2017 02 26 - ARM Monitoring Cycle 3

Afghanistan
Public Policy Research Organization

Afghanistan Rights Monitor
Monitoring Cycle 3: August November 2016

December 2016

Project Report

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Acknowledgments

This is the third monitoring report of the Afghanistan Rights Monitor (ARM) for the year 2016. It follows
the first and second monitoring reports, which were released in April and August 2016. This report was
made possible through funding from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands. APPRO wishes to
express its sincere thanks to all those who participated in data collection for this report.

About Afghanistan Rights Monitor
The Afghanistan Rights Monitor (ARM) is designed to meet the following objectives:
1. Regular monitoring of the current conditions of fundamental rights in Afghanistan using a set of
indicators based on internationally recognized standards for monitoring Civic, Social and
Economic rights.
2. Informed, pragmatic, and constructive advocacy messaging on fundamental rights needs, based
on empirical data, and delivered by civil society actors.
3. Increased capacity and responsiveness of public institutions in attending to fundamental rights
needs of Afghan citizens.

For more information on ARM, see: www.nac-pp.net

About APPRO
Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization (APPRO) is an independent social research organization
with a mandate to promote social and policy learning to benefit development and reconstruction efforts
in Afghanistan and other less developed countries through conducting social scientific research,
monitoring and evaluation, and training and mentoring. APPRO is registered with the Ministry of
Economy in Afghanistan as a non-profit non-government organization. It is headquartered in Kabul,
Afghanistan with regional offices in Mazar-e Sharif (north), Herat (west), Kandahar (south), Jalalabad
(east), and Bamyan (center). APPRO is the founding member of APPRO-Europe, registered in Belgium.

For more information, see: www.appro.org.af and www.appro-europe.net
Contact: mail@appro.org.af

About the Researchers
The researchers who worked on this report were (in alphabetical order): Rahmatullah Aloko, Fareba
Auob, Enayat Bashardost, Samad Ebrahimi, Tairah Firdous, Ehsanullah Khalili, Fatima Khavari, Razia
Haidari, Mahmood Omar, Saeed Parto, Baryalai Qayoumi, Marzia Rahmani, Mohammad Anwar Rahimi,
Ahmad Samir Ranjbar, Alamuddim Rizwan, Ehsan Saadat, Zarghona Saify, Lema Sakhizai, Nazanin Sayed,
Ismail Zahid, and Ahmadullah Ziar.

Tairah Firdous, Saeed Parto, and Ehsan Saadat authored this report.

APPRO takes full responsibility for all omissions and errors.

2016. Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization. Some rights reserved. This publication may be
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted only for non-commercial purposes and with written credit to
APPRO and links to APPROs website at www.appro.org.af. Any other use of this publication requires
prior written permission, which may be obtained by writing to: mail@appro.org.af
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List of Abbreviations

AIHRC Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission
ALP Afghan Local Police
ANP Afghan National Police
AOG Armed Opposition Group
APPRO Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization
ARM Afghanistan Rights Monitor
DOWA Directorate of Womens Affairs
EUI European University Institute
EVAW Elimination of Violence Against Women
FGD Focus group discussion
FRU Family Response Unit
IDP Internally Displaced Person
IOM International Organization for Migration
NAP National Action Plan
OHCHR United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
STD Sexually transmittable disease
UN United Nations
UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
UNHCR The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Emergency Fund
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
VAW Violence against women

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Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4
Objective and Methodology............................................................................................................. 6
Scope, Sample Selection, Methods................................................................................................... 7
Limitations and Challenges ................................................................................................................. 8
Findings from Qualitative Data ............................................................................................... 9
Balkh ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Bamyan ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Daikundi ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Herat ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Kabul ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Kandahar ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Khost ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Kunduz........................................................................................................................................... 27
Nangarhar...................................................................................................................................... 29
Nimruz.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Survey Results ............................................................................................................................... 33
Civic Rights .................................................................................................................................... 33
Social Rights................................................................................................................................... 36
Economic Rights............................................................................................................................. 37
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 38
Civic Rights .................................................................................................................................... 38
Social Rights................................................................................................................................... 39
Economic Rights............................................................................................................................. 40
Gender Relations, Corruption......................................................................................................... 40
Appendix 1: Monitoring Indicators........................................................................................ 41
Appendix 2: List and Definition of Codes............................................................................... 43

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Introduction
At the Brussels Conference in October 2016 the international community renewed its support for
Afghanistan to achieve its national priorities, set out in the Tokyo Declaration and reaffirmed at the
London Conference in 2014. The international partners affirmed their partnership with the National
Unity Government of Afghanistan and strengthened their commitment toward helping Afghanistan to
emerge as a secure, prosperous, and democratic nation.

It was noted at the Brussels Conference that Afghanistan had made important progress in creating a
functioning, accountable and increasingly sustainable nation state, but that substantial challenges
remained in safeguarding and building on these achievements. The following commitments were made
on delivery of fundamental rights:
1. Strengthening the rule of law and pursuing judicial reforms to strengthen state legitimacy and
protect the safety and security of judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys.
2. Ensuring that all Afghan citizens have access to a formal justice system that is fair and respected
in its application of the law.
3. Reducing poverty in Afghanistan by creating employment and addressing particularly
widespread problems such as child malnutrition, food insecurity, poor sanitation, and conflict
related impoverishment.
4. Protecting and implementing constitutional rights and international human rights in
Afghanistan, with special consideration of the rights of women and children, including measures
to prevent violence against women and children and forced marriage, and to combat torture
and ill treatment as well as discrimination.
5. Affirming the key role of women in development, justice and peace, including the continued
commitment to protecting and promoting the rights of women and girls, increasing their access
to health and education services, improving their capacity for self-reliance, and expanding their
opportunities for and participation in economic prosperity. This also includes tangible support
for the National Priority Program on Women's Economic Empowerment and the National Action
Plan to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security (NAP
1325), as well as the Afghan government's commitment to ensuring the participation of women
in all aspects of the peace process.
6. Recognizing the role of civil society and media in Afghanistan's development and the need to
include civil society in political processes.
7. Recognizing the challenge to Afghanistan and the region in meeting the protracted needs of
displaced people and refugees. The root causes of displacement must be addressed and there is
need to provide ongoing support and assistance, including enhancing the capacities of Afghan
communities and local authorities to help returnees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).1

1
See for example, US Department of State Press Note, Communique on the Brussels Conference on Afghanistan
at https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/10/262797.htm
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The commitments laid out at the Brussels Conference face mounting implementation challenges
because of growing insecurity in the country. The security situation in Afghanistan remained critical in
the third quarter of 2016 with increased fighting between government security forces and armed
opposition groups (AOGs). The fall of Kunduz to the Taliban for a second time was one indication of their
growing influence in the country.
In its quarterly report released in October, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
(UNAMA) documented 8,397 conflict-related civilian casualties from January 1 to September 30, 2016,
including 2,562 deaths and 5,835 injured. The number of female civilian causalities was 877 (240 deaths
and 637 injured) and the number of children stood at 2,461 (639 deaths and 1,822 injured) for the first
nine months of 2016, a 15 per cent increase over the same period in 2015.
The intensification of ground fighting is directly related to the increase in civilian casualties. Ground
engagements between government security forces and AOGs caused 3,254 civilian casualties (829
deaths and 2,425 injured), accounting for 39 per cent of all civilian casualties. This marks an 18 per cent
increase compared to the same period in 2015. Ground engagements remained the leading cause of
civilian casualties, followed by suicide attacks and improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Attacks intentionally targeting peaceful demonstrations, educational facilities, judicial and media
workers, populated urban areas such as bazaars, and religious places increased in the third quarter of
2016. For example, on July 23, 2016 Daesh carried out a suicide attack in Kabul against peaceful Hazara
demonstrators, killing 85 and injuring 413. This was the deadliest single incident recorded by the United
Nations in Afghanistan since 2001. Conflict-related incidents targeting healthcare and educational
facilities as well as humanitarian de-miners, polio vaccinators, and humanitarian aid workers were also
reported. UNAMA also documented 75 incidents of attacks deliberately targeting educational
institutions, including a suicide attack at the American University of Afghanistan, which killed 13 civilians
and injured 48.2
Relief and rehabilitation for returnees and IDPs is one of the biggest challenges for Afghanistan today.
The country is facing enormous difficulties in reintegrating its citizens from neighboring countries.
According to a UNHCR report, 300,451 documented refugees returned to Afghanistan by end of October
2016, made up of 298,153 returnees from Pakistan, 2,151 from Iran and 147 from other countries.3 A
report by the International Organization for Migration in October 2016 cited the return of 210,998
undocumented Afghan returnees from Pakistan, most of whom returned to Kabul, Nangarhar,
Kandahar, Herat, Balkh, Ghazni, Baghlan and Kunduz provinces.4
The sudden exodus of Afghan refugees from Pakistan back to Afghanistan threatens to overwhelm aid
agencies that are already overstretched, with the World Food Program estimating that around 600,000
Afghans will have returned by the end of the year 2016.5 As of November 2016, around 5,000 refugees
were returning each day from Pakistan. With fierce fighting continuing throughout the country, many
more are expected to flee their homes and becoming IDPs. Conditions are especially dire for
undocumented returnees, who do not receive the same support as those who have been formally

2
UNAMA, 2016 Quarterly Report, Protection of Civilians in Conflict
3
UNHCR Report, Afghan Assisted Return Weekly Comparison of 2015/2016
4
IOM Report, Undocumented Afghan Returnees Weekly Situation Report 2228 October 2016
5
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/04/afghan-exodus-from-pakistan-could-be-
catastrophic-without-urgent-aid
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registered as refugees.6
Data for this third monitoring report were collected between August and November 2016 in 29 urban
and rural districts across 10 provinces. This report highlights the changes since the last round of
monitoring during May-August 2016. These four-monthly monitoring reports are intended to underline
conflict-induced changes to fundamental rights in Afghanistan, and pathways to protect these rights
despite heightened conflict. The fundamental rights being monitored are grouped under the three
pillars or Civic, Social, and Economic rights.

The monitoring does not provide in-depth analysis of the causes of changes in fundamental rights
conditions. In-depth analysis of the underlying causes of change is carried out in case studies.7
Objective and Methodology
The objective of the ARM monitoring rounds is to assess changes in fundamental rights conditions
across ten target provinces from January 2016 to December 2017. Fundamental Rights are
conceptualized broadly to include Civic, Social, and Economic rights, based on international standards
and protocols on human rights (Table 1).8 A baseline assessment was concluded in December 2015 to
establish the basis against which to monitor changes in fundamental rights conditions, followed by two
rounds of monitoring in the periods January-April 2016 and May-August 2016. This report covers the
period August-November 2016.

Table 1: Indicators by Pillar 9
Pillar Indicator
Civic Rights Rights to Life, Liberty, Security and Dignity of Person
Right to Efficient and Fair Justice
Childrens Rights
Right to Participate in Public Affairs
Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression
Social Rights Right to Health
Right to Adequate Housing and Facilities
Food Security
Right to Education
Family Rights
Economic Rights Right to Work and Fairness in Employment
Right to Decent Working Conditions

6
https://www.irinnews.org/news/2016/09/13/afghanistan-overwhelmed-refugees-return-pakistan
7
The first of these case studies is available at: http://appro.org.af/rights-in-afghanistan-human-or-fundamental/
8
Rights pillars were conceptualized based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the international
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR), and protocols of the Geneva Convention as they relate to the protection of rights in situations of
armed conflict. The working definitions for each rights pillar were adapted for the Afghan context as a result of
the baseline assessment in order to reflect ground realities.
9
For a full list of the proxies for each of these indicators see Appendix 1.
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Scope, Sample Selection, Methods
Twenty-nine districts in 10 provinces were selected for fundamental rights monitoring (Table 2). The
provinces are Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Khost, Kunduz, Nangarhar, Kandahar,
and Nimruz. The selection of target provinces was based on factors including geographical
representation and heterogeneity of socio-economic conditions, civil society engagement, security
situation, and development focus.

Table 2: Breakdown of Provinces and Districts
Province Districts
Balkh Mazar-e-Sharif, Khulm, Balkh
Bamyan Bamyan Center, Shibar, Yakawlang
Daikundi Nili, Shahristan
Herat Herat Center, Kohsan, Guzara
Kabul Kabul Center, Khak Jabbar, Istalif
Kandahar Kandahar Center, Arghandab, Daman
Khost Matun, Mando Zayi, Tere Zayi
Kunduz Kunduz Center, Imam Sahib, Aliabad
Nangarhar Jalalabad, Kama, Surkhrod
Nimruz Zaranj, Chakhansur, Chahar Burjak
10 Provinces 29 Districts

A total of 662 individuals were engaged for this third monitoring cycle, consisting of 86 females and 197
males who were interviewed as key informants, and 197 females and 182 males who participated in
focus group discussions (FGDs). A breakdown of sources of information is provided in Table 3.

Table 3: Sources of Information
Provincial Centers Outlying Districts
Working women, in particular Attorney Director for Fighting Working women in particular
teachers and EPD provincial women Violence Against Women teachers and housewives
network members Legal organization Working men, including
Working men, including Department of Women Affairs shopkeepers, farmers and
shopkeepers, farmers and teachers Department of Justice teachers
Representatives of one youth- Department of Education One community leader (male)
focused CSO Department of Health One influential woman
Representatives of one woman Department of Labor and Social Huqooq
focused CSO Affairs Department of Education
Representatives of media Department of Migration Department of Health
organizations / journalists Department of Human Rights in Department of Police
Representatives of AIHRC Police
Provincial Council Member (Male) University Student (Male)
Provincial Council Member (Female) University Student (Female)

Semi-structured interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, and a quantitative survey were
used to collect the monitoring data. The monitoring findings reported below are referenced in footnotes
using the coding keys described in Appendix 2.
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Limitations and Challenges
A number of challenges were met and overcome during the data collection without causing any adverse
impacts on the findings. These challenges were:

Due to security constraints in Kunduz it was difficult to conduct FGDs with male participants in the
center. Assessing the security situation for the researchers, it was decided to drop the male FGD for
the third monitoring round.
In Balkh, a senior public officials and an important key informant for the ARM research, had been
receiving threats from AOGs for giving interviews. She declined the interview for the third round of
monitoring.
Some of the interviewees asked for money in exchange for being interviewed. The team managed to
make them understand that the monitoring was being done to highlight their plight and that no
monetary gains could be expected by those who agreed to be interviewed. This issue caused some
delays in finding interviewees who agreed to interviews without expecting monetary reward.
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Findings From Qualitative Data
Balkh
There are reports of improvements in the behavior of police toward the public, access to justice,
freedom of expression and public awareness of the Right to Information Law since August 2016. At the
same time, however, there have been increases in violence against children, child labor and the
recruitment of children in armed conflicts. The security situation deteriorated during the third
monitoring round. And public interest in participating in future elections continued to decline.

Access to education for both boys and girls is reported to have increased, and family related issues have
improved since the second monitoring round. A significant improvement was noted in access to water,
while there have been no changes in access to health services, food security, or access to basic housing.

An increase in employment opportunities was noted in Khulm district due to implementation of various
developmental projects, however, in rest of the province unemployment continued to increase.

There are reports of a decrease in gender discrimination in access to formal and informal justice, and in
access to health services. Access to basic services such as education and paid employment is affected by
corruption though there has been a decrease in corruption in the formal justice system.

Table 1: Summary Profile Balkh
Status
Pillar / Indicators Unchanged Improved Deteriorated
Civic Rights:
1
Right to Life, Liberty, Security, and Dignity
2
3
Childrens Rights
4 5
6
Freedom of Opinion and Expression
Social Rights:

Right to Health
7

Food Security
8
Right to Education
9
Family Rights
Economic Rights:
10
Right to Work and Fairness in Employment

Crosscutting Themes:
11
Gender Relations
12 13
Corruption

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Notes:10
1. Security situation deteriorated during the third monitoring round. Police performance and behavior
stayed positive.
2. Access to both formal and traditional justice systems reportedly increased in the province. No
significant improvement was noted in the performance of formal justice organizations, however, the
general perception remained positive toward them.
3. Incidents of childrens issues such as child labor, engagement in armed conflicts, sexual harassment,
forced marriage, and under age marriage have reportedly increased since August 2016. Childrens
access to justice, reform centers and orphanages remained unchanged.
4. Interest among respondents in joining political parties continued without any significant change.
There has not been any major change in the hiring process for government vacancies for either men
or women.
5. Respondents interest in participating in elections continued to decrease during the third monitoring
cycle.
6. According to a majority of the respondents, no threats against journalists were reported during the
third monitoring cycle. Half of the respondents also stated that there has been an increase in
awareness of the Access to Information Law, mainly due to workshops conducted by civic
institutions including the Ministry of Justice.
7. Access to water has reportedly shown an improvement, while access to other basic services
remained unchanged.
8. Access to education for both boys and girls increased during the third monitoring cycle. However, no
change was noted in the quality of education services in the three districts of the province.
9. The majority of respondents reported decreases in violence against women, disputes related to
inheritance and divorce cases. However, some of the respondents disagreed and said that no major
change has happened in family related cases in last four months.
10. Respondents from Khulm district stated that there has been an increase in employment
opportunities due to the implementation of various developmental projects in the district. In the
rest of the province, access to employment continued to drop.
11. Womens access to both formal and informal justice has increased and no gender discrimination in
access to health services was noted during the third monitoring cycle.
12. Corruption in the formal justice system has reportedly decreased due to the increased salaries of
judicial staff. Corruption in relation to the police and in access to government jobs remained
unchanged.
13. Interviewees mentioned an increase in corruption and nepotism in hiring in the education sector
and in accessing paid employment generally.

10
Based on the interviews with: KI-M-Bal-Go-12, FGD-F-Bal-Go-5, KI-M-Bal-NG-2 KI-M-Bal-Go-11, KI-M-Bal-Go-14,
FGD-M-Bal-CS-1, KI-F-Bal-Go-15, KI-F-Bal-PI-1, KI-M-Bal-NG-3, KI-F-Bal-NG-4, KI-F-Bal-NG-1, KI-M-Bal-Go-13, KI-
M-Bal-Go-10, KI-M-Bal-CS-9, KI-F-Bal-Go-8, FGD-M-Bal-CS-3, KI-M-Bal-CS-5, KI-M-Bal-Go-21, KI-F-Bal-CS-7, FGD-
F-Bal-Go-4, KI-F-Bal-Go-19, KI-F-Bal-CS-6, KI-M-Bal-Go-18, FGD-F-Bal-Go-3, KI-M-Bal-Go-16, FGD-M-Bal-CS-2, KI-
M-Bal-CS-4, KI-M-Bal-Go-6, KI-F-Bal-Go-20, KI-M-Bal-Go-2, KI-M-Bal-Go-17, KI-F-Bal-Go-1, KI-M-Bal-Go-7 and KI-
F-Bal-CS-8
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Bamyan
In terms of civic rights, most indicators remained unchanged, specifically security conditions, police
behavior toward civilians, access to formal justice, access to government positions, freedom of
expression and public awareness of the Right to Information Law. There were reports of a decrease in
the sexual abuse of children, but an increase in child labor due, reportedly, to increased poverty and
displacement.

Under social rights, basic services, healthcare, food security, education and housing for IDPs remained
unchanged since August 2016, while family related issues such as domestic violence and forced
marriages reportedly decreased.

Under economic rights, no significant change was noted in access to paid employment; however, safety
at work places has reportedly improved.

Gender discrimination in access to formal justice reportedly decreased. Corruption in accessing basic
services mostly remained unchanged, though there has been a decrease in corruption in hiring teachers
in the education sector.

Table 2: Summary Profile Bamyan
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3 4
Childrens Rights
5
6
Social Rights:
7
Right to Health

8
Food Security

Right to Education
9
Family Rights
Economic Rights:

10
11 12
Gender Relations
13 14
Corruption

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Notes:11
1. The general sentiment about police behavior and performance continued to stay positive. The
security situation, which showed deterioration in the second monitoring cycle, remained as
before with no change reported during the third cycle.
2. Access to formal justice for both men and women, which had shown improvement in the second
monitoring cycle, had no significant change since August 2016, according to the majority of the
respondents. Likewise, no major change was noted in the performance of formal justice
organizations.
3. Sexual violence against children has reportedly decreased since August 2016.
4. Child labor continued to increase according to the majority of the respondents, mainly due to
increased poverty and displacement. Other childrens related issues, such as forced and early
marriage, and access to education, justice and orphanages, remained unchanged during the
third monitoring cycle.
5. While half of the respondents reported no change in accessing government jobs, others alleged
a decrease in access to government positions.
6. Freedom of expression continued to be limited by interference from different agencies
especially the government. No change was reported in public awareness of the Right to
Information Law.
7. A new hospital with modern facilities opened during the third monitoring phase. However,
according to the respondents, there has been no significant change in access to and quality of
health services in the province, including maternal health services, since August 2016.
8. According to the respondents, a majority of the population in the province does not have access
to adequate food and no change was noted in food security since August 2016.
9. Family related cases such as domestic violence and forced marriages have reportedly decreased
during the third monitoring round.
10. Safety at the work places has improved, but no change was noted in other services at work
places such as healthcare and hygiene.
11. Womens access to formal justice has improved because of the raised awareness of both
women and their family members about womens legal rights.
12. Womens access to government jobs remained limited because of lack of information and
limited availability of the Internet for women.
13. Corruption in the recruitment of teachers showed a decline. However, corruption in the police,
the formal justice system, and in access to paid employment and health services continued as
before.
14. Corruption has reportedly increased in accessing government jobs.

11
KI-M-Bam-Go-9, KI-M- Bam -NG-4, KI-M- Bam -NG-3, KI-M- Bam -PI-1, KI-M- Bam -Go-2, KI-M- Bam -Go-11, KI-M-
Bam -CS-9, KI-F- Bam -CS-8, KI-M- Bam -CS-4, KI-F- Bam -Go-21, KI-M- Bam -Go-7, FGD-M- Bam -CS-3, FGD-F-
Bam -Go-4, KI-M-Bam-NG-2, KI-F-Bam-NG-1, KI-M-Bam-GO-12, KI-F-Bam-GO-8, KI-F-Bam-GO-15, KI-F-Bam-GO-
13, FGD-M-Bam-CS-1, FGD-F-Bam-GO-5, KI-F-Bam-CS-7, KI-M-Bam-CS-5, KI-M-Bam-GO-19, KI-M-Bam-GO-17,
FGD-M-Bam-CS-2, KI-M-Bam-GO-20 KI-F-Bam-CS-6, KI-M-Bam-GO-16, KI-M-Bam-GO-6, KI-F-Bam-Go-1
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Daikundi
Since August 2016, there have been improvements in police behavior toward citizens, access to formal
justice, performance of traditional justice organizations, and childrens issues such as forced marriage
and sexual violence. During the same period, there has been deterioration in the security situation, child
labor, school dropout rates, public interest in participating in elections and access to government
positions. Threats against journalists also increased. There have been no changes in childrens access to
justice, orphanages or juvenile homes. Likewise, implementation and public awareness of the Access to
Information Law remained unchanged.

There have been no major changes in food security, access to and quality of health services, or family
related issues. Access to basic services has improved, though no change was noted in IDPs access to
shelter. Education services improved in terms of access and quality due to the recruitment of 1,600 new
teachers, however, a shortage of textbooks and lack of infrastructure continued as before.

Both insecurity and a lack of infrastructure promoting private investment are said to be major reasons
for continued high rates of unemployment in Daikundi province. No changes were reported in working
conditions since August 2016.

When it occurs, the appointment of women to government positions is believed to be only symbolic
because women lack decision-making power in government. Corruption has increased in key sectors
such as the police, government employment, and private employment. A decrease in corruption in
formal justice organizations was reported, however.

Table 3: Summary Profile Daikundi
Status
Civic Rights:
1 2
3
4 5
Childrens Rights
6
7
Social Rights:
8
Right to Health
9

Food Security
10
Right to Education

Family Rights
Economic Rights:
11

12
Gender Relations
14 15
Corruption

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Notes:12
1. Police performance has improved since August 2016, due to various administrative reforms
including educational workshops for the police. However, half of the respondent still
complained about police behavior.
2. The security situation continued to deteriorate with an increase in robberies, murders and
bombing attacks. The growing influence of armed groups, especially the Taliban, is said to be a
major cause of insecurity in the province.
3. Access to formal justice has significantly improved and majority of the respondents were
satisfied with formal justice organizations during both the second and third monitoring rounds.
This change is credited to administrative reforms such as change in the staff and introduction of
new mechanisms for resolving court cases. However, people still prefer the traditional justice
system to resolve their cases. The reason for this is lengthy court procedures in the formal
justice system, while the traditional system resolves cases quickly. The performance of the
traditional justice system has also reportedly improved.
4. Issues related to children that improved since August 2016 include decreases in both forced
marriages and in cases of child sexual abuse. However, childrens access to justice, reform
centers, kindergartens and orphanages remained unchanged.
5. Child labor and the number of school drops reportedly increased during the third monitoring
period. There was also an increase in the number of young girls escaping from their homes
because of family restrictions.
6. Respondents continued to remain pessimistic about the prospect of free and fair elections in the
future. Access to government positions continued to be limited, mainly because appointments
are thought to be based on political affiliation, nepotism, reliance on middlemen, and
interference by government leaders in hiring process.
7. Threats against journalists continued to increase. Threats were said to emanate from various
agencies including influential government employees and security forces. No change was
reported in public awareness of the Access to Information Law.
8. Despite construction of a few health centers by the Global Welfare Foundation, access to and
quality of heath services did not show any significant change. Likewise, access to and quality of
reproductive health services remained unchanged during the third monitoring cycle.
9. In the center of the province, access to basic services such as shelter, water and electricity has
reportedly improved since August 2016.
10. Some of the respondents reported an improvement in the quality of education services mainly
because of the recruitment of 1,600 new teachers. However, there continue to be shortages of
school buildings, laboratories, and water and sanitation facilities.
11. Access to paid employment remained unchanged since August 2016. Lack of employment
opportunities, lack of infrastructure for private investment, and insecurity are said to be the
major reasons for unemployment in the province.
12. Womens appointment to government positions was believed to be symbolic and employed
women were thought to lack any decision-making powers.

12
Based on the interviews with: KI-F-Dai-Go-1, KI-M-Dai-Go-2, KI-M-Dai-NG-4, KI-M-Dai-CS-9, KI-F-Dai-CS-8, KI-M-
Dai-NG-2, KI-M-Dai-Go-14, KI-M-Dai-Go-15, KI-M-Dai-Go-13, KI-M-Dai-NG-3, KI-M-Dai-Go-20, KI-M-Dai-Go-18,
FGD-M-Dai-CS-2, FGD-F-Dai-GO-5, FGD-M-Dai-CS-1, KI-M-Dai-GO-11, KI-M-Dai-GO-10, KI-M-Dai-GO-8, KI-M-Dai-
GO-9, KI-M-Dai-PI-1, KI-M-Dai-GO-12, KI-F-Dai-NG-1, KI-F-Dai-CS-6, KI-M-Dai-CS-4, KI-M-Dai-GO-16 and FGD-F-
Dai-GO-3
www.appro.org.af 14

13. Corruption in the formal justice system continued to decrease during the third monitoring
period. However, corruption in health services, education and basic services continues to exist
as before.
14. Corruption in the police has reportedly increased, with bribes taken in both cash and kind.
Access to government positions and paid employment is said to be limited by widespread
corruption.

www.appro.org.af 15

Herat
From August to November 2016, respondents noted improvements in access to formal justice. There has
been an increase in child labor, early and forced marriages, baad, sexual abuse against children, and
threats against journalists and civil society organizations (CSOs). Public interest in joining political parties
continued to increase while citizens interest in participating in elections appears to have decreased.
Conflicting views appeared in reference to both security conditions and police behavior toward citizens.
While half of the respondents shared positive views about the security situation and police behavior, the
rest believed that the security situation has deteriorated since August 2016, pointing to an increase in
the number of abductions and assassinations.

Access to basic services and education has increased, while IDPs access to shelter has deteriorated in
the wake of increasing displacement from Helmand, Faryab, and elsewhere to Herat. Food insecurity
continued to increase. Respondents mentioned a decrease in cases related to inheritance, but increases
in divorce cases and in violence against women. Mixed views were held about access and quality of
health services. Half of the respondents reported improvements in health services, although the rest
complained of shortages hospitals and health clinics in the province.

Decreasing employment opportunities continued to remain a key concern.

Gender discrimination continues to be reported in access to government positions. However, a decrease
in gender discrimination was noted in the formal justice system. Corruption has decreased in the formal
justice system and the education sector, but has increased in health services and in basic services.

Table 4: Summary Profile Herat
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3
Childrens Rights
4
5
Social Rights:
6
Right to Health
7 8
9
Food Security
10
Right to Education
11 12
Family Rights
Economic Rights:
13

14 15
Gender Relations
16 17
Corruption

www.appro.org.af 16

Notes:13
1. Conflicting views existed about the security situation and police behavior and performance.
While half of the respondents stated that there has been improvement in the security situation
and in police performance and behavior, the rest instead claimed that the security situation has
deteriorated since August 2016, with an increase in number of abductions and assassinations.
Opinions about political conflicts were also divided among the respondents.
2. Access to formal justice for both men and women has reportedly increased during the third
monitoring cycle, mainly because of public awareness programs organized by various
organizations such as the Human Rights Commission. However, traditional justice organizations
still receive more cases than formal justice organizations.
3. Childrens issues such as child labor, physical and sexual abuse, early and forced marriages and
baad have reportedly increased since the last monitoring period. Children face physical violence
at work places and are engaged in heavy work while receiving fewer wages.
4. Interest in joining political parties among respondents continued to increase. Widespread
disappointment with elections continued as before.
5. Threats against journalists and civil society activists continued to increase. Intimidations and
threats from both government and opposition groups have reportedly resulted in media self-
censorship.
6. Conflicting views were held about health services among respondents. Half of the respondents
reported improvement in health services, while the rest complained of shortages of hospitals
and health clinics in the province. No significant change was noted in maternal health services
since August 2016.
7. Access to basic services such as water, electricity and shelter reportedly improved during the
third monitoring cycle. However, respondents complained that wealthy and influential people
enjoy better access than ordinary citizens.
8. Recent displacement from Faryab province has resulted in reduced access to basic services for
IDPs.
9. Despite some assistance from food aid organizations like the World Food Program (WFP), access
to food continued to decrease in the province, with more and more families facing food
shortages.
10. Access to and quality of education services continued to improve.
11. Respondents mentioned that there has been a decrease in cases related to inheritance.
12. An increase in family violence, including violence against women, was reported. Programs on
womens rights that have not involved men in gender rights awareness were said to have
increased incidents of family conflicts. Family conflicts have also increased because of
unemployment of men and poverty. An increase in the number of divorce cases was also noted
during the third monitoring phase.
13. Access to paid employment continued to decrease in the province.
14. Women accesss to formal justice has shown some improvement since the second monitoring
round.
15. Womens access to government jobs reportedly dropped during the third monitoring cycle.

13
Based on the interviews with: KI-F-Her-NG-1, KI-M-Her-NG-2, KI-M-Her-NG-3, KI-M-Her-NG-4, KI-F-Her-Go-1, KI-
M-Her-Go-2, FGD-F-Her-Go-3, FGD-F-Her-Go-4, FGD-F-Her-Go-5, KI-M-Her-Go-6, KI-M-Her-Go-7, KI-F-Her-Go-8,
KI-F-Her-Go-9, KI-M-Her-Go-10 KI-F-Her-Go-11, KI-M-Her-Go-12, KI-F-Her-Go-13, KI-M-Her-Go-14, KI-M-Her-Go-
15, KI-F-Her-Go-16, KI-M-Her-Go-17, KI-M-Her-Go-19, KI-M-Her-Go-20, KI-M-Her-Go-21, FGD-M-Her-CS-1, FGD-
M-Her-CS-2, FGD-M-Her-CS-3, KI-M-Her-CS-4, KI-M-Her-CS-5, KI-F-Her-CS-6, KI-F-Her-CS-7, KIF-Her-CS-8, KI-M-
Her-CS-9 and KI-F-Her-PI-1
www.appro.org.af 17

16. A decrease in levels of corruption in formal justice organizations was reported and attributed to
the appointment of new staff. Likewise, corruption in education sector showed a decrease.
17. An increase in corruption levels was reported in the health sector and in accessing basic
services. Corruption within police departments and in access to government jobs remained
unchanged.

www.appro.org.af 18

Kabul
Changes in civic rights since August 2016 include reports of a deteriorating security situation, an
increase in political conflicts, a decrease in citizens interest to participate in elections, and an increase
in violence against children including child labor, school dropouts, early marriages, and childrens
recruitment into armed conflicts. A growing interest among respondents in joining political parties was
said to be due to recognition that it would enable more access to employment. Both access to formal
justice and public awareness of the Right to Information Law have reportedly improved. There have
been no changes in the performance and behavior of security forces, access to traditional justice, access
to government positions or childrens access to justice, orphanages, rehabilitation centers and
kindergartens.

Access to health (in the center) and basic utilities such as water (in the districts) have reportedly
improved since August 2016. However, there has been an increase in food insecurity. Family related
issues such as disputes over inheritance, domestic violence including physical violence against women,
and divorce cases have also increased. Access to health services in the districts decreased. General
access to education remained unchanged as did IDPs access to shelter, education, and electricity.

Decrease in employment opportunities continued and a large number of college graduates are
reportedly unemployed. Safety in work places is considered satisfactory especially in government
offices.

There have been improvements in the behavior of police and judicial staff toward women. Women
working in health clinics reportedly receive more wages than men. Corruption continued to increase
across most sectors.

Table 5: Summary Profile Kabul
Status
Civic Rights:
1 2
3
4
Childrens Rights
5 6
7
Social Rights:
8 9
Right to Health
10
11
Food Security

Right to Education
12
Family Rights
Economic Rights:
13
14
15
Gender Relations
16
Corruption
www.appro.org.af 19

Notes:14
1. During third monitoring cycle, police performance and behavior remained unchanged and
positive. However, the weakening security situation in Kabul has lead to a decrease in public
trust in police forces ability to maintain security and safety in the province. The security
situation in the district of Istalif remained unchanged and positive.
2. In Kabul City and the district of Khak Jabar, the security situation continues to deteriorate, with
increased numbers of terrorist attacks, suicide attacks, explosions and kidnappings. According to
the respondents, interference from neighboring countries, political conflicts, politicization of the
military and the growing influence of the Taliban are the main reasons for insecurity in the
province. An increase in political conflicts was also noted during the third monitoring cycle.
3. Access to formal justice continued to improve during the third monitoring period. The treatment
of women in courts by judicial staff has reportedly improved. Likewise, continued improvement
was noted in the performance of formal justice organizations. Access to the traditional justice
system remained unchanged, however.
4. Due to increased poverty, there was thought to be increases in school dropouts, child labor and
the early marriage of girls. Childrens involvement in armed conflict has also increased.
Childrens access to justice, rehabilitation centers, orphanages and kindergartens continued to
be limited.
5. There is a growing interest among citizens, especially young people, in joining political parties.
The motivation to join political parties was primarily to secure employment more than interest
in politics.
6. According to the respondents, public perception of elections remained negative with growing
skepticism about the performance of the unity government. There has not been any significant
change in the hiring process for government vacancies.
7. Awareness around the Right to Information Law has reportedly increased.
8. Access to health services including maternal health in Kabul City and Khak Jabar district
continued to increase. Quality of health services showed no positive change, however.
9. In the district of Istalif, access to and quality of health services deteriorated during the third
monitoring cycle.
10. In the districts of Istalif and Khak Jabar, access to water has increased mainly due to an increase
in the number of wells dug by peoples councils and the construction of dams. However, access
to electricity remained unchanged. Likewise, access to basic services by IDPs was unchanged.
11. Food insecurity continued to increase despite some food assistance from aid agencies, traders
and community members. Food insecurity has reportedly caused the displacement of families
from their communities in search of better opportunities for earning a livelihood.
12. During the third monitoring cycle, there has been an increase in disputes over inheritance,
divorce cases, and domestic violence including physical violence against women.
13. Access to paid employment continued to decline in the third monitoring round. A large number
of college graduates are reportedly unemployed.
14. Safety at work places is reportedly satisfactory especially in government offices.

14
Based on the interviews with: KI-M-Kab-Go-2, KI-F-Kab-Go-1, KI-F-Kab-Go-8, KI-F-Kab-CS-8, FGD-F-Kab-Go-4, KI-
F-Kab-Go-12, KI-F-Kab-CS-7, FGD-F-Kab-CS-10, KI-M-Kab-Go-18, KI-M-kab-Go-19, KI-M-Kab-Go-20, KI-M-Kab-Go-
10, KI-F-Kab-Go-11, KI-M-Kab-Go-17, KI-M-Kab-Go-16, KI-M-Kab-Go-6, FGD-M-Kab-CS-3, KI-M-Kab-Go-21, FGD-F-
Kab-Go-5, FGD-M-Kab-CS-2, KI-M-Kab-NG-3, KI-M-Kab-NG-4, KI-F-Kab-CS-6, KI-M-Kab-CS-4, FGD-M-Kab-CS-1, KI-
F-Kab-NG-1, KI-F-Kab-PI-1, KI-M-Kab-CS-5, KI-M-Kab-CS-9, KI-M-Kab-Go-7, KI-M-Kab-Go-9, KI-M-Kab-Go-13, KI-
M-Kab-Go-14 and KI-M-Kab-NG-2
www.appro.org.af 20

15. The behavior of the police and formal judicial staff toward women remained positive. Female
employees were thought to receive higher salaries compared to their male counterparts in
health clinics.
16. Corruption continued to increase among the police and in access to both government and
private employment.

www.appro.org.af 21

Kandahar
There have been improvements in the security situation, police behavior towards citizens, access to
formal justice, access to government positions, interest in joining political parties and public awareness
of the Right to Information Law. Positive change in childrens rights included decreases in school
dropouts, child labor, childrens involvement in armed conflict and child sexual abuse cases as well as
increases in childrens access to kindergartens, orphanages and rehabilitation centers. Threats against
journalist and outspoken individuals have reportedly increased, however, and nepotism and influence
from political parties and powerful individuals continued to be the main obstacles to competing fairly for
government positions.

Though there has been a decrease in access to adequate food and basic services including housing for
IDPs, more general improvements were reported in health and education sectors both in terms of
access and quality. Family related conflicts, including violence against women and divorce cases,
reportedly declined over the reporting period. Womens access to shelters and family response units
(FRUs) showed an increase.

Employment opportunities continued to decrease. However, there have been some improvements in
safety at work places especially for women.

A decrease in gender discrimination was reported in access to government positions and education. At
the same time, womens access to health services and paid employment was said to have decreased.
Corruption has reduced in the police, formal justice system, and education services. However, increased
corruption was reported in access to health services and paid employment.

Table 6: Summary Profile Kandahar
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3
Childrens Rights
4 5
6 7
Social Rights:
8
Right to Health
9
10
Food Security
11
Right to Education
12
Family Rights
Economic Rights:
15
16
16 17
Gender Relations
18 19
Corruption

www.appro.org.af 22

Notes:15
1. General perception about ANP and ANA behavior and performance remained positive. Overall,
the security situation has improved since August 2016, with the exception of a few remote
districts.
2. Access to formal and traditional justice for both men and women has reportedly increased.
Similarly, the performance and behavior of formal justice staff were described as positive by the
respondents.
3. Childrens rights improved, including decreases in school dropouts, child labor, childrens
involvement in armed conflict, and sexual abuse cases as well as increases in childrens access to
kindergartens, orphanages and rehabilitation centers. These changes were considered to have
been as a result of public awareness campaigns concerning childrens rights implemented by
media and some international organizations.
4. Nepotism, corruption and influence from political parties and powerful individuals continued to
be the main obstacles in access to government positions.
5. Interest among respondents in joining political parties has continued to increase since August
2016.
6. Public awareness of the Right to Information Law has reportedly increased due to awareness
raising programs by civil society and international organizations.
7. Threats against individuals who speak openly on various issues continued to increase during the
third monitoring cycle.
8. Over all, access to and quality of health services, including reproductive health services,
continued to improve during the third monitoring phase. The improvements include increases in
the number of private health clinics and pharmacies and the recruitment of specialized doctors.
9. Access to basic services such as water and electricity has reportedly decreased since August
2016. Forced displacement from Helmand and Uruzgan has lead to an increase in the number of
IDPs in Kandahar, and they suffer from poor access to basic necessities such as water and
shelter.
10. Access to adequate food continued to drop in the third monitoring phase. Food assistance from
government and aid agencies for food insecure people, including IDPs, remained minimal.
11. Access to education has reportedly increased for both boys and girls in the province. The quality
of education has also shown significant improvement mainly because of the recruitment of
specialized teachers and construction of new infrastructure, including laboratories in schools.
12. Family related conflicts, including violence against women and divorce cases, declined over the
reporting period. Womens access to shelters and FRUs has shown an increase.
13. Unemployment continued to increase during the third monitoring cycle.
14. Safety in work places, especially for women, has reportedly increased.
15. Gender discrimination in access to government positions and education has declined. Womens
awareness of their inheritance rights has reportedly increased.
16. Womens access to health services and paid employment has decreased since August 2016.

15
Based on the interviews with: KI-F-Kan-PI-1, KI-F-Kan-CS-8, KI-M-Kan-Go-11, KI-F-Kan-NG-4, KI-M-Kan-Go-12, KI-
M-Kan-Go-14, KI-M-Kan-Go-10, KI-M-Kan-Go-13, KI-M-Kan-Go-15, FGD-M-Kan-CS-1, KI-M-Kan-Go-9, KI-M-Kan-
CS-9, KI-F-Kan-NG-1, FGD-F-Kan-Go-5, KI-F-Kan-NG-2, KI-F-Kan-NG-3, KI-F-Kan-Go-8, KI-M-Kan-Go-21, KI-M-Kan-
Go-19, KI-M-Kan-Go-7, KI-M-Kan-CS-5, KI-F-Kan-CS-7, FGD-M-Kan-CS-3, FGD-F-Kan-Go-4, KI-F-Kan-CS-6, FGD-F-
Kan-Go-3, KI-M-Kan-Go-6, KI-M-Kan-Go-17, KI-M-Kan-Go-2, KI-M-Kan-Go-16, KI-M-Kan-CS-2, KI-M-Kan-CS-4, KI-
M-Kan-Go-20, KI-F-Kan-Go-1 and KI-F-Kan-Go-18
www.appro.org.af 23

17. Interviewees mentioned a decrease in corruption levels in the police and formal justice system
mainly because of anti-corruption campaigns run by civil society, the media and government.
Corruption levels in hiring have reportedly decreased in education sector.
18. Corruption has reportedly increased in health services and paid employment.

www.appro.org.af 24

Khost
Under civic rights, there were reports of improved security conditions, better police behavior toward
civilians, enhanced access to formal justice, improved behavior of elders in traditional justice systems,
and more willingness among young people to join political parties. However, citizens interest in
participating in elections continued to decrease. In terms of childrens rights, there was a decrease in
childrens recruitment in armed conflicts, but increases in child labor and baad.

Under social rights, education, family rights, and basic services for IDPs showed improvements since
August 2016, while access to food remained unchanged. Access to and quality of health services
deteriorated during the third monitoring round.

Under economic rights, no changes occurred in access to paid employment or in working conditions.

Womens access to traditional justice and education showed an increase, although there continued to
be gender discrimination in access to formal justice and government positions. Corruption declined in
police departments, but continued unabated across all other sectors.

Table 7: Summary Profile Khost
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3 4
Childrens Rights
5 6
7
Social Rights:
8
Right to Health
9

Food Security
10
Right to Education
11
Family Rights
Economic Rights:

12
13 14
Gender Relations
15 16
Corruption

www.appro.org.af 25

Notes:16
1. General perceptions about police behavior and performance continued to stay positive in both
the center and outlying districts. Efforts by the governor and the commander of the police have
improved the security situation in the province. Educational trainings given to police forces in
the province have improved their behavior toward citizens, especially women.
2. Workshops and seminars conducted on legal rights have reportedly led to an increase in access
to formal justice, mostly for men; however, the traditional justice system is still preferred by
most citizens for resolving their cases. Improvement was noted in the performance of elders in
resolving cases in traditional system. No change was noted in the performance and behavior of
formal judicial staff since August 2016.
3. The recruitment of children in armed conflicts decreased during the third monitoring round. No
change was noted in childrens access to justice or orphanages, however.
4. Deterioration in childrens rights included increases in child labor and in the prevalence of baad
in rural areas.
5. There is a growing interest among young people in joining political parties. Higher education
levels and awareness of civic rights were said to be motivations for youth to become more
active in politics. Some respondents, however, believed that young people are joining political
parties to secure employment. Access to government positions continued to be challenged by
the middleman practice.
6. Public interest in participating in future elections continued to decline during the third
monitoring round, according to respondents.
7. Threats against journalists and outspoken people have reportedly decreased since August 2016.
Awareness of the Access to Information Law remained unchanged.
8. Access to health services, including reproductive health, continued to decrease since the second
monitoring round. Likewise the quality of health services has also deteriorated.
9. Disputes related to water and land continued to decrease. Because of relief efforts by
international agencies, IDPs access to basic services including education has slightly improved.
10. According to respondents, access to and quality of education has improved during the third
monitoring round.
11. Family related issues such as domestic violence and divorce cases declined during the third
monitoring round. No change was noted in inheritance rights or access to safe houses and
shelters.
12. Safety at work places remained limited. According to the respondents, employers do not
provide health benefits to the employees.
13. Womens access to traditional justice organizations has reportedly increased with more women
approaching these institutions. Girls access to education improved since August 2016.
14. Womens access to formal justice and government positions remained limited because of
prevailing traditions and customs.
15. A decrease corruption in police departments was reported.
16. Corruption levels have increased in access to paid employment while corruption in formal and
traditional justice organizations, health services, and educationboth in grading and hiring
teacherscontinued as before.

16
Based on the interviews with: FGD-M-Kho-CS-1, FGD-M-Kho-CS-2, FGD-M-Kho-CS-3, KI-M-Kho-Go-2, KI-M-Kho-
Go-7, KI-M-Kho-Go-13, KI-M-Kho-Go-14, KI-M-Kho-Go-16, KI-M-Kho-Go-17, KI-M-Kho-Go-18, FGD-F-Kho-Go-3,
FGD-F-Kho-Go-4, FGD-F-Kho-Go-5, KI-F-Kho-Go-1, KI-F-Kho-CS-6, KI-M-Kho-CS-5, KI-M-Kho-NG-4, KI-F-Kho-CS-
7, KI-M-Kho-NG-3, KI-M-Kho-NG-2, KI-F-Kho-CS-8, KI-F-Kho-NG-1, KI-M-Kho-CS-9, KI-M-Kho-Go-12, KI-M-Kho-G0-
19, KI-M-Kho-Go-21, KI-M-Kho-Go-9 and KI-M-Kho-Go-1
www.appro.org.af 26

Kunduz
The fall of Kunduz City in October 2016 for the second time within a year indicated a deteriorating
security situation in the province. Changes in civic rights since August 2016 include reports of an
increase in political violence, increases in violence against children including child labor and child
recruitment in armed conflicts, a decline in citizens interest in participating in future elections and an
increase in threats against journalists and civil society members. There have been no changes in
perceptions of the performance and behavior of security forces and formal justice staff. Access to
government positions also remained unchanged. Childrens access to justice, with support of their
families, has reportedly increased.

Access to health and basic services, and family rights in general remained unchanged since August 2016.
IDPs access to shelter was unchanged as well. Access to education, especially for girls, decreased
because of mounting insecurity in the province. There have also been increases in disputes related to
water and land. There was a slight improvement in access to food because of aid provided by
government and aid agencies.

Decreasing employment opportunities continued and remained a major concern for many. There have
been no significant changes in working conditions since August 2016.

Womens access to education and formal justice has reportedly decreased. Corruption continued to
increase in the police, education sector, and paid employment generally.

Table 8: Summary Profile Kunduz
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3 4
Childrens Rights
5
6
Social Rights:

Right to Health
7
8
Food Security
9
Right to Education

Family Rights
Economic Rights:
10

11
Gender Relations
12
Corruption

www.appro.org.af 27

Notes:17
1. The security situation deteriorated in Kunduz with the province falling to the Taliban a second
time. Respondents described the reasons for increasing insecurity as including the failure of
government to provide security and interference from foreign countries. Violence related to
political conflicts has also increased since August 2016. No significant change was noted in
police performance and behavior.
2. No significant change was noted in access to formal or traditional justice systems. General
perceptions about the performance and behavior of formal justice staff remained positive.
3. Childrens access to justice, with the support of their families, increased during the third
monitoring cycle.
4. Childrens issues, such as child labor, engagement in armed conflicts, early marriages, and
school dropouts, continued to increase since August 2016.
5. Public interest in participating in future elections and in becoming politically active continued to
drop according to the respondents. No change was reported in access to government positions.
6. Threats against journalists and outspoken individuals from both government and opposition
groups have reportedly increased. No change was noted in awareness of the Right to
Information Law.
7. An increase in disputes related to water and land was reported during the third monitoring
round.
8. According to the respondents, aid was provided by the government and aid agencies to food
insecure people in the forms of cash and food items during the third monitoring cycle, but aid
distribution process was not transparent.
9. Access to education especially for girls decreased since August 2016, because of the insecurity in
the province. The quality of education remained unchanged, however.
10. A decline in employment opportunities has continued since second monitoring cycle.
11. Womens access to formal justice was limited by traditional customs and insecurity in the
province. Girls access to education also continued to decrease because of insecurity.
12. Corruption increased in police departments, in the education sector (both in hiring teachers and
grading students), and in access to paid employment.

17
Based on the interviews with: KI-M-Kun-Go-10, KI-M-Kun-CS-9, KI-M-Kun-Go-13, KI-M-Kun-Go-14, KI-F-Kun-Go-
11, KI-M-Kun-Go-12, FGD-F-Kun-Go-5, FGD-M-Kun-CS-1, KI-M-Kun-Go-15, KI-F-Kun-PI-1, KI-F-Kun-CS-8, KI-M-
Kun-NG-4, KI-M-Kun-Go-9, KI-F-Kun-NG-1, KI-M-Kun-NG-3, KI-M-Kun-NG-2, KI-F-Kun-Go-1, KI-M-Kun-Go-2, KI-F-
Kun-Go-8, KI-M-Kun-CS-4, KI-F-Kun-CS-6, FGD-F-Kun-Go-3, KI-M-Kun-Go-6, KI-M-Kun-Go-18, KI-M-Kun-Go-16, KI-
M-Kun-Go-20, FGD-M-Kun-CS-2, KI-F-Kun-CS-7, FGD-F-Kun-Go-4, KI-M-Kun-Go-17, KI-M-Kun-Go-7, KI-M-Kun-Go-
19, KI-M-Kun-CS-5 and KI-M-Kun-Go-21
www.appro.org.af 28

Nangarhar
Between August and November 2016, general security remained unchanged in Nangarhar except for
deteriorating security conditions in districts bordering Pakistan. Respondents reported an increase in
child labor, an increase in the recruitment of children in armed conflicts and a decline in peoples
interest in joining political parties. Access to government positions has decreased since August 2016.
Police behavior towards citizens was considered to be negative. There was also an increase in political
conflict occurring after the peace deal with Hizbe Islami. A decrease in threats against journalists was
reported and improvements were noted in childrens issues, specifically decreases in forced marriage,
sexual abuse and school dropouts.

Improvements were reported in access to education and health, and in family rights, though there have
been no changes in food security or the quality of education. With the influx of a returnee population
from Pakistan, access to basic services such as water, electricity and shelter has reportedly decreased.

Decreasing employment opportunities remained a key concern. The return of refugees from Pakistan
has put extra pressure on an already limited job market. No change was noted in working conditions.

Gender discrimination decreased in access to health and education, and in hiring for government
positions. Corruption across the sectors remained unchanged.

Table 9: Summary Profile Nangarhar
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2 3
Childrens Rights
4
5 6
Social Rights:
7
Right to Health
8

Food Security
9
Right to Education
10
Family Rights
Economic Rights:
11

12
Gender Relations
13
Corruption

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Notes:18
1. The security situation in Nangarhar districts that border Pakistan has reportedly deteriorated
since the second monitoring cycle. From time to time, armed fighting between government
forces and opposition groups erupts, forcing people to flee their homes and move to safer
places. Respondents complained about police behavior with common people, alleging that the
police harass people and unjustly accuse them of sheltering armed groups. Violence related to
political conflicts has reportedly increased because of the peace deal with Hizbe Islami.
2. Public awareness programs by government and NGOs continued to be instrumental in improving
some childrens issues. These include decreases early and forced marriages, school dropouts and
sexual abuse cases.
3. Child labor and the recruitment of children in armed conflicts continued to increase since August
2016.
4. Access to government positions has decreased for both men and women. There was also a
decrease in peoples interest in joining political parties because of the growing insecurity in the
province. Women were less inclined to join political parties than men because of security
threats as well as traditions that restrict womens participation in politics.
5. Threats against journalists and outspoken individuals from the government agencies have
decreased, but no change was noted in threats from opposition groups.
6. Freedom of association remained restricted and respondents alleged that people face physical
harassment by police during demonstrations. Awareness and implementation of the Access to
Information Law remained unchanged.
7. Improvement was noted in access to and quality of maternal health services due to the
increased number of private health clinics in the province.
8. With the influx of the returnee population from Pakistan, access to basic services such as water,
electricity and shelter has reportedly decreased since August 2016.
9. Access to education for both boys and girls has improved due primarily to awareness campaigns
about the value of education by government and NGOs. No significant change was recorded in
the quality of education, however.
10. Family related issues improved during the second monitoring phase, including decreases in
inheritance conflicts, violence against women, and divorce cases.
11. Access to employment continued to decrease in Nangarhar. The return of refugees from
Pakistan has put extra pressure on the already limited job market.
12. Women continued to be given preference in government hiring. Gender discrimination
decreased in health services, mainly as a result of workshops provided to health service staff. In
the center, girls access to education increased; however, in the remote districts of the province
girls continued to have limited access to education.
13. Corruption existed as before in police departments, formal justice organizations, government
hiring, health services and the education sector.

18
Based on the interviews with: FGD-M-Nan-CS-1, FGD-M-Nan-CS-2, FGD-M-Nan-CS-3, KI-M-Nan-CS-9, KI-M-Nan-
Go-10, KI-M-Nan-Go-9, KI-M-Nan-NG-4, KI-M-Nan-Go-13, KI-M-Nan-Go-14, KI-M-Nan-Go-19, KI-M-Nan-CS-5, KI-
M-Nan-GO-20, KI-F-Nan-NG-1, KI-M-Nan-Go-2, KI-F-Nan-Go-8, KI-M-Nan-Go-18, KI-F-Nan-CS-6, KI-F-Nan-CS-7, KI-
F-Nan-CS-8, KI-M-Nan-Go-6, KI-M-Nan-NG-2, KI-F-Nan-Go-1, FGD-F-Nan-Go-3, FGD-F-Nan-Go-4, FGD-F-Nan-Go-
5, KI-M-Nan-Go-7, KI-M-Nan-CS-4, KI-M-Nan-Go-16, KI-M-Nan-NG-3, KI-M-Nan-GO-21, KI-M-Nan-GO-12 and KI-
M-Nan-GO-15
www.appro.org.af 30

Nimruz
Under civic rights, there were reports of improved security conditions, enhanced police behavior toward
civilians, better access to formal justice, and some willingness among citizens to participate in future
elections. Though there were increases in child labor, no change was reported in early marriages, sexual
abuse, school dropouts, access to juvenile homes, or the recruitment of children in armed conflicts.
Nepotism and discrimination based on tribe has increased in accessing government positions while no
change occurred in freedom of expression or awareness of the Access to Information Law.

Under social rights, improvements appeared in education and health services, while family rights,
general food security, and IDPs access to basic services deteriorated since August 2016.

Under economic rights, access to paid employment remained unchanged. However, some organizations
were said to provide medical benefits to their employees.

Gender discrimination decreased in access to formal justice and education. Access to basic services and
rights was affected by corruption although there has been a decrease in corruption in formal justice
system.

Table 10: Summary Profile Nimruz
Status
Civic Rights:
1
2
3
Childrens Rights
4 5

Social Rights:
6
Right to Health
7
8
Food Security
9
Right to Education
10
Family Rights
Economic Rights:

11
12
Gender Relations
13 14
Corruption

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Notes:19
1. The security situation has reportedly improved since the second monitoring cycle due to
enhanced coordination among various security agencies in the province. Police performance
and behavior was considered positive and public trust in the police increased during the third
monitoring cycle.
2. Improvement in access to formal justice, especially for women, was thought to be due to an
expansion of the number of justice organizations in the province. The performance and behavior
of formal judicial staff continued to improve because of workshops focused on increasing the
legal literacy of staff.
3. Child labor continued to increase during the third monitoring round. Other childrens issues
remained unchanged, specifically incidents of early marriage, forced marriage, school dropouts,
sexual abuse, access to justice and juvenile homes, and child recruitment in armed conflicts.
4. Overall, there was disappointment regarding elections. However, some respondents were
interested in participating in future elections to elect better representatives.
5. Nepotism and discrimination based on tribal affiliation has increased in accessing government
positions.
6. Access to and quality of health services, including maternal healthcare, has improved since
August 2016. The administration has been monitoring healthcare service delivery and more
midwives have been recruited in order to improve access to maternal healthcare.
7. IDPs access to basic services deteriorated further as a result of the increasing number of
displaced people coming into Nimruz from provinces such as Helmand and Faryab.
8. Access to food decreased during the third monitoring cycle. Unemployment was cited as a major
reason for food insecurity in the province.
9. Access to education for both boys and girls has improved. Increased recruitment of qualified
teachers and the delivery of capacity building workshops for teachers have contributed to the
improved quality of education in the province. However, a shortage of textbooks continued to
exist.
10. Conflicting views exist about the status of inheritance rights and family violence, including
violence against women and divorce cases. Some of the respondents considered that there has
been improvement in these issues, while others claimed that they have deteriorated since
August 2016.
11. According to the respondents, some organizations have now begun to provide medical care
benefits to employees and have been maintaining hygiene at work places.
12. Womens access to formal justice improved, with more women preferring formal rather than
informal justice to resolve their cases. Girls access to education has reportedly increased.
13. Corruption continued in police departments and in access to government positions as before.
14. Corruption levels in formal judicial organizations have declined with the appointment of new
directors and professional staff.

19
Based on the interviews with: KI-F-Nim-NG-1, KI-M-Nim-NG-2, KI-M-Nim-NG-3, KI-M-Nim-NG-4, KI-F-Nim-Go-1,
KI-M-Nim-Go-2, FGD-F-Nim-Go-3, FGD-F-Nim-Go-4 FGD-F-Nim-Go-5, KI-M-Nim-Go-6, KI-M-Nim-Go-7, KI-F-Nim-
Go-8, KI-F-Nim-Go-9, KI-M-Nim-Go-10, KI-M-Nim-Go-11, KI-M-Nim-Go-12, KI-M-Nim-Go-13, KI-M-Nim-Go-14, KI-
M-Nim-Go-15 KI-M-Nim-Go-16, KI-M-Nim-Go-17, KI-F-Nim-Go-18, KI-F-Nim-Go-19, KI-M-Nim-Go-20, KI-M-Nim-
Go-21, FGD-M-Nim-CS-1, FGD-M-Nim-CS-2, FGD-M-Nim-CS-3, KI-M-Nim-CS-4, KI-M-Nim-CS-5, KI-F-Nim-CS-6, KI-
F-Nim-CS-7, KI-F-Nim-CS-8, KI-M-Nim-CS-9 and KI-F-Nim-PI-1
www.appro.org.af 32

Survey Results
This section reports selected findings from the analysis of quantitative data collected through a survey
with 662 men and women. The graphs are not statistically representative but illustrate.
Civic Rights
The first and second monitoring reports revealed mixed sentiments concerning formal justice
authorities. However, in the third round of monitoring both men and women reported improvements in
the treatment of citizens in the formal justice system in Balkh, Khost, Daikundi and Nimruz. In Kabul,
only women reported improvement in the formal justice system (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. Treatment of Citizens By Formal Justice Authorities Womens Views

Figure 2. Treatment of Citizens By Formal Justice Authorities Mens Views
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General improvement in the behavior of ANP and ANA was reported by men and women for Balkh,
Kandahar and Khost. In Nimruz and Diakundi, only women reported improvements. No significant
changes were reported for the remaining provinces (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3. Treatment Of Citizens By ANP / ANA Womens Views

Figure 4. Treatment Of Citizens By ANP / ANA Mens Views

Perceptions of male and female respondents varied with regard to violence against children over the
reporting period. Women reported an increase in violence against children in Herat, Kandahar and
Kunduz, and a decrease in Balkh, Khost and Nangarhar. Men believed there has been a decrease in
violence against children in Kandhar and Khost. Men and womens views about the prevalence of
violence against children most dramatically in Kandahar and Herat (Figures 5 and 6).

www.appro.org.af 34

Figure 5. Womens Views on Violence Against Children By Province

Figure 6. Mens Views on Violence Against Children By Province
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Social Rights
In most provinces, respondents generally did not believe that there has been any significant change in
access to health services during the third monitoring cycle. However, particularly in Khost and to a lesser
extent Kandahar there was widespread agreement, especially among women, that access to health
services had recently declined in the provinces (Figures 7 and 8).

Figure 7. Access to Health Services Womens Views
Figure 8. Access to Health Services Mens Views
www.appro.org.af 36

Economic Rights
With regard to economic rights, lack of employment opportunities, closely followed by nepotism and
corruption, continued to remain the main challenges in access to employment for both men and women
during the reporting period (Figure 9 and 10).

Figure 9. Main Challenges in Access to Licit and Stable Employment Womens Views

Figure 10. Main Challenges in Access to Licit and Stable Employment Mens Views
www.appro.org.af 37

Conclusion
Observations from the second ARM monitoring round showed significant changes across most of the
indicators under Civic, Social and Economic Rights since August 2016 when the second round of
monitoring took place. In particular, findings across provinces showed continued improvements in the
behavior and performance of the police and formal justice organizations.

The security situation has continued to deteriorate since August 2016 and remains a major concern
across all the provinces. Child labor continued to increase with a growing number of children being
recruited into armed conflicts in some of the provinces.

Across various indicators of civic, social and economic rights, positive changes were noted especially in
womens access to justice, growing interest among citizens to join political parties, and access to health,
education, and basic services.

However, freedom of expression has come under increased threat from local power holders, armed
opposition groups, and some government officials. Public awareness of the Access to Information Law
showed a slight improvement since August 2016.

Internal displacement due to growing conflicts and the influx of returnees from Pakistan has further
compromised IDPs access to basic services. Mounting unemployment remains a critical issue in all the
provinces. Corruption remains a significant obstacle in access to numerous rights across all sectors.
Civic Rights
The deteriorating security situation is a major concern among respondents, directly affecting the
fulfillment of basic rights such as education, employment and IDPs access to basic services. While the
security situation in Kandahar, Khost, and Nimruz remained positive because of administrative reforms
in the police and improved coordination among security agencies, the rest of the provinces were faced
with growing insecurity during the third monitoring round. The security situation continued to
deteriorate in Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat, Kabul, Kunduz and Nangarhar. Most dramatically, Kunduz
fell to the Taliban for the second time in a year and districts in Nangarhar that border Pakistan
experienced intensified fighting between government and AOGs, inducing forced displacement in these
areas. Kabul experienced an increase in suicide attacks, explosions and abductions since August 2016.
Herat, Kabul, and Nangarhar also witnessed increases in political conflicts. The growing influence of the
Taliban and other armed groups as well as interference from neighboring countries were believed to
contribute to increased insecurity in Afghanistan, according to the majority of respondents.

With the exception of Herat and Nangarhar, where respondents reported increased harassment by the
police, the performance and behavior of the police has improved and stayed positive in the rest of the
provinces. This positive change, especially in police behavior toward women, was attributed to
increased educational trainings for the police.

www.appro.org.af 38

Administrative reforms, an increased number of formal justice organizations, and enhanced public
awareness of legal rights have resulted in improved access to formal justice in Balkh, Daikundi, Herat,
Kabul, Kandahar, Khost, Kunduz and Nimruz. Improvement in the performance and behavior of formal
justice staff was reported across all the provinces. However, the traditional justice system continued to
be the preferred mechanism for resolving cases, particularly in Daikundi, Herat and Khost, because of its
more timely ability to settle cases. The performance of traditional justice organizations was thought to
have improved in Balkh and Daikundi.

Data from all three monitoring rounds showed a steady growth in instances of child labor and the
recruitment of children in armed conflicts across the provinces. Childrens issues such as baad and early
and forces marriages increased in Balkh, Herat, Khost and Kunduz. Likewise, the prevalence of school
dropouts has increased in Kabul, Daikundi and Kunduz.

There is a growing interest among citizens to join political parties in Balkh, Herat, Kabul, Khost and
Kandahar, motivated primarily as a means to secure access to employment and secondarily to become
more politically active. General disappointment about elections is widespread and appears to have
increased across provinces during the third monitoring cycle. Public trust in elected representatives has
continued to drop since August 2016. Access to public positions continued to be limited by nepotism
and the need for connections (wasita), as noted also in the baseline and previous two monitoring cycles.

Media censorship, intimidation and threats against journalists, civil society activists and outspoken
individuals have risen in seven out of ten provinces, with Balkh, Khost, and Nangarhar being the
exceptions. Significant improvement in public awareness of the Right to Information Law was noted in
Kabul and Balkh.
Social Rights
With the exception of some improvements in health services in Kabul, Kandahar, Nangarhar and Nimruz,
no significant change was reported in access to and quality of health services in rest of the provinces. In
Khost, a high number of both male and female respondents reported a recent deterioration of access to
health services.

Slight improvements were noted in access to basic services in Balkh, Daikundi, Herat, Kabul, and Khost.
Assistance from humanitarian organizations has brought some improvement in IDPs access to basic
services including education. However, with fresh displacements in provinces such as Helmand, Uruzgan
and Faryab, IDPs access to basic services in the host provinces of Kandahar and Nimruz has further
deteriorated. Likewise, in Nangarhar an influx of returnees from Pakistan has placed extra pressure on
the already scarce basic services of housing, water and electricity.

In terms of food security, despite aid assistance from various organizations, no significant improvement
was noted in provinces Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Khost, Kunduz or Nangarhar. People continued to lack
access to adequate food. An increase in the number of food insecure people was reported in Herat,
Kabul, Kandahar, and Nimruz. Lack of employment was said to be the main cause of food insecurity.

The appointment of professional teachers and construction of new infrastructure have increased access
to education in Balkh, Daikundi, Herat, Kandahar, Khost, and Nangarhar. No significant changes were
reported in education services in Bamyan, Kabul or Khost. In Nimruz, there were conflicting reports
www.appro.org.af 39

about education, with some claiming improvements while others reported deterioration since August
2016. Kunduz saw a decline in access to education, especially for girls, due to the growing insecurity.

Family rights issues showed improvements in many provinces. Violence against women receded in
Balkh, Bamyan, Kandahar, Khost, Nangarhar and Nimruz. A decrease in divorce cases was noted in Balkh,
Bamyan, Kandahar and Khost. Likewise, incidents of conflicts over inheritance declined in Balkh,
Bamyan, Herat, and Kandahar. The increase in violence against women reported in Kabul and Herat was
attributed to mens growing unemployment, increasing poverty and inappropriate implementation of
gender programs. Womens access to shelters remained mostly unchanged across all the provinces.
Economic Rights
With the exception of the Khulm district in Balkh, where a slight increase in job opportunities was noted
due to the implementation of various developmental projects, unemployment continued to rise across
all ten provinces. In Kabul, a growing number of university graduates are unemployed and in Nangarhar,
returnees from Pakistan have put extra pressure on the already limited job market. Insecurity, poor
access to financial capital, few job opportunities, and widespread corruption and nepotism in the job
market continued to limit fair access to paid employment. Working conditions remain unchanged and
inadequate, with slight changes in provision of security and safety in Bamyan and Kandahar. In Nimruz,
some organizations have started to provide healthcare for their employees.
Gender Relations, Corruption

Over all, there has been a decrease in gender discrimination across all ten provinces that was notable in
various sectors. A prominent example was a decrease in gender discrimination in the formal justice
system in Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat, and Nimruz. In some of the provinces, improvements were
noted in womens access to health services and education. Women continued to receive preferential
treatment in access to employment in Nangarhar and to earn higher wages than men in health clinics in
Kabul.

Due to the deterioration in security, girls access to education has decreased in Kunduz since August
2016. Womens access to paid employment and government jobs remained limited due to lack of
knowledge and limited access to the Internet.

Corruptionin paid employment, the education sector, policing, and access to government
employmentcontinued to rise in the majority of the provinces. However, there has been a significant
decrease in corruption levels in the formal justice system in Balkh, Bamyan, Daikundi, Herat, Kandahar
and Nimruz.

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Appendix 1: Monitoring Indicators
Rights Pillar Indicator Proxies

Civic Rights to Life, Liberty, Trust in ANP
Security and Dignity of Police Performance and Behavior
Person Security
Corruption (Crosscutting Theme)
Right to Efficient and Fair Access to Formal and Traditional Justice Systems
Justice Performance of Justice Officials
Womens Access to and Treatment by Justice Systems
(Gender as Crosscutting Theme)
Childrens Rights Violence Against Children (Degree and Types of
Violence)
Access to Justice
Access to Rehabilitation Centers, Juvenile Homes and
Orphanages
Child Labor
Sexual Abuse
Childrens engagement in armed conflicts
Right to Participate in Public Participation in Elections
Affairs Access to Public Positions (Gender as Crosscutting:
Women in Senior Positions)
Participation in Political Parties (Gender as Crosscutting:
Female Party Members)
Discrimination (Gender as Crosscutting)
Right to Freedom of Opinion Freedom of Speech (Threats)
and Expression Freedom of Gathering
Right to Information Law
Economic Right to Work and Fairness in Access to Paid Employment
Employment Corruption (Jobs for Sale, Nepotism)
Right to Decent Working Safety and Security at Workplace
Conditions Job Security
Harassment (based on Gender or Ethnicity)

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Rights Pillar Indicator Proxies
Social Right to Health Access to Health Services
Access to Reproductive Health
Quality of Health Services
Right to Adequate Housing Access to Housing, Water and Electricity
and Facilities IDPs (Housing)
Disputes Related to Land and Water
Food Security Sufficient Food (Number of Meals per Day)
Adequate Food (Type of Food Eaten)
Food Assistance (Sources, e.g., Government, INGOs,
other)
Right to Education Access to Education
Quality of Education
Gender Discrimination
Corruption (in Hiring Teachers and in Giving Grades)
Family Rights Inheritance Rights and Related Conflicts
Domestic Violence
Violence Against women
Divorce Cases and Womens Rights to Divorce
Access to FRUs and Shelters

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Appendix 2: List and Definition of Codes
Non-Government = NG
KI-F-Kab-NG-1 (KI=Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 1=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-NG-2 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 2=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-NG-3 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 3=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-NG-4 (KI=Key informant, M=Male Kab=Kabul, NG=Non-government, 4=Sequence)

Government = Go
KI-F-Kab-Go-1 (KI=Key informant, F=Female Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 1=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-Go-2 (KI=Key informant, M=Male Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 2=Sequence)
FGD-F-Kab-Go-3 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 3=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-Go-6 (KI=Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 6=Sequence)
KI-F-Kab-Go-8 (KI=Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, Go=Government, 8=Sequence)

Civil Society = CS
FGD-M-Kab-CS-1 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 1=Sequence)
FGD-M-Kab-CS-2 (FGD=Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 2=Sequence)
FGD-M-Kab-CS-3 (FGD= Focus Group Discussion, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 3=Sequence)
KI-M-Kab-CS-4 (KI= Key informant, M=Male, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 4=Sequence)
KI-F-Kab-CS-6 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, CS=Civil society, 6=Sequence)

Public Institutions = PI
KI-F-Kab-PI-1 (KI= Key informant, F=Female, Kab=Kabul, PI=Public Institution, 1=Sequence)

www.appro.org.af 43

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Afghanistan

Public Policy Research Organization

Objective and Methodology

Figure 8. Access to Health Services Mens Views

Gender Relations, Corruption

Rights Pillar Indicator Proxies

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