Vijay kaplsya

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Switch Mode Power Supply
 Block Diagram of SMPS
 Basic Circuit of SMPS
 History of SMPS
 Types of SMPS
 Requirements of SMPS
 Theory of Operation of SMPS
 Different Topology of SMPS
 Advantages of SMPS
 Disadvantages of SMPS
 Applications of SMPS
 Comparison between SMPS and linear supply
 Failure Mode of SMPS
 Precautions
 Conclusion
 Future Trends
 References
 INTRODUCTION
 All electronic systems and equipment regardless of their size
or function have one thing in common: they all need a power
supply unit (PSU) that converts input voltage into a voltage or
voltages suitable for their circuits. The most common type of
today's PSU is the switch mode power supply (SMPS).
POWER SUPPLY:
Power supply is a necessary for
smooth functioning of the computer
A computer power supply unit
converts high power AC into multiple
DC voltages.
Low voltage DC power is usually
integrated with computers. In such
cases we use different power supply
systems to convert hih voltage AC
power to well regulated lower voltage
DC power as required by the
components of computer.
Elements of power supply

There are three main elements in basic power supply ,

namely transformer rectifier and filter

Depending on the requirements of the user these

elements can be very simple or extremely complex for a
given power supply
 SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY
• An electrical power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to
convert electrical power efficiently.
• It transfers power from a source, to a load, while converting voltage
and current characteristics.
• Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time.

• SMPS are an extraordinary array of high frequency alternative.

These are the switching regulators of high efficiency that can step
up, down and invert the input voltage.
What is SMPS?
 D.C. to D.C. converters and
D.C. to A.C. Converters belong
to the category of Switched
Mode Power Supplies (SMPS).
 In a SMPS, the active device
that provides regulation is
always operated in cut-off or
in saturation mode.
 SMPS
(SWITCH MODE POWER
SUPPLY)
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SWITCH
MODE POWER SUPPLY
 BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
 Earlier developed models of SMPSs were highly ineffective. In
the mid 1960s, it was popular to say that the switch mode
power supplies were one microsecond away from disaster.
And there were plenty of evidences to support this cynical
comment.
 Presently, SMPSs are extensively used in electrical and
electronic devices which have application in industries as well
as in our day to day life. They have became more reliable and
efficient with the recent evolution of SMPS.
 HISTORY
 1910: An inductive discharge ignition system invented by Charles F. Kettering and
his company (Delco) goes into production for Cadillac. This is a mechanically-
switched version of a flyback boost converter with an autotransformer (the ignition
coil). Variations of this ignition system are in all non-diesel internal combustion
engines.
 1926: "Electrical Condensers" by Coursey mentions high frequency welding and
furnaces.
 ca 1936: Car radios used electromechanical vibrators to transform the 6 V battery
supply to a suitable B+ voltage for the vacuum tubes.
 1959: Transistor oscillation and rectifying converter power supply system U.S.
Patent 3,040,271 is filed.
 1970: High-Efficiency Power Supply produced from about 1970 to 1995.
 1972: HP-35, Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator, is introduced with transistor
switching power supply for light-emitting diodes, clocks, timing, ROM, and
registers.
 1976: "Switched mode power supply" U.S. Patent 4,097,773 is filed.[10
 1980: The HP8662A 10 kHz – 1.28 GHz synthesized signal generator went with a
switched power supply.
 TYPES OF SMPS
SMPS can be classified into four types according to the
input & output wave forms as follows:
 D.C. to D.C. Converter
 Forward Converter
 Flyback Converter
 Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter
DC to DC conversion in SMPS
 One method is to use a High frequency transformer for
voltage scaling & isolation.

 Another popular method is to use simplified switching

circuits that omits the transformer action.

 In such SMPS, the unregulated input dc voltage is fed to a

high frequency chopping circuit which switches between
“ON” & “OFF” states.
 D.C. to D.C. Converter
 The block diagram of D.C. to D.C. converter (SMPS) is shown
here.
 Forward Converter
 In a forward converter the choke carries both current both when the

transistor is conducting as well as it is not. The diode carries the current

during the OFF period of the transistor. Therefore, energy flows into the load
during both the periods. The output voltage Vo can only be less than Vs in this
circuit. The choke stores energy during the ON period and also passes some
energy into the output load. The diode serves two functions.
 Flyback Converter
 In the flyback converter, the energy is stored entirely in the magnetic

field of the inductor during the ON period of the switch. The energy is
emptied into the output voltage circuit when the switch is in the open
state. The output voltage depends upon the duty cycle.
 Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter
 Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter is the most simple and basic

converter based on the flyback principle. A switching transistor, a

converter transformer, a fast recovery rectifier and an output filter
capacitor make up a complete d.c. to d.c. converter. It is a constant
output power converter and so is all other d.c. to d.c. converters based
on the flyback principle.
Popular types of SMPS
Non Isolated SMPS:

 Non isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a

transformer. This type includes

 Boost converters

 Buck converters

 Buck-boost converters

 These belong to the simplest class of single input, single

output converters which utilize one inductor & one active
switch (MOSFET).
 Buck converter
 This reduces the input voltage, in direct proportion to the ratio of
the active switch “on” time to the total switching period, called
the duty cycle.
For ex: An ideal buck converter with a 10V input operating at a
50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5V.
 A feed back control loop is employed to maintain (regulate) the
output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for the
variations in the input voltage.
 A Buck converter in switch on mode
 A Buck converter in switch off mode
 Boost Converter
 The "Boost" converter is similar to a Buck converter but
instead of stepping down the input voltage, the output
voltage is higher than the input voltage.
 As compared to a Buck converter, a Boost converter places
more ripple current on the output capacitor. The output
capacitor must be sized large enough to supply all of the
load current while the transistor is turned on and still meet
the output voltage ripple requirements.
 A Boost converter in switch on mode
 A Boost converter in switch off mode
 Boost & Buck-boost converter
 The output voltage of a boost converter is always greater
than the input voltage.
 The buck-boost output voltage is inverted but can be
greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its
input voltage.
 There are many variations & extensions to this class of
converters but these three form the basics of almost all
isolated & non isolated DC to Dc converters.
 A Buck-Boost converter in switch on mode
 A Buck-Boost converter in switch off mode
 Push-pull Converter
 The Push-Pull converter has two transistors that operate in an
alternating fashion. One transistor cycles on and off for one
PWM period, and then the other transistor cycles on and off on
the next PWM cycle. The current flow through alternating
windings in the transformer builds the magnetic flux in one
direction and then in the other direction. This action resets the
magnetic flux on every cycle so that very high duty cycles can be
used.
 A Push-Pull converter in when Q1 is on
 A Push-Pull converter in when Q2 is on
Other types of SMPS
 By adding a second inductor the Cuk & SEPIC converters can be
implemented or by adding additional active switches various
bridge converters can be realized.
 Other types of SMPSs use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier
instead of inductors & transformers.
 These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low
currents.
 The low voltage variant is called charge pump.
 REQUIREMENTS OF SMPS
 Less bulky Transformers

 Less Energy loss / Eddy currents

 Capacitors of small size

THEORY OF OPERATION OF SMPS
circuit of an SMPS
A - input EMI filtering
A - Bridge rectifier
B - Input filter capacitors
Between B and
C - Primary side heat sink
C - Transformer
Between C and
D - Secondary side heat sink
D - Output filter coil
E - Output filter capacitors
The coil and large yellow
capacitor below E are
additional input filtering
components that are
mounted directly on the
power input connector and
are not part of the main
circuit board.
 Input Rectifier

 The first stage is to convert AC input to DC output

(Rectification).

 The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage

which is sent to a large filter capacitor.

 The current drawn from the mains supply by this

rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the

AC voltage peaks.
 These pulses have significant high frequency energy

which reduces the power factor.

 Special control techniques can be employed by the

following SMPS to force the average input current to

follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage
thus the designer should try correcting the power
factor.
AC, half-wave and full-wave rectified signals
 INVERTER

 This converts DC, Whether directly from the input or

from the rectifier, to AC by running it through a power

oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with
few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds of
kHz.

 The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHZ, to

make it inaudible to humans.

 OUTPUT TRANSFORMER
 If the output is required to be isolated from input, (as

is usually the case in mains power supplies) the

inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a
high-frequency transformer.

 This converts the voltage up or down to the required

output level on its secondary winding.

 Output rectifier & filter
 If a DC output is required, the AC output from the
transformer is rectified.
 For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon
diodes are commonly used.
 For lower voltages Schottky diodes are commonly used as
rectifier elements (they have faster times than silicon diodes,
thus allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies).
 For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as
synchronous rectifiers.
DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES OF SMPS

 fly-back
 forward
 push-pull
 C’uk
 Sepic
 Half bridge
 H-bridge circuits.
 A particular topology may be more suitable than
others on the basis of one or more performance
criterions like cost, efficiency, overall weight and size,
output power, output regulation, voltage ripple etc.

 All the topologies listed above are capable of

providing isolated voltages by incorporating a high
frequency transformer in the circuit.
Factors to be considered while selecting a topology for
a particular application:-
1. Is input-to-output dielectric isolation required for the application?

2. Are multiple outputs required?

3. Does the prospective topology place a reasonable voltage stress across the voltage semiconductors?

4. Does the prospective topology place a reasonable current stress across the voltage semiconductors?

5. How much of the input voltage is placed across the primary transformer winding or inductor?

Typical maximum output power available from each topology:

Converter Topology Maximum output power

Flyback 200W
Forward 300W
Push-pull 500W
Half bridge 1000W
Full bridge >1000W
Use of non-isolated topologies:

 Non isolated topologies are the simplest, with the three basic types using a single
inductor for energy storage.

Type Power(W Relative Energy Voltage Relation Features

) Cost Storage
Buck 0-1000 1.0 Single 0 ≤ Out ≤ In Continuous
inductor V2=D.V1 current at
output
Boost 0-150 1.0 Single Out ≥ In Continuous
inductor V2=V1.[(1)/(1-D)] current at
input
Buck- 0-150 1.0 Single Out ≤ 0 No
boost inductor V2= -V1[(D)/(1-D)] continuous
current
 COMMON TOPOLOGIES
These topologies are classified according to their conversion function:
Step-down (Buck).
Step-up (Boost).
Step-up/down (Buck-boost or Inverter).
Different sections of a commercially used SMPS
 ADVANTAGES OF SMPS
• Higher Efficiency
• Compactness and Light Weight
• Less Thermal Management Requirement
• Easier PFC support
• Enhanced Lifetime and Reliability
• SMPS is less sensitive to input voltage variations
 Isolation from main supply without the need of large mains
transformer
 Generation of low and medium voltage supplies are easy
 DISADVANTAGES OF SMPS
 SMPS has higher output ripple and its regulation is worse
 SMPS is source of both electromagnetic and radio
interference due to high frequency switching
 Control of radio frequency noise requires the use of filters
on both input and output of SMPS. The advantage
possessed by SMPS for outweigh they are short comings.
This is the reason for the vide spread popularity and growth.
 APPLICATIONS OF SMPS

That flyback topology is being used more

Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products
widely in mobile phone chargers

excellent regulation of the power supply can

voltage regulator module
be shown by using a variac
 AREAS OF APPLICATION
 Machine tool industries.

 Security systems (Close Circuit Cameras).

 In computers and other electronic accessories.

 Support supplies with PLC’s.

 ESPs of power plants.

 Machine tool industries

 Security systems like the CCTVs

 AV products

 Support supplies for Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

 COMPARISON BETWEEN SMPS AND
LINEAR SUPPLY
Features SMPS Linear Power Supply

Efficiency 65-75 % 25-50 %

Temperature rise 20-40oC 50-100oC
Ripple value Higher 25-50 mV Even 5 mV possible
Overall regulation 0.3 % 0.1 %
RF interference Can cause problem if not properly None
shielded
Magnetic material Ferrite core Stalloy or CRGO core
Weight About 60 W\kg 20-30 W\kg
Reliability Depends on the switches More reliable
Transient response Slower (in ms) Faster (in ?s)
Complexity More Less
 FAILURE MODES
 For failure in switching components, circuit board and so on read the failure modes
of electronics article.
 Power supplies which use capacitors suffering from the capacitor plague may
experience premature failure when the capacitance drops to 4% of the original
value. This usually causes the switching semiconductor to fail in a conductive way.
That may expose connected loads to the full input volt and current, and precipitate
wild oscillations in output.
 Failure of the switching transistor is common. Due to the large switching voltages
this transistor must handle (around 325 V for a 230 VAC mains supply), these
transistors often short out, in turn immediately blowing the main internal power
fuse.
 PRECAUTIONS
 The main filter capacitor will often store up to 325 Volt long after the power
cord has been removed from the wall. Not all power supplies contain a small
"bleeder" resistor to slowly discharge this capacitor. Any contact with this
capacitor may result in a severe electrical shock.
 The primary and secondary side may be connected with a capacitor to
reduce EMI and compensate for various capacitive couplings in the
converter circuit, where the transformer is one. This may result in electric
shock in some cases. The current flowing from line or neutral through a 2000
Ω resistor to any accessible part must according to IEC 60950 be less
than250 μA for IT equipment.
 CONCLUSION
 A Switching mode power supply is a power supply that
provides the power supply function through low loss
components such as capacitors, Inductors and
Transformers and the use of switches that are in one of
the two states, on or off. The advantage is that the switch
dissipates very little power in either of this two states and
power conversion can be accomplished with a minimal
power loss, which equates to high efficiency. SMPS,
Designs relay upon the efficiency of a switch to control
amount of power with relatively little losses.
 FUTURE TRENDS
 The future of the SMPS is aimed at making it more efficient
which goes on to a better converter doing the most
effective conversion process. The main focus of designers in
making the SMPS efficient includes:
 Higher output power

 Achieving higher current output and low voltage

 Increasing power density

 Using switching device like Schottky diode

 REFERENCES
 An introduction to Switch Mode Power Supply Maxim journal dated
September 27, 2007; application note 4087.
 Switch Mode Power Supply Rev. 3A, July−2002 reference manual from ON
Semiconductor.
 Switch Mode Power Supply A book by A. K. Maini.
 POWER ELECTRONICS BY Dr. P. S. BHIMBRA
 POWER ELECTRONICS BY MUHAMMAD H. RASHID
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/76704985/Smps-Prathap-Ppt-2#scribd
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/smps-switched-mode-power-
supply?page=6