Contents

Synopsis...................................................................3
Introduction...............................................................3
Theory......................................................................4
Experimental technique...............................................8
Results.....................................................................9
Discussion...............................................................15
Conclusion..............................................................16
Appendix.................................................................17
Reference...............................................................22

Synopsis
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate some of the characteristics
of the compressible flow. On the other hand, the effects of changing inlet and back
pressure on the mass flow rate of air along the nozzles is determined and compared
with the theoretical calculated values.Also, the pressure distribution and chocked effect
in nozzles are investigated. However, maximum flow rate, critical pressure are also
include to the effects, therefore, these effects are predicted from the chart and then,
compared with the theoretical values.

Introduction
Nozzle is a devise, which is used in order to convert high pressure and low velocity fluid
at the inlet into the low pressure and high velocity fluid at the outlet. Nozzles have an
important role in a wide range of engineering applications, such as control valves, jet
engines, steam turbines and eductors. Choked valves are the type of control valves,
which are used in oil and gas production wells for the controlling of produced well fluids
flow. On the other hand, choked valves can be used in order to kill pressure from
reservoir and adjust the downstream pressure.
Convergent-divergent nozzles are used to rise gas flow to supersonic speeds. The cross
sectional area of these nozzles at first decreases, then increases. The area with
minimum diameter is called the throat.
When the gas go into the converging section, its velocity increases and the mass flow
rate is considered to be constant. When the gas passes through the throat, it reaches to
sonic velocity where mach number is equal to 1 (M=1). When the gas enters the
divergent section, the velocity increases to supersonic where mach number greater than
1 (M>1). Mach number is th ratio of the speed of the gas to the speed of sound in gas. [1]

Picture 1: Convergent-divergent nozzle

Choked flow, which is a compressible flow effect, happens when gas velocity
across a restriction in the flow path become sonic. When the gas passing through the
smaller cross section area of the restriction, its velocity linearly increase. However, there
is some limiting point which is called choked flow or critical flow and it occurs when the
velocity of gas is reached to the speed of sound and also Mach number is equal to 1.
Furthermore, after this point the mass flow rate of the gas cannot be enhanced by
further decreasing downstream pressure. Although, the mass flow rate can be enhanced
by increasing the upstream pressure or by decreasing upstream temperature, but the
velocity of the gas is choked and cannot be increased. Engineers can design units which
make use of choked flow in gases because, under this condition, the mass flowrate
become independent of the outlet pressure and only the temperature, pressure and
hence the density of the gas in the inlet can affect to the mass flowrate. [1]

Theory
Gas flow through the nozzle mainly is considered as isenthalpic, which is nearly the
same with adiabatic condition, where there is no any heat exchange. Also, in order to
make calculation simple, gas is considered to be ideal, therefore equation of the state is
used.
Adiabatic process
PV =nRT (1)
v2

v2

v2

T
Wv= PdV = nRTdV =nR (2)
V
v1
v1
v1 V
Because of the process is carried out adiobatically, the first law of thermodynamics
become the equation which shown below:
dU =dQ +dWv=0+dWv (3)
By integrating both sides :
dU =Wv=

nRTdV
( 4)
V

For constant volume systems :

3

dU =dQ +dWv=C v ndT PdV =C v ndT (5)

C v=

du
(6)
dT

Substituting equation (4) into equation (5) and cancelling out molar term (n) :
C v=

RTdV
V dT

In order to get ride of two unknown variables, we can intgrate both side by separation of
variables :
C v dT RdV
=
T
V
After Integrating both sides and taking exponentials of both sides :
T2 V2
=
T1 V1

( )

R
Cv

(7)

From this expression temperature volume relationship T=T(V) function is found out.
According to definition of enthalpy :
h=u+ Pv( 8)

By differentiating each term in terms of T and constant volume system is taken into the
consideration :
dh du d ( Pv ) du
dP du RdT du
= +
= +V
= +
= +R
dT dT
dT
dT
dT dT dT
dT
This expression leads to :
dH=dU +d ( PV )
dh=dQPdv + Pdv+ vdP=dQ +vdP

At constant pressure dP=0 , therefore :

4

dh=dQ=C p dT ( 11)
It is clear from equations (6) and (11) that, dh/dT=C p at constant pressure and du/dT=C v
at constant volume, therefore:
C p =C v + R (12)
Afterwards, we can substitute equation (12) to equation (7)
T2 V2
=
T1 V1

R
Cv

V
= 2
V1

( ) ( )

( C v C p )
Cv

V2
V1

Cp
Cv

V2
V1

( ) ( )

Cp
adiabatic index(13)
Cv

Finally, we can easily calculate Temperature and pressure dependence in adiabatic

system:
P1 V 1 P 2 V 2
=
(14 )
T1
T2
V 2 T 2 P1
=
V 1 T 1 P2
T 2 T 2 P1
=
T 1 T 1 P2

T2
T
2
T1
T1

P1
P2

( ) ( )( ) ( )

T2
T1

P
= 1
P2

( ) ( )

T
P
= 2= 1
T 1 P2

( )

(15)

Derivation of velocity equation through the nozzle:

h 0=h1 +

u 21
u2
=h2+ 2
2
2

u 22 u21
dh=h1h 2= (16)
2 2

dh=dQ=C p dT =C p ( T 2T 1) (17)
Substituting equation (18) into equation (19) :
u22 u21
C p ( T 2T 1) =
2 2
2

u2=2 C p ( T 2T 1 )+ u1

u2= 2 C p ( T 2T 1 ) +u 21= 2C p T 1 1

T2
+ u21 (18)
T1

Substituting equation (17) into above equation we found :

( ( ) )

2 R T 1
P
u2=
1 1
1
P2

+u21

Before air inlet valve is opened, we can consider the term u 1=0 and change the
expression for the calculation of the velocity through the nozzle at a point x : [2]

( ( ) )

2 R T i
Px
ux=
1
1
Pi

(19)

ratio of specific heats at const . pressurevolume

Px pressure at the position x

Piinlet pressure
T i inlet temperature
RUniversal Gas Constant

is taken to be 1.4 for air under the conditions used in this experiment

Max mass flow rate

6

The theoretical maximum mass flowrate through th nozzles can be found using the
equation shown below:
Gmax =A t

( ) (
2
+1

1
1

2 Pi 2
(20)
( +1) R T i

Critical pressure ratio can be found:

Px
2
=
P i +1

( )

(21)

Where,
A t cros sectionalarea of throat
ratio of specific heats at const . pressurevolume

Px pressure at the position x

Piinlet pressure
T i inlet temperature
RUniversal Gas Constant

Experimental technique
In this experiment nozzle pressure distribution rig is used, which shown below:

5
4

Figure 1. Nozzle pressure distribution rig

1) Air supply, 2) Air inlet pressure valve, 3) Air outlet pressure valve, 4) Rotameter,
5) Inlet pressure

The rotameter has been calibrated at standart conditions (atmospheric pressure - 101.3
kN/m2 and 20oC giving an air density of 1.2 kg/m 3)
The air is conveyed from the main supply to the back of the unit through the blue hose,
which is marked with 1 on the picture. Digit 2 represent the inlet pressure valve, which
regulates air pressur, however, outlet pressure is set by the valve, which marked with 3.
Finall, air discharged through the rotameter.

Results
Nozzle A

Figure 1: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle A by pressure ratios when P in kept
constant

Mass flow rate distribution

4
3
2
Mass flow rate (g/s) Pin=400kPa

Pin=300kPa

1
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

Table 1: Maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle A when P in is kept constant

Pin (kPa)
501.3
401.3

Gmax (g/s)
Theoretical
3.72
2.98

Experimental
3.60
2.90

Figure 2: Pressure distribution of gas through the nozzle A when P in = 501.3 kPa

Pressure distribution along the nozzle A

600

Test 1

500

Test 2
Test 3

400

Pressures of eight tappings (kPa)

Test 4

300

Test 5

200

Test 6
Test 7

100
0

Test 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Test 9

Distance from upstream xi (mm)

Table 2: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle A when P in = 501.3 kPa
9

u1

u2

u3

u4

u5

u6

u7

u8

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

185.1

464.4

464.4

464.4

464.4

385.1

389.6

332.9

185.1

458.8

464.4

464.4

453.3

385.1

389.6

324.5

185.1

385.1

422.5

453.3

453.3

385.1

389.6

332.9

185.1

341.5

371.7

367.3

412.8

380.6

389.6

324.5

185.1

299.1

332.9

324.5

341.5

371.7

389.6

332.9

185.1

256.2

282.1

282.1

290.7

290.7

389.6

324.5

185.1

210.3

229.2

229.2

247.3

247.3

316.0

332.9

185.1

163.1

190.3

190.3

205.4

190.3

247.3

264.9

185.1

82.5

117.5

117.5

117.5

58.1

131.9

117.5

Figure 3: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle A when P in = 501.3 kPa

Velocity distribution of gas

500.0
Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4
400.0

Test 5

Test 6

Test 7

Test 8

300.0
Velocities at tapping points (m/s)
Test 9

200.0
100.0
0.0
0

Distance from upstream xi (mm)

Figure 4: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle A by pressure ratios when P out kept
constant
10

Mass flow rate distribution

4
3
2
Mass flow rate (g/s)Pout=100kpa

Pout=300kpa

1
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

Nozzle B
Figure 5: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle B by pressure ratios when P in kept
constant

Mass flow rate distribution

mass flow rate g/s

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

Pin=400kPa

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

Table 3: Maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle B when P in is kept constant

Pin (kPa)

Gmax (g/s)
Theoretical
Experimental
11

501.3

3.72

3.70

Table 4: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle B when P in = 501.3 kPa

u1

u2

u3

u4

u5

m/s
168.8
168.8
168.8
168.8
168.8
168.8
168.8
151.2
92.4

m/s
307.6
307.6
307.6
307.6
307.6
307.6
307.6
229.2
92.4

m/s
403.4
403.4
403.4
403.4
403.4
371.7
294.9
224.5
117.5

m/s
422.5
422.5
422.5
412.8
358.6
299.1
247.3
195.4
117.5

m/s
458.8
458.8
432.4
367.3
316.0
282.1
229.2
174.4
109.7

Figure 6: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle B when P in = 501.3 kPa

Velocity distribution of gas

500.0

Test 1
Test 2

400.0

Test 3
Test 4

300.0
Velocities at tapping points (m/s)

Test 5
200.0

Test 6
Test 7

100.0
0.0
0

Test 8
1

Test 9

Distance from upstream xi (mm)

12

Figure 7: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle B by pressure ratios when P out kept
constant

Mass flow rate distribution

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Pout=100kpa
Mass flow rate (g/s)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.1 0.2 0.3

pout=300kpa

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

Nozzle C
Figure 8: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle C by pressure ratios when P in kept
constant

13

Mass flow rate distribution

4
3.5
3
2.5
Pin=400 2
Mass flow rate (g/s)
1.5

Pin=300

Pin=200

1
0.5
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

Table 5: Maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle C when P in is kept constant

Pin (kPa)

Gmax (g/s)
Theoretical
Experimental
6.53
3.60
5.23
2.90
3.93
2.20

501.3
401.3
301.3

Table 6: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle C when P in = 501.3 kPa

u1

u2

u3

u4

u5

u6

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

131.9

109.7

157.3

179.8

219.8

273.6

131.9

109.7

157.3

179.8

219.8

269.2

109.7

109.7

151.2

179.8

219.8

264.9

109.7

109.7

151.2

179.8

215.1

264.9

109.7

109.7

151.2

179.8

219.8

264.9

101.4

101.4

145.0

174.4

205.4

233.8

82.5

82.5

124.9

145.0

174.4

185.1

82.5

71.3

117.5

131.9

145.0

131.9

58.1

41.0

82.5

92.4

82.5

Figure 9: Velocity distribution of gas through the nozzle B when P in = 501.3 kPa
14

Velocity distribution of gas

300
Test 1

Test 2

Test 3 250 Test 4

Test 5

Test 6

Test 7

200
Velocities at tapping points (m/s)

150
100

Test 8

Test 9

50
0
0

Distance from upstream xi (mm)

Figure 10: Mass flow rate distribution along the nozzle C by pressure ratios when P out
kept constant

Mass flow rate distribution

4
3.5
3
2.5
Mass flow rate g/s

2 Pout100

Pout300

1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Pressure ratio : Pout/Pin (kPa/kPa)

15

Discussion
First of all, inlet pressure was kept constant and outlet pressure was changed in
order to investigate effects on flow. It was clear from the theory that, when pressure
difference eventually pressure ratio increased, the flow should also increase. However,
it is clear from the results that, flow can increase up to a certain point and afterwards
there will not any increase in flow. As you can see from graphs for nozzles (Figure
1,5,8), flow increased up to a certain point and then stabilized. This phenomena
happened at the critical pressure, therefore, critical pressure for air was computed
theoretically and can be found in Appedix and also, demonstarated in graphs for
nozzles. Critical pressure was taken as constant, but critical pressure, which was found
from grapghs for nozzle A,B,C, was slightly different from theory and there was some
reasons that can directly affect to the results. Initially, it was considered that, there was
not friction loss in the nozzle, however, the system was slightly far from ideality. On the
other hand, different shape of nozzles, nominal diameter and number of tapping point
can cause to obtain different critical pressure.
The mass flow rates, which were found experimentally, was varying within the
range of 2-5 g/s. Theoretical mass flow rates were calculated and they were slightly
higher than the experimental values. The main reason is that, there were some friction
losses and the system was assumed ideal, in fact air is not ideal gas.
As you can see from Figure 4,7,10 , in which the outlet pressure was fixed, as the
inlet pressure increased, the pressure ratio decreased and finally mass flow rate
increased. In these figures, choked flow happens, because it only occurs , when the inlet
pressure is fixed.
However, there were some other errors that can be directly affect to the results
and make difference between theoretical and experimental values. For instance, the
possible pressure losses between the nozzle and pipes could be occur. However, in this
experiment the ratio of capacities was set to 1.4, which was relevant to the ideal
systems, although the whole system and the air flow were assumed ideal.
It is clear from the velocity graph of nozzle A that, for lower pressure ratio, the
velocity first started to increase and then decreased. For example, in Figure 3 for P in=
501.3 kPa and Pout=101.3 kPa, the velocity peaked rapidly and then decreased slightly.
However if we look at higher pressure ratios, for example, P in= 501.3 kPa and Pout=451.3
kPa, it increased steadily over the distance. The velocity graph of the nozzle B
demonstrated the similar tendency.
On the other hand, for nozzle C only convergent nozzle is used. Therefore, it
differed from previous nozzles. As you can see from Figure 9, in all cases velocity first

16

decreased up to some point and then increased rapidly. However, the velocity rised
more dramatical for lower pressure ratios.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the effects of changing inlet and back pressure on the mass flow
rate of air through the nozzles was determined and compared with the theoretical values
as well as possible errors discussed. On the other hand, on of the most crucial effects,
which is called choked effect, was observed. Finally, we achieved to finish our
experiment successfully without any problem.

Appendix
Each rotameter is set up at the outlet of each tapping point and demonstrates gauge
pressures. Therefore, during calculation of velocities at points, atmospheric pressure
should be considered.

Nozzle A
Table 7: Run Set 1: Pin=501.3 kPa
P out

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

kPa
101.
3
151.
3
201.
3
251.

kPa
406.
3
406.
3
406.
3
406.

kPa
101.
3
106.
3
181.
3
231.

kPa
101.
3
101.
3
141.
3
196.

kPa
101.
3
101.
3
111.
3
201.

kPa
101.
3
111.
3
111.
3
151.

kPa
181.
3
181.
3
181.
3
186.

kPa
176.
3
176.
3
176.
3
176.

kPa
241.
3
251.
3
241.
3
251.

Mass
Flow
g/s
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
17

3
301.
3
351.
3
401.
3
451.
3
501.
3

3
406.
3
406.
3
406.
3
406.
3
406.
3

3
281.
3
331.
3
381.
3
426.
3
481.
3

3
241.
3
301.
3
361.
3
401.
3
461.
3

3
251.
3
301.
3
361.
3
401.
3
461.
3

3
231.
3
291.
3
341.
3
386.
3
461.
3

3
196.
3
291.
3
341.
3
401.
3
491.
3

3
176.
3
176.
3
261.
3
341.
3
451.
3

3
241.
3
251.
3
241.
3
321.
3
461.
3

3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
2

Using equation (20), theoretical Gmax is calculated:

( ) (

d2 2
Gmax =
4 +1

1
1

2
2 Pi M 22
2
=
4 1.4 +1
( +1) RT i

) ( ) (
1
1.41

21.4 501.3229103 2
g
106=3.72
s
(1.4 +1) 8.314293

Using equation (19), the velocity through the nozzle at a point x can be calculated. I
have done it only for one point:

( ( ) )

2 R T 1
P
u2=
1 1
( 1 )M
P2

( (

21.48.314293
406.3
1
3
501.3
(1.41 )2910

11.4
1.4

) )=185.1 ms

Critical pressure ratio an critical pressure calculated only once for nozzle A Run Set 1:
Px
2
=
P i +1

( ) (
=

2
1.4+1

1.4
1.41

=0.53

Pout =0.53501.3=265.7 kPa

Pcri=Pout Patm =265.7101.3=164.4 kPa( gauge)
Table 8: Run Set 2: Pin=401.3 kPa
P out

P1

P2

kPa
kPa
kPa
101.3 326.3 101.3

P3

P4

kPa
61.3

kPa
91.3

P5

P6

P7

P8

kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
101.3 156.3 141.3 196.3

Mass
Flow
g/s
2.9
18

151.3
201.3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3

G max =

321.3
326.3
326.3
326.3
326.3
376.3

141.3
186.3
231.3
291.3
341.3
386.3

( ) (

d2 2
4 +1

1
1

91.3
151.3
201.3
261.3
315.3
371.3

91.3
166.3
216.3
266.3
321.3
381.3

91.3
106.3
191.3
251.3
301.3
371.3

2
2 P i M 22
2
=
4 1.4 +1
( +1) RT i

156.3
156.3
161.3
256.3
321.3
401.3

) ( ) (
1
1.41

141.3
141.3
141.3
166.3
261.3
371.3

196.3
196.3
196.3
196.3
221.3
381.3

2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
1.4
1

21.4 401.3229103 2
g
106 =2.97
s
(1.4 +1) 8.314293

Table 9: Run Set 3: Pout=201.3 kPa

P in

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

kPa
201.
3
251.
3
301.
3
351.
3
401.
3
451.
3
501.
3
531.
3

kPa
186.
3
206.
3
246.
3
286.
3
316.
3
366.
3
406.
3
431.
3

kPa
186.
3
151.
3
161.
3
186.
3
211.
3
241.
3
261.
3
281.
3

kPa
161.
3
111.
3
91.3

kPa
186.
3
161.
3
131.
3
126.
3
141.
3
156.
3
171.
3
181.
3

kPa
186.
3
171.
3
141.
3
136.
3
91.3
101.
3
111.
3
116.
3

kPa
206.
3
201.
3
186.
3
181.
3
171.
3
151.
3
121.
3
121.
3

kPa
181.
3
181.
3
176.
3
176.
3
161.
3
161.
3
151.
3
101.
3

kPa
171.
3
166.
3
161.
3
156.
3
141.
3
141.
3
141.
3
121.
3

111.
3
126.
3
146.
3
161.
3
171.
3

Mass
Flow
g/s
0.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
3.8

Table 10: Run Set 4: Pout=401.3 kPa

P in

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

kPa
401.

kPa
371.

kPa
371.

kPa
351.

kPa
371.

kPa
376.

kPa
406.

kPa
376.

kPa
391.

Mass
Flow
g/s
1.6
19

3
451.
3
501.
3
531.
3

3
371.
3
406.
3
431.
3

3
311.
3
271.
3
291.
3

3
306.
3
246.
3
206.
3

3
316.
3
316.
3
301.
3

3
356.
3
326.
3
316.
3

3
401.
3
376.
3
361.
3

3
381.
3
361.
3
351.
3

3
401.
3
371.
3
371.
3

3
3.5
3.8

Nozzle B
Table 11: Run Set 1: Pin=501.3 kPa
P out
kPa
101.3
151.3
201.3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3
451.3
501.3

P1
kPa
421.3
421.3
421.3
421.3
421.3
421.3
421.3
436.3
476.3

P2
kPa
271.3
271.3
271.3
271.3
271.3
271.3
271.3
361.3
476.3

( ) (

d2 2
Gmax =
4 +1

1
1

P3
kPa
161.3
161.3
161.3
161.3
161.3
196.3
286.3
366.3
461.3

P4
kPa
141.3
141.3
141.3
151.3
211.3
281.3
341.3
396.3
461.3

P5
kPa
106.3
106.3
131.3
201.3
261.3
301.3
361.3
416.3
466.3

2
2 Pi M 22
2
=
4 1.4 +1
( +1) RT i

) ( ) (
1
1.41

Mass Flow
g/s
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.5
1.7
1

21.4 501.3229103 2
g
106=3.72
s
(1.4 +1) 8.314293

Table 12: Run Set 2: Pout=201.3 kPa

P in
P1
P2
P3
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
201.3 196.3 181.3 161.3
251.3 196.3 161.3 136.3
301.3 251.3 171.3 121.3
351.3 291.3 196.3 111.3
401.3 341.3 221.3 131.3
451.3 381.3 246.3 141.3
501.3 421.3 271.3 161.3
531.3 441.3 281.3 166.3
Table 13: Run Set 3: Pout=401.3 kPa

P4
kPa
191.3
181.3
166.3
136.3
121.3
131.3
141.3
146.3

P5
kPa
181.3
181.3
176.3
161.3
161.3
141.3
126.3
141.3

Mass Flow
g/s
1.3
1.8
2.2
2.6
3
3.4
3.7
3.9

20

P in
kPa
401.3
451.3
501.3
531.3

P1
kPa
381.3
381.3
421.3
441.3

P2
kPa
391.3
331.3
271.3
281.3

P3
kPa
371.3
323.3
281.3
261.3

P4
kPa
381.3
361.3
341.3
321.3

P5
kPa
376.3
366.3
351.3
341.3

Mass Flow
g/s
0
3
3.7
3.9

Nozzle C
Table 14: Run Set 1: Pin=501.3 kPa
P out

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

kPa
101.3
151.3
201.3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3
451.3
501.3

kPa
451.3
451.3
466.3
466.3
466.3
471.3
481.3
481.3
491.3

kPa
466.3
466.3
466.3
466.3
466.3
471.3
481.3
486.3
496.3

kPa
431.3
431.3
436.3
436.3
436.3
441.3
456.3
461.3
481.3

kPa
411.3
411.3
411.3
411.3
411.3
416.3
441.3
451.3
476.3

kPa
371.3
371.3
371.3
376.3
371.3
386.3
416.3
441.3
481.3

kPa
311.3
316.3
321.3
321.3
321.3
356.3
406.3
451.3
511.3

( ) (

d2 2
Gmax =
4 +1

1
1

2
2 Pi M 2.652
2
=
4
1.4+1
( +1) RT i

1
1.4 1

) (

Mass
Flow
g/s
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.1

21.4 501.3229103 2
g
106=6.53
s
(1.4+1) 8.314293

Table 15: Run Set 2: Pin=401.3 kPa

P out

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

kPa
101.3
151.3
201.3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3

kPa
376.3
376.3
376.3
376.3
381.3
381.3
391.3

kPa
376.3
376.3
376.3
381.3
381.3
386.3
401.3

kPa
346.3
346.3
346.3
341.3
356.3
361.3
381.3

kPa
331.3
331.3
331.3
336.3
346.3
361.3
361.3

kPa
301.3
301.3
301.3
306.3
321.3
341.3
381.3

kPa
261.3
261.3
261.3
271.3
316.3
361.3
416.3

Mass
Flow
g/s
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.2
1.0
21

d
Gmax =
4

( ) (
2
+1

1
1

2
2 Pi M 2.65
2
=
4
1.4+1
( +1) RT i

1
1.41

) (

3 1
2

21.4 401.3 2910

( 1.4+1) 8.314293

10 6=5.23

g
s

Table 16: Run Set 3: Pin=301.3 kPa

P out

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

kPa
101.3
151.3
201.3
251.3
301.3

kPa
281.3
286.3
286.3
286.3
291.3

kPa
286.3
286.3
296.3
296.3
301.3

kPa
256.3
256.3
261.3
261.3
261.3

kPa
256.3
256.3
261.3
261.3
261.3

kPa
231.3
231.3
241.3
256.3
281.3

kPa
201.3
201.3
221.3
261.3
206.3

( ) (

d2 2
Gmax =
4 +1

1
1

2
2 Pi M 2.652
2
=
4
1.4+1
( +1) RT i

1
1.41

) (

Mass
Flow
g/s
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.8
0.25
1

21.4 301.3229103 2
g
106=3.93
s
( 1.4+1) 8.314293

Table 17: Run Set 4: Pout=201.3 kPa

Pin

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

kPa
201.3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3
451.3
501.3
531.3

kPa
216.3
241.3
281.3
331.3
371.3
421.3
466.3
481.3

kPa
156.3
161.3
166.3
171.3
176.3
181.3
181.3
186.3

kPa
196.3
216.3
256.3
296.3
341.3
386.3
436.3
451.3

kPa
216.3
221.3
281.3
291.3
331.3
371.3
411.3
436.3

kPa
201.3
201.3
231.3
261.3
296.3
336.3
371.3
391.3

kPa
221.3
211.3
221.3
231.3
261.3
291.3
321.3
331.3

Mass
Flow
g/s
0.5
1.7
2.1
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.6
3.8

Table 18: Run Set 5: Pout=401.3 kPa

P in

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

kPa
401.3
451.3
501.3
531.3

kPa
381.3
431.3
486.3
501.3

kPa
251.3
276.3
296.3
311.3

kPa
366.3
416.3
441.3
471.3

kPa
381.3
411.3
426.3
441.3

kPa
376.3
401.3
411.3
411.3

kPa
406.3
416.3
406.3
401.3

Mass
Flow
g/s
1.1
2.3
3.1
3.6
22

Reference
[1] - P. Balachandran, Fundamentals of compressible fluid dynamics
[2] - Coulson & Richardson, Chemical Engineering, vol.1 (6 th edition)

23