70 C_Ai = C_M * x_O2 ;
71 Phi_a =(1+( C_B0 /( C_Ai * n ) ) *( D_B_by_D_A ) ^(0.5) ) ;
72 ratio = Phi_a / Phi ;
73
74 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 7 . a )
75 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 7 . a ) ;
76 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
77 mprintf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f a p p a r e n t kLa : %0 . 2 f ( s e c 1)
, apparent_kLa ) ;
78 mprintf ( \n The v a l u e o f p r e d i c t e d kLa : %0 . 2 f ( s e c
1) , Predicted_kLa ) ;
79 if ( apparent_kLa > Predicted_kLa )
80 mprintf ( \ nThe a b s o r p t i o n o f o x y g e n i s g r e a t l y
93
e n h a n c e d by c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s i n t h e l i q u i d
film )
81 mprintf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c s can be a p p r o x i m a t e d by
a f i r s t o r d e r e x p r e s s i o n , t h e r e a c t i o n would
f a l l i n t h e pseudo f i r s t o r d e r r e g i m e , \
nwhere t h e r a t e v a r i e s w i t h t h e s q u a r e r o o t
o f t h e o x y g e n d i f f u s i v i t y and t h e r a t e
constant . )
82 end
83
84 //OUTPUT ( Ex7 . 7 . b )
85 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 7 . b ) ;
86 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
87 mprintf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f Phi ( enhancement f a c t o r ) %0
. 4 E , Phi_a ) ;
88 mprintf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f r a t i o P h i a b y P h i : %0 . 1 E ,
ratio ) ;
89 mprintf ( \nFrom t h e r a t i o v a l u e P h i a i s g r e a t e r
t h a n Phi h e n c e t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t g r a d i e n t
f o r c y c l o h e x a n e );
90
91 // FILE OUTPUT
92 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter7 Ex7Output . t x t , w ) ;
93 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex7 . 7 . a ) ;
94 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
95 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe v a l u e o f a p p a r e n t kLa : %0 . 2 f (
s e c 1) , apparent_kLa ) ;
96 mfprintf ( fid , \n The v a l u e o f p r e d i c t e d kLa : %0 . 2 f (
s e c 1) , Predicted_kLa ) ;
97 if ( apparent_kLa > Predicted_kLa )
98 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe a b s o r p t i o n o f o x y g e n i s
g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d by c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s i n
the l i q u i d f i l m )
99 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe k i n e t i c s can be
94
a p p r o x i m a t e d by a f i r s t o r d e r e x p r e s s i o n , t h e
r e a c t i o n would f a l l i n t h e pseudo f i r s t
o r d e r r e g i m e , \ nwhere t h e r a t e v a r i e s w i t h
the s q u a r e r o o t o f the oxygen d i f f u s i v i t y
and t h e r a t e c o n s t a n t . )
100 end
101 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7 . 7 . b ) ;
102 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
103 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe v a l u e o f Phi ( enhancement f a c t o r
) %0 . 4 E , Phi_a ) ;
104 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe v a l u e o f r a t i o P h i a b y P h i : %0 . 1
E , ratio ) ;
105 mfprintf ( fid , \nFrom t h e r a t i o v a l u e P h i a i s
g r e a t e r t h a n Phi h e n c e t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t
g r a d i e n t f o r c y c l o h e x a n e );
106 mclose ( fid ) ;
107 //
==========================================================
END OF PROGRAM
===============================================
95
Chapter 8
Multiphase Reactors
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Gas absorption coefficient and fraction of overall re-
sistance
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 8 Ex8 . 1 Pg No . 323
3 // T i t l e : Gas a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t and f r a c t i o n o f
overall resistance
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 rho_oil =0.8; // D e n s i t y o f o i l ( g /cm3 )
9 IV_init =130; // I o d i n e V a l u e i n i t i a l
10 IV_final =80; // I o d i n e V a l u e f i n a l
11 P =45; // P r e s s u r e o f s y s t e m ( p s i g )
12 T_C =204; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f s y s t e m ( C )
13 t_run =[26 17]; // Time r e q u i r e d f o r h y d r o g e n a t i o n run
2;
96
14 frac_Ni =[0.005 0.0125] // F r a c t i o n o f N i c k e l u s e d f o r
d i f f e r e n t run
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 r_ave =(( IV_init - IV_final ) ) *(0.039* rho_oil ) *(1/60)
.*( t_run .^( -1) ) ; // R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n I o d i n e
v a l u e and Hydrogen c o n s u m p t i o n ( mol H2/ L s e c )
18 H_H2 = 4*10^( -3) ; // S o l u b i l i t y o f H2 from F i g 8 . 4 Pg No
.322
19 P_H2 =( P /14.7) +1; // A b s o l u t e P r e s s u r e i n ( atm )
20 C_H2 = P_H2 * H_H2 ;
21 Ci_by_r = C_H2 .*( r_ave .^( -1) ) ;
22 Coeff_R_cat = frac_Ni .^( -1) ;
23 equation =[ ones (1 ,2) ; Coeff_R_cat ] // S i m u l t a n e o u s
Equation
24 Resistance = Ci_by_r * inv ( equation ) ;
25 Gas_abs_resistance =( Resistance (1) *100 ) .*( Ci_by_r
.^( -1) ) ;
26 Gas_abs_coefficient =(1/ Resistance (1) ) ;
27
28 //OUTPUT
29 mprintf ( \ nThe Gas a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f s e c
1 , Gas_abs_coefficient ) ;
30 mprintf ( \n The F r a c t i o n o f o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e due
t o g a s a b s o r p t i o n \n Run 1 %0 . 0 f%% \n Run 2 %0 . 0
f%% , Gas_abs_resistance (1) , Gas_abs_resistance (2) )
;
31
32 // FILE OUTPUT
33 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter8 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
34 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe Gas a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s %f
s e c 1 , Gas_abs_coefficient ) ;
35 mfprintf ( fid , \n The F r a c t i o n o f o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e
due t o g a s a b s o r p t i o n \n Run 1 %0 . 0 f%% \n Run 2
%0 . 0 f%% , Gas_abs_resistance (1) , Gas_abs_resistance
(2) ) ;
36 mclose ( fid ) ;
37 //
97
=======================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=================================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 8 Ex8 . 2 Pg No . 329
3 // T i t l e : E x t e r n a l Mass T r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e
4 //
==================================================================
5
6 clear
7 clc
8 //INPUT
9 Chi =1.9;
10 M_A =2; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Hydrogen
11 M_B =32; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f m e t h a n o l
12 rho =0.79; // D e n s i t y o f m e t h a n o l
13 myu =0.52; // V i s c o s i t y o f m e t h a n o l ( cP )
14 V_A =14.3 // Molar volume H2
15 T_C =30; // O p e r a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
16 T_K =273+ T_C // T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
17 Epsilon =0.4; // P o r o s i t y
18 rho_cat_dry =1.2; // D e n s i t y o f d r y c a t a l y s t ( g /cm3 )
19 rho_s =2; // S o l i d d e n s i t y
20 g =9.8 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y (m/ s 2 )
21 d_p =10^( -3) ; // S i z e o f c a t a l y s t ( cm )
22 lambda =1.3; // From e q u a t i o n 8 . 4 Pg . No . 317
23 r_vol =2.4; // Measured r a t e ( L/ min )
24 V_mol =22.4; // ( L/ mol ) a s s u m i n g i d e a l g a s
98
25 C_H2 =4.1*10^( -3) ; // From F i g u r e 8 . 3 ( mol /L ) Pg . No .
321
26
27
28 //CALCULATION
29 // Assume D H2 i s t h r e e t i m e s t h e v a l u e g i v e n by t h e
W i l k e C h a n g Equation
30 D_H2 =3*(7.4*(10^( -8) ) *( Chi * M_B ) ^(0.5) * T_K ) /( myu *( V_A
) ^0.6)
31 Sc = myu *10^ -2/( rho * D_H2 ) ;
32 rho_cat_methanol =(1 - Epsilon ) * rho_s + Epsilon * rho ;
33 delta_rho = rho_cat_methanol - rho ;
34 v_t =( g *10*( d_p ) ^2* delta_rho ) /(18* myu *10^ -2) ; // From
S t o k e s Law
35 Re = rho * v_t * d_p /( myu *10^ -2) ;
36 Sh_star =2+0.6*( Re ) ^(0.5) *( Sc ^(1/3) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
8 . 9 Pg . No . 3 2 5
37 kc_star = Sh_star * D_H2 / d_p ;
38 kc =2* kc_star ; // With v i g o r o u s a g i t a t i o n
39 a_c =6* lambda /( d_p * rho_cat_dry ) ; // From E q u a t i o n 8 . 4
Pg . No . 317
40 r_mol = r_vol /(22.4*60) ; //
41 delta_C_ext = r_mol *10^3/( kc * a_c ) ;
42 percent_ext_resistance =( delta_C_ext / C_H2 ) *100;
43
44 //OUTPUT
45 mprintf ( \ nThe e x t e r n a l mass t r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e i s
a b o u t %0 . 0 f%% o f o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e ,
percent_ext_resistance ) ;
46 mprintf ( \n The e x t e r n a l mass t r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e i s
b a r e l y s i g n i f i c a n t );
47
48 // FILE OUTPUT
49 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter8 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
50 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe e x t e r n a l mass t r a n s f e r
r e s i s t a n c e i s a b o u t %0 . 0 f%% o f o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e
, percent_ext_resistance ) ;
51 mfprintf ( fid , \n The e x t e r n a l mass t r a n s f e r
99
r e s i s t a n c e i s b a r e l y s i g n i f i c a n t );
52 mclose ( fid ) ;
53 //
=====================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=========================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 8 Ex8 . 3 Pg No .
3 // T i t l e : Apparent r a t e c o n s t a n t and c o n s i s t e n c y
4 //
==================================================================
5
6 clear
7 clc
8 // COMMON INPUT
9 LHSV_inv =[0.75 1.39]; // R e f e r t a b l e 8 . 2 Test R e s u l t s
( Liquid Hourly Space V e l o c i t y )
10 X_S =[0.77 0.83]; // R e f e r t a b l e 8 . 2 P e r c e n t a g e S u l p h u r
removal
11 T_C =365; // O p e r a t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e ( C )
12 rho =0.64; // D e n s i t y o f S u l p h u r Compounds ( g /cm3 )
13 myu =0.5; // V i s c o s i t y ( cP )
14 T_K =273+ T_C ; // T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
15 M_B =374; // For CHS compounds ( R e f e r t a b l e 8 . 1 )
16 V_A = M_B /0.6; // Molar volume
17 Chi =1;
18 Epsilon_by_tau =0.1;
19 D_pore_by_D_bulk =0.5; // H i n d e r a n c e due t o l a r g e
100
molecules
20 epsilon_holdup =0.6; // Assuming bed c o n s i s t s 60%
catalyst
21 k_app_rhob =1.96 // R e f e r Ex8 . 3 . a Run 1
22 eta =0.74;
23 R =0.095; // S i z e o f p a r t i c l e
24 C_H2_incorrect =0.48; // S o l u b i l i t y o f H2 a t 56 atm
25 P_incorrect =56; // I n c o r r e c t P r e s s u r e
26 P_correct =65; // C o r r e c t P r e s s u r e
27 m_feed =640; // C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Feed ( g /L ) ;
28 percent_S =2.04; // P e r c e n t a g e o f S u l p h u r
29 MW_S =32; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f S u l p h u r
30 N_H2 =1.5; // M o l e s o f H2
31 V_H2 =14.3; // S o l u b i l i t y o f Hydrogen
32
33 //CALCULATION ( Ex8 . 3 . a )
34 for i =1:2
35 kapp_rhob ( i ) = log ((1/(1 - X_S ( i ) ) ) ) *(1/ LHSV_inv ( i ) )
; // R e f e r E q u a t i o n 8 . 2 1
36
37 end
38 L = LHSV_inv (2) / LHSV_inv (1) ;
39 kapp_ratio = kapp_rhob (1) / kapp_rhob (2) ;
40 n = log10 ( kapp_ratio ) / log10 ( L ) ;
41
42 //CALCULATION ( Ex8 . 3 . b )
43 //FOR SULPHUR
44 D_CHS =(7.4*(10^( -8) ) *( Chi * M_B ) ^(0.5) * T_K ) /( myu *( V_A )
^0.6) ;
45 D_e_S = Epsilon_by_tau * D_pore_by_D_bulk * D_CHS ;
46 epsilon_holdup =0.6; // Assuming bed c o n s i s t s 60%
catalyst
47 k_app_S = k_app_rhob /(3600* epsilon_holdup ) ; // R e f e r Ex8
.3. a
48 phi_app_S = R *( k_app_S / D_e_S ) ^(0.5) ;
49 //FOR H2
50 C_H2_corrected = C_H2_incorrect *( P_correct / P_incorrect
);
101
51 C_S_initial = m_feed * percent_S *10^( -2) / MW_S ;
52 Initial_rate = k_app_rhob * C_S_initial ;
53 k_app_H2 = N_H2 * Initial_rate /(3600* epsilon_holdup *
C_H2_corrected ) ;
54 // Assume D H2 i s t h r e e t i m e s t h e v a l u e g i v e n by t h e
W i l k e C h a n g Equation
55 D_H2 =3*(7.4*(10^( -8) ) *( Chi * M_B ) ^(0.5) * T_K ) /( myu *(
V_H2 ) ^0.6) ;
56 D_e_H2 = Epsilon_by_tau * D_H2 ;
57 phi_app_H2 = R *( k_app_H2 / D_e_H2 ) ^(0.5) ;
58
59 //OUTPUT ( Ex8 . 3 . a )
60 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex8 . 3 . a ) ;
61 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
62 mprintf ( \n\ tThe Apparent r a t e c o n s t a n t s a r e \n\ t
Run1 %0 . 2 f hr 1 \n\ t Run2 %0 . 2 f hr 1 , kapp_rhob
(1) , kapp_rhob (2) )
63 mprintf ( \n\ tThe e x p o n e n t v a l u e = %0 . 1 f h e n c e t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i s not c o n s i s t e n t with r e p e c t to
e q u a t i o n s ( 8 . 2 3 ) and ( 8 . 2 4 ) f o r t h e a p p a r e n t
r a t e c o n s t a n t s o b t a i n e d ,n ) ;
64 mprintf ( \n\ tThe e r r o r may be due t o e r r o r i n
assuming a f i r s t o r d e r r e a c t i o n );
65
66 //OUTPUT ( Ex8 . 3 . b )
67 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex8 . 3 . b ) ;
68 mprintf ( \n
==========================================================
);
69 mprintf ( \n\ tThe i n t e r n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r b a s e d
on S u l p h u r and Hydrogen d i f f u s i o n a r e %0 . 2 f and
%0 . 2 f r e s p e c t i v e l y , phi_app_S , phi_app_H2 ) ;
70 mprintf ( \n\ tThe i n t e r n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r b a s e d
on Hydrogen i s n e g l i g i b l e ) ;
71
72 // FILE OUTPUT
102
73 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter8 Ex3Output . t x t , w ) ;
74 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex8 . 3 . a ) ;
75 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
76 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe Apparent r a t e c o n s t a n t s a r e \n
\ t Run1 %0 . 2 f hr 1 \n\ t Run2 %0 . 2 f hr 1 ,
kapp_rhob (1) , kapp_rhob (2) )
77 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe e x p o n e n t v a l u e = %0 . 1 f h e n c e
the d i f f e r e n c e i s not c o n s i s t e n t with r e p e c t to
e q u a t i o n s ( 8 . 2 3 ) and ( 8 . 2 4 ) f o r t h e a p p a r e n t r a t e
c o n s t a n t s o b t a i n e d ,n ) ;
78 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe e r r o r may be due t o e r r o r i n
assuming a f i r s t o r d e r r e a c t i o n );
79 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex8 . 3 . b ) ;
80 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==========================================================
);
81 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe i n t e r n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r
b a s e d on S u l p h u r and Hydrogen d i f f u s i o n a r e %0 . 2 f
and %0 . 2 f r e s p e c t i v e l y , phi_app_S , phi_app_H2 ) ;
82 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ tThe i n t e r n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r
b a s e d on Hydrogen i s n e g l i g i b l e ) ;
83 mclose ( fid ) ;
84 //============================================END OF
PROGRAM
=================================================
103
Chapter 9
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 9 Ex9 . 1 Pg No . 3 7 6
3 // T i t l e : Model I I V o l u m e t r i c Mass T r a n s f e r
C o e f f i c i e n t (K)
4 //
==================================================================
5
6 clear
7 clc
8 //INPUT
9 u0 =[ 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.75 0.95 1.15]; // F l u i d Velocities
(m/ s e c )
10 X =[0.923 0.872 0.846 0.775 0.728 0.664]; // C o n v e r s i o n
11 h_by_h0 =[1.26 1.44 1.66 2.0 2.3 2.7]; // H e i g h t o f bed
u n d e r f l u i d i z e d c o n d i t i o n by h e i g h t o f p a c k e d
bed
12 Epsilon_m =0.456; // F r a c t i o n o f v o i d s i n p a c k e d bed
104
13 h0 =0.75; // H e i g h t o f p a c k e d bed (m)
14 k_r =4.45 ; // R e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t a n t ( s e c 1)
15 W =5; // Weight o f t h e bed ( kg )
16
17
18 //CALCULATION
19 n = length ( X ) ;
20 for i =1: n
21 K0_L_by_u0 ( i ) = log (1/(1 - X ( i ) ) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
9 . 2 1 Pg No . 3 7 1
22 L ( i ) = h_by_h0 ( i ) * h0 ;
23 one_minus_epsilon ( i ) =(1 - Epsilon_m ) / h_by_h0 ( i ) ;
24 k_rhob ( i ) = k_r * one_minus_epsilon ( i ) ;
25 K0 ( i ) = K0_L_by_u0 ( i ) * u0 ( i ) / L ( i ) ;
26 K ( i ) =1/(( K0 ( i ) .^( -1) ) -(1/ k_rhob ( i ) ) ) ; // R e f e r
e q u a t i o n 9 . 1 9 Pg No . 3 7 1
27 end
28
29
30 //OUTPUT
31 mprintf ( \ nThe v a l u e s o f K f o r g i v e n v e l o c i t i e s )
32 mprintf ( \n u (m/ s e c ) \ t K ( s e c 1) ) ;
33 mprintf ( \n
==================================================================
);
34 for i =1: n
35 mprintf ( \n %. 3 g \ t \ t %0 . 3 f , u0 ( i ) ,K ( i ) ) ;
36 end
37
38 // FILE OUTPUT
39 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter9 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
40 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe v a l u e s o f K f o r g i v e n v e l o c i t i e s
)
41 mfprintf ( fid , \n u (m/ s e c ) \ t K ( s e c 1) ) ;
42 mfprintf ( fid , \n
==================================================================
);
43 for i =1: n
105
44 mfprintf ( fid , \n %. 3 g \ t \ t %0 . 3 f , u0 ( i ) ,K ( i ) ) ;
45 end
46
47 //==============================================END
OF PROGRAM
=============================================
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( IE d i t i o n
) M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 9 Ex9 . 2 Pg No . 3 8 9
3 // T i t l e : Model I I F r a c t i o n u n c o n v e r t e d n a p h t h a l e n e
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 D =2.13 ; // R e a c t o r D i a m e t e r (m)
9 L =7.9; // R e a c t o r l e n g t h (m)
10 dp_bar = 53*10^( -6) ; // P a r t i c l e s i z e (m)
11 u_mf =0.077; // Minimum f l u i d z a t i o n v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s )
12 u_mb =0.5; // Minimum b u b b l i n g v e l o c i t y ( cm/ s )
13 rho_bulk =770; // Bulk d e n s i t y ( kg /m3)
14 rho_b =350; // D e n s i t y ( kg /m3)
15 Epsilon_m =0.44; // P o r o s i t y o f bed
16 T_K =636; // R e a c t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e (K)
17 P =266; // R e a c t i o n P r e s s u r e ( kPa )
18 k_1 =1.8; // R e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t a n t ( s e c 1)
19 k_2 = k_1 ;
20 u0 =0.43; // V e l o c i t y (m/ s e c )
21 C0 =2*10^( -2) ; // I n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n (%)
106
22
23 //CALCULATION
24 k = k_1 + k_2 ;
25 one_minus_epsilon =(1 - Epsilon_m ) *( rho_b / rho_bulk ) ;
26 k_corrected = k * one_minus_epsilon ; // b a s e d on bed
volume
27 Nr = k_corrected * L / u0 ;
28 K =0.8; // From f i g u r e 9 . 1 2 a t u0 =0.43m/ s e c Pg No . 3 7 6
29 Nm = K * L / u0 ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 9 . 2 1 Pg No . 3 7 1
30 N =1/((1/ Nm ) +(1/ Nr ) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 9 . 2 2 Pg No . 3 7 1
31 X =(1 - exp ( - N ) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 9 . 2 3 Pg No . 3 7 1
32 C_out =(1 - X ) * C0 ;
33 C_out_ppm = C_out *(10^6) ;
34
35 //OUTPUT
36 mprintf ( \ nThe f r a c t i o n o f n a p h t h a l e n e u n c o n v e r t e d
i s %0 . 0 f ppm , C_out_ppm ) ;
37
38 // FILE OUTPUT
39 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter9 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
40 mfprintf ( fid , \ nThe f r a c t i o n o f n a p h t h a l e n e
u n c o n v e r t e d i s %0 . 0 f ppm , C_out_ppm ) ;
41 mclose ( fid ) ;
42
43
44 //===========================================END OF
PROGRAM
=================================================
107
Chapter 10
Novel Reactors
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 10 Ex10 . 1 Pg No . 408
3 // T i t l e : F r a c t i o n u n c o n v e r t e d n a p h t h a l e n e b a s e d on
model I I
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 //INPUT
8 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e
9 T_feed =300+ T_ref ; // T e m p e r a t u r e i n (K)
10 SV_STP =[60000 120000]; // S p a c e v e l o c i t y ( Hr 1)
11 t_cell =0.04; // T h i c k n e s s ( cm )
12 cell_unit_area =100/(2.54^2) ; //No o f c e l l s p e r u n i t
a r e a ( c e l l s /cm2 )
13 L_inch =6; // Length o f m o n o l i t h i c c o n v e r t e r ( I n c h e s )
108
14 Epsilon =0.68; // P o r o s i t y
15 myu =0.0284*(10^ -2) ; // V i s c o s i t y o f a i r ( P o i s e )
16 rho =6.17*10^( -4) ; // D e n s i t y o f a i r ( g /cm3 )
17
18
19 //CALCULATION
20 d = sqrt (1/ cell_unit_area ) - t_cell ;
21 Epsilon =( d ^2/( d + t_cell ) ^2) ;
22
23 // Assume t h e wash c o a t i n g l o w e r s d t o 0 . 2 1 cm and
Epsilon to 0 . 6 8 :
24 d_new =0.21;
25 Epsilon_new =0.68
26 a =4* Epsilon_new / d_new ;
27 SV = SV_STP .*( T_feed /( T_ref *3600) ) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
10.13
28 L_cm = L_inch *2.54;
29 u0 = SV .*( L_cm ) ;
30 u = u0 .*(1/ Epsilon ) ;
31 Nu = myu / rho ; // K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y
32 D_CO_N2_1 =0.192; // D i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r b i n a r y
g a s m i x t u r e s ( cm2/ s e c ) a t 288K
33 D_CO_N2_2 = D_CO_N2_1 *( T_feed /288) ^(1.7) ; // // D i f f u s i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r b i n a r y g a s m i x t u r e s ( cm2/ s e c ) a t
573K
34 Sc = Nu / D_CO_N2_2 ;
35 for i =1:2
36 Re ( i ) = d_new * u ( i ) / Nu ;
37 Re_Sc_d_by_L ( i ) = Re ( i ) * Sc *( d_new / L_cm ) ;
38 Sh ( i ) = 3.66 *(1+0.095* Re_Sc_d_by_L ( i ) ) ^(0.45) ; //
Refer equation 10.7
39 k_c ( i ) = Sh ( i ) * D_CO_N2_2 / d_new ;
40 X ( i ) =1 - exp (( - k_c ( i ) * a * L_cm * u0 ( i ) ^( -1) ) ) ; // R e f e r
equation10 .12
41 Percent_X ( i ) = X ( i ) *100;
42 end
43
44 //OUTPUT
109
45 mprintf ( \n The C o n v e r s i o n e x p e c t e d f o r t h e g i v e n
space v e l o c i t i e s );
46 mprintf ( \n S p a c e V e l o c i t y ( hr 1) \ t \ t C o n v e r s i o n (
%%) ) ;
47 mprintf ( \n
======================================================
);
48 for i =1:2
49 mprintf ( \n %. 0 f \ t \ t \ t \ t %. 1 f , SV_STP ( i ) ,
Percent_X ( i ) ) ;
50 end
51
52 // FILE OUTPUT
53 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter10 Ex1Output . t x t , w ) ;
54 mfprintf ( fid , \n The C o n v e r s i o n e x p e c t e d f o r t h e
g i v e n space v e l o c i t i e s );
55 mfprintf ( fid , \n S p a c e V e l o c i t y ( hr 1) \ t \ t
C o n v e r s i o n (%%) ) ;
56 mfprintf ( fid , \n
======================================================
);
57 for i =1:2
58 mfprintf ( fid , \n %. 0 f \ t \ t \ t \ t %. 1 f , SV_STP ( i
) , Percent_X ( i ) ) ;
59 end
60 mclose ( fid ) ;
61
62
63 //================================================
END OF PROGRAM
=========================================================
110
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Conversion as a function of No of Gauzes
1 // H a r r i o t P . , 2 0 0 3 , C h e m i c a l R e a c t o r D e s i g n ( I
E d i t i o n ) , M a r c e l Dekker , I n c . , USA , pp 4 3 6 .
2 // Chapter 10 Ex10 . 2 Pg No . 414
3 // T i t l e : C o n v e r s i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f No . o f Gauzes
4 //
==================================================================
5 clear
6 clc
7 // COMMON INPUT
8 M_NH3 =17; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t NH3
9 M_air =29; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a i r
10 f_air =0.9; // F r a c t i o n o f a i r i n f e e d
11 f_NH3 =(1 - f_air ) ; // F r a c t i o n o f NH3 i n f e e d
12 myu_air =0.0435*(10^ -2) ; // V i s c o s i t y o f a i r ( P o i s e )
13 P_atm =(100+14.7) /14.7; // P r e s s u r e o f t h e s y s t e m
14 P_ref =1; // R e f e r e n c e P r e s s u r e
15 T_ref =273; // R e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e
16 T_inlet =300+ T_ref ; // I n l e t T e m p e r a t u r e
17 V_ref =22400;
18 T_surf =700+ T_ref ; // S u r f a c e T e m p e r a t u r e
19 u0 =1.8; // V e l o c i t y a t 300 C (m/ s e c )
20 d =0.076*(10^ -1) ; // S i z e o f w i r e ( cm )
21 D_NH3_N2 =0.23; // D i f f u s i v i t y a t 298 K 1 atm ( cm2/ s )
22 N =32; // Gauzes ( w i r e s /cm )
23 frac_N2 = 0.25*(10^( -2) ) ; // F r a c t i o n o f NH3 f e d i n t o
N2 ( B y p r o d u c t r e a c t i o n )
24 n =[1 2 5 10 15 20]; //No . o f Gauzes
25
26
27 //CALCULATION ( Ex 1 0 . 2 . a )
28 M_ave = f_air * M_air + f_NH3 * M_NH3 ;
29 rho =( M_ave * T_ref * P_atm ) /( V_ref * T_surf * P_ref ) ;
30 u0_surf = u0 *( T_surf / T_inlet ) ;
31 Re = rho * u0_surf *100* d / myu_air ;
32 Gamma = [1 -32*( d ) ]^2; // From e q u a t i o n 1 0 . 5
111
33 Re_Gamma = Re / Gamma ;
34 D_NH3 = 0.23*( T_surf /298) ^(1.7) *(1/7.8) ; // a t 7 . 8
atm 700 C
35 Sc =( myu_air * P_ref ) /( rho * D_NH3 ) ;
36 j_D = 0.644*( Re_Gamma ) ^( -0.57) ; // R e f e r e q u a t i o n
10.14
37 k_c = j_D *( u0_surf *100/ Gamma ) *(1/( Sc ) ^(2/3) ) ;
38 a_dash = 2*( %pi ) *( d ) * N
39 k_c_a_dash_u0 =( k_c * a_dash ) /( u0_surf *100) ;
40 m = length ( n )
41 for i = 1: m
42 X ( i ) = (1 - exp ( - k_c_a_dash_u0 * n ( i ) ) ) ;
43 end
44 //CALCULATION ( Ex 1 0 . 2 . b )
45 for i = 1: m
46 X ( i ) = (1 - exp ( - k_c_a_dash_u0 * n ( i ) ) ) ;
47 Yield ( i ) = X ( i ) - frac_N2 * n ( i ) ;
48 end
49
50
51 //OUTPUT( Ex 1 0 . 2 . a )
52 mprintf ( \n OUTPUT Ex10 . 2 . a ) ;
53 mprintf ( \n===================================== ) ;
54 mprintf ( \n \ tThe Ammonia C o n v e r s i o n ) ;
55 mprintf ( \n===================================== ) ;
56 mprintf ( \n\ t Gauzes Conversion );
57 mprintf ( \n\ t (n) (X) ) ;
58 mprintf ( \n===================================== ) ;
59 for i =1: m
60 mprintf ( \n\ t %. 0 f \ t \ t %. 3 f ,n ( i ) ,X ( i ) ) ;
61 end
62
63 //OUTPUT( Ex 1 0 . 2 . b )
64 mprintf ( \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex10 . 2 . b ) ;
65 mprintf ( \n
========================================== ) ;
66 mprintf ( \n \ tThe Ammonia Y i e l d ) ;
67 mprintf ( \n
112
========================================== ) ;
68 mprintf ( \n\ t Gauzes Y i e l d );
69 mprintf ( \n\ t ( n ) (X%fn ) , frac_N2 ) ;
70 mprintf ( \n
========================================== ) ;
71 for i =1: m
72 mprintf ( \n\ t %. 0 f \ t \ t %. 3 f ,n ( i ) , Yield ( i ) ) ;
73 end
74 // FILE OUTPUT
75 fid = mopen ( . \ Chapter10 Ex2Output . t x t , w ) ;
76 mfprintf ( fid , \n OUTPUT Ex10 . 2 . a ) ;
77 mfprintf ( fid , \n
===================================== ) ;
78 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ tThe Ammonia C o n v e r s i o n ) ;
79 mfprintf ( fid , \n
===================================== ) ;
80 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t Gauzes Conversion );
81 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t ( n ) (X) ) ;
82 mfprintf ( fid , \n
===================================== ) ;
83 for i =1: m
84 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t %. 0 f \ t \ t %. 3 f ,n ( i ) ,X ( i ) )
;
85 end
86 mfprintf ( fid , \n\n\n OUTPUT Ex10 . 2 . b ) ;
87 mfprintf ( fid , \n
========================================== ) ;
88 mfprintf ( fid , \n \ tThe Ammonia Y i e l d ) ;
89 mfprintf ( fid , \n
========================================== ) ;
90 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t Gauzes Y i e l d );
91 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t ( n ) (X%fn ) , frac_N2
);
92 mfprintf ( fid , \n
========================================== ) ;
93 for i =1: m
94 mfprintf ( fid , \n\ t %. 0 f \ t \ t %. 3 f ,n ( i ) , Yield (
i));
113
95 end
96 mclose ( fid ) ;
97
98 //
====================================================
END OF PROGRAM
====================================================
114