Water Quality and Organic Pollution

L- 6:
Water Quality and Organic Pollution

Dissolved Oxygen

What does a Dissolved Oxygen
Sag Curve Look Like?
C
C* = equilibrium concentration of DO
C*
x
No Reaeration
C BOD = 5 mg/L
BOD = 20 mg/L
C*
x
Reaeration:
Initial Oxygen Deficit, No BOD
C
Do = 5 mg/L
C*
5 mg/L
x
What Controls Oxygen
Utilization?
Bacteria concentration
Substrate concentration
dL kLX
Bacteria Kinetics =
Maximum utilization rate dt K s + L
Half velocity constant
What Controls Reaeration?
Deficit
Reaeration coefficient
Turbulence
Wind speed
Waterfalls!!
overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient
Creaeration !
= k v ,l ( C * C )
t
Reaeration Rate >> Microbial
Oxygen Utilization Rate
C
C*
white water
Lots of Bacteria, No
Reaeration?
C
C*
Endogenous respiration
t
Model Components
Reaeration Creaeration !
= k v ,l ( C * C )
t
Endogenous decay Crespiration

= bX = ke
t
Oxidation of BOD
Coxidation dL
=
t dt
Oxygen sag or deficit
Oxygen deficit D at any time in a polluted river is the
differnce between saturation D.O and actual D.O.
Oxygen Deficit (D) = Saturation DO Actual DO
The saturation DO value for fresh water depends upon

the temperature and total dissolved salts present in it;
and its value varies from 14.62 mg/L at 0oC to 7.63 mg/
L at 30oC, and lower DO at higher temperatures.
The DO in the stream may not be at satura8on level and there
may be ini8al oxygen decit Do.
At this stage, when the euent with ini8al BOD load Lo, is
discharged in to stream, the DO content of the stream starts
deple8ng and the oxygen decit (D) increases.
The varia8on of oxygen decit (D) with the distance along the
stream, and hence with the 8me of ow from the point of
pollu8on is shown by the Oxygen Sag Curve.
Deoxygenation , reoxygenation and
oxygen sag curve
The major point in sag analysis is point of minimum
DO, i.e., maximum decit.
The maximum or cri8cal decit (Dc) occurs at the

inexion points of the oxygen sag curve.
The amount of resultant oxygen decit can be

obtained by adding re-oxygena8on and de-
oxygena8on curve.
The resultant curve is called oxygen sag curve
or oxygen decit curve.
When De-oxygena8on rate exceeds the re-
oxygena8on rate, the oxygen sag curve shows
increasing decit of oxygen.
When both rates become equal, the cri8cal
point is reached.
Finally when rate of de-oxygena8on falls
below that of re-oxygena8on the oxygen
decit goes on decreasing 8ll becoming zero.
Deoxygenation Curve
When wastewater is discharged in to the stream, the
DO level in the stream goes on deple8ng. This
deple8on of DO content is known as deoxygena8on.
The rate of deoxygena8on depends upon the amount
of organic maPer remaining (Lt), to be oxidized at any
8me t, as well as temperature (T) at which reac8on
occurs.
The curve showing deple8on of DO with 8me is called
de-oxygena8on curve.
Reoxygenation Curve
When the DO content of the stream is gradually
consumed due to BOD load, atmosphere supplies
oxygen con8nuously to the water, through the
process of re-aera8on or reoxygena8on, i.e., along
with deoxygena8on, re-aera8on is con8nuous
process.
The rate of reoxygena8on depends upon:
i) Depth of water in the stream: more for shallow depth.
ii) Velocity of ow in the stream: less for stagnant water.
iii) Temperature of water: solubility is lower at higher
temperature and also satura8on concentra8on is less
at higher temperature.
Deoxygenation , reoxygenation and
oxygen sag curve
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)

Example of a BOD determination
200 mL of waste water was collected, aerated and
seeded with bacteria.
The dissolved oxygen content was 7.6 mg/L
initially.
After 5 days, the dissolved oxygen content had
dropped to 2.8 mg/L What is the BOD5 and the
ultimate BOD?
(Note: The [dissolved O2] would be determined by

the Winkler Method or another method of the O2
titrations)
The BOD5
7.6 mg/L 2.8 mg/L = 4.8 mg/L
BOD5 = 4.8 mg/L
How do we get the ultimate BOD from

that?
What about the temperature?
Ultimate BOD
If you determine the BOD after 5 days, this is
called the 5 day BOD (BOD5).
If you determine the BOD after 20 days, this is

called the 20 day BOD (BOD20). These are
really BOD exerted values.
The ultimate BOD is the amount of oxygen

required to decompose all of the organic
material after infinite time. This is usually
calculated form the 5 or 20 day data.
Example of a BOD determination
seeded with bacteria.
The dissolved oxygen content was 7.6 mg/L
initially. After 5 days, the dissolved oxygen
content had dropped to 2.8 mg/L
What is the BOD5 and the ultimate BOD?

The BOD5
7.6 mg/L 2.8 mg/L = 4.8 mg/L
BOD5 = 4.8 mg/L
How do we get the ultimate BOD from that?

We assume the model & the k
k = 0.23 day-1
BODE = BOD5 = BOD (1-e-kt)

4.8 mg/L = BOD (1 e-(0.23 days-1)(5 days))
4.8 mg/L = BOD (1-0.3166) = BOD (0.6833)
Ultimate BOD = 7.02 mg/L
What does this number mean?

Limitations?
1. Non-biodegradable organic waste is
unaccounted for.
2. Very dirty water will use up all dissolved
oxygen before the 5 days is over.
3. Other aerobic activity (biological or just
chemical) is counted.
Determining BOD in a very dirty sample.
seeded with bacteria. The dissolved oxygen
content was 6.9 mg/L initially. After 5 days, the
dissolved oxygen content had dropped to 0mg/L.
A second test was run using a 2 mL sample of

waste water diluted to 200 mL, aerated and
seeded. The dissolved oxygen content was 7.6
mg/L initially. After 5 days, the dissolved oxygen
content had dropped to 4.3 mg/L. What is the
BOD5 and the ultimate BOD?
The Solution
7.6 mg/L 4.3 mg/L = 3.3 mg/L
? BOD5 = 3.3 mg/L ?

The Solution
7.6 mg/L 4.3 mg/L = 3.3 mg/L
BOD5 = 3.3 mg/L = 330 mg/L

2 mL/200 mL
Ultimate BOD calculation
k = 0.23 day-1
BOD5 = BOD (1-e-kt)

330 mg/L = BOD (1 e -(0.23 days- 1)(5 days))
330 mg/L = BOD (1-0.3166) = BOD (0.6833)
Ultimate BOD = 483 mg/L

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L- 6:

Water Quality and Organic Pollution

Endogenous decay Crespiration

The saturation DO value for fresh water depends upon

The maximum or cri8cal decit (Dc) occurs at the

The amount of resultant oxygen decit can be

(Note: The [dissolved O2] would be determined by

BOD5 = 4.8 mg/L

How do we get the ultimate BOD from

If you determine the BOD after 20 days, this is

The ultimate BOD is the amount of oxygen

What is the BOD5 and the ultimate BOD?

BOD5 = 4.8 mg/L

How do we get the ultimate BOD from that?

BODE = BOD5 = BOD (1-e-kt)

What does this number mean?

A second test was run using a 2 mL sample of

? BOD5 = 3.3 mg/L ?

BOD5 = 3.3 mg/L = 330 mg/L

BOD5 = BOD (1-e-kt)

330 mg/L = BOD (1-0.3166) = BOD (0.6833)

Ultimate BOD = 483 mg/L

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