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    How An SMPS Works

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    Đorđe Popović
    An SMPS first rectifies AC input to DC, then uses an inverter stage to convert the DC to high frequency AC which is transformed to the required output level. Key components are a rectifier, inverter using transistors, and transformer. Regulation is achieved via feedback monitoring the output and adjusting the switching timing to maintain a steady voltage despite input variations. Basic SMPS can cause power quality issues but improved designs include power factor correction.

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    How An SMPS Works

    Uploaded by

    Đorđe Popović
    140 views7 pages
    An SMPS first rectifies AC input to DC, then uses an inverter stage to convert the DC to high frequency AC which is transformed to the required output level. Key components are a rectifier, inverter using transistors, and transformer. Regulation is achieved via feedback monitoring the output and adjusting the switching timing to maintain a steady voltage despite input variations. Basic SMPS can cause power quality issues but improved designs include power factor correction.

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    SMPS

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    How an SMPS Works

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    An SMPS first rectifies AC input to DC, then uses an inverter stage to convert the DC to high frequency AC which is transformed to the required output level. Key components are a rectifier, inverter using transistors, and transformer. Regulation is achieved via feedback monitoring the output and adjusting the switching timing to maintain a steady voltage despite input variations. Basic SMPS can cause power quality issues but improved designs include power factor correction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    140 views7 pages

    How An SMPS Works

    Uploaded by

    Đorđe Popović
    An SMPS first rectifies AC input to DC, then uses an inverter stage to convert the DC to high frequency AC which is transformed to the required output level. Key components are a rectifier, inverter using transistors, and transformer. Regulation is achieved via feedback monitoring the output and adjusting the switching timing to maintain a steady voltage despite input variations. Basic SMPS can cause power quality issues but improved designs include power factor correction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    HOW AN SMPS WORKS

    Block diagram of a mains operated AC-DC SMPS with output voltage regulation.

    Rectifier stage

    AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

    If the SMPS has an AC input, then its first job is to convert the input to DC. This is

    called rectification.
    The rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a

    switch operated either manually or automatically. It produces an unregulated DC

    voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the

    mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage

    peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces

    the power factor. Special control techniques can be employed by the following

    SMPS to force the average input current to follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC

    input voltage thus the designer should try correcting the power factor. A SMPS

    with a DC input does not require this stage. A SMPS designed for AC input can

    often be run from a DC supply, as the DC passes through the rectifier stage

    unchanged. (The user should check the manual before trying this!)

    If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate

    as a voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 VAC) range and as a

    straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 VAC) range. If an input

    range switch is not used, then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the

    downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be flexible enough to accept the

    wide range of dc voltages that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higher-

    power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may be used.


    Inverter stage

    The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the

    rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator,

    whose output transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or

    hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz,

    to make it inaudible to humans. Computer supplies run at 360 volts DC. The output

    voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly controlled. The

    switching is done by MOSFETs, which are a type of transistor with a low on-

    resistance and a high current-handling capacity. This section refers to the block

    marked "Chopper" in the block diagram.

    Voltage converter

    If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in

    mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a

    high-frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required

    output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram

    serves this purpose.

    If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified and

    smoothed by a filter consisting of inductors and capacitors. The higher the

    switching frequency, the smaller in value components are needed.


    Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer.

    This type includes boost converters, buck converters, and the so called "buck-boost

    converter". These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output

    converters which utilise one inductor and one active switch (MOSFET). The buck

    converter reduces the input voltage, in direct proportion, to the ratio of the active

    switch "on" time to the total switching period, called the Duty Ratio. For example

    an ideal buck converter with a 10V input operating at a duty ratio of 50% will

    produce an average output voltage of 5V. A feedback control loop is employed to

    maintain (regulate) the output voltage by varing the duty ratio to compensate for

    variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a boost converter is always

    greater than the input voltage and the buck-boost output voltage is inverted but can

    be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are

    many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the

    bases of almost all isolated and non-isolated DC to DC conveters. By adding a

    second inductor the Cuk and SEPIC converters can be implemented or by adding

    additional active switches various bridge converters can be realised.

    Other types of SMPS use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier instead of inductors

    and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low

    currents.
    Regulation

    A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference

    voltage, which is set manually or electronically to the desired output. If there is an

    error in the output voltage, the feedback circuit compensates by adjusting the

    timing with which the MOSFETs are switched on and off. This part of the power

    supply is called the switching regulator. The "Chopper controller" shown in the

    block diagram serves this purpose. Depending on design/safety requirements, the

    controller may or may not contain an isolation mechanism (such as opto-couplers)

    to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs

    have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.

    Open-loop regulators do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a

    constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the

    output will be correct.

    Power factor

    Unlike most other appliances, switched mode power supplies tend to be constant

    power devices, drawing more current as the line voltage reduces. Also, in common

    with many static rectifiers, maximum current draw occurs at the peaks of the

    waveform cycle.
    This means that basic switched mode power supplies tend to produce

    more harmonics in the mains power line and have a worse power factor than other

    types of appliances. This may cause stability problems in some situations such as

    emergency generator systems or for very heavy loads on ordinary power mains (as

    it can lead to increased neutral current and increased heating of the

    utility transformers). However, higher-quality switched-mode power supplies

    with power factor correction(PFC) are available; these are designed to present a

    near resistive load to the mains. European regulatory standards are now beginning

    to require power factor correction and harmonic reduction.

    Types

    Switched-mode power supplies can classified according to the circuit topology.

    Buck converter (single inductor; output voltage < input voltage)

    Boost converter (single inductor; output voltage > input voltage)

    buck-boost converter (single inductor; output voltage can be more or less

    than the input voltage)

    flyback converter (uses output transformer; allows multiple outputs and

    input-to-output isolation)

    forward converter (uses output transformer; allows multiple outputs and

    input-to-output isolation)
    uk converter (uses a capacitor for energy storage; produces negative

    voltage for positive input)

    Inverting charge-pump (Modified uk with single inductor; output voltage

    negative and higher-magnitude than positive input voltage)

    SEPIC converter (two inductors; output voltage can be higher or lower than

    input voltage)

    Source: http://engineering.wikia.com/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply

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