NGA

Doing Business Nigeria
2017
Economy Profile 2017

Nigeria
Doing Business Nigeri 2
2017 a
2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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AttributionPlease cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2017. Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All. Washington,
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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0948-4

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0984-2
DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0948-4
ISSN: 1729-2638
Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.

CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................... 4
Starting a business............................................................................. 17
Dealing with construction permits....................................................... 32
Getting electricity............................................................................... 49
Registering property........................................................................... 63
Getting credit..................................................................................... 80
Protecting minority investors.............................................................. 87
Paying taxes....................................................................................... 95
Trading across borders...................................................................... 104
Enforcing contracts........................................................................... 111
Resolving insolvency......................................................................... 120
Labor market regulation.................................................................... 127
Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking......................133
Resources on the Doing Business website........................................... 136
in Sub- Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin America and
the Caribbean, 25 in East Asia and the Pacific,
25 in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 20 in the
Middle East and North Africa and
8 in South Asia, as well as 32 OECD high-income
INTRODUCTION economies. The indicators are used to analyze
Doing Business sheds light on how easy or economic outcomes and identify what reforms
difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open have worked, where and why.
and run a small to medium-size business
when complying with relevant regulations. It This economy profile presents the Doing
measures and tracks changes in regulations Business
affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a indicators for Nigeria. To allow useful
business: starting a business, dealing with comparison, it also
construction permits, getting electricity,
registering property, getting credit, protecting
minority investors, paying taxes, trading
across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving
insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing
Business 2017 presents the data for the labor
market regulation indicators in an annex. The
report does not present rankings of economies
on labor market regulation indicators or include
the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier
score or ranking on the ease of doing business.
In a series of annual reports Doing Business
presents quantitative indicators on business
regulations and the protection of property
rights that can be compared across 190
economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe,
over time. The data set covers 48 economies
conditions or the underlying strength of
institutionsare not directly studied by Doing
Business. The indicators refer to a specific type
of business, generally a local limited liability
company operating in the largest business city.
provides data for other selected economies Because standard assumptions are used in the
(comparator economies) for each indicator. data collection, comparisons and benchmarks
The data in this report are current as of June are valid across economies. The data not only
1, 2016 (except for the paying taxes highlight the extent of obstacles to doing
indicators, which cover the period January business; they also help identify the source of
December 2015). those obstacles, supporting policy makers in
The Doing Business methodology has designing regulatory reform.
limitations. Other areas important to More information is available in the full report.
businesssuch as an economys proximity Doing Business 2017 presents the indicators,
to large markets, the quality of its analyzes their relationship with economic
infrastructure services (other than those outcomes and presents business regulatory
related to trading across borders and getting reforms. The data, along with information on
electricity), the security of property from ordering Doing Business 2017, are available
theft and looting, the transparency of on the Doing Business website at
government procurement, macroeconomic http://www.doingbusiness.org.
CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2017
As part of a three-year update in methodology, having equal evidentiary weight of womens

Doing Business 2017 expands further by adding
testimony in court.
postfiling processes to the paying taxes
indicator, including a gender component in Also for the first time this year Doing Business
three of the indicators and developing a new collects data on Somalia, bringing the total
pilot indicator on selling to the government. number of economies covered to 190.
Also, for the first time this year Doing
Business collects data on Somalia, bringing For more details on the changes, see the Old
the total number of economies covered to 190. and new factors covered in Doing Business
The paying taxes indicator is expanded this section in the Overview chapter starting on
year to include postfiling processes those page 1 of the Doing Business 2017 report. For
processes that occur after a firm complies with more details on the data and methodology,
its regular tax obligations. These include tax please see the Data Notes chapter starting
refunds, tax audits and tax appeals. In on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 report.
particular, Doing Business measures the time it For more details on the distance to frontier
takes to get a value added tax (VAT) refund, metric, please see the Distance to frontier and
deal with a simple mistake on a corporate tax ease of doing business ranking chapter in this
return that can potentially trigger an audit and profile.
good practices with administrative appeals
process.
This years Doing Business report presents a
gender dimension in four of the indicator sets:
starting a business, registering property,
enforcing contracts and labor market
regulation. Three of these areas are included
in the distance to frontier score and in the ease
of doing business ranking, while the fourth
labor market regulationis not.
Doing Business has traditionally assumed that
the entrepreneurs or workers discussed in the
case studies were men. This was incomplete
by not reflecting correctly the Doing Business
processes as applied to womenwhich in
some economies may be different from the
processes applied to men. Starting this year,
Doing Business measures the starting a
business process for two case scenarios: one
where all entrepreneurs are men and one
where all entrepreneurs are women. In
economies where the processes are more
onerous if the entrepreneur is a woman, Doing
Business now counts the extra procedures
applied to roughly half of the population that
is female (for example, obtaining a
husbands consent or gender-specific
requirements for opening a personal bank
account when starting a business). Within the
registering property indicators, a gender
component has been added to the quality of
land administration index. This component
measures womens ability to use, own, and
transfer property according to the law. Finally,
within the enforcing contracts indicator set,
economies will be scored on
THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
For policy makers trying to improve their
economys regulatory environment for business,
a good place to start is to find out how it ECONOMY OVERVIEW
compares with the regulatory environment in
other economies. Doing Business provides an
aggregate ranking on the ease of doing
Region: Sub-Saharan Africa on indicator sets that measure
business based
and benchmark regulations applying to
Income category:
domesticLower middle
small to income Population:
medium-size 182,201,962
businesses
GNI per capita (US$):
through 2,820
their lifeDB2017 rank: 169 are ranked
cycle. Economies
DB2016 rank: 170* Change in rank:
from 1 to 190 by the ease 1 DBof2017 DTF:business
doing 44.63
DB 2016 DTF: 44.02 Doing Business presents results for 2
ranking.
aggregate measures: the distance to frontier
score0.61
Change in DTF: and the ease of doing business ranking.
The ranking of economies is determined by
sorting
* DB2016 ranking theis not
shown aggregate
last years distance to frontier
published ranking but a comparable ranking for DB2016 that captures the effects of such fact
scores, rounded
report for sources and definitions. to two decimals. An
economys distance to frontier score is
indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0
represents the worst performance and 100 the
frontier. (See the chapter on the distance to
frontier and ease of doing business).
The ease of doing business ranking compares
economies with one another; the distance to
frontier score benchmarks economies with
respect to regulatory best practice, showing the
absolute distance to the best performance on
each Doing Business indicator. When
compared across years, the distance to
frontier score shows how much the regulatory
environment for local entrepreneurs in an
economy has changed over time in absolute
terms, while the ease of doing business ranking
can show only how much the regulatory
environment has changed relative to that in
other economies.
The 10 topics included in the ranking in Doing
Business 2017: starting a business, dealing with
construction permits, getting electricity,
registering property, getting credit, protecting
minority investors, paying taxes, trading across
borders, enforcing contracts and resolving
insolvency. The labor market regulation
indicators are not included in this years
aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but
the data are presented in the economy
profile.
Doing Business 2017 Nigeria

Figure 1.1 Where economies stand in the global ranking on the ease of doing business
Source: Doing Business database.

Doing Business Nigeri
2017 a

For policy makers, knowing where their regional average (figure 1.2). The economys
economy stands in the aggregate ranking on rankings (figure 1.3) and distance to frontier
the ease of doing business is useful. Also scores (figure 1.4) on the topics included in
useful is to know how it ranks relative to the ease of doing business ranking provide
comparator economies and relative to the another perspective.
Figure 1.2 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of doing business
Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economys distance to
frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this years aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score
benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best
performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economys distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale
from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the
data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities.
2017 a
Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - Nigeria

(Scale: Rank 190 center, Rank 1 outer edge)
Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - Nigeria

(Scale: Score 0 center, Score 100 outer edge)

Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economys distance to
frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this years aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score
benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best
performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economys distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale
from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the
data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities.
THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Doing Business introduced the distance to
Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing frontier score. This measure shows how far on
business tells only part of the story, so do average an economy is from the best
changes in that ranking. Yearly movements in performance achieved by any economy on each
rankings can provide some indication of changes Doing Business indicator.
in an economys regulatory environment for
firms, but they are always relative. Comparing the measure for an economy at 2
points in time allows users to assess how much
Moreover, year-to-year changes in the overall the economys regulatory environment as
rankings do not reflect how the business measured by Doing Business has changed over
regulatory environment in an economy has timehow far it has moved toward (or away
changed over timeor how it has changed in from) the most efficient practices and strongest
different areas. To aid in assessing such regulations in areas covered by Doing Business
changes, (figure 1.5).
Figure 1.5 How far has Nigeria come in the areas measured by Doing Business?
Note: The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is from the best performance achieved
by any economy on each Doing Business indicator. Getting credit, protecting minority investors and resolving
insolvency had methodology changes in 2014 and thus are only comparable to 2013. Dealing with construction
permits, getting electricity and trading across borders had methodology changes in 2015 and thus are only
comparable to 2014. Starting a business, registering property, paying taxes and enforcing contracts had
methodology changes in 2016 and thus are only comparable to 2015. The measure is normalized to range
between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the best performance (the frontier). See the data notes starting on page
114 of the Doing Business 2017 report for more details on the distance to frontier score. Source: Doing Business
database.
THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT regulationsuch as a regulatory process that
The absolute values of the indicators tell can be completed with a small number of
another part of the story (table 1.1). The procedures in a few days and at a low cost.
indicators, on their own or in comparison with Comparison of the economys indicators today
the indicators of a good practice economy or with those in the previous year may show
those of comparator economies in the region, where substantial bottlenecks persistand
may reveal bottlenecks reflected in large where they are diminishing.
numbers of procedures, long delays or high
costs. Or they may reveal unexpected
strengths in an area of business
Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for Nigeria

Nigeria DB2017
Lagos DB2017
Kano DB2017
Kenya DB2017
United Kingdom DB2017

Nigeria DB2016
India DB2017
South Africa DB2017
Best performer globally

Indicator
DB2017
Starting a
138 137 -- -- 155 116 131 16 1 (New Zealand)
Business
(Rank)
Starting a Business
78.62 77.19 79.98 74.08 74.31 83.13 80.47 94.58 99.96 (New
(DTF Score)
Zealand)
Procedure
8.7 8.7 8.0 11.0 12.9 7.0 7.0 4.0 1.0 (New Zealand)
Men
(number)
Time Men (days) 25.2 30.5 24.0 29.0 26.0 22.0 43.0 4.5 0.5 (New Zealand)
Cost Men (%
31.0 31.7 30.6 32.4 13.8 21.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 (Slovenia)
of income per
capita)
Procedure
8.7 8.7 8.0 11.0 12.9 7.0 7.0 4.0 1.0 (New Zealand)
Women
(number)
Time Women 25.2 30.5 24.0 29.0 26.0 22.0 43.0 4.5 0.5 (New Zealand)
(days)
Cost Women (%
31.0 31.7 30.6 32.4 13.8 21.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 (Slovenia)
of income per
capita)
Paid-in min.
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (127
capital (% of
Economies*)
income per capita)
Dealing with 174 173 -- -- 185 152 99 17 1 (New Zealand)

Construction
Permits
12
Nigeria DB2017
Nigeria DB2016
Lagos DB2017
Kano DB2017
Kenya DB2017

India DB2017
South Africa DB2017

Indicator
DB2017
(Rank)
Dealing with
Construction 49.63 49.61 42.35 73.98 32.83 57.18 68.21 80.34 87.40 (New
Permits (DTF Zealand)
Score)
Procedures 16.1 16.1 17.0 13.0 35.1 17.0 19.0 9.0 7.0 (4
(number) Economies*)
Time (days) 106.3 106.3 116.0 74.0 190.0 160.0 141.0 86.0 28.0 (Korea, Rep.)
Cost (% of 0.1 (Trinidad

23.6 24.4 30.0 2.3 25.9 6.3 0.9 1.1
warehouse value) and
Tobago)
Building quality
6.8 6.8 6.5 8.0 11.5 7.0 10.0 9.0 15.0
control index (0-
(Luxembourg*)
15)
Getting
180 182 -- -- 26 106 111 17 1 (Korea, Rep.)
Electricity
(Rank)
Getting Electricity
29.43 29.38 29.13 30.43 85.09 64.43 63.18 89.12 99.88 (Korea,
(DTF Score)
Rep.)
Procedures 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 (15
Time (days) 195.2 195.2 198.0 186.0 45.9 97.0 84.0 79.0 18.0 (Korea,
Rep.*)
Cost (% of income
422.8 437.7 422.8 422.8 133.2 642.0 156.1 25.8 0.0 (Japan)
per capita)
Reliability of supply
and transparency 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 8.0 (26
of tarif index (0-8) Economies*)
Registering
182 182 -- -- 138 121 105 47 1 (New Zealand)
Property (Rank)
Registering
31.44 31.43 29.86 36.71 50.00 54.40 59.03 74.11 94.46 (New
Property (DTF
Zealand)
Score)
Procedures 12.1 12.1 13.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 1.0 (4
13
Nigeria DB2017
Nigeria DB2016
Lagos DB2017
Kano DB2017
Kenya DB2017

India DB2017
South Africa DB2017

Indicator
DB2017
Time (days) 69.6 69.6 77.0 45.0 46.8 61.0 23.0 21.5 1.0 (3
Economies*)
Cost (% of
10.5 10.5 10.1 11.8 7.7 6.1 7.3 4.8 0.0 (Saudi Arabia)
property value)
Quality of the land

administration 6.3 6.3 7.0 4.0 7.0 16.0 13.5 24.0 29.0 (Singapore)
index (0-
30)
Getting Credit 44 60 -- -- 44 32 62 20 1 (New Zealand)

(Rank)
Getting Credit
65.00 60.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 70.00 60.00 75.00 100.00 (New
(DTF Score)
Zealand)
Strength of legal
7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 12.0 (3
rights index (0-12) Economies*)
Depth of credit
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 (30
information index Economies*)
(0-8)
Credit registry
coverage (% of 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (3
Economies*)
adults)
Credit bureau
7.7 6.7 7.7 7.7 21.4 25.8 63.7 100.0 100.0 (23
coverage (% of Economies*)
adults)
Protecting
32 30 -- -- 13 87 22 6 1 (New Zealand*)
Minority
Investors (Rank)
Protecting
65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 73.33 53.33 70.00 78.33 83.33 (New
Minority
Zealand*)
Investors (DTF
Score)
Strength of
minority 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.3 5.3 7.0 7.8 8.3 (New
investor Zealand*)
protection index
(0-10)
Extent of
conflict of 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 8.0 8.3 9.3 (New
interest Zealand*)
regulation index
(0-10)
Extent of 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 4.0 6.0 7.3 8.3 (Norway)
shareholder
governance index
14
Nigeria DB2017
Nigeria DB2016
Lagos DB2017
Kano DB2017
Kenya DB2017

India DB2017
South Africa DB2017

Indicator
DB2017
10)
1 (United
Paying Taxes (Rank) 182 182 -- -- 172 125 51 10
Arab
Emirates)
Paying Taxes 99.44 (United
28.09 28.43 28.08 28.09 46.58 61.72 81.09 90.74
(DTF Score) Arab
Emirates)
Payments (number 3.0 (Hong Kong

59.0 59.0 59.0 59.0 25.0 31.0 7.0 8.0
per year) SAR,
China*)
Time (hours per 907.9 907.9 956.0 747.0 241.0 195.5 203.0 110.0 55.0
year) (Luxembourg)
Total tax rate

(% of profit) 34.3 33.3 34.3 34.3 60.6 37.4 28.8 30.9 26.1 (32
Economies*)
Postfiling index (0- 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 4.3 32.1 58.6 87.4 98.5 (Estonia)
100)
Trading across
181 181 -- -- 143 105 139 28 1 (10 Economies*)
Borders (Rank)
Trading across 100.00 (10

19.93 19.93 19.93 19.93 57.61 66.38 58.01 93.76
Borders (DTF Economies*)
Score)
Time to export:
135 135 135 135 106 21 100 24 0 (18 Economies*)
Border compliance
(hours)
Cost to export:
786 786 786 786 413 143 428 280 0 (18 Economies*)
Border
compliance (USD)
Time to export:
Documentary 131 131 131 131 38 19 68 4 1 (25 Economies*)
compliance
(hours)
Cost to export:
compliance
(USD)
Time to import:
284 284 284 284 283 180 144 3 0 (25 Economies*)
Border compliance
(hours)
2017 a
Nigeria DB2017
Nigeria DB2016
Lagos DB2017
Kano DB2017
Kenya DB2017

India DB2017
South Africa DB2017

Indicator
DB2017
Cost to import:
1077 1077 1077 1077 574 833 657 0 0 (28 Economies*)
Border compliance
(USD)
Time to import:
compliance
(hours)
Cost to import:
compliance
(USD)
Enforcing
139 139 -- -- 172 87 113 31 1 (Korea, Rep.)
Contracts
(Rank)
Enforcing
48.59 48.59 49.34 46.07 35.19 58.27 54.10 69.36 84.15 (Korea,
Contracts (DTF
Rep.)
Score)
Time (days) 509.8 509.8 447.0 720.0 1420.0 465.0 600.0 437.0 164.0 (Singapore)
Cost (% of claim) 57.7 57.7 62.0 43.4 39.6 41.8 33.2 43.9 9.0 (Iceland)
Quality of judicial
7.7 7.7 8.0 6.5 9.0 9.0 7.0 15.0 15.5 (Australia)
processes index
(0-18)
Resolving
140 139 -- -- 136 92 50 13 1 (Finland)
Insolvency
(Rank)
Resolving
30.60 30.68 30.60 30.60 32.75 43.39 57.94 82.04 93.89 (Finland)
Insolvency (DTF
Score)
Recovery rate
27.8 28.0 27.8 27.8 26.0 28.4 35.1 88.6 92.9 (Norway)
(cents on the
dollar)
Time (years) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.3 4.5 2.0 1.0 0.4 (22
Economies*)
Cost (% of estate) 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 9.0 22.0 18.0 6.0 1.0 (22
Economies*)
Strength of
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 9.0 12.5 11.0 15.0 (6
insolvency
Economies*)
framework index
(0-16) Doing Business database.
Source:
Note: DB2016 rankings shown are not last years published rankings but comparable rankings for DB2016 that
capture the effects of such factors as data revisions and changes to the methodology. The global best performer on
time for paying taxes is defined as the lowest
time recorded among all economies in the DB2016 sample that levy the 3 major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes
and mandatory contributions, and VAT or sales tax. If an economy has no laws or regulations covering a specific
areafor example, insolvencyit receives a no practice mark. Similarly, an economy receives a no practice
mark if regulation exists but is never used in practice or if a competing regulation prohibits such practice. Either
way, a no practice mark puts the economy at the bottom of the ranking on the relevant indicator. * Two or more
economies share the top ranking on this indicator. A number shown in place of an economys name indicates the
number of economies that share the top ranking on the indicator. For a list of these economies, see the Doing
Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org).
data are also collected for the second largest
STARTING A BUSINESS business city.
Formal registration of companies has many
immediate benefits for the companies and Is 100% domestically owned and has five
for business owners and employees. Legal
entities can outlive their founders.
Resources are pooled as several
shareholders join forces to start a company.
Formally registered companies have access
to services and institutions from courts to
banks as well as to new markets. And their
employees can benefit from protections
provided by the law. An additional benefit
comes with limited liability companies. These
limit the financial liability of company owners
to their investments, so personal assets of
the owners are not put at risk. Where
governments make registration easy, more
entrepreneurs start businesses in the
formal sector, creating more good jobs and
generating more revenue for the
government.
What do the indicators cover?
Doing Business records all procedures
officially required, or commonly done in
practice, for an entrepreneur to start up
and formally operate an industrial or
commercial business, as well as the time
and cost to complete these procedures and
the paid- in minimum capital requirement.
These procedures include obtaining all
necessary licenses and permits and
completing any required notifications,
verifications or inscriptions for the
company and employees with relevant
authorities. The ranking of economies on
the ease of starting a business is
determined by sorting their distance to
frontier scores for starting a business. These
scores are the simple average of the
distance to frontier scores for each of the
component indicators.
To make the data comparable across
economies, several assumptions about the
business and the procedures are used. It is
assumed that any required information is
readily available and that the entrepreneur
will pay no bribes. Assumptions about the
business:
Is a limited liability company (or its
legal equivalent). If there is more than
one type of limited liability company in
the economy, the limited liability form
most common among domestic firms is
chosen. Information on the most
common form is obtained from
incorporation lawyers or the statistical
office.
Operates in the economys largest
business city. For 11 economies the
WHAT
The size THE
of the STARTING
entire A BUSINESS
office space is
INDICATORS MEASURE
approximately 929 square meters (10,000
square feet).
Procedures to legally start and operate a

company (number)
Preregistration (for example, name verification or reservation, notarization)
Registration in the economys largest business city1
Postregistration (for example, social security registration, company seal)
Obtaining approval from spouse to start a business, to leave the home to register the company or open a ban
Obtaining any gender specific document for company registration and operation, national identification card
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)
Does not include time spent gathering information
Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 procedures cannot start on the same day). Procedures that can b
Procedure completed once final document is received
No prior contact with officials
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per capita)
Official costs only, no bribes
No professional fees unless services required by law or commonly used in practice
Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita)
Deposited in a bank or with a notary before registration (or within 3 months)
owners, none of whom is a legal entity products or services. The business does not
perform foreign trade activities and does not
Has start-up capital of 10 times handle products subject to a special tax regime,
income per capita for example, liquor or tobacco. It is not using
heavily polluting production processes.
Performs general commercial or
industrial activities, such as the Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not
production or sale to the public of a proprietor of real estate.
The amount of the annual lease for the
Does not qualify for investment incentives
office space is equivalent to 1 times
or any special benefits.
income per capita
Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees
one month after the commencement of
operations, all of them domestic nationals.
Has a turnover of at least 100 times
income per capita.
Has a company deed 10 pages long.
The owners:
Have reached the legal age of majority
and are capable of making decisions as
an adult. If there is no legal age of
majority, they are assumed to be 30
years old.
Are sane, competent, in good health and
have no criminal record.
Are married, the marriage is
monogamous and registered with the
authorities.
Where the answer differs according to the
legal system applicable to the woman or
man in question (as may be the case in
economies where there is legal plurality),
the answer used will be the one that
applies to the majority of the population.
STARTING A BUSINESS
Where does the economy stand today?
What does it take to start a business in indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the
Nigeria? According to data collected by Doing largest business city of an economy, except for
Business, starting a business there requires 8.7 11 economies for which the data are a
procedures , takes 25.2 days, costs 31.0% of population-weighted average of the 2 largest
income per capita for men, and requires business cities. See the chapter on distance to
8.7 procedures , takes 25.2 days, costs 31.0% of frontier and ease of doing business ranking at
income per capita for women. A requirement the end of this profile for more details.
of paid-in minimum capital of 0.0% of income
per capita (figure 2.1) is legally mandatory for .
both men and women. Most
Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in Nigeria

- Lagos Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per
capita): 0.0
What it takes to start a business in Nigeria - Kano

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for
0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the starting a business
indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures
reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Procedures in light blue are for married women
only.
STARTING A BUSINESS average ranking provide other useful
Globally, Nigeria stands at 138 in the ranking information for assessing how easy it is for an
of 190 economies on the ease of starting a entrepreneur in Nigeria to start a business.
business (figure 2.2). The rankings for
comparator economies and the regional
Figure 2.2 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of starting a business

STARTING A BUSINESS they often are part of a larger regulatory
Economies around the world have taken steps reform program. Among the benefits have
making it easier to start a business been greater firm satisfaction and savings and
streamlining procedures by setting up a one- more registered businesses, financial resources
stop shop, making procedures simpler or faster and job opportunities.
by introducing technology and reducing or
eliminating minimum capital requirements. What business registration reforms has Doing
Many have undertaken business registration Business
reforms in stagesand
recorded in Nigeria (table 2.1)?
Table 2.1 How has Nigeria made starting a business easier

or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to
DB2017
DB year Reform
Nigeria made starting a business easier by

DB2017 improving online government portals . This reform
applies to both Kano and Lagos.
Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing
Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.
STARTING A BUSINESS
What are the details?
Underlying the indicators shown in this

chapter for Nigeria is a set of specific STANDARDIZED COMPANY
proceduresthe bureaucratic and legal
steps that an entrepreneur must complete
to incorporate and register a new Legalfirm.
form: Private Limited Liability Company
These are identified by Doing Paid-in
Businessminimum capital requirement: NGN 0 City: Lagos, Kano
through collaboration with relevant local Capital: 10 times GNI per capita
Start-up
professionals and the study of laws,
regulations and publicly available
information on business entry in that
economy. Following is a detailed summary of
those procedures, along with the associated
time and cost. These procedures are those
that apply to a company matching the
standard assumptions (the standardized
company) used by Doing Business in
collecting the data (see the section in this
chapter on what the indicators measure).
Table 2.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in Nigeria - Lagos
Time
No. Procedure Cost to
to
comple complete
Reserve a unique company name
The Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) online system was

launched on February 2nd, 2015. This platform enables
online unique name reservation as well as enabling filing
the incorporation forms for the entire registration process.
Applicants can to go to the CAC branch office in Lagos (either NGN 500
1 2 days
in Yaba or Alausa) to complete this procedure with the CAC application form
accredited professionals, where the business founders
submit Form CAC 1: Availability Check and Reservation of
Name. Alternatively, they can complete the process online
at: http://services.cac.gov.ng/.
Agency: Corporate Affairs Commission
Prepare the requisite incorporation documents and

pay the stamp duty
0.75% stamp
To prepare the requisite incorporation documents, the duty paid on
business founders must complete the statutory forms, share capital +
prepare and print the memorandum and articles of NGN 500 for
association, and have them stamped by the Federal Inland 7 days each additional
2 Revenue Service (FIRS). copy of
Memorandum
The stamp duty payable on share capital (ad valorem) is and Articles of
0.75% and NGN 500 for each additional copy of Association
Memorandum and Articles of Association stamped.
stamped (2
copies)
Agency: Federal Inland Revenue Service
24
Time
to
complete
comple
Sign the declaration of compliance (Form CAC

4) before a Commissioner for Oaths or a Notary
Public
The declaration by the barrister or solicitor engaged in the NGN 500 at the
formation of the company may be sworn to before a Notary
3 Public for a fee of NGN 4,000 - NGN 5,000 or at any of the 1 day court or NGN
recognized courts in the country (Magistrate Court, the State 4,000
High Court, or the Federal High Court) before a Commissioner - NGN 5,000
for Oaths for a small fee of NGN 500 usually chargeable by the with a Notary
respective courts.
Public
Agency: Notary Public
Register the company and pay fees
To register the company with the Corporate Affairs

Commission (CAC), the following incorporation documents
are submitted:
Form CAC 1: Availability Check and Reservation of Name.
Memorandum and articles of association, stamped
by the commissioner for stamp duties (2 copies).
Form CAC 3: Notice of registered address.
Form CAC 4: Declaration of compliance.
Form CAC 7: Particulars of directors.
Form CAC 2: Statement of share capital and return of
allotment of shares.
Form CAC 2.1: Particulars of the company secretary.
Incorporation fees are:

Incorporation fees for a company whose share capital
10 days see
4 exceeds NGN 1,000,000.00 are NGN 10,000.00 for the first
NGN 1,000,000.00 and NGN 5,000.00 for every additional procedur
NGN 1,000,000.00 or any part thereof. e details
NGN 500 incorporation forms.
NGN 3,000 for certified true copy of memorandum and
articles of association.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of directors.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of
shareholders.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of the
company secretary.
The payment of registration fees can be made at the bank

desk at the CAC. The payment of statutory filing fees can now
be processed online through Remita, an electronic payment
platform. Upon making relevant payments online, the
applicant is still required to verify these payments at the CAC
in person.

25
Time
to
complete
comple
Make a company seal
Section 74 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA)

requires every company to have a common seal. 1 day NGN 4,000 -
5
NGN
Agency: Sealmaker 6,000
Register for income tax and VAT
The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) requires the

applicant to complete tax registration forms for corporate
income tax registration as well as VAT.
The registration process requires submitting a completed

tax office issued application (taxpayer registration input
form, TRIF/2006/001 COYS) and the following documents:
Completed FIRS questionnaire.
Memorandum and articles of association (copy).
Certificate of incorporation (copy).
Directors names and addresses.
Tax advisors name and address.
Letter of appointment of a tax adviser and corresponding
letter of acceptance.
The date the company commenced business; 1 day no charge
6 Names, addresses and mobile numbers of major promoters
and the chairman of the company, including their email
addresses;
Other sources of income of the chairman and the promoters
of the company;
Name and addresses of the principal officers of the
company including the chairman, managing director,
legal adviser and accountant;
To register, the company must submit the taxpayer

registration input form in duplicate, and the original
certificate of incorporation must be presented for review by
the controller. Upon the completed taxpayer registration
input form and all other documents being received, a tax
reference number is allocated.
Register for personal income tax PAYE at the State Tax 2 days
Office (simultaneous
*7 no charge
with previous
All employers shall register with the relevant state tax
procedure)
authority for income tax withholding.
26
Time
to
complete
comple
The PAYE Regulations of 2003 made pursuant to the Personal
Income Tax Act provides that all employers are to register with
the Lagos State Board of Internal Revenue Tax Office nearest
to the registered company address for the purpose of
remitting income tax deducted from their employees. The
employer must within 6 months of commencing a business
deduct tax from emoluments of employees and remit the
amount deducted to any of the designated collecting banks.
The registration requirements are as follows:

1.A copy of certificate of incorporation.
2.List of staff and their annual salaries.
3.Letter of application for registration.
4.Corporate income tax and VAT tax reference number.
Upon completion of registration, an Employer's Identification

Number will be issued.
An employer who fails or refuses to register commits an

offence and is liable on conviction to pay a NGN 25,000 fine
in addition to the payment of arrears of the tax due.
Agency: State Tax Office
Register business premises with the Lagos State

Government and pay the business premises levy
To register the company premises with the Lagos State

Government, the entrepreneur heads to any nationalized
commercial bank with some evidence of the business
premises (utility bills, etc.) and pays the business premise levy
to the account of the Lagos Inland Revenue Services (LIRS).
The bank then issues a receipt bearing the Lagos State
Government logo. 1 day
(simultaneous
* 8 Business premises in an urban area of Nigeria are required to with previous NGN 10,000
be registered on the payment of a NGN 10,000 registration procedure)
fee in the first year of registration (NGN 5,000 per annum as
renewal registration fees in the subsequent years).
For rural areas, the business premises registration fees is NGN

2,000 for the first year of registration (NGN 1,000 per annum
as registration renewal fees for the subsequently years).
Agency: Bank
* Takes place simultaneously with another procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time
calculation. Procedures in light blue are for married women only.
Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in Nigeria - Kano
27
Time
to
complete
comple
Reserve a unique company name
The Corporate Affairs Commission online system allows for

online search of unique company names upon the purchase of
an e-payment card for a flat fee of NGN 500 from an
accredited bank. If the system is not fully operational due to
either power fluctuations or network failures, applicants may
1 go to the CAC office in person to complete this procedure. The 2 days NGN 500
time to conduct the availability of name search, receive
confirmation and reserve the company name is usually 24
hours (2 business days). The companys name reservation
lasts 60 days but can be renewed for a similar period.
Prepare the requisite incorporation documents and

pay the stamp duty Stamp duty at
0.75% of share
This procedure involves the following tasks: capital + NGN
a.Preparing and printing the memorandum and articles of 1,000 for
association; stamping of two
b.Completing the requisite statutory forms; 7 days extra copies of
2 c. Having the memorandum and articles of association stamped
memorandum
by the Federal Inland Revenue Service. and articles of
association (NGN
There is a stamp duty office on the same premises as the CAC. 500 each) + NGN
500 for
Agency: Stamp duty office
incorporation
forms
Sign the declaration of compliance (Form CAC

4) before a Commissioner for Oaths or notary
public
A declaration must be sworn by: (i) a barrister or solicitor

engaged in the formation of the company or (ii) a person
named in the memorandum and articles of association as a 1 day NGN 50
3 director or secretary of the company. This procedure can be
done before a notary public or filed at the State or Federal
High Court. The common practice is for this declaration to be
sworn before a Commissioner of Oaths at the State High
Court.
Agency: State High Court
Obtain a bank draft for payment of the registration fees
Payment is made to a bank designated by the

Corporate Affairs Commission.
1 day see
4 Fees are as follows: procedur
Incorporation fees for a company whose share capital
e details
exceeds NGN 1,000,000.00 are NGN 10,000.00 for the first
NGN 1,000,000.00 and NGN 5,000.00 for every additional
NGN 1,000,000.00 or any part thereof.
28
Time
to
complete
comple
NGN 500 incorporation forms.
NGN 3,000 for certified true copy of memorandum and
articles of association.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of directors.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of
shareholders.
NGN 2,000 for certified true copy of particulars of the
company secretary.
Agency: Designated bank
Register the company at the Corporate Afairs

Commission
The applicant must file with the Corporate Affairs

Commission the required incorporation documents and
forms, which include:
a.Stamped memorandum and articles of association (2 copies);

b.Form CAC 3, Notice of registered address;
c. Form CAC 7, Particulars of directors;
d.Form CAC 4, Declaration of compliance and the
prescribed registration fees;
e.Copy of the reservation of company name approval;
f. Form CAC 2, Statement of share capital and return of
allotment of shares;
g.Form CAC 2.1, Particulars of Person who is the company
secretary of a company or any changes therein;
h.Photocopy of information page of international passport or
national identity card for each director and subscriber.
The fee schedule for registration is the following: 10 days NGN 60,000 for
5 - for the first NGN 1,000,000 of nominal capital: NGN 10,000;
legal fees
- for every NGN 1,000,000 or less thereof of nominal capital
after the first NGN 1,000,000: NGN 5,000;
Fees for certified true copies of some forms are paid as follows:
- - NGN 3,000 for C.T.C of Memorandum and Articles of
Association;
- NGN 2,000 for C.T.C of Particulars of Directors (CAC 7);
- NGN 2,000 for C.T.C of Allotment of Share Capital (CAC 2);
- NGN 2,000 for C.T.C of particulars of the company secretary.
Lawyers are usually hired to undertake the administrative

incorporation procedures. On average, a lawyer will charge
NGN 60,000 to handle the entire incorporation process in this
state.
The payment of statutory filing fees can now be processed

online through Remita, an electronic payment platform. Upon
making relevant payments online, the applicant is still
required to verify these payments at the CAC in person.

29
Time
to
complete
comple
Make a company seal
Section 74 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA)

requires every company to have a common seal. It is also
common in practice, especially because companies will 1 day NGN 5,000
6
generally have to register a deed or other official documents.
Agency: Private company
Register for income tax and VAT
Entrepreneurs can register for both corporate income tax and

VAT at the new Integrated Tax Office. For corporate income
tax, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) will require the
applicant to complete tax registration forms. The new
company registers at the nearest Federal Tax Office.
A form obtained from the tax office is filled and the

following documents submitted with it:
a.Taxpayer registration input form (TRIF/2006/001 COYS);
b.Completed FIRS questionnaire;
c. Copy of memorandum and articles of association;
d.Names and addresses of directors;
e.Copy of the certificate of incorporation;
f. Name, address of tax adviser;
g.Letter of appointment of tax adviser and a letter of
acceptance;
h.The date the company commenced business;
i. Names, addresses and mobile numbers of major promoters
and the chairman of the company, including their email
7 addresses; 1 day no charge
j. Other sources of income of the chairman and the promoters
of the company;
k.Name and addresses of the principal officers of the
company including the chairman, managing director,
legal adviser and accountant.
The application forms must be in triplicate and the original

certificate of incorporation must be presented for 'sighting' by
the controller before registration can be completed. Upon
receipt of the completed taxpayer registration input form and
all documents, a tax reference number is allocated.
The fees for the tax clearance issuance are as follows: (i) for
newly registered companies within 6 months of
incorporation: no fee; (ii) for companies that are yet to
commence business and show up for registration after 6
months of incorporation, if they request for tax clearance
certificate a pre-operation levy of NGN 25,000 is payable for
the first time and NGN 20,000 is payable for subsequent
years until it files a notice of commencement of business.
Companies required to register for VAT complete the VAT

registration form (VAT Form 001, obtainable free of charge
from all FIRS offices) and return it to the integrated tax office,
which will issue a taxpayer
30
Time
to
complete
comple
identification number (TIN). Companies required to register for
VAT must do so within 6 months from the date of company
incorporation.
Since the registration for corporate income tax and VAT are
done in the same place, one Tax Identification Number (TIN) is
issued to companies for all federal taxes.
Register for personal income tax PAYE
The employers in the newly incorporated company are

required to register with the relevant state tax authority for
the purposes of deducting income tax from employees. Once 2 days
an application is filed with a copy of the certificate of (simultaneous
* 8 incorporation attached, a reference file is then opened for the no charge
with previous
company. There is no cost related to this registration. procedure)
Agency: State Tax Office
Receive an inspection from the State Ministry of

Commerce, Industry, Cooperatives and Tourism
for business premises registration
1 day
After the submission of all application documents, an (simultaneous
* 9 inspection of the business premises is carried out by an no charge
with previous
officer from the State Ministry of Commerce, Industry, procedure)
Cooperatives and Tourism.
Agency: State Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Cooperatives

and Tourism
Pay registration fees for business premises into a

government account at a designated bank
Fees for the business premises permit are paid into a

government account at a designated bank. The fees depend
on the type of activity, category of business (limited liability
company, partnership or sole proprietorship), size of the 1 day NGN 20,000
10 business, and its location, and range from NGN 600 to NGN
100,000. For a medium manufacturing company located in
Kano metropolis, the business premises permit costs NGN
20,000. The annual renewal fee is the same as initial
registration.

2017 a
Time
to
comple complete
Obtain a business premises permit
Following payment of the assessed registration fees for

business premises permit into a designated government
account, the State Ministry of Commerce, Industry, 3 days no charge
11
Cooperatives and Tourism issues a business premises
permit to the new business.
Agency: State Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Cooperatives

and Tourism

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time
calculation. Procedures in light blue are for married women only.
DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS
WHAT THERegulation
DEALING WITH of construction
CONSTRUCTION is critical
PERMITSto INDICATORS MEASURE
protect the public. But it needs to be
Procedures efficient, to avoidbuild
to legally excessive constraints on
a warehouse a
(number)
sector that plays an important part in every
Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates
Submittingeconomy. Wherenotifications
all required complying and with receiving
building all necessary inspections
regulations is excessively costly
Obtaining utility connections for water and sewerage in time and
money, many builders opt out. They may
Registering and selling the warehouse after its completion
pay bribes to pass inspections or simply
Time required
build toillegally,
complete each procedure
leading to (calendar days)
hazardous
Does not construction
includetimespentgathering information
that puts public safety at risk.
Each procedure
Wherestarts on a separate day.
compliance is Procedures
simple,that can be fully completed online are recorded as day
Procedure straightforward
considered completed and inexpensive, everyone is received
once final document
No prior contact with
is better off.officials
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of warehouse value)
What
Official costs dono
only, the indicators cover?
bribes
Building quality
Doing control
Businessindex (0-15)all procedures
records
Sum of therequired
scores offor six acomponent
business indices: Quality of building regulations (0-2)
in the construction
Quality control before construction (0-1) Quality
industry to build a warehouse along with control
theduring construction (0-3) Quality control after construction (0-3) L
time and cost to complete each procedure.
In addition, this year Doing Business
introduces a new measure, the building
quality control index, evaluating the quality
of building regulations, the strength of
quality control and safety mechanisms,
liability and insurance regimes, and
professional certification requirements.
The ranking of economies on the ease of
dealing with construction permits is
frontier scores for dealing with construction
permits. These scores are the simple
average of the distance to frontier scores for
each of the component indicators.
construction company, the warehouse
project and the utility connections are used.
Assumptions about the construction
company The construction company
(BuildCo):
Is a limited liability company (or its
legal equivalent).
Operates in the economys largest
business city. For 11 economies the data
are also collected for the second largest
business city.
Is 100% domestically and privately owned.
Has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity.
Is fully licensed and insured to carry
out construction projects, such as
building warehouses.
The construction company (BuildCo) (continued):
Has 60 builders and other employees, all
of them nationals with the technical
expertise and
professional experience necessary to Will be a new construction (there was no
obtain construction permits and previous construction on the land), with
approvals. no trees, natural water sources, natural
Has is a licensed architect and a reserves or historical monuments of any
licensed engineer, both registered with kind on the plot.
the local association of architects or Will have complete architectural and
engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to technical plans prepared by a licensed
have any other employees who are architect. If preparation of the plans
technical or licensed experts, such as requires such steps as obtaining further
geological or topographical experts. documentation or getting prior approvals
Has paid all taxes and taken out all from external agencies, these are counted
necessary insurance applicable to its as procedures.
general business activity (for example, Will include all technical equipment
accidental insurance for construction required to be fully operational.
workers and third-person liability). Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding
Owns the land on which the warehouse all delays due to administrative and
will be built and will sell the warehouse regulatory requirements).
upon its completion.
Is valued at 50 times income per capita.
Assumptions about the utility
Assumptions about the connections The water and sewerage
warehouse The warehouse: connections:

Will be used for general storage Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the
activities, such as storage of books or existing water source and sewer tap. If
stationery. The warehouse will not be there is no water delivery infrastructure in
used for any goods requiring special the economy, a borehole will be dug. If
conditions, such as food, chemicals there is no sewerage infrastructure, a
or pharmaceuticals. septic tank in the smallest size available
will be installed or built.
Will have two stories, both above
ground, with a total constructed Will not require water for fire protection
area of approximately 1,300.6 square reasons; a fire extinguishing system (dry
meters (14,000 square feet). Each system) will be used instead. If a wet fire
floor will be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 protection system is required by law, it is
inches) high. assumed that the water demand specified
below also covers the water needed for
Will have road access and be located
fire protection.
in the periurban area of the
economys largest business city (that Will have an average water use of 662
is, on the fringes of the city but still liters (175 gallons) a day and an average
within its official limits). For 11 wastewater flow of 568 liters (150
economies the data are also collected gallons) a day. Will have a peak water
for the second largest business city. use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and
a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
Will not be located in a special
gallons) a day.
economic or industrial zone. Will be
located on a land plot of Will have a constant level of water
approximately 929 square meters demand and wastewater flow throughout
(10,000 square feet) that is 100% the year.
owned by BuildCo and is accurately Will be 1 inch in diameter for the water
registered in the cadastre and land connection and 4 inches in diameter for
registry. the sewerage connection.
What does it take to comply with the formalities business city of an economy, except for 11
to build a warehouse in Nigeria? According to economies for which the data are a population-
data collected by Doing Business, dealing with weighted average of the 2 largest business
construction permits there requires 16.1 cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier
procedures, takes 106.3 days and costs 23.6% and ease of doing business ranking at the end
of the warehouse value (figure 3.1). Most of this profile for more details.
indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the
largest
Figure 3.1 What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in Nigeria - Lagos
What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in Nigeria - Kano

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account
for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the dealing with
construction permits indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on
the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter.
.
DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION economies and the regional average ranking
PERMITS provide other useful information for assessing
Globally, Nigeria stands at 174 in the ranking how easy it is for an entrepreneur in Nigeria to
of 190 economies on the ease of dealing with legally build a warehouse.
construction permits (figure 3.2). The
rankings for comparator
Figure 3.2 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of dealing with construction
permits

The indicators reported here for Nigeria are
based on a set of specific proceduresthe BUILDING A WAREHOUSE
steps that a company must complete to
legally build a warehouseidentified by
Doing Business through information Estimated NGN 25,261,790
collected from experts in construction value of
licensing, including architects, civil warehouse :
engineers, construction lawyers,
construction firms, utility service providers City : Lagos, Kano
and public officials who deal with building
regulations. These procedures are those
that apply to a company and structure The procedures, along with the associated time
matching the standard assumptions used and cost, are summarized below.
by Doing Business in collecting the data
(see the section in this chapter on what the
indicators cover).
Table 3.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in Nigeria -
Lagos
Time
to
complete
comple
Obtain soil investigation report
A soil investigation report is done by an expert for the

stability of the foundation. While according to Law No 3
(implemented in August 2012), only 3-storey (or more)
residential or office buildings would need such a report,
it would also be needed for a commercial warehouse.
1 14 days NGN 100,000
Furthermore, depending on the location, sometimes a
2-storey building might require a soil analysis report.
Agency: Private Company
Obtain sworn affidavit for search at the

Commissioner of Oaths
Before someone can carry out a search at the Land

Registry, an affidavit must be first sworn and filed at the
High Court. If the affidavit is registered before noon, 1 day NGN 250
* 2 then the lawyer will be able to proceed with the search.
Otherwise, it will be done on the following day.
Agency: High Court of Justice
Obtain an Environmental Technical Analysis Report
The Ministry of Environment reviews the environmental

impact assessment report. This report is needed to 7 days NGN 150,000
*3
check whether this project is viable and the impact it
will have on the immediate environment. All projects
require this report, regardless of usage or height.
Agency: Town Planner Engineer

38
Time
to
comple complete
Obtain a certified true copy (CTC) of the survey

plan and CTC of the land ownership title
A certified true copy of the survey plan must be

obtained from the Land Registry to show the plot and
its coordinates. Proof of ownership must also be
obtained; otherwise the permit application will not be
accepted. The sworn affidavit obtained previously must
be presented to obtain the documents.
But if the land has not been surveyed, then a private 3 days NGN 7,500
*4
surveyor would have to conduct the survey of the plot
of land and this survey would have to be registered with
the Surveyors General Office. In that case, the survey
would be verified against the master plan of Lagos. The
black copy will be for BuildCo, the red copy will be
registered with the Land Registry and a third copy will
be kept at the Surveyor General Office. The cost of
survey by a private surveyor can range from NGN
50,000 to NGN 100,000.
Agency: Land Registry
Obtain development permit from the Lagos

State Physical Planning Permit Authority
(LASPPPA)
The development permit authorizes construction and is

valid for 2 years. To obtain this permit, a building
development plan portraying the intended uses and the
proposed development on the site and the effect on
adjacent developments and neighborhood must be
prepared by a professional.
Legally, a pre-approval inspection is required to verify

that the land is located where the owner has stated it is
5 and to verify that construction has not already started. 42 days NGN
BuildCo does not have to be present during the visit. An 7,100,616
assessment of the amount to be paid will be written
after that visit. All the necessary banking accounts
where each payment for each tax must be made must
be listed on this letter of assessment.
For construction involving a structure of more than two

floors, the developer or owner must submit a general
contractors all- risk insurance policy certificate to the
Building Control Agency along with the application to
commence building work.
The Lagos State Physical Planning Authority charges a

contribution levy (10% of the building permit cost) for
the preparation and production of development plans,
such as local, district, subject, and action plans;
development guides; office maintenance; procurement
and maintenance of vehicles; office equipment; and
39
Time
to
comple complete
The following documents must be presented:
Proof of ownership
Survey Plan on Sun Print paper
5 sets of architectural drawings
5 sets of structural drawings (calculation sheets and
supervision letter from a registered engineer)
5 sets of mechanical and electrical drawings
5 sets of sanitary and plumbing drawings
Current Income tax Clearance Certificate (CIT)
Photocopy of payment of assessment fee
Certificate of incorporation of the company
Environmental Technical Analysis Report
The following is a breakdown of the costs to be paid:

Assessment fees (formula is Volume of the building X
NGN 120)
= 3901.6 m3 x NGN 120
Local Planning Office Levy: 10% of assessment fees
Spatial Enhancement Contribution: 12% of the Local
Planning Office Levy
Application form of NGN 5000
Cost of Certificate of Fitness for Habitation: NGN
60,000 Fencing NGN 12 000
Infrastructure Development Charge (IDC) : 1300.6 X NGN
5000)
Agency: State Physical Planning Permit Authority

(LASPPPA)
Hire a private engineer to conduct inspections
A private engineer must be hired to conduct the

inspections during construction phase. According to the
Doing Business methodology, BuildCo has an engineer
6 that prepares all the plans. However, this engineer 1 day NGN 126,309
cannot conduct the inspections as well, so an external
engineer must be hired.
Agency: Private Company
Obtain certificate of structural stability (first

pouring of concrete)
The concrete crushing test is done as follows:

1.A sample from a block of concrete is taken and brought
back to the laboratory for testing. At this stage BuildCo
pays for the entire testing. The testing is done at
several stages:
7 2.7 days after the sample is taken, the first result is 7 days NGN 35,000
obtained.
3.14 days after the sample is taken, the second result is
obtained (7 days after the first result).
4.21 days after the sample is taken, the third result is
obtained (7 days after the second result is delivered).
5.28 days later the last and final result is obtained, as well
as the final report.
Normally the longer the concrete is kept, the harder
it will become and therefore it will have a better
resistance to the crushing test.
40
Time
to
comple complete
All payment for concrete testing is done once in this

procedure.
Agency: Lagos State Material Testing Laboratory
Obtain certificate of structural stability (second

8 7 days no charge
Obtain certificate of structural stability (third

9 7 days no charge
Obtain certificate of structural stability of

foundation
10 7 days no charge
Receive joint inspection during construction

from the Building Control Agency and the
Zonal Agency
11 1 day no charge
Agency: Building Control Agency and Zonal Agency
Receive inspections during construction from

the Building Control Agency
The Lagos State Urban and Regional Planning and

Development Law from July 2010 gives the Building
12 Control Agency the power to carry out inspection(s) of 1 day no charge
building construction, when necessary.
Agency: Lagos State Building Control Agency
Request and receive inspection by the Fire

Department
13 1 day no charge
This certificate must be obtained at the local planning
authority before the building can be used. It is within
the discretion of the authority to conduct an on-site
inspection before issuing the certificate. However, such
41
Time
to
comple complete
about 45 minutes, is rarely performed.
Agency: Fire Department
Submit report of supervision by private engineer

to request and obtain the certificate of
completion and fitness
14 14 days no charge
Agency: Lagos State Building Control Agency
Submit application for water connection to

Lagos Water Company
BuildCo collects the LWC Water Connection Form

("WCF") from the nearest Zonal Office ("ZO"). There are
31 zones in Lagos. The Completed WCF is submitted to
ZO and ZO sends a Site Inspection Officer ("SIO") to the
customer's property.
SIO confirms address and locational details of 1 day no charge
* 15 BuildCo's property. SIO also establishes an optimal
size and length of connection pipes, and optimal
connection materials.
SIO prepares comprehensive Site Report ("SR")
including estimates of total connection costs, and
submits SR to the ZO.
ZO prepares connection bill to customer.
Agency: Zonal Office
Pay the connection bill and submit evidence of

payment to Zonal Office
16 1 day NGN 50,000

Receive water connection
Once payment has been made, the Zonal Office (ZO)

procures the connection materials and carries out the 13 days no charge
17
connection works.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation.
Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in Nigeria - Kano
Time
to
complete
complet
42
Time
to
complet complete
Apply for a building plan approval at the Kano Urban
Planning and Development Authority
In order to obtain a building plan approval, BuildCo must

submit a duly completed application form to the Kano Urban
Planning and Development Authority, along with the following
documents:
a.Proof of ownership (such as a certificate of occupancy);

b.Survey plan (attached to the certificate of occupancy);
c. Drawings, including:
- Architectural designs (site plan, floor plans, elevations,
sections, storm drainage system, construction details, doors
and windows schedules), duly signed by a registered
architect; 1 day no charge
1 - Structural designs (design calculations, foundation layout,
structural details on beams, columns, staircases, etc.), duly
signed by a registered structural engineer;
- Electrical designs (lighting and power load calculation,
power point layout, lighting point layout, schedule of fittings
and fixtures), duly signed by a registered electrical
engineer;
- Mechanical engineering designs (load calculations, waste
disposal layout, soil disposal layout, schedule of sanitary
fittings), duly signed by a registered mechanical engineer.
The documents are reviewed by the Kano Urban Planning and

Development Authority. An assessment of the fees is given to
BuildCo, to be paid at a designated bank. An on-site
inspection will follow.
Agency: Kano Urban Planning and Development Authority
Pay the building plan approval fees at a designated

bank
BuildCo is given a payment order to be submitted to and paid

at a designated bank. After payment, BuildCo is given a teller,
or a bank receipt, which must be submitted back to the Kano 1 day NGN 117,045
2
Urban and Planning Development Authority. The authority
opens a file for BuildCo, and the documents are submitted to
the deputy director, then forwarded to the inspection officers
who conduct an on-site inspection.
Agency: Commercial Bank
Receive a pre-approval inspection from the Kano

Urban Planning and Development Authority
After BuildCo's application has been reviewed, the Kano Urban

Planning and Development Authority conducts an on-site
inspection to verify that the plot reflects the details provided
in the drawings and that the land is suitable for the proposed 2 days no charge
3 project. The inspectors draft a report in which the plot, roads,
setback details, adjoining land and power and water
connections are described. The report is then attached to the
documents and drawings that BuildCo submitted for
approval, and forwarded to the Kano Urban Planning and
Development Authority for final review and approval.

43
Time
to
complet complete
Obtain a building plan approval from the Kano

After the inspection and the payments have been completed,

the documents submitted for approval along with the
inspection report and the 3 remaining copies of the plan are
given to the Kano Urban Planning and Development Authority
(KUPD) for final approval. The documents and plans are
scrutinized and countersigned by a government architect,
structural engineer and electrical engineer, before being
4 submitted to the director. The director attaches a letter to 21 days no charge
the file before sending it to the managing director, who
endorses the application, while the director signs the drawings
and issue the approval letter. If granted, KUPD issues BuildCo
a building plan approval authorizing the construction of the
warehouse to proceed, as well as a plaque showing the
file number and expiration date of the approval (3 years). A
statutory limit reduced the time taken to complete this
procedure to 14 days (10 working days).
Hire private engineer to supervise construction work
An engineer will supervise the construction work, mainly the

foundation of the warehouse and the roofing. His work will
also consist to write a final report certifying that the 1 day NGN 202,094
* 5 warehouse was built according to approved plans and request
the Certificate of Habitation
Agency: Private firm
Notifiy the Kano Urban Planning and Development

Authority (KUPD) of commencement of work
A letter notifying the Kano Urban Planning and Development

Authority (KUPD) of the commencement of work must be sent 7 days no charge
6 one week prior to any construction work.
Submit final report of completion of work and

request the final inspection
7 The engineer will file a report notifying the Kano Urban 1 day no charge
Planning and Development Authority (KNUPD) of the
completion of workand certifying that the warehouse was
built according to the approved plans. The inspectors will
then proceed with a final inspection to verify that the work
has been completed according to the approved building
plans.
44
Time
to
complet complete
Obtain final inspection from Kano Urban

Planning and Development Authority
8 1 day no charge
Obtain a certificate of habitation from the Kano

BuildCo's supervising architect/engineer fills out a Building

Certification Form stating that the construction works have
been completed according to the approved plan and submits
9 it to KUPD. Within 7 days from the receipt of the Building 7 days no charge
Certification Form (at no cost), KUPD will issue a Certificate of
Habitation. In practice, however, this procedure is neither
adhered to nor enforced.
Obtain inspection from the Board of Internal

Revenue for registration of building
The Board of Internal Revenue service will visit the new

10 warehouse and register it for tax purposes. 1 day no charge
Agency: Internal Revenue Authority
Apply for water connection at the Kano State Water

Board and pay application form fee
In order to obtain a water connection, BuildCo must submit a

commercial application form to the Kano State Water Board, 1 day NGN 15,000
11 which has offices throughout the city.
Agency: Kano State Water Board
Receive an inspection by the Kano State Water Board
After the application has been submitted, a team of inspectors

from the water board office visits the site to ascertain what 1 day no charge
12
needs to be done.

2017 a
Time
to
comple complete
Obtain water connection
Usually, the building is connected to water supply within one

month. A BuildCo employee will also install a septic tank. This
13 usually costs about NGN 200,000. 30 days NGN 250,000

.
Building Quality Control Index
The building quality control index is the sum The index ranges from 0 to 15, with higher
of the scores on the quality of building values indicating better quality control and
regulations, quality control before safety mechanisms in the construction
construction, quality control during permitting system.
construction, quality control after
construction, liability and insurance The indicator is based on the same case study
regimes, and professional certifications assumptions as the measures of efficiency.
indices.
Table 3.3 Summary of time quality control and safety mechanisms in Nigeria
Answ Scor
Answer Score
er e
(Kano) (Kano)
(Lago (Lago
Building quality control index (0-15) 6.5 8.0
Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 0.5 0.0
Free of 0.5
How accessible are building laws and regulations charge; Not
Not easily 0.0
in your economy? (0-1) easily
accessible
accessibl
.
e.
List of 0.0
required List of
Which requirements for obtaining a building document required
permit are clearly specified in the building s; documents; 0.0
regulations or on any accessible website, Required Available
brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) preapprov only on
al s. request.
Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 1.0
License 1.0
Which third-party entities are required by law d License
to verify that the building plans are in architec 1.0
d
compliance with existing building regulations? t;
architec
(0-1) License
d t.
Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 2.0
Inspection 1.0 Inspections

s by by external
external engineer or
What types of inspections (if any) are required engineer firm; 1.0
by law to be carried out during construction? (0- or firm; Inspections
2) Inspection at various
s at phases.
various
phases.
Mandator 1.0 Mandator
y y
Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice inspection inspection 1.0
during construction? (0-1) s are s are
always always
done in done in
practice. practice.
47
Answ Scor
Answer Score
er e
(Kano) (Kano)
(Lago (Lago
Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 2.0
Yes, 2.0
external Yes, final
Is there a final inspection required by law to engineer inspection
verify that the building was built in accordance submits is done by 2.0
with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) report for governmen
final t agency.
inspectio
n.
Final 1.0 Final

inspectio inspection
Do legally mandated final inspections occur in n always does not 0.0
practice? (0-1) occurs in always
practice. occur in
practice.
Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 0.0 0.0
No party 0.0
Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for is held No party is
structural flaws or problems in the building once liable held liable 0.0
it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial under the under the
Liability)? (0-1) law. law.
No party 0.0
Which parties (if any) are required by law to is No party is
obtain an insurance policy to cover possible required required by 0.0
structural flaws or problems in the building once by law to law to
it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance or obtain obtain
Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) insurance insurance .
.
Professional certifications index (0-4) 0.0 3.0
Being a 0.0 Minimum

registere number of
d years of
architect experience
or ;
What are the qualification requirements for engineer. University
the professional responsible for verifying that degree in 2.0
the architectural plans or drawings are in architectur
compliance with existing building regulations? e or
(0-2) engineerin
g; Being a
registered
architect
or
engineer.
Being a 0.0 University

registere degree in
d engineering
What are the qualification requirements for architect ,
the professional who supervises the or constructio 1.0
construction on the ground? (0-2) engineer. n or
constructio
n
managemen
t; Being a
registered
2017 a
Answ Scor
Answer Score
er e
(Kano) (Kano)
(Lago (Lago
architect
or
Source: Doing Business database. engineer.
GETTING ELECTRICITY
Access to reliable and affordable electricity is
vital for businesses. To counter weak The warehouse (continued):
electricity supply, many firms in developing
economies have to rely on self- supply, often
at a prohibitively high cost. Whether
electricity is reliably available or not, the first
step for a customer is always to gain access
by obtaining a connection.
Doing Business records all procedures
required for a local business to obtain a
permanent electricity connection and supply
for a standardized warehouse, as well as the
time and cost to complete them. These
procedures include applications and
contracts with electricity utilities, clearances
from other agencies and the external and
final connection works. In addition, this
year Doing Business adds two new
measures: the reliability of supply and
transparency of tariffs index (included in the
aggregate distance to frontier score and
ranking on the ease of doing business)
and the price of electricity (omitted from
these aggregate measures). The ranking of
economies on the ease of getting electricity
is determined by sorting their distance to
frontier scores for getting electricity. These
scores are the simple average of the
component indicators. To make the data
comparable across economies, several
assumptions are used.
Assumptions about the warehouse
The warehouse:
Is owned by a local entrepreneur.
Is located in the economys largest
business city. For 11 economies the data
are also collected for the second largest
business city.
Is located in an area where similar
warehouses are typically located. In this
area a new electricity connection is not
eligible for a special investment
promotion regime (offering special
subsidization or faster service, for
example).
Is located in an area with no physical
constraints. For example, the property is
not near a railway.
Is a new construction and is being
connected to electricity for the first time.
WHAT THE GETTING Does not include time spent gathering
ELECTRICITY information
INDICATORS Reflects the time spent in practice, with
little follow-up and no prior contact with
MEASURE
officials
Cost required to complete each
Procedures to obtain an procedure (% of income per capita)
electricity connection (number)
Official costs only, no bribes
Submitting all relevant Excludes value added tax
documents and obtaining all
The reliability of supply and
necessary clearances and permits
transparency of tarifs index
Completing all required
Sum of the scores of six component
notifications and receiving all
indices: Duration and frequency of
necessary inspections
outages
Obtaining external installation Tools to monitor power outages
works and possibly purchasing Tools to restore power supply
material for these works Regulatory monitoring of utilities
Concluding any necessary supply performance Financial deterrents aimed
contract and obtaining final at limiting outages Transparency and
supply accessibility of tariffs
Time required to complete each Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)*
procedure (calendar days) Price based on monthly bill for
Is at least 1 calendar day commercial warehouse in case study
Each procedure starts on a separate day *Price of electricity is not included in
the calculation of distance to frontier
nor ease of doing business ranking
Has two stories, both above ground, with Includes only a negligible length in the
a total surface area of approximately customers private domain.
1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square Does not require work to install the internal
feet). The plot of land on which it is built wiring of the warehouse. This has already been
is 929 square meters (10,000 square completed up to and including the customers
feet). service panel or switchboard and the meter base
Is used for storage of goods.
Assumptions about the electricity

connection The electricity connection:
Is a permanent one.
Is a three-phase, four-wire Y connection
with a subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-
volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of
1, when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW).
Has a length of 150 meters. The
connection is to either the low- or
medium-voltage distribution network and
is either overhead or underground,
whichever is more common in the area
where the warehouse is located Requires
works that involve the crossing of a 10-
meter road (such as by excavation or
overhead lines) but are all carried out on
public land. There is no crossing of other
owners private property because the
warehouse has access to a road.
The monthly energy consumption is 26,880
Assumptions about the monthly consumption kilowatt-hours (kWh); hourly consumption
It is assumed that the warehouse is 112 kWh.
operates 30 days a month from If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the
9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a warehouse is served by the cheapest
day), with equipment utilized at supplier.
80% of capacity on average and
Tariffs effective in March of the current
that there are no electricity cuts
year are used for calculation of the price of
(assumed for simplicity reasons).
electricity for the warehouse. Although
March has 31 days, for calculation
purposes only 30 days are used.
GETTING ELECTRICITY
What does it take to obtain a new electricity business city of an economy, except for 11
connection in Nigeria? According to data economies for which the data are a population-
collected by Doing Business, getting electricity weighted average of the 2 largest business
there requires 9.0 procedures, takes 195.2 days cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier
and costs 422.8% of income per capita (figure and ease of doing business ranking at the end
4.1). of this profile for more
Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in details.
the largest
Figure 4.1 What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in Nigeria - Lagos

What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in Nigeria - Kano

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. For more information on the
methodology of the getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website
(http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this
chapter.
average ranking provide another perspective in
GETTING ELECTRICITY assessing how easy it is for an entrepreneur in
Globally, Nigeria stands at 180 in the ranking Nigeria to connect a warehouse to electricity.
of 190 economies on the ease of getting
electricity (figure 4.2). The rankings for
comparator economies and the regional
Figure 4.2 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting electricity

GETTING ELECTRICITY
based on a set of specific proceduresthe OBTAINING AN ELECTRICITY CONNECTION*
steps that an entrepreneur must complete to
get a warehouse connected to electricity by the
local distribution utility identified by Doing
Business. Data are collected from the distribution
utility, then completed and verified by electricity
regulatory agencies and independent Name of Kano Electricity
professionals such as electrical engineers, utility - Distribution
electrical contractors and construction Kano: Company
companies. The electricity distribution utility Name of
surveyed is the one serving the area (or areas) in Eko Distribution
utility -
which warehouses are located. If there is a Company
Lagos:
choice of distribution utilities, the one serving the
largest number of customers is selected. Price of
electricity (US 20.2
cents per kWh) -
The procedures are those that apply to a
Kano:
warehouse and electricity connection matching
the standard assumptions used by Doing
Price of
Business in collecting the data (see the
electricity (US 20.1
section in this chapter on what the indicators
cents per kWh) -
cover). The procedures, along with the
Lagos:
associated time and cost, are summarized
below. City: Lagos, Kano
*Price is calculated as a monthly consumption of

26,880 kWh for business customers, based on a
standardized case study adopted by the Getting
Electricity methodology. Doing Business measures the
price of electricity but does not include these data
when calculating the distance to frontier score for
getting electricity or the ranking on the ease of
getting electricity.
Table 4.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in Nigeria
Time
to
complete
complet
Submit application to Eko Electricity Distribution
Company and await clearance letter
The clients electrician must collect an application form at Eko

Electricity Distribution Company, complete it and submit it to
the utilitys office.
1 The information requested include the electricians PIN 44 calendar NGN 0
(Personal Identification Number) and a letter stating that he will days
be in charge of the internal installation as well as the
installation of the transformer. Since the required load is higher
than 100 kVA, the request will be sent to EKO Headquarters for
approval. This is part of an internal process. Upon approval, the
clearance letter will be provided along with the list of materials
to be bought by the customer.
55
Time
to
complet complete
During the application process, a licensed electrical contractor
acts on the customers behalf. Contractors have to be
licensed so that they can be responsible for the
correspondence with the utility.
Agency: Eko Electricity Distribution Company
Receive tentative approval letter, submit payment and

request and receive site visit
Upon receipt of the application, the utility provides a clearance

letter for purchase of distribution transformer and other
external connection materials. The letter provides a description
of the materials to be purchased: they must be new, purchased 31 calendar NGN 0
2 from an accredited distributor, and must include a test
days
certificate of transformer from the manufacturer. Once the
customer receives the letter, the person must call the utility to
request a site visit. A survey fee for the site visit is charged by
the utility.
Purchase and install external connection equipment
The customer needs to purchase cables, a distribution

transformer, and installation accessories from the local
3 market, and then carry out the external connection works. 18 calendar NGN 1,559,250
days
Agency: Electrical contractor
Obtain right-of-way permit
The client's contractor obtains a right of way permit at the

State Ministry of Works or State Roads Maintenance Agency.
This permit can be obtained while the materials are acquired. 14 calendar NGN 0
*4
days
Agency: The State Ministry of Works or State Roads
Maintenance Agency
Request and receive inspection by inspecting engineer
NEPAs inspecting engineer must check all materials to

ascertain their quality. The engineer will check if the
5 installation has been properly done. If it is in compliance 14 calendar NGN 0
with all requirements, a Certificate of compliance will be days
issued.
Agency: Nigerian Electricity Management Services Agency

56
Time
to
complet complete
Submit payment to Federal Ministry of Power, Works

and Housing and pick up inspection certificate
Once the inspection has been carried out, the client must
submit a payment to the Ministry of Power and collect the 1 calendar NGN 2,000
6
Certificate of compliance.
day
Agency: Ministry of Power, Works and Housing
Submit inspection certificate to utility, request and

receive estimate and make payment
The customer must go to the utility to request an estimate

letter, which is usually prepared on the spot upon request. The
7 contractor then makes the payment mentioned in the letter, 30 calendar NGN 575,000
and also submits the inspection certificate from the Ministry to days
the utility.
Obtain internal wiring inspection and test of complete

installation by utility
Once the payment foreseen in the estimate letter is done, an

internal wiring inspection and test of installation by the utility
8 is required. This is needed in order for the warehouse to be 30 calendar NGN 0
connected to the electricity grid. days
Obtain meter installation by utility and then electricity

flow
Once the internal wiring inspection is complete, the utilitys 30 calendar NGN 0
9 connection team carries out the meter installation and turns
days
on electricity flow.
* Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in Nigeria - Kano
57
Time
to
complet complete
Submit application to Kano Electricity Distribution
Company and await clearance letter
The clients electrician must collect an application form at Kano

Electricity Distribution Company, complete it and submit it to
the utilitys office.
The information requested include the electricians PIN
(Personal Identification Number) and a letter stating that he will
be in charge of the internal installation as well as the
1 installation of the transformer. Upon approval, the clearance 44 calendar NGN 0
letter will be provided along with the list of materials to be days
bought by the customer.
During the application process, a licensed electrical contractor

acts on the customers behalf. Contractors have to be
licensed so that they can be responsible for the
correspondence with the utility.
Agency: Kano Electricity Distribution Company
Receive tentative approval letter, submit payment and

request and receive site visit
Upon receipt of the application, the utility provides a clearance

letter for purchase of distribution transformer and other
external connection materials. The letter provides a description
of the materials to be purchased: they must be new, purchased 21 calendar NGN 0
2 from an accredited distributor, and must include a test
days
certificate of transformer from the manufacturer. Once the
customer receives the letter, the person must call the utility to
request a site visit. A survey fee for the site visit is charged by
the utility.
Purchase and install external connection equipment
The customer needs to purchase cables, a distribution

transformer, and installation accessories from the local
3 market, and then carry out the external connection works. 18 calendar NGN 1,559,250
days
Agency: Electrical contractor
Obtain right-of-way clearance
The client's contractor obtains a right of way permit at the

State Urban Planning Authority. This permit can be obtained
* 4 while the materials are acquired. 10 calendar NGN 0
days
Agency: State Urban Planning Authority
58
Time
to
complet complete
Request and receive inspection by inspecting engineer
NEPAs inspecting engineer must check all materials to

ascertain their quality. The engineer will check if the
installation has been properly done. If it is in compliance 14 calendar NGN 0
5
with all requirements, a Certificate of compliance will be days
issued.
Agency: Nigerian Electricity Management Services Agency
Submit payment to Federal Ministry of Power, Works

and Housing and pick up inspection certificate
Once the inspection has been carried out, the client must
submit a payment to the Ministry of Power and collect the 1 calendar NGN 2,000
6 Certificate of compliance.
day
Agency: Ministry of Power, Works and Housing
Submit inspection certificate to utility and request

and receive estimate
The customer must go to the utility to request an estimate

letter, which is usually prepared on the spot upon request. The
7 contractor then makes the payment mentioned in the letter, 25 calendar NGN 575,000
and also submits the inspection certificate from the Ministry to days
the utility.
Obtain internal wiring inspection and test of complete

installation by utility
Once the payment foreseen in the estimate letter is done, an

internal wiring inspection and test of installation by the utility
8 is required. This is needed in order for the warehouse to be 30 calendar NGN 0
connected to the electricity grid. days
Obtain meter installation by utility and then electricity

flow
Once the internal wiring inspection is complete, the utilitys 33 calendar NGN 0
9 connection team carries out the meter installation and turns
days
on electricity flow.

2017 a
Time
to
complete
complet
* Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

GETTING ELECTRICITY
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index
The reliability of supply and transparency of Doing Business uses the system average
tariffs index encompasses quantitative data interruption duration index (SAIDI) and the
on the duration and frequency of power system average interruption frequency index
outages as well as qualitative information (SAIFI) to measure the duration and frequency
on the mechanisms put in place by the of power outages in the largest business city of
utility for monitoring power outages and each economy (for 11 economies the data are
restoring power supply, the reporting also collected for the second largest business
relationship between the utility and the city). SAIDI is the average total duration of
regulator for power outages, the outages over the course of a year for each
transparency and accessibility of tariffs and customer served, while SAIFI is the average
whether the utility faces a financial number of service interruptions experienced by
deterrent aimed at limiting outages (such as a customer in a year. Annual data (covering the
a requirement to compensate customers or calendar year) are collected from distribution
pay fines when outages exceed a certain utility companies and national regulators on
cap). SAIDI and SAIFI. Both SAIDI and SAIFI estimates
The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher include load shedding.
values indicating greater reliability of
electricity supply and greater transparency
of tariffs.
Table 4.3 Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff Index in Nigeria

Answ Score Answ Scor
er (Lagos) er e
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Reliability of supply and transparency of 0.0 0.0
tariff index (0-8)
Total duration and frequency of outages per 0.0 0.0

customer a year (0-3)
System average interruption duration index 3100 1421
(SAIDI)
System average interruption frequency index 540 214
(SAIFI)
Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 0.0 0.0
Does the distribution utility use automated

No No
tools to monitor outages?
Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 0.0 0.0
Does the distribution utility use automated

No No
tools to restore service?
Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Does a regulatorthat is, an entity separate

from the utilitymonitor the utilitys Yes Yes
performance on reliability of supply?
Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages 0.0 0.0

(0-1)
er (Lagos) er e
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Does the utility either pay compensation to
customers or face fines by the regulator (or Yes No
both) if outages exceed a certain cap?
Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0- 1.0 1.0

1)
Are effective tariffs available online? Yes Yes
http://www
.kedco.ng/
press.aspx
=publicuse
http://www. rs=referert
n able=&se
ercng.org/in rv
d er1=1&ta
ex.php/medi r
Link to the website, if available online a get=&tok
-and- e
publicity/pu n=6783w
b lic- 5
notices/326 6C21212
- notice-of- 35
commence 16675572
m ent-of- 3
myto- 2015
100a308rs
249117e1
5233e5ff1
0
6f66860b6-
utf99-sha5
Are customers notified of a change in tariff

Yes Yes
ahead of the billing cycle?
Answ Answ
er er
(Lago (Kano
Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 20.1 20.2

Note: If data on power outages is not collected or if the SAIFI index or SAIDI index are above the threshold of
100, the economy is not eligible to obtain a score in the Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff
Index. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 12 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each month) or below, a score of 1 is
assigned. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 4 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each quarter) or below, 1 additional
point is assigned. Finally, if SAIDI and SAIFI are 1 (equivalent to an outage of one hour per year) or below, 1
more point is assigned. Doing Business measures the price of electricity but does not include these data
when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting electricity or the ranking on the ease of getting
electricity. The price of electricity is measured in cents per kilowatt-hour. On the basis of the assumptions
about monthly consumption, a monthly bill for a commercial warehouse in the largest business city of the
economy is computed for the month of March (for 11 economies the data are also collected for the second
largest business city). As noted, the
warehouse uses electricity 30 days a month, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., so different tariff schedules may
apply if a time-of- use tariff is available.
REGISTERING PROPERTY WHAT THE REGISTERING PROPERTY INDICATORS MEASU
Ensuring formal property rights is
fundamental. Effective administration of
land is part of that. If formal property Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable prope
transfer is too costly or complicated, Preregistration (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sale
formal titles might go informal again. And Registration in the economys largest business city2
where property is informal or poorly Postregistration (for example, filing title with the municipality)
administered, it has little chance of being Time required to complete each procedure (calendar da
accepted as collateral for loanslimiting Does not include time spent gathering information
access to finance. Each procedure starts on a separate day. Procedures that can
Procedure considered completed once final document is receiv
No prior contact with officials
Doing Business records the full sequence Cost required to complete each procedure (% of proper
of procedures necessary for a business to Official costs only, no bribes
purchase property from another business No value added or capital gains taxes included
and transfer the property title to the Quality of land administration index (0-30)
buyers name. The transaction is considered
complete when it is opposable to third
parties and when the buyer can use the
property, use it as collateral for a bank
loan or resell it. In addition, this year
Doing Business adds a new measure to the
set of registering property indicators, an
index of the quality of the land
administration system in each economy.
The ranking of economies on the ease of
registering property is determined by
sorting their distance to frontier scores for
registering property. These scores are the
simple average of the distance to frontier
scores for each of the component
indicators. To make the data comparable
across economies, several assumptions
about the parties to the transaction, the
property and the procedures are used.
The parties (buyer and seller):
Are limited liability companies, 100%
domestically and privately owned and
.
perform general commercial activities
in the economys largest business city. Has no mortgages attached, has been
Have 50 employees each, all of whom under the same ownership for the past 10
are nationals. years.
The property (fully owned by the seller): Consists of 557.4 square meters (6,000
square feet) of land and a 10-year-old, 2-
Has a value of 50 times income per story warehouse of 929 square meters
capita. The sale price equals the value (10,000 square feet). The warehouse is in
and entire property will be transferred. good condition and complies with all safety
standards, building codes and legal
Is registered in the land registry or
requirements. There is no heating system.
cadastre, or both, and is free of title
disputes.
Is located in a periurban commercial
zone, and no rezoning is required.
REGISTERING PROPERTY
What does it take to complete a property Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in
transfer in Nigeria? According to data collected the largest business city of an economy, except
by Doing Business, registering property there for 11 economies for which the data are a
requires 12.1 procedures, takes 69.6 days and population-weighted average of the 2 largest
costs 10.5% of the property value (figure 5.1).
business cities. See the chapter on distance to
The score on the quality of land administration
index is 6.3 frontier and ease of doing business ranking at
the end of this profile for more
details.
Figure 5.1 What it takes to register property in Nigeria - Lagos

What it takes to register property in Nigeria - Kano

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for
0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the registering property
indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures
reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter.
REGISTERING PROPERTY regional average ranking provide other useful
Globally, Nigeria stands at 182 in the ranking information for assessing how easy it is for
of 190 economies on the ease of registering an entrepreneur in Nigeria to transfer property.
property (figure 5.2). The rankings for
comparator economies and the
Figure 5.2 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of registering property

REGISTERING PROPERTY the time required substantiallyenabling
Economies worldwide have been making it buyers to use or mortgage their property
easier for entrepreneurs to register and earlier. What property registration reforms has
transfer propertysuch as by computerizing Doing Business recorded in Nigeria (table
land registries, introducing time limits for 5.1)?
procedures and setting low fixed fees. Many
have cut
Table 5.1 How has Nigeria made registering property easier

DB2017
DB year Reform
DB2016 Nigeria made transferring property in Lagos less

costly by reducing fees for property transactions.
Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business
reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.
The indicators reported here are based on a STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER
set of specific proceduresthe steps that a
buyer and seller must complete to transfer
the property to the buyers nameidentified
by Doing Business through information
collected from local property lawyers, Property value: NGN 25,261,790
notaries and property registries. These
procedures are those that apply to a City: Lagos, Kano
transaction matching the standard
assumptions used by Doing Business in
collecting the data (see the section in this
chapter on what the indicators cover). The
procedures, along with the associated time
and cost, are summarized below.
Table 5.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in Nigeria Lagos
Time
to
complete
complet
Sworn affidavit for search at the Commissioner of Oaths
Before someone can carry out a search at the Land Registry an

Affidavit must be first sworn and filed at the High Court. If the
affidavit is registered before 12, then the lawyer will be able 1 day NGN 250
1 to proceed with the search. Otherwise it will be on the next
day.
Agency: High Court of Justice, Ministry of Justice, Notary public
Conduct a Property title search at the Land Registry
The application letter to conduct the search is accompanied by

a sworn affidavit signed by the Commissioner for Oaths of the
status of the party and purpose of search. A lawyer is generally
NGN 3,750
used to perform the registration of property. Legal fees are
(search at
charged based on the Scale of Fees for Conveyancing Matters
[Legal Practitioners (Remuneration for Legal Documentation
Registry) +
and Other Land Matters) Order 1991]. This is a sliding scale , Legal fees as
and averages out at about 7.5% of the consideration. The fees follows: NGN
include all the steps required until the new title is registered 7,50010,000 +
2 1 day 7.5% of values
under the buyers name.
above NGN
The primary objective at this stage is to ascertain that the 20,000 if acting
Vendor has a good root of title. A good root of title in this for the buyer
context means the following: (5% of values
that the Vendor is the rightful owner of the land. above NGN
that the land is free from any encumbrance or pending 20,000 if acting
litigation. that the land is not the subject of any for the seller)
Government acquisition.
that the land is not subject to any of the overriding interests in
land (e.g. short leases, easements, licenses, road or right of
way).
69
Time
to
complet complete
Agency: Lagos State Lands Registry
Execution of Deed of Assignment/Conveyance and Land

Form 1C
Representatives of the firms (assignor and assignee) complete

and affix their seals on the Land Form 1C and four (4) copies
of the Deed of Assignment.
The Land Form 1c is a document obtained at the Land

3 Registry to be completed by the parties and duly notarized 1 day no cost
by a Notary Public or signed by a Commissioner for oaths.
Lawyers often have the Form in their office. The Deed of
Assignment on the other hand is as legal instrument
conveying the interest/tile in a property to another. This is
prepared by a lawyer and is to be executed by both parties
in the presence of a witness.
Agency: Lands Bureau (Form 1c) and Lawyer's office (Deed of

Assignment)
Obtain Certified True Copy (CTC) of title document and

a Certified True Copy of the Survey plan
The application letter to obtain a Certified True Copy of the title

of ownership and a CTC of the land survey plan are
accompanied by a sworn affidavit of purpose to support an
application. Without these two documents the application for
the Governor's consent would not be admitted. NGN 5,625 +
4 Parties obtain a copy of the survey Plan, as approved by the 3-5 days NGN
Office of the Surveyor General, which is required for the 1,875
Governor's Consent. Under Nigerian law, a clear proof of the
identity of the land plot is needed. The survey plan gives the
coordinates of the plot and must fit in the official map of Lagos.
It identifies the boundary of the property. If using a private
surveyor, he must be a registered one.
Payment of the Charting Fee, Endorsement fee and

Form 1C at a designated bank Charting
Fees (NGN
5 1 day
Payment advice to be obtained from the Revenue Office for the 7,500) +
purpose of PID Number generation after which is affected in Endorsement
the Bank. Payment for the above can be made to any Fees (NGN
Government accreditated bank either 1,500) +
70
Time
to
complet complete
by a bank draft, cheque or cash. The Bank then issues a Form 1C
Government Revenue receipt. The receipts is what is
submitted together with the application for Governor's
Consent.
Agency: Government accrediated bank
Submit application for processing Governor's Consent

and obtain the Title
By virtue of the Land Use Act, promulgated in 1978, all land in

each State in the Federation became vested in the Governor of
that State, whos prior Consent is mandatory for the legal
validity of any transfers or alienation of interest in landed
property. In August 2005, the Governors Consent procedure
underwent major reform, with the aim that Consent should be
granted within 30 working days following submission of a duly
completed application. Incomplete applications are not
accepted. New procedures and documentation requirements
have been widely published. The Land Services will also
conduct their own checking for encumbrances on the property
and whether the land has no government dispute.
Obtaining the Governors consent require the following 61 days

documentation: (simultaneous Administrative
6 Covering letter with Address and Telephone Nos. with Fee of NGN
Completed Form 1C procedures 7, 3,000
Certified True Copy (CTC) of Title Document of Assignor 8, 9, 10 and
Current Tax Clearance Certificates of the Assignor and 11)
Assignee
For Limited Liability Companies, the Internal Revenue
Certificate of PAYE Directors
Four (4) copies of the Deed of which Consent is sought
should be attached.
Copy of the Survey Plan, as approved by the surveyor
General office and a picture of the Building
Evidence of payment for Charting fee, Endorsement fee, Form
1C
Evidence of payment of Land Use Charge
Where the Property is covered by a State Leasehold or
Certificate of Occupancy, evidence of payment of Ground
Rent, up to date.
A photograph of the property
A copy of the applicant and/or his agent/legal
representatives identification
"
Agency: Directorate of Land Services

71
Time
to
complet complete
Charting of survey plans attached to the Deeds
Upon submission of the application documents and payment of

the administrative fee, the application is given a unique
reference number, processes and delivered to the Surveyor 5 - 14 days
General's office for charting to ensure that plans were prepared (simultaneous
in accordance with survey rules and the property is free from with no cost
*7
the government acquisition. If there are no queries, the Deeds procedures 6,
are returned to the Directorate of Lands service for issuance of 8, 9, 10 and
the Assessment Notice. Where the survey plan is queried, a 11)
notice of the query is issued to the applicant.
Agency: Surveyor General's office
Obtain Demand Notice for Registration fees,

Consent fees, Neighborhood improvement
charge at the Land Registry
After investigation and assessment of the true value of the 3 days

property, the applicant will be issued with an assessment (simultaneous
letter. The Letter will contain the amount for the Registration
* 8 fee, Consent fee, Neighborhood improvement charge and the with no cost
procedures 6,
Capital gains tax that should be paid to the Lagos State
7, 9, 10 and
Government Account.
11)
Obtain Demand Notice for Stamp Duty
After investigation and assessment of the true value of the

property, the applicant will be issued with an assessment 1 day
letter. The Letter will contain the amount for Stamp duty (simultaneous
verified with Federal Internal Revenue Service. Payment of the with
* 9 Stamp duty should be paid to the Lagos State Government procedures 6, no cost
Account. 7, 8, 10 and
11)
Agency: Lagos State Inland Revenue
Service or Federal Internal Revenue
service (FIRS)
Payment of Stamp duty , Registration fees,

Consent Fee
charge at a commercial bank 1 day 1.5%
(simultaneous + Registration
* 10 with fee 0.5% +
The applicant pays the remaining fees at the designated bank procedures 6,
Stamp
by means of certified cheques: 7, 8, 9 and
Consent Fee 1.5% + Registration fee 0.5% + Stamp duty 0.5% 11) duty 0.5%
+ capital gains tax of 0.5% is also paid. Receipts are provided (Capital gains
to the applicant, who will make copies of those receipts tax of 0.5% is
before submitting the original also paid, but
72
Time
to
complet complete
receipts to the Land Registry for verification. calculation).
On January 5, 2015, the Government of the Lagos State of the

Federal Republic of Nigeria adopted the Executive Bill No
EO/BRF/001 of 2015. The Order, which takes immediate effect,
reduces Consent Fees from 6 percent to 1.5 percent while
Capital Gains tax, which was previously 2 percent, is reduced
to 0.5 percent. Also cost of Stamp Duty has been reduced
from 2 percent to 0.5 percent while Registration Fees has been
reduced from 3 percent to 0.5 percent.
However, the Executive Order provides, among others, that

"unless otherwise indicated, the valuation of landed property
for the determination of tax and other charges payable shall
be by reference to the Statement of Fair market Value
produced by relevant professionals, adopted by the State
Government and published from time to time in the Official
Government Gazette".
Submit the Receipts of the Registration fees,

charge, Stamp duty
Receipts obtained from the bank are submitted as proof of

payment to the Land Registry. These receipts are internally
forwarded to the Account Department for reconciliation. The 1 day
lawyer retains copies of the deposit/payment slip is retained for (simultaneous
* 11 his/her record. The Land Registry manually confirms these with no cost
payments to the relevant departments. Once payment is procedures 6,
confirmed by the Accounts Department, the Land Services 7, 8, 9 and
Department sends the file directly to one of the designated 10)
commissioners to grant the Consent on behalf of the Governor.
Stamping of the deed of assignment
Deeds are presented by assignees lawyer for stamping at the

Stamp Duties Registry (agency of Inland Revenue Services).
Already paid
Stamping takes place only after Registry receives confirmation 1 day
12 of receipt of payment. The documentation shall include: in Procedure
receipts confirming payment of stamp duty. 10
Agency: Stamping duties office

73
Time
to
complet complete
Registration of Certificate of Occupancy or Deed and

Title conferred
The lawyer will then follow up on the deed to be filed to the

Lands Registry. The receipt and paying-in slips evidencing 7 days Already paid
13
payment are given to the cashier at the Lands Registry. With in Procedure
proof of payment, a lands officer is assigned to enter the 10
Deed into the Registry records.

Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in Nigeria Kano
Time
to
complete
complet
Conduct search of property title and obtain consent
application form at Lands Registry
The lawyer representing the parties fills out and submits a

NGN 5,000
letter, which states the purpose of the search. The search fee 7 days
1 is paid in cash at the Lands Registry. search fee +
NGN 2,000
Agency: Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning consent form
fee
Execute deed of assignment and consent application

form
Seller and buyer sign four (4) copies of the deed of assignment
and the application for consent form. Legal fees are charged
based on the Scale of Fees for Conveyancing Matters [Legal
Practitioners (Remuneration for Legal Documentation and
Other Land Matters) Order 1991]. This is a sliding scale based 3.75% of
2 1 day
on slices of the consideration involved, and averages out at property
about 7.5% of the consideration. In practice, due to
value legal
competition amongst lawyers, the fees charged for property
assignment in Kano are lower than those prescribed and fee
amount to approximately 3.75% of property value. The fees
will include all the steps required until the new title is
registered under the buyer's name
74
Time
to
complet complete
Submit application for Governor's consent to the
assignment at the Ministry of Lands and Physical
Planning
By virtue of the Land Use Act, promulgated in 1978, all land

comprised in territory of each state in the federation became
vested in the Governor of that state, whose prior consent is
mandatory for the legal validity of any transfers or alienation of
interest in landed property. In Kano, the authority to grant the 30 days
processing fee
3 consent has been delegated by the Governor to the (simultaneous
Commissioner for Lands, who delegated it further to the of NGN
with procedure
Permanent Secretary for Lands. In order to obtain such 10,000
consent, the following documents must be submitted: a. Copy 4)
of the deed for which consent is sought; b. Proof of settlement
of outstanding ground rates; c. Letter of clearance of the title
holder and boards resolution in case of a corporate body; d.
Three years tax clearance certificates of the seller and buyer;
e. Registration particulars and articles of association of the
company.
Agency: Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning
Receive inspection of the property from the Ministry of

Lands and Physical Planning
The valuation includes a physical inspection of the property to

7 days
assess its market value. Upon completion of valuation, a Included in cost
* 4 valuation report is issued, based on which registration fees are (simultaneous
of procedure
assessed. with procedure
3,
3)
Agency: Private licensed valuator
Collect letter of consent and demand order for

payment of fees from the Ministry of Lands and
Physical Planning
The applicant receives a letter of consent, which is conditional

5 on payment of the prescribed fees. Registration must be done 1 day no cost
within 4 months; failure to do so attracts a penalty of NGN
100 payable on each defaulting day including weekends.
Assess the deed of assignment at the Stamp Duty

Office (Federal Inland Revenue Services)
The deed is presented by buyer's lawyer for assessment of

stamp duty at the FIRS. The FIRS typically uses the figure as 1 day no cost
6 indicated by the Lands Registry in their assessment of the fees.
Agency: Stamp Duty Office, Federal Board of Inland Revenue

2017 a
Time
to
complet complete
Pay prescribed fees and stamp duty at the designated
bank
5% of property
The buyer or his/her agent pays the prescribed fees and stamp value
7 duty at the designated bank. Payment of stamp duty is by 1 day registration
bank draft payable to any of the designated receiving banks. fee + 3% of
Stamp duty for property assignment between companies is property value
assessed at 3% of the property value. stamp duty fee
Agency: Commercial bank
Stamp the deed of assignment at the Stamp Duty

Office (Federal Inland Revenue Services)
The deed is presented by buyer's lawyer for stamping at the

FIRS. Stamping takes place only after the FIRS receives 1 day no cost
8 confirmation of receipt of payment.
Agency: Stamp Duty Office, Federal Board of Inland Revenue
Register the deed of assignment at Lands Registry
Buyer's lawyer submits payment receipts to the Schedule

Officer at Lands Registry, who in turn enters the deed into the 3 days no cost
9 Lands Registry records.

Quality of land administration
The quality of land administration index is If private sector entities were unable to register
the sum of the scores on the reliability of property transfers in an economy between June
infrastructure, transparency of information, 2014 and June 2015, the economy receives a
geographic coverage and land dispute no practice mark on the procedures, time and
resolution indices. cost indicators. A no practice economy
The index ranges from 0 to 30, with higher receives a score of 0 on the quality of land
values indicating better quality of the land administration index even if its legal framework
administration system. includes provisions related to land
administration.
Table 5.3 Summary of quality of land administration in Nigeria

Answ Answ Scor
Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 7.0 4.0
Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 2.0 0.0
Ministry
What is the institution in charge of Lagos of Lands
immovable property registration? State Land and
Physical
Registry
Planning
In what format are the majority of title or deed
Computer/ 1.0 Paper 0.0
records kept in the largest business cityin a
Sc
paper format or in a computerized format
anned
(scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for checking
for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, Yes 1.0 No 0.0
restrictions and the like)?
In what format are the majority of maps of land

plots kept in the largest business cityin a Paper 0.0 Paper 0.0
paper format or in a computerized format
(scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for recording
boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0 No 0.0
cadastral information (geographic
information system)?
Is the information recorded by the immovable
property registration agency and the cadastral Separat Separat
or mapping agency kept in a single database, in 0.0 0.0
e e
different but linked databases or in separate
database database
databases?
s s
Do the immovable property registration
agency and cadastral or mapping agency use No 0.0 No 0.0
the same identification number for
properties?
Transparency of information index (06) 2.0 1.0
77
Answ Answ Scor

Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Anyone
Who is able to obtain information on land Anyone who
ownership at the agency in charge of immovable who pays 1.0 pays the 1.0
property registration in the largest business the official official
city? fee fee
Is the list of documents that are required to
complete any type of property transaction Yes, online 0.5 Yes, 0.0
made publicly availableand if so, how? in
perso
http://www.l
a
goslands.co
m
Link for online access: /
directorates/
directorate-
of-land-
services/doc
u ments-
required-
for-
Is the applicable fee schedule for any property
transaction at the agency in charge of Yes,
immovable property registration in the largest Yes, online 0.5 0.0
in
business city made publicly availableand if
so, how? perso
n
http://www.l
a
goslands.co
Link for online access:
m
/
directorates/
land-
registry-
Does the agency in charge of immovable
property registration commit to delivering a
legally binding document that proves property Yes, in 0.0 No 0.0
ownership within a specific time frameand if person
so, how does it communicate the service
standard?
Is there a specific and separate mechanism

for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0 No 0.0
occurred at the agency in charge of
immovable property registration?
Are there publicly available official statistics
tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0 No 0.0
immovable property registration agency?
78
Answ Answ Scor

Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Number of property transfers in the largest
business city in 2015:
Only Only
intermediari intermedia
Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the e s and 0.0 r ies and 0.0
largest business city? interested interested
parties parties
Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing Yes,

No 0.0 0.0
maps of land plots made publicly available in
and if so, how? perso
Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit

to delivering an updated map within a specific
time frameand if so, how does it No 0.0 No 0.0
communicate the service standard?
Is there a specific and separate mechanism

for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0 No 0.0
occurred at the cadastral or mapping
agency?
Geographic coverage index (08) 0.0 0.0
Are all privately held land plots in the economy

No 0.0 No 0.0
formally registered at the immovable property
registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the largest
business city formally registered at the No 0.0 No 0.0
immovable property registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the

No 0.0 No 0.0
economy mapped?
Are all privately held land plots in the largest

No 0.0 No 0.0
business city mapped?
Land dispute resolution index (08) 3.0 3.0
Does the law require that all property sale

transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 Yes 1.5
property registry to make them opposable to
third parties?
Is the system of immovable property
Yes 0.5 Yes 0.5
registration subject to a state or private
guarantee?
Is there a specific compensation mechanism
No 0.0 No 0.0
to cover for losses incurred by parties who
engaged in good faith in a property
2017 a
Answ Answ Scor

Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
information certified by the immovable
property registry?
Does the legal system require a control of
legality of the documents necessary for a
property transaction (e.g., checking the Yes 0.5 Yes 0.5
compliance of contracts with requirements of
the law)?
Registra
If yes, who is responsible for checking the Lawyer; r;
legality of the documents? Intereste Lawyer;
d Intereste
Parties. d
Parties.
Does the legal system require verification
Yes 0.5 Yes 0.5
of the identity of the parties to a property
transaction?
Registra
If yes, who is responsible for verifying the Registra r;
identity of the parties? r; Lawyer;
Intereste
Lawyer.
d
Parties.
Is there a national database to verify the
No 0.0 No 0.0
accuracy of identity documents?
For a standard land dispute between two local
businesses over tenure rights of a property High
worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per Lagos
Court of
capita and located in the largest business city, State
what court would be in charge of the case in the Kano
High
first instance? State.
Court
How long does it take on average to obtain a
decision from the first-instance court for such a More than 0.0 More 0.0
case (without appeal)? 3 years than 3
years
Are there any statistics on the number of land
No 0.0 No 0.0
disputes in the first instance?
Number of land disputes in the largest business

city in 2015:
Equal access to property rights index (-20) 0.0 0.0
Do unmarried men and unmarried women

Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
have equal ownership rights to property?
Do married men and married women have

Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
equal ownership rights to property?

GETTING CREDIT
Two types of frameworks can facilitate WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS MEASURE
access to credit and improve its allocation:
credit information systems and borrowers Strength of legal rights index (012)
and lenders in collateral and bankruptcy Rights of borrowers and lenders through collateral laws
laws. Credit information systems enable Protection of secured creditors rights through bankruptcy law
lenders to view and consider a potential Depth of credit information index (08)
borrowers financial history (positive or
Scope and accessibility of credit information distributed by cr
negative) when assessing risk and they
Credit bureau coverage (% of adults)
allow borrowers to establish a good credit
history that will facilitate their access to Number of individuals and firms listed in largest credit bureau
credit. Sound collateral laws enable Credit registry coverage (% of adults)
businesses to use their assets, especially Number of individuals and firms listed in credit registry as pe
movable property, as security to generate
capitalwhile strong creditors rights have
been associated with higher ratios of private
sector credit to GDP.
Doing Business assesses the sharing of
credit information and the legal rights of
borrowers and lenders with respect to
secured transactions through 2 sets of
indicators. The depth of credit information
index measures rules and practices
affecting the coverage, scope and
accessibility of credit information available
through a credit registry or a credit bureau.
The strength of legal rights index
measures whether certain features that
facilitate lending exist within the
applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws.
Doing Business uses two case scenarios, Has up to 50 employees.
Case A and Case B, to determine the scope
of the secured transactions system, Is 100% domestically owned, as is the lender.
involving a secured borrower and a secured
lender and examining legal restrictions on The ranking of economies on the ease of
the use of movable collateral (for more getting credit is determined by sorting their
details on each case, see the Data Notes distance to frontier scores for getting credit.
section of the Doing Business 2017 report). These scores are the distance to frontier score
These scenarios assume that the borrower: for the strength of legal rights index and the
depth of credit information index.
Is a domestic limited liability company.
Has its headquarters and only base of
operations in the largest business city.
For the 11 economies with a population
of more than 100 million, data for a
second city have been added.
GETTING CREDIT
How well do the credit information system and Globally, Nigeria stands at 44 in the ranking
collateral and bankruptcy laws in Nigeria of 190 economies on the ease of getting credit
facilitate access to credit? The economy has a (figure 6.1). The rankings for comparator
score of 6.0 on the depth of credit information economies provide useful information for
index and a score of 7.0 on the strength of legal assessing how well regulations and institutions
rights index (see the summary of scoring at the in Nigeria support lending and borrowing.
end of this chapter for details). Higher scores
indicate more credit information and stronger
legal rights for borrowers and lenders.
Figure 6.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting credit

GETTING CREDIT rights index for Nigeria and shows the scores
One way to put an economys score on the for comparator economies as well as the
getting credit indicators into context is to see regional average score. Figure 6.3 shows the
where the economy stands in the distribution same for the depth of credit information index.
of scores across economies. Figure 6.2
highlights the score on the strength of legal
Figure 6.2 How strong are legal rights for Figure 6.3 How much credit information is
borrowers and lenders? shared and how widely?
Economy scores on strength of legal rights index Economy scores on depth of credit information index
Source: Doing Business database. Source: Doing Business database.

Note: Higher scores indicate that collateral and Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more
bankruptcy laws are better designed to facilitate credit information, from either a credit registry or a
access to credit. credit bureau, to facilitate lending decisions. If the
credit bureau or registry is not operational or
covers less than 5% of the adult population, the
total score on the depth of credit information index
is 0.
GETTING CREDIT information, they can increase entrepreneurs
When economies strengthen the legal rights of access to credit. What credit reforms has Doing
lenders and borrowers under collateral and Business recorded in Nigeria (table 6.1)?
bankruptcy laws, and increase the scope,
coverage and accessibility of credit
Table 6.1 How has Nigeria made getting credit easier

DB2017
DB year Reform
DB2013 Nigeria improved access to credit information by

distributing credit information from retail companies.
DB2017 Nigeria strengthened access to credit by creating a

centralized collateral registry. This reform applies to
both Kano
Source: Doing Business and Lagos.
database.
Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing
Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.
GETTING CREDIT
The getting credit indicators reported here for The data on the legal rights of borrowers and
Nigeria are based on detailed information lenders are gathered through a survey of
collected in that economy. The data on credit financial lawyers and verified through analysis
information sharing are collected through a of laws and regulations as well as public
survey of a credit registry and/or credit bureau sources of information on collateral and
(if one exists). To construct the depth of credit bankruptcy laws. For the strength of legal rights
information index, a score of 1 is assigned for index, a score of 1 is assigned for each of 10
each of 8 features of the credit registry or aspects related to legal rights in collateral law
credit bureau (see summary of scoring below). and 2 aspects in bankruptcy law.
Lagos Kano
Strength of legal rights index (012)
Index score: Index score:
7.0 7.0
Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured
transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and 0 0
enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in
movable assets exist in the economy?
Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security
right in a single category of movable assets, without requiring a 1 1
specific description of collateral?
Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory
security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring 1 1
a specific description of collateral?
May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets,

and may it extend automatically to the products, proceeds or 1 1
replacements of the original assets?
Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in

collateral agreements; can all types of debts and obligations
be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement 1 1
include a maximum amount for which the assets are
encumbered?
Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and
non- incorporated entities, that is unified geographically and by 1 1
asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's
name?
Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all
0 0
functional equivalents can be registered?
Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations,
amendments, cancellations and searches can be performed 0 0
online by any interested third party?
Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and 1 1
employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an
insolvency procedure?
Lagos Kano
Strength of legal rights index (012)
Index score: Index score:
7.0 7.0
Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and 0 0
employee claims) when a business is liquidated?
Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on
enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised
reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured 0 0
creditors rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the
stay and/or sets a time limit for it?
Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement
at the time a security interest is created? Does the law allow the
secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction and 1 1
private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the
asset in satisfaction of the debt?
Depth of credit information index (08) Credit Credit Index score:

bureau registry 6.0
Are data on both firms and individuals Yes No 1
distributed?
Are both positive and negative credit data Yes No 1
distributed?
Are data from retailers or utility companies - in
addition to data from banks and financial Yes No 1
institutions - distributed?
Are at least 2 years of historical data

distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that
erase data on defaults as soon as they are Yes No 1
repaid or distribute negative information more
than 10 years after defaults are repaid receive
a score of 0 for this component.)
Are data on loan amounts below 1% of Yes No 1
income per capita distributed?
By law, do borrowers have the right to
No No 0
access their data in the credit bureau or
credit registry?
Can banks and financial institutions access
borrowers credit information online (for
example, through an online platform, a Yes No 1
system-to-system connection or both)?
Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a

value- added service to help banks and No No 0
financial institutions assess the
creditworthiness of borrowers?
Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or
registry is not
operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index
is 0.
Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry
Number of individuals 6,498,344 0

Number of firms 996,294 0
Total 7,494,638 120,750
Total percentage of adult population 7.7 0.1
PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS
Protecting minority investors matters for the WHAT THE PROTECTING
ability of companies to raise the capital they
MINORITY INVESTORS
need to grow, innovate, diversify and
compete. Effective regulations define related- INDICATORS MEASURE
party transactions precisely, promote clear
and efficient disclosure requirements, require
shareholder participation in major decisions Extent of disclosure index (010)
of the company and set detailed standards of
accountability for company insiders. Review and approval requirements for
related-party transactions; Disclosure
What do the indicators cover? requirements for related- party transactions
Doing Business measures the protection of Extent of director liability index (010)
minority investors from conflicts of interest Ability of minority shareholders to sue and
through one set of indicators and hold interested directors liable for prejudicial
shareholders rights in corporate governance related- party transactions; Available legal
through another. The ranking of economies on remedies (damages, disgorgement of
the strength of minority investor protections profits, fines, imprisonment, rescission of the
is determined by sorting their distance to transaction)
frontier scores for protecting minority
investors. These scores are the simple average Ease of shareholder suits index (010)
of the distance to frontier scores for the extent Access to internal corporate documents;
of conflict of interest regulation index and the Evidence obtainable during trial and
extent of shareholder governance index. To allocation of legal expenses
make the data comparable across economies,
a case study uses several assumptions about Extent of conflict of interest
the business and the transaction. regulation index (010)
The business (Buyer): Simple average of the extent of disclosure,
extent of director liability and ease of
Is a publicly traded corporation listed on shareholder indices
the economys most important stock
exchange If the number of publicly traded Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10)
companies listed on that exchange is less Shareholders rights and role in major
than 10, or if there is no stock exchange corporate decisions
in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is
a large private company with multiple Extent of ownership and control index (0-10)
shareholders. Governance safeguards protecting
Has a board of directors and a chief shareholders from undue board control and
executive officer (CEO) who may legally act entrenchment
on behalf of Buyer where permitted, even
if this is not specifically required by law. Extent of corporate transparency index (0-
Has a supervisory board (applicable to 10)
economies with a two-tier board system) Corporate transparency on ownership
on which 60% of the shareholder-elected stakes, compensation, audits and
members have been appointed by Mr. financial prospects
James, who is Buyers controlling
Extent of shareholder governance
shareholder and a member of Buyers
board of directors. index (010)
Simple average of the extent of shareholders
Has not adopted any bylaws or articles rights, extent of ownership and control and
of association that differ from default extent of corporate transparency indices
minimum standards and does not follow
any nonmandatory codes, principles, Strength of minority investor
recommendations or guidelines relating to protection index (010)
corporate governance. Simple average of the extent of conflict of
interest regulation and extent of
shareholder governance indices
Is a manufacturing company with its own
distribution network.
The transaction involves the following details:
Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and
elected two directors to Buyers five-
member board.
Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a
company that operates a chain of retail
hardware stores. Seller recently closed a
large number of its stores Mr. James
proposes that Buyer purchase Sellers
unused fleet of trucks to expand Buyers
distribution of its food products, a proposal
to which Buyer agrees. The price is equal
to 10% of Buyers assets and is higher
than the market value.
The proposed transaction is part of the
companys ordinary course of business and
is not outside the authority of the company.
Buyer enters into the transaction. All
required approvals are obtained, and all
required disclosures made (that is, the
transaction is not fraudulent).
The transaction causes damages to Buyer.
Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other
parties that approved the transaction.
How strong are minority investor protections protection index (figure 7.1). While the
against self-dealing in Nigeria? The economy indicator does not measure all aspects related
has a score of 6.5 on the strength of minority to the protection of minority investors, a
investor protection index, with a higher score higher ranking does indicate that an economys
indicating stronger protections. regulations offer stronger minority investor
protections against self-dealing in the areas
Globally, Nigeria stands at 32 in the ranking
measured.
of 190 economies on the strength of
minority investor
Figure 7.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies perform on the strength of minority investor
protection index

A summary of scoring for the protecting minority
PROTECTING MINORITY investors indicators at the end of this chapter
INVESTORS provides details on how the indices were
One way to put an economys scores on calculated.
the protecting minority investors indicators
into context is to see where the economy
stands in the distribution of scores across
comparator economies. Figure 7.2 highlights
the scores on the various minority investor
protection indices for Nigeria.
Figure 7.2 Summary of the various minority investor protection indices for Nigeria and comparator
economies.

PROTECTING MINORITY result, reforms to strengthen minority investor
INVESTORS protections may move ahead on different fronts
Economies with the strongest protections of such as through new or amended company
minority investors from self-dealing require laws, securities regulations or civil procedure
detailed disclosure and define clear duties for rules. What minority investor protection
directors. They also have well- functioning reforms has Doing Business recorded in Nigeria
courts and up-to-date procedural rules that (table 7.1)?
give minority shareholders the means to prove
their case and obtain a judgment within a
reasonable time. As a
Table 7.1 How has Nigeria strengthened minority investor protections

or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017
DB year Reform
Nigeria strengthened minority investor protections by

requiring that related-party transactions be subject to
DB2016 external review and to approval by disinterested
shareholders. This reform applies to both Kano and
Lagos.
The protecting minority investors indicators to disclosure, director liability, shareholder
reported here for Nigeria are based on suits, shareholder rights, ownership and control
detailed information collected through a and corporate transparency in a standard case
survey of corporate and securities lawyers study (for more details, see the Data Notes
about securities regulations, company laws and section of the Doing Business 2017 report). The
court rules of evidence and procedure. To summary below shows the details underlying
construct the six indicators on minority investor the scores for Nigeria.
protection, scores are assigned to each based
on a range of conditions relating
Table 7.2 Summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors indicators in Nigeria
Answer Score Answer Score

Strength of minority investor protection index (Lagos) (Lagos)
6.5 (Kano) (Kano)
6.5
(0-10) of conflict of interest regulation index
Extent 7.0 7.0
(0-10) of disclosure index (0-10)
Extent 7.0 7.0
Shareholder
Shareholders
Which corporate body is legally sufficient to s excluding
excluding 3.0 3.0
approve the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) interested
interested
parties
parties
Existence of Existence of
Must Mr. James disclose his conflict of interest to the
a conflict 1.0 a conflict 1.0
board of directors? (0-2)
without any without any
specifics specifics
Disclosure on
Disclosure on
the
Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published the transaction
2.0 transaction 2.0
periodic filings (annual reports)? (0-2) and on the
and on the
conflict of
conflict of
interest
interest
Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction No No
0.0 0.0
to the public and/or shareholders? (0-2) disclosure disclosure
Must an external body review the terms of the obligation obligation
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
transaction before it takes place? (0-1)
Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7.0 7.0
Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's
share capital sue directly or derivatively for the Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-1)
Can shareholders hold the interested director liable Liable if unfair Liable if
2.0 2.0
for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer? or unfair or
(0-2)
Can shareholders hold the other directors liable prejudicial prejudicial
Liable
Liable if 1.0 1.0
for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer if
negligent
(0-2) Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused
Must neglige
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
to Buyer upon a successful claim by shareholders?
(0-1)
Must Mr. James repay profits made from the
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
transaction upon a successful claim by
shareholders? (0-1)
Is Mr. James disqualifed or fined and imprisoned
No 0.0 No 0.0
upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1)
Can a court void the transaction upon a successful Voidable Voidable
1.0 1.0
claim by shareholders? (0-2) if if
negligentl negligentl
93
concluded concluded
Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7.0 7.0
Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
Buyer's share capital inspect the transaction
documents? (0-1) Document
Documents s that the
Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the
that the 1.0 1.0
defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) defendant
defendant relied on
relied on
Can the plaintiff request categories of documents
No 0.0 No 0.0
from the defendant without identifying specific
ones? (0-1)
Can the plaintiff directly question the
Yes 2.0 Yes 2.0
defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-2)
Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
that of criminal cases? (0-1)
Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal Yes regardless Yes
2.0 2.0
expenses from the company? (0-2) of outcome regardless
of outcome
Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 6.0 6.0
Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 6.0 6.0
Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require
No 0.0 No 0.0
shareholder approval?
Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
share capital call for an extraordinary meeting of
shareholders?
Must Buyer obtain its shareholders approval every
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
time it issues new shares?
Do shareholders automatically receive
No 0.0 No 0.0
preemption rights every time Buyer issues new
shares?
Must shareholders approve the election and
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
dismissal of the external auditor?
Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
possible if the holders of the affected shares
approve?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the
No 0.0 No 0.0
sale of 51% of its assets require member approval?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can
members representing 10% call for an Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
extraordinary meeting of members?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all
No 0.0 No 0.0
members consent to add a new member?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a
member first offer to sell his interest to the existing Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
members before selling to a non-member?
Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 5.0 5.0
Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as
No 0.0 No 0.0
CEO and chair of the board of directors?
Must the board of directors include
No 0.0 No 0.0
independent and nonexecutive board
members?
Can shareholders remove members of the board of
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
directors without cause before the end of their term?
Must the board of directors include a separate
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
audit committee exclusively comprising
board
Must amembers?
potential acquirer make a tender
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
offer to all shareholders upon acquiring 50%
of Buyer?
Must Buyer pay dividends within a maximum period Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
set by
2017 a
law after the declaration date?

Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
issued by its parent company?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, is
No 0.0 No 0.0
there a management deadlock breaking
mechanism?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a
potential acquirer make a tender offer to all No 0.0 No 0.0
shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must
Buyer distribute profits within a maximum period No 0.0 No 0.0
set by law after the declaration date?
Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 7.0 7.0
Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect beneficial
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
ownership stakes representing 5%?
Must Buyer disclose information about board
members other directorships as well as basic Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
information on their primary employment?
Must Buyer disclose the compensation of
No 0.0 No 0.0
individual managers?
Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent
No 0.0 No 0.0
21 days before the meeting?
Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyers
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
share capital put items on the agenda for the
general meeting?
Must Buyer's annual financial statements be
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
audited by an external auditor?
Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must
No 0.0 No 0.0
members meet at least once a year?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
members representing 5% put items on the
meeting
Assumingagenda?
that Buyer is a limited company, must
Buyer's annual financial statements be audited Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
by an external auditor?

PAYING TAXES
WHAT THETaxes PAYING are TAXES
essential. The level of
INDICATORS tax rates
MEASURE
needs to be carefully chosenand
needless complexity in tax rules avoided.
Tax payments for a manufacturing company in 2015 (number per year adjusted for electronic and joint filing
Firms in economies that rank better on the
Total numberease of taxes and contributions
of paying paid, including
taxes in the Doing Business consumption taxes (value added tax, sales tax or goods and servic
Method and frequency of filing and payment
study tend to perceive both tax rates and
Time required to comply with
tax administration as 3less
majorof taxes (hours per year)
an obstacle
Collecting information
to businessand computing
according to the
thetax payable
World Bank
CompletingEnterprise
tax returnSurvey
forms, filing with proper agencies
research.
Arranging payment or withholding
What do tax
Preparing separate the accounting
indicators cover?
books, if required
Total tax rate
Using a case scenario,allDoing
(% of profit before taxes)Business
Profit or corporate
records income the tax taxes and mandatory
Social contributions
contributionsand labor
that ataxes paid by
medium- sizethe employer
company
Property andmust pay transfer
property in a given taxes year as well as
measures
Dividend, capital gainsofand thefinancial
administrative burden
transactions of
taxes
payingvehicle,
Waste collection, taxes and roadcontributions
and other taxes and dealing
Postfiling with
Index postfiling processes. This case scenario
uses
The time to comply a with
set a ofVAT financial statements
or GST refund andto receive a VAT or GST refund
The time
The time toassumptions
comply with about transactions
a corporate income made over
tax audit
The time tothe year. Information
complete a corporate is income
also compiled on the
tax audit
frequency of filing and payments, time
taken to comply with tax laws, time taken to
comply with the requirements of postfiling
processes and time waiting for these
processes to be completed. The ranking of
economies on the ease of paying taxes is
frontier scores on the ease of paying taxes.
These scores are the simple average of the
four component indicators number of tax
payments. time, total tax rate and postfiling
index with a threshold and a nonlinear
transformation applied to one of the
component indicators, the total tax rate1. If
both VAT (or GST) and corporate income tax
apply, the postfiling index is the simple
average of the distance to frontier scores
for each of the four components: the time to
comply with a VAT or GST refund, the time
to obtain a VAT or GST refund, the time to
comply with a corporate income tax audit
and the time to complete a corporate
income tax audit. If only VAT (or GST) or
corporate income tax applies, the postfiling
index is the simple average of the scores
for only the two components pertaining to
the applicable tax. If neither VAT (or GST)
nor corporate income tax
1
The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate
to the power of 0.8. The threshold is defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall
distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All
economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold.
applies, the postfiling index is not included Assumptions about the corporate
in the ranking of the ease of paying taxes. income tax audit process:
Taxes and mandatory contributions include An error in the calculation of the
corporate income tax, turnover tax and all income tax liability (for example, use of
labor taxes and contributions paid by the incorrect tax depreciation rates, or
company. A range of standard deductions incorrectly treating an expense as tax
and exemptions are also recorded. deductible) leads to an incorrect
All financial statement variables are income tax return and consequently an
proportional to 2012 income per capita. To underpayment of corporate income
make the data comparable across tax.
economies, several assumptions are used.
TaxpayerCo. discovered the error
TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that and voluntarily notified the tax
started operations on January 1, 2014. authority of the error in the
corporate income tax return.
The business starts from the same financial
position in each economy. All the taxes and
mandatory contributions paid during the
second year of operation are recorded.
Taxes and mandatory contributions are
measured at all levels of government.
Assumptions about the VAT refund process:
In June 2015, TaxpayerCo. makes a
large capital purchase: one
additional machine for manufacturing
pots.
The value of the machine is 65 times
income per capita of the economy.
Sales are equally spread per month
(that is, 1,050 times income per
capita divided by 12).
Cost of goods sold are equally
expensed per month (that is, 875
times income per capita divided by
12).
The seller of the machinery is
registered for VAT or general sales
tax (GST).
Excess input VAT incurred in June
will be fully recovered after four
consecutive months if the VAT or
GST rate is the same for inputs,
sales and the machine and the tax
reporting period is every month.
.
PAYING TAXES
What is the administrative burden of complying the end of this chapter for details). Most
with tax obligations and postfiling processes in indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the
Nigeriaand how much do firms pay in taxes? largest business city of an economy, except for
Globally, Nigeria stands at 182 in the ranking 11 economies for which the data are a
of 190 economies on the ease of paying taxes population-weighted average of the 2 largest
(figure 8.1). The rankings for comparator business cities. See the chapter on distance to
economies and the regional average ranking frontier and ease of doing business ranking at
provide other useful information for assessing the end of this profile for more details.
the tax compliance burden for businesses in
(see table 8.2 and table 8.3 at .
Figure 8.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of paying taxes

and exemptions. Many have lowered tax rates.
PAYING TAXES Changes have brought concrete results. Some
Economies around the world have made economies simplifying tax payment and
paying taxes faster, easier and less costly for reducing rates have seen tax revenue rise.
businessessuch as by consolidating What tax reforms has Doing Business recorded
payments and filings of taxes, offering in Nigeria (table 8.1)?
electronic systems for filing and payment,
establishing taxpayer service centers or
allowing for more deductions
Table 8.1 How has Nigeria made paying taxes easier

DB2017
DB year Reform
Nigeria introduced a new compulsory labor

DB2013 contribution paid by the employer.
PAYING TAXES
based on the taxes and contributions that LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY
would be paid by a standardized case study
company used by Doing Business in
collecting the data (see the section in this City: Lagos, Kano
chapter on what the indicators cover). Tax
practitioners are asked to review a set of
financial statements as well as a
standardized list of assumptions and The taxes and contributions paid are listed in
transactions that the company completed table 8.2 below, along with the associated
during its 2nd year of operation. number of payments, time and tax rate.
Respondents are asked how much taxes The postfiling index is based on four
and mandatory contributions the business componentsthe time to comply with a VAT or
must pay how these taxes are filed and
GST refund, the time to obtain a VAT or GST
paid, how much time taxpayers spend
preparing, filing and paying three major refund, the time to comply with a corporate
taxes (profit taxes, labor taxes including income tax audit and the time to complete a
mandatory contributions and consumption corporate income tax audit (table 8.3). These
taxes) and how much time taxpayers components are based on expanded case
spend complying with postfiling processes study assumptions. If only VAT (or GST) or
and waiting for these processes to be corporate income tax applies for an economy,
completed. the postfiling index is the simple average of
the scores for only the two components
pertaining to the applicable tax. If neither VAT
(or GST) nor corporate income tax applies,
the postfiling index is not included in the
ranking of the ease of paying taxes.
Table 8.2 Summary of tax rates and administration
Total Notes
Lagos: Tax or Paymen Notes Time Statuto Tax tax rate on
mandatory ts on (hours ry tax base (% of total
contribution (numbe paymen ) rate profit) tax
Tertiary education trust taxabl
0 jointly 2% 2.41
fund contribution e
profit
taxabl
Corporate income tax 1 398 30% 17.46
e
profit
gross
Social Security 12 396 10% 11.28
Contributions salarie
s
Employee
Compensation 12 1% gross 1.13
Contribution paid by salarie
the employer s
gross
Training Tax 1 1% 1.13
salarie
s
100
Total Notes
Lagos: Tax or Paymen Notes Time Statuto Tax tax rate on
contribution (numbe paymen ) rate
profit) tax
capita
Capital gains tax 1 10% 0.47
l
gains
Tax on money market 0 withheld 10% intere 0.26 not
interest st include
incom d
Land Use Charge 1 0.132% propert 0.20
y
value
5/1000
Stamp duty on checks 1 5% of value 0.18
of check
fixed fee
NGN dependin
Road license 1 g on type 0.04
5,000
of
per
vehicle
vehicle
State business levy 1 NGN fixed fee 0.02
5,000
valu not
Value added tax (VAT) 12 162 5% 0.00
e include
adde d
NGN 100
Infrastructure 1 fixed fee 0.00 withheld
per
Development Tax
employe
e
included
Fuel tax 1 0.00
in fuel
price
Employee labor tax 0 jointly 8% 0.00 withheld
National Housing Fund 12 2.5% gross 0.00 withheld

salarie
s
variou small
Advertising tax 1 0.00
s amoun
rates t
small
Stamp duty on contracts 1 0.00
amoun
t
Totals 59.0 956.0 34.3
Total Notes
Kano: Tax or Paymen Notes Time Statuto Tax tax rate on
contribution (numbe paymen ) rate profit) tax
Tertiary education trust taxabl
0 jointly 2% 2.41
fund contribution e
profit
taxabl
Corporate income tax 1 310 30% 17.46
e
profit
101
Total Notes
Kano: Tax or Paymen Notes Time Statuto Tax tax rate on
contribution (numbe paymen ) rate
profit) tax
gross
Social Security 12 320 10% 11.28
Contributions salarie
s
Employee
Compensation 12 1% gross 1.13
Contribution paid by salarie
the employer s
gross
Training Tax 1 1% 1.13
salarie
s
Capital gains tax 1 10% capita 0.47
l
gains
intere not
Tax on money market 0 withheld 10% 0.26
interest st include
incom d
Land Use Charge 1 0.125% propert 0.19
y
value
5/1000
Stamp duty on checks 1 5% of value 0.18
of check
fixed fee
NGN dependin
Road license 1 g on type 0.04
5,000
of
per
vehicle
vehicle
State business levy 1 NGN fixed fee 0.02
5,000
valu not
Value added tax (VAT) 12 117 5% 0.00
e include
adde d
NGN 100
Infrastructure 1 fixed fee 0.00 withheld
per
Development Tax
employe
e
included
Fuel tax 1 0.00
in fuel
price
Employee labor tax 0 jointly 8% 0.00 withheld
gross
National Housing Fund 12 2.5% 0.00 withheld
salarie
s
Advertising tax 1 variou 0.00 small
s amoun
rates t
small
Stamp duty on contracts 1 0.00
amoun
t
Totals 59.0 747.0 34.3
Table 8.3 Summary of details of postfiling index in Nigeria

102

er (Lagos) er e
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Postfiling index (0-100) 17.2 17.2
VAT refunds
Does VAT/GST exist? Yes Yes
Frequency of VAT/GST refund submission monthly monthly
Does a VAT/GST refund process exist per

No No
the case study?
Input tax
Input tax on capital
Restrictions on VAT refund process on capital purchase
purchase is is
irrecoverabl irrecovera
e b le
Likelihood of VAT audit N/A N/A
Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0
Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0
Corporate income tax audits
Does corporate income tax exist? Yes Yes
Likelihood of corporate income tax audit Likely Likely
Time to comply with a corporate income

65.0 0.0 65.0 0.0
tax audit (hours)
Time to complete a corporate income tax

10.0 68.8 10.0 68.8
audit (weeks)
Administrative appeal process
Tax Appeal Tax

First level administrative appeal authority Commission Appeal
e rs Commissi
o ners
Is the appeal authority independent? Differe Differen
nt t
auditor auditor
Are appeal guidelines accessible to the public? Yes Yes
online/in online/in
printed printed
Source of appeal guidelines publication/
publicatio
i n person
at tax n
office /in person
at tax
Is there a legal time limit for the appeal
No No
authority to issue a decision on the tax
appeal?
2017 a

er (Lagos) er e
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Legal time limit
Source: Doing Business

Note:
The postfiling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to
comply with a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit.
N/A = Not applicable.
TRADING ACROSS WHAT THE TRADING ACROSS BORDERS INDICATORS MEA
BORDERS Documentary compliance cost & time

In todays globalized world, making trade Obtain, prepare and submit documents:
between economies easier is increasingly -During transport, clearance, inspections and port or border han
important for business. Excessive use of -Required by origin, destination and transit economies
paper documents, burdensome customs Covers all documents by law and in practice
procedures, inefficient port operations and Border compliance cost & time
inadequate infrastructure all lead to extra Customs clearance and inspections
costs and delays for exporters and Inspections by other agencies if applied to more than 10% of s
importers, stifling trade potential. Port or border handling
What do the indicators cover? Processingdocumentsduringclearance, inspections and port or b
Domestic transport*
Doing Business records the time and cost Loading and unloading of shipment
associated with the logistical process of Transport between warehouse and terminal/port Transport betw
exporting and importing goods. Under Traffic delays and road police checks while shipment is en
the new methodology introduced this
year, Doing Business measures the time
and cost (excluding tariffs) associated
with three sets of procedures
documentary compliance, border
compliance and domestic transport
within the overall process of exporting or
importing a shipment of goods. The
ranking of economies on the ease of
trading across borders is determined by
sorting their distance to frontier scores for
trading across borders. These scores are
the simple average of the distance to
frontier scores for the time and cost for
documentary compliance and border
compliance to export and import
(domestic transport is not used for
calculating the ranking). * Although Doing Business collects and publishes
data on the time and cost for domestic transport, it
To make the data comparable across does not use these data in calculating the distance to
economies, a few assumptions are made frontier score for trading across borders or the
about the traded goods and the ranking on the ease of trading across borders.
transactions:
Cost
Time Insurance cost and informal payments for
Time is measured in hours, and 1 day which no receipt is issued are excluded from
is 24 hours (for example, 22 days are the costs recorded. Costs are reported in
recorded as 22 U.S. dollars. Contributors are asked to
24 = 528 hours). If customs convert local currency into U.S. dollars based
clearance takes on the exchange rate prevailing on the day
7.5 hours, the data are recorded as they answer the questionnaire.
is. Alternatively, suppose that
documents are submitted to a customs
agency at 8:00 a.m., are processed
overnight and can be picked up at 8:00
a.m. the next day. In this case the time
for customs clearance would be
recorded as 24 hours because the
actual procedure took 24 hours.
Assumptions of the case study If government fees are determined by the
value of the shipment, the value is assumed to
For each of the 190 economies be $50,000.
covered by Doing Business, it is
assumed that a shipment travels from The product is new, not secondhand or used
a warehouse in the largest business city
merchandise.
of the exporting economy to a
warehouse in the largest business city
The exporting firm is responsible for hiring and
of the importing economy. For 11
economies the data are also collected, paying for a freight forwarder or customs
under the same case study broker (or both) and pays for all costs
assumptions, for the second largest related to international shipping, domestic
business city. transport, clearance and mandatory
inspections by customs and other government
agencies, port or border handling,
The import and export case studies
documentary compliance fees and the like for
assume different traded products. It is
exports. The importing firm is responsible for
assumed that each economy imports a
the above costs for imports.
standardized shipment of 15 metric
tons of containerized auto parts (HS
The mode of transport is the one most widely
8708) from its natural import partner
the economy from which it imports the used for the chosen export or import product
largest value (price times quantity) of and the trading partner, as is the seaport,
auto parts. It is assumed that each airport or land border crossing.
economy exports the product of its
comparative advantage (defined by All electronic submissions of information
the largest export value) to its requested by any government agency in
natural export partnerthe economy connection with the shipment are considered
that is the largest purchaser of this to be documents obtained, prepared and
product. Special products such as submitted during the export or import
precious metal and gems, live animals process.
and pharmaceuticals are excluded from
the list of possible export products. A port or border is defined as a place (seaport,
However, the second largest product airport or land border crossing) where
category is considered as needed. merchandise can enter or leave an economy.
A shipment is a unit of trade. Export Government agencies considered relevant are

shipments do not necessarily need to agencies such as customs, port authorities,
be containerized, while import road police, border guards, standardization
shipments of auto parts are assumed agencies, ministries or departments of
to be containerized. agriculture or industry, national security
agencies and any other government
authorities.
TRADING ACROSS BORDERS
The Trading across Borders indicator refers to Globally, Nigeria stands at 181 in the ranking
a case study scenario of a warehouse in the of 190 economies on the ease of trading across
largest business city of an economy (except for borders (figure 9.1).
11 economies for which the data are a
population-weighted average of the 2 largest While not included in the distance to frontier or
business cities) trading with the main import ease of doing business ranking, data on
and export partner through the economys domestic transportation is also recorded for all
main border crossing. economies and provided in Table 9.3.
Figure 9.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of trading across borders

TRADING ACROSS BORDERS
based on a set of specific predefined LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY
procedures for trading a shipment of goods
by the most widely used mode of transport
(whether sea or land). The information on City: Lagos, Kano
the time and cost to complete export and
import is collected from local freight The details on the predefined set of
forwarders, customs brokers and traders. procedures, and the associated time and cost,
for exporting and importing a shipment of
goods are listed in the summary bellow, along
with the required documents.
Table 9.2 Summary of export and import time and cost for trading across borders in Nigeria
Lagos Kano Sub-Saharan
Africa
Time to export: Border 135 135 101
compliance (hours)
Cost to export: Border 786 786 571
compliance (USD)
Time to export: 131 131 91
Documentary compliance
(hours)
Cost to export: 250 250 225
(USD)
Time to import: Border
284 284 141
compliance (hours)
Cost to import: Border 1077 1077 662
compliance (USD)
Time to import:
173 173 105
(hours)
Cost to import:
564 564 313
(USD)
Table 9.3 Summary of trading details, transport time and documents for trading across borders in
Nigeria
Lagos Kano
Export Import Import

Export
HS 40: Rubber
HS 8708:
and articles
Parts and
thereof
accessories
HS 40:ofRubber
motor
HS 8708:
and
vehicles
articles
Parts and
thereof
accessories of motor
Product
Lagos Kano
Export Import Export Import
Trade partner United Kingdom Japan United Kingdom Japan

Border Apapa port Apapa port Apapa port Apapa port
Distance (km) 11 11 1002 1002
Domestic transport time 5 5 100 100
(hours)
Domestic transport cost 436 436 1650 1650
(USD)
Documents used to export
Bill of lading
Cargo Release order
EUR 1 - Certificate of origin
Commercial invoice
Single Goods Declaration (SGD) Form C 2010
Nigerian Export Proceeds Form (NXP Form)
Clean Certificate of Inspection (CCI)
Packing list
Terminal handling receipt
Request for information (RFI)
Documents used to import
Bill of lading
Cargo Release Order
Combined Certificate of Value and Origin

(CCVO)
Commercial invoice
Exit Gate
e-Form "M" (valid for foreign exchange)
Letter of Credit
Manufacturer's certificate of
production or SONCAP
Packing list
Payment receipt of customs fees and duties
Pre-Arrival Assessment Report (PAAR)
Single Goods Declaration (SGD)
Terminal handling receipts
Product Certificate 1 (Unregistered Status)

Note: Doing Business continues to collect data on the number of documents needed to trade internationally.
Unlike in previous years, however, these data are excluded from the calculation of the distance to frontier
score and ranking. The time and cost for documentary compliance serve as better measures of the overall
cost and complexity of compliance with documentary requirements than does the number of documents
required.
Figure 9.2 Summary of Nigeria on the ease of trading across borders
Export (Lagos) Import (Lagos)
Export (Kano) Import (Kano)

ENFORCING CONTRACTS The seller sues the buyer before the court with
jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of
Effective commercial dispute resolution has income per capita or $5,000.
many benefits. Courts are essential for
entrepreneurs because they interpret the
rules of the market and protect economic
rights. Efficient and transparent courts
encourage new business relationships
because businesses know they can rely on
the courts if a new customer fails to pay.
Speedy trials are essential for small
enterprises, which may lack the resources
to stay in business while awaiting the
outcome of a long court dispute.
Doing Business measures the time and cost
for resolving a standardized commercial
dispute through a local first-instance court.
In addition, this year it introduces a new
measure, the quality of judicial processes
index, evaluating whether each economy
has adopted a series of good practices that
promote quality and efficiency in the court
system. This new index replaces the
indicator on procedures, which was
eliminated this year. The ranking of
economies on the ease of enforcing
contracts is determined by sorting their
distance to frontier scores. These scores are
the simple average of the distance to
frontier scores for each of the component
indicators.
The dispute in the case study involves the
breach of a sales contract between 2
domestic businesses. The case study
assumes that the court hears an expert on
the quality of the goods in dispute. This
distinguishes the case from simple debt
enforcement. To make the data comparable
across economies, Doing Business uses
several assumptions about the case:
The dispute concerns a lawful
transaction between two businesses
(Seller and Buyer), both located in the
economys largest business city. For 11
economies the data are also collected for
the second largest business city.
The buyer orders custom-made goods,
then fails to pay.
The value of the dispute is 200% of the
income per capita or the equivalent in
local currency of USD 5,000, whichever
is greater.
WHAT THE ENFORCING CONTRACTS INDICATORS MEASURE
The seller requests a pretrial attachment to
secure the claim.
Time required to enforce a contract through the courts (calendar days)
The dispute on the quality of the goods
Time to file and serve the case
requires an expert opinion.
Time for trial and to obtain the judgment Time to enforce the judgment
The judge decides in favor of the seller;
Cost required to enforce a contract through the courts (% of claim)
Attorney fees Court fees Enforcement fees there is no appeal.

Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) Court Thestructure
seller enforces the judgment
and proceedings through
(0-6) a
Case management (0-6
Court automation (0-4) public sale of the buyers movable assets.
Alternative dispute resolution (0-3)
ENFORCING CONTRACTS
How efficient is the process of resolving a and ease of doing business ranking at the end
commercial dispute through the courts in
of this profile for more details.
Nigeria? According to data collected by Doing
Business, contract enforcement takes Globally, Nigeria stands at 139 in the ranking
509.8 days and costs 57.7% of the value of of 190 economies on the ease of enforcing
the claim. Most indicator sets refer to the contracts (figure 10.1). The rankings for
largest business city of an economy, except for comparator economies and the regional
11 economies for which the data are a average ranking provide other useful
population-weighted average of the 2 largest benchmarks for assessing the efficiency of
business cities. See the chapter on distance to contract enforcement in Nigeria.
frontier
Figure 10.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of enforcing contracts

ENFORCING CONTRACTS
The data on time and cost reported here for ECONOMY DETAILS
Nigeria are built by following the step-by-step
evolution of a commercial sale dispute within
Claim value - NGN 976,090
the court, under the assumptions about the
Kano:
case described above (figure 10.2). The time
and cost of resolving the standardized Claim value - NGN 976,090
dispute are identified through study of the Lagos:
codes of civil procedure and other court
regulations, as well as through Court name - Kano Magistrates
questionnaires completed by local litigation Kano: Court
lawyers (and, in a quarter of the economies Court name - Lagos Magistrates
covered by Doing Business, by judges as Lagos: Court
well).
City: Lagos, Kano
Figure 10.2 Time and cost of contract enforcement in Nigeria and comparator economies

Table 10.2 Details on time and cost for enforcing contracts in Nigeria
Sub-
Indicator Lagos Kano
Saharan
Africa
Time (days) 447.0 720.0 655
Filing and service 40 21
Trial and judgment 265 661
Enforcement of judgment 142 38
Cost (% of claim) 62.0 43.4 44.3
Attorney fees 45.0 25.0
Court fees 12.0 11.3
Enforcement fees 5.0 7.1

ENFORCING CONTRACTS
Quality of judicial processes index The scores reported here show which of these
The quality of judicial processes index good practices are available in Nigeria (figure
measures whether each economy has 10.3).
adopted a series of good practices in its
court system in four areas: court structure This methodology was initially developed by
and proceedings, case management, court Djankov and others (2003) and is adopted here
automation and alternative dispute with several changes. The quality of judicial
resolution. The score on the quality of processes index was introduced in Doing
judicial processes index is the sum of the Business 2016. The good practices tested in
scores on these 4 sub-components. The this index were developed on the basis of
index ranges from 0 to 18, with higher internationally recognized good practices
values indicating better, more efficient promoting judicial efficiency.
judicial processes.
Figure 10.3 Quality of judicial processes index in Nigeria and comparator economies

Table 10.3 Details of the quality of judicial processes index in Nigeria
Answ Answ Scor
Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 8.0 6.5
Court structure and proceedings (0-5) 4.5 3.0
1. Is there a court or division of a court

Yes 1.5 No 0.0
dedicated solely to hearing commercial
cases?
2. Small claims court 1.5 1.5
2.a. Is there a small claims court or a

Yes Yes
fast-track procedure for small claims?
2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes Yes
3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
4. Are new cases assigned randomly to Yes, Yes,

0.5 0.5
judges? but but
manua manua
5. Does a woman's testimony carry the
Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
same evidentiary weight in court as a
man's?
Case management (0-6) 1.0 1.0
1. Time standards 1.0 1.0
1.a. Are there laws setting overall time

Yes Yes
standards for key court events in a civil case?
1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for

Yes Yes
at least three court events?
1.c. Are these time standards respected in

Yes Yes
more than 50% of cases?
2. Adjournments 0.0 0.0
2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum

Yes Yes
number of adjournments that can be
granted?
2.b. Are adjournments limited to
No No
unforeseen and exceptional
circumstances?
2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they
No No
respected in more than 50% of cases?
3. Can two of the following four reports be

generated about the competent court: (i) time
to disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; No 0.0 No 0.0
(iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv)
single case progress report?
4. Is a pretrial conference among the case No 0.0 No 0.0

management techniques used before the
118
Answ Answ Scor

Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
court?
5. Are there any electronic case management

No 0.0 No 0.0
tools in place within the competent court for
use by judges?
6. Are there any electronic case management
No 0.0 No 0.0
tools in place within the competent court for
use by lawyers?
Court automation (0-4) 0.0 0.0
1. Can the initial complaint be filed

electronically through a dedicated platform No 0.0 No 0.0
within the competent court?
2. Is it possible to carry out service of

process electronically for claims filed before No 0.0 No 0.0
the competent court?
3. Can court fees be paid electronically

No 0.0 No 0.0
within the competent court?
4. Publication of judgments 0.0 0.0
4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial

cases at all levels made available to the
general public through publication in official No No
gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or
court website?
4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial
cases at the appellate and supreme court
level made available to the general public No No
through publication in official gazettes, in
newspapers or on the internet or court
website?
Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 2.5
1. Arbitration 1.5 1.5
1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration

governed by a consolidated law or
consolidated chapter or section of the Yes Yes
applicable code of civil procedure
encompassing substantially all its aspects?
1.b. Are there any commercial disputes
aside from those that deal with public order No No
or public policy that cannot be submitted to
arbitration?
1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or
Yes Yes
agreements usually enforced by the
courts?
2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.0 1.0
2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation Yes Yes

available?
2017 a
Answ Answ Scor

Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both
governed by a consolidated law or
consolidated chapter or section of the Yes Yes
applicable code of civil procedure
encompassing substantially all their aspects?
2.c. Are there financial incentives for parties
to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., if
mediation or conciliation is successful, a No No
refund of court filing fees, income tax credits
or the like)?
RESOLVING INSOLVENCY
A robust bankruptcy system functions as a WHAT THE RESOLVING INSOLVENCY
filter, ensuring the survival of economically
INDICATORS MEASURE
efficient companies and reallocating the
resources of inefficient ones. Fast and
cheap insolvency proceedings result in the
Time required
speedy to recover
return ofdebt (years) to normal
businesses
Measured in operation
calendar yearsand increase returns to
Appeals and creditors.
requestsBy for clarifying
extension the expectations of
are included
creditors
Cost required and debtors
to recover debt about
(% of the outcome
debtors of
estate)
Measured as insolvency
percentage proceedings,
of estate value well-functioning
Court fees
insolvency
Fees of insolvency systems canLawyers
administrators facilitatefees
access to
Assessors and auctioneers fees Other related fees and
finance, save more viable businesses
Outcome sustainably grow the economy.
Whether business
What docontinues operating
the indicators cover?as a going concern or business assets are sold piecemeal
Recovery rate for creditors
Measures theDoing Business
cents studies
on the dollar the time,
recovered by cost andcreditors
secured
outcome of insolvency proceedings involving
Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be recovered
domestic legal entities. These variables are
Official costs
usedof the
to insolvency
calculate the proceedings
recovery are deducted
rate, which
Depreciation of furniture is taken into
is recorded as cents on the dollar account
Present value of debt recovered
recovered by secured creditors through
Strength of reorganization, framework
insolvency liquidationindexor (0- 16)debt
Sum of theenforcement
scores of four (foreclosure
component indices: Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) Management of debtors assets
or receivership)
Creditor participation
proceedings. indexTo(0-4)determine the present
value of the amount recovered by creditors,
Doing Business uses the lending rates from
the International Monetary Fund,
supplemented with data from central banks
and the Economist Intelligence Unit.
To make the data on the time, cost and
outcome comparable across economies,
several assumptions about the business and
the case are used:
A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has
201 employees and 50 suppliers. The hotel
experiences financial difficulties.
The value of the hotel is 100% of the
income per capita or the equivalent in
local currency of USD 200,000,
whichever is greater.
The hotel has a loan from a domestic
bank, secured by a mortgage over the
hotels real estate. The hotel cannot pay
back the loan, but makes enough money
to operate otherwise.
In addition, Doing Business evaluates the
adequacy and integrity of the existing
legal framework applicable to liquidation
and reorganization proceedings through the
strength of insolvency framework index. The
index tests whether economies adopted
internationally accepted good practices in
four areas: commencement of proceedings,
management of debtors assets,
reorganization proceedings and creditor
participation.
Globally, Nigeria stands at 140 in the ranking framework index. The Resolving Insolvency
of 190 economies on the ease of resolving indicator does not measure insolvency
insolvency (figure 11.1). The ranking of proceedings of individuals and financial
economies on the ease of resolving insolvency institutions. The data are derived from
is determined by sorting their distance to questionnaire responses by local insolvency
frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These practitioners and verified through a study of
scores are the simple average of the distance laws and regulations as well as public
to frontier scores for the recovery rate and information on bankruptcy systems.
the strength of insolvency
Figure 11.1 How Nigeria and comparator economies rank on the ease of resolving insolvency

Recovery of debt in insolvency
Data on the time, cost and outcome refer to scenario in the largest business city of an
the most likely in-court insolvency procedure economy, except for 11 economies for which
applicable under specific case study the data are a population-weighted average of
assumptions. the 2 largest business cities.
According to data collected by Doing Business,
resolving insolvency takes 2.0 years on average
and costs 22.0% of the debtors estate. The
average recovery rate is 27.8 cents on the
dollar. Most indicator sets refer to a case
Figure 11.2 Efficiency of proceedings - time, cost and recovery rate in Nigeria and comparator economies.

Note: The recovery rate is calculated based on the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving
domestic legal entities and is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors. The calculation
takes into account the outcome: whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or
the assets are sold piecemeal. Then the costs of the proceedings are deducted. Finally, the value lost as a
result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken into account. The recovery
rate is the present value of the remaining proceeds, based on end-2015 lending rates.
Table 11.1 Summary of data for the strength of insolvency framework index Nigeria
Answer Explanation
After Mirage's default on payment, BizBank will initiate
liquidation foreclosure by exercising the security interest; however
Proceeding Lago (after an
s, other unsecured creditors can seek to initiate a collective
attempt at proceeding thus converting the procedure into liquidation.
Kano foreclosure)
Upon the completion of liquidation proceeding, the hotel

Outcome Lago piecemeal will stop operating and Mirage assets will be sold
s, sale piecemeal usually through private sale.
Kano
The liquidation proceeding converted from foreclosure
attempt will take approximate 2 years in total. After
BizBank's application for foreclosure, the court will grant an
order which would last for 6 months within which period
Mirage may redeem its equity of redemption or repay.
Either BizBank may not be willing to wait for that long
Time (in Lago 2.0 period, or other unsecured creditors file for collective
years) s, liquidation proceeding, the foreclosure procedure gets
Kano converted to liquidation. It then takes half a year for the
Court to review the case, notify relevant parties, hold
hearing and have a liquidation order issued. The court will
appoint a liquidator who will finalize creditors' claims
usually within 6 months. Then the preparation and
execution of the sale will take an additional half year until
BizBank is repaid some or all of the money owed to it.
The costs associated with the case would amount to

approximately 22% of the value of the debtor's estate.
Cost (% Lago Cost incurred during the entire insolvency process mainly
22.0 include attorney fees (8%), insolvency representative or
of s,
receiver fees(7%), fees of accountants, assessors,
estate) Kano inspectors and other professionals (1-3%), fees of
auctioneers (2-3%), and cost of notification and
publication (2-4%).
Recovery rate: 27.8
Strength of resolving insolvency with higher values indicating insolvency
legislation that is better designed for
index rehabilitating viable firms and liquidating
The strength of insolvency framework index nonviable ones. Nigeria scores 5.0 out of 16 on
is the sum of the scores on the the strength of resolving insolvency index.
commencement of proceedings index,
management of debtors assets index,
reorganization proceedings index and
creditor participation index. The index
ranges from 0 to 16,
Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) in Nigeria and comparator economies

Note: Even if the economys legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation
or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost
and outcome indicators are recorded as no practice.
Table 11.2 Summary of data for the strength of insolvency framework index Nigeria
Answ Answ Scor
Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 5.0 5.0
Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 2.0
(b) (b)
What procedures are available to a Debtor Debtor
may file 0.5 may file 0.5
DEBTOR when commencing insolvency
for for
proceedings?
liquidatio liquidatio
n n
(b) Yes,
(b) Yes, but
a creditor but a
Does the insolvency framework allow a 0.5 creditor 0.5
CREDITOR to file for insolvency of the debtor? may
may file
file for for
liquidatio liquidatio
n only n
(a)
(a) Debtor Debtor is
What basis for commencement of the is generally
insolvency proceedings is allowed under 1.0 unable to 1.0
generally
the insolvency framework? pay its
unable to debts
pay its as
debts as they
they mature mature
Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 2.0 2.0
Does the insolvency framework allow the

continuation of contracts supplying essential No 0.0 No 0.0
goods and services to the debtor?
Does the insolvency framework allow the

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome
contracts?
Does the insolvency framework allow
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
avoidance of preferential transactions?
Does the insolvency framework allow

No 0.0 No 0.0
avoidance of undervalued transactions?
Does the insolvency framework provide

for the possibility of the debtor obtaining No 0.0 No 0.0
credit after commencement of
insolvency proceedings?
(c) No (c) No
priority is
Does the insolvency framework assign priority priority is assigned
0.0 0.0
to post- commencement credit? assigned to to
post- post-
commence commenc
m ent e ment
creditors
Answ Answ Scor
Score
er er e
(Lagos)
(Lago (Kano (Kan
creditors
Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 0.0 0.0
Which creditors vote on the proposed

N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0
reorganization plan?
Does the insolvency framework require that
dissenting creditors in reorganization receive at No 0.0 No 0.0
least as much as what they would obtain in a
liquidation?
Are the creditors devided into classes for the
purposes of voting on the reorganization plan,
does each class vote separately and are No 0.0 No 0.0
creditors in the same class treated equally?
Creditor participation index (0-4) 1.0 1.0
Does the insolvency framework require approval

by the creditors for selection or appointment of Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
the insolvency representative?
Does the insolvency framework require approval

No 0.0 No 0.0
by the creditors for sale of substantial assets of
the debtor?
Does the insolvency framework provide that a
creditor has the right to request information No 0.0 No 0.0
from the insolvency representative?
Does the insolvency framework provide that a
creditor has the right to object to decisions No 0.0 No 0.0
accepting or rejecting creditors' claims?

LABOR MARKET
Operates a supermarket or grocery store
REGULATION in the economys largest business city.
Doing Business studies the flexibility of For 11 economies the data are also
regulation of employment, specifically as it collected for the second largest
relates to the areas of hiring, working hours business city.
and redundancy. Doing Business also measures Has 60 employees.
several aspects of job quality such as the Is subject to collective bargaining
availability of maternity leave, paid sick leave agreements if such agreements cover
and the equal treatment of men and women at more than 50% of the food retail sector
the workplace. and they apply even to firms that are
not party to them.
Doing Business 2017 presents the data for Abides by every law and regulation but
the labor market regulation indicators in an does not grant workers more benefits
than those mandated by law, regulation
annex. The report does not present rankings
or (if applicable) collective bargaining
of economies on these indicators or include the agreements.
topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score
or ranking on the ease of doing business.
Detailed data collected on labor market
regulation are available on the Doing Business
website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). The
data on labor market regulation are based on
a detailed questionnaire on employment
regulations that is completed by local lawyers
and public officials. Employment laws and
regulations as well as secondary sources are
reviewed to ensure accuracy.

worker and the business are used.
The worker:
Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery
store, age 19, with one year of work
experience.
Is a full-time employee.
Is not a member of the labor union,
unless membership is mandatory.
The business:
Is a limited liability company (or the
equivalent in the economy).
LABOR MARKET REGULATION
The data reported here for Nigeria are based Employment laws and regulations as well as
on a detailed survey of labor market
secondary sources are reviewed to ensure
regulation that is completed by local
lawyers and public officials. accuracy.
Hiring minimum wage to the average value added per

Data on hiring cover five areas: (i) whether worker (the ratio of an economys GNI per
fixed-term contracts are prohibited for capita to the working-age population as a
permanent tasks; (ii) the maximum cumulative percentage of the total population).
duration of fixed-term contracts;
(iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19,
with one year of work experience; and (iv)
the ratio of the
Lago Kan
Hiring
s o
Data Dat
Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No
Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) No limit No limit
Maximum length of fixed-term contracts, including renewals No limit No limit
(months)
Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the 100.5 100.5
case study (US$/month)
Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.2 0.2

Working hours
and nonnursing women can work the same
Data on working hours cover nine areas: i) the night hours as men; (vii) whether there are
maximum number of working days allowed restrictions on weekly holiday work; (viii)
per week; (ii) the premium for night work (as a whether there are restrictions on overtime
percentage of hourly pay); work; and (ix) the average paid annual leave for
(iii) the premium for work on a weekly rest day workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure,
(as a percentage of hourly pay); (iv) the and 10 years of
premium for overtime work (as a percentage of tenure.
hourly pay); (v) whether there are restrictions
on night work; (vi) whether nonpregnant
Lago Kan
Working Hours
s o
Data Dat
Maximum number of working days per week 6.0 6.0
Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 0.0
Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 0.0 0.0
Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 0.0
Restrictions on night work? No No
Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work Yes Yes

the same night hours as men
Restrictions on weekly holiday? No No
Restrictions on overtime work? No No
Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working 6.0 6.0
days)
Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working 6.0 6.0
days)
Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure 6.0 6.0
(working days)
Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years 6.0 6.0
of tenure, in working days)

Redundancy rules
Data on redundancy cover nine areas: (i) the
length of the maximum probationary period (in whether the employer needs approval from a
months) for permanent employees; (ii) third party to terminate one redundant
whether redundancy is allowed as a basis for worker; (vi) whether the employer needs
terminating workers; (iii) whether the employer approval from a third party to terminate a
needs to notify a third party (such as a group of nine redundant workers; (vii) whether
government agency) to terminate one the law requires the employer to reassign or
redundant worker; retrain a worker before making the worker
redundant; (viii) whether priority rules apply for
(iv)whether the employer needs to notify a third
redundancies; and (ix) whether priority
party to terminate a group of nine rules apply for reemployment.
redundant workers; (v)
Lago Kan
Difficulty of redundancy index
s o
Data Dat
Maximum length of probationary period (months) 3.0 3.0
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes
Third-party notification if one worker is dismissed? No No
Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No No
Third-party notification if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Yes
Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No No
Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No No
Priority rules for redundancies? Yes Yes
Priority rules for reemployment? No No

Redundancy cost
Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance
notice requirements and severance payments severance payments applicable to a worker
due when terminating a redundant worker, with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years
expressed in weeks of salary. The average and a worker with 10 years is considered. One
value of notice requirements and month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks.
Lago Kan
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks)
s o
Data Dat
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1.0 1.0
1 year of tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 4.3 4.3
years of tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 4.3 4.3
years of tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers 3.2 3.2
with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure)
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 0.0 0.0
1 year of tenure
5 years of tenure
10 years of tenure
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for 0.0 0.0
workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure)

Job quality
Doing Business introduced new data on job quality in 2015. Doing Business 2017 covers eight
questions on job quality (i) whether the law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value;
(ii) whether the law mandates nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (iii) whether the law
mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iv) the minimum length of paid maternity leave (in
calendar days); (v) whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages; (vi) the
availability of five fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vii) whether a worker is eligible for an
unemployment protection scheme after one year of service; and (viii) the minimum duration of the
contribution period (in months) required for unemployment.
Lago Kan
Job Quality
s o
Data Dat
Equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No
Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? No No
Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Yes
Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 84.0 84.0
Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? No No
Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? Yes Yes
Unemployment protection after one year of employment? No No
Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection n.a. n.a.
(months)?

DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS
RANKING
Doing Business presents results for two even though it is no longer at the frontier in a
aggregate measures: the distance to frontier subsequent year.
score and the ease of doing business ranking,
which is based on the distance to frontier For scores such as those on the strength of legal
score. The ease of doing business ranking rights index or the quality of land
compares economies with one another; the administration index, the frontier is set at the
distance to frontier score benchmarks highest possible value. For the total tax rate,
economies with respect to regulatory best consistent with the use of a threshold in
practice, showing the absolute distance to the calculating the rankings on this indicator, the
best performance on each Doing Business frontier is defined as the total tax rate at the
indicator. When compared across years, the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all
distance to frontier score shows how much the years included in the analysis up to and
regulatory environment for local entrepreneurs including Doing Business 2015. For the time to
in an economy has changed over time in pay taxes the frontier is defined as the
absolute terms, while the ease of doing lowest time recorded among all economies that
business ranking can show only how much the levy the three major taxes: profit tax, labor
regulatory environment has changed relative to taxes and mandatory contributions, and value
that in other economies. added tax (VAT) or sales tax. For the different
times to trade across borders, the frontier is
defined as 1 hour even though in many
Distance to Frontier economies the time is less than that.
The distance to frontier score captures the gap In the same formulation, to mitigate the
between an economys performance and a effects of extreme outliers in the distributions
measure of best practice across the entire of the rescaled data for most component
sample of 36 indicators for 10 Doing Business indicators (very few economies need 700
topics (the labor market regulation indicators days to complete the procedures to start a
are excluded). For starting a business, for business, but many need 9 days), the worst
example, the former Yugoslav Republic of performance is calculated after the removal of
Macedonia and New Zealand have the outliers. The definition of outliers is based on
smallest number of procedures required (1), the distribution for each component indicator.
and New Zealand the shortest time to fulfill To simplify the process two rules were defined:
them (0.5 days). Slovenia has the lowest cost the 95th percentile is used for the indicators
(0.0), and Australia, Colombia and 103 other with the most dispersed distributions (including
economies have no paid-in minimum capital
minimum capital, number of payments to pay
requirement (table 14.1 in the Doing taxes, and the time and cost indicators), and
Business 2016 report). the 99th percentile is used for number of
Calculation of the distance to frontier score procedures. No outlier is removed for
component indicators bound by definition or
Calculating the distance to frontier score for construction, including legal index scores (such
each economy involves two main steps. In as the depth of credit information index, extent
the first step individual component indicators of conflict of interest regulation index and
are normalized to a common unit where each strength of insolvency framework index) and
of the 36 component indicators y (except for the recovery rate.
the total tax rate) is rescaled using the linear
transformation (worst y)/(worst frontier). In the second step for calculating the distance
In this formulation the frontier represents the to frontier score, the scores obtained for
best performance on the indicator across all individual indicators for each economy are
economies since 2005 or the third year in aggregated through simple averaging into one
which data for the indicator were collected. distance to frontier score, first for each topic
Both the best performance and the worst and then across all 10 topics: starting a
performance are established every five years business, dealing with construction permits,
based on the Doing Business data for the year getting electricity, registering property, getting
in which they are established, and remain at credit, protecting minority investors, paying
that level for the five years regardless of any taxes, trading across borders, enforcing
changes in data in interim years. Thus an contracts and resolving insolvency. More
economy may set the frontier for an indicator complex aggregation methodssuch as
principal components and unobserved
componentsyield a ranking nearly
identical to the simple average used by Doing The nonlinear transformation is not based on
2
Business . Thus Doing Business uses the any economic theory of an optimal tax rate
simplest method: weighting all topics equally that minimizes distortions or maximizes
and, within each topic, giving equal weight to efficiency in an economys overall tax
3
each of the topic components . system. Instead, it is mainly empirical in
nature. The nonlinear transformation along
An economys distance to frontier score is
with the threshold reduces the bias in the
indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0
indicator toward economies that do not need to
represents the worst performance and 100 the
levy significant taxes on companies like the
frontier. All distance to frontier calculations are
Doing Business standardized case study
based on a maximum of five decimals.
company because they raise public revenue in
However, indicator ranking calculations and the
other waysfor example, through taxes on
ease of doing business ranking calculations are
foreign companies, through taxes on sectors
based on two decimals.
other than manufacturing or from natural
The difference between an economys distance resources (all of which are outside the scope of
to frontier score in any previous year and its the methodology). In addition, it acknowledges
score in 2015 illustrates the extent to which the the need of economies to collect taxes from
economy has closed the gap to the regulatory firms.
frontier over time. And in any given year the
score measures how far an economy is from Calculation of scores for economies with 2 cities
the best performance at that time. covered
Treatment of the total tax rate For each of the 11 economies in which Doing
Business collects data for the second largest
The total tax rate component of the paying business city as well as the largest one, the
taxes indicator set enters the distance to distance to frontier score is calculated as the
frontier calculation in a different way than any population-weighted average of the distance
other indicator. The distance to frontier score to frontier scores for these two cities (table
obtained for the total tax rate is transformed 13.1). This is done for the aggregate score, the
in a nonlinear fashion before it enters the scores for each topic and the scores for all the
distance to frontier score for paying taxes. As a component indicators for each topic.
result of the nonlinear transformation, an
increase in the total tax rate has a smaller
impact on the distance to frontier score for
the total tax rateand therefore on the
distance to frontier score for paying taxesfor
economies with a below-average total tax rate
than it would have had before this approach
was adopted in Doing Business 2015 (line B is
smaller than line A in figure 14.2 in the Doing
Business 2016 report). And for economies with
an extreme total tax rate (a rate that is very
high relative to the average), an increase has
a greater impact on both these distance to
frontier scores than it would have had before
(line D is bigger than line C in figure 14.2 in the
Doing Business 2016 report).
2
See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005). Principal
components and unobserved components methods yield a
ranking nearly identical to that from the simple average
method because both these methods assign roughly equal
weights to the topics, since the pairwise correlations
among indicators do not differ much. An alternative to the
simple average method is to give different weights to the
topics, depending on which are considered of more or less
importance in the context of a specific economy.
3
For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally,
according to their contribution to the total score, with a
weight of 60% assigned to the strength of legal rights index
and 40% to the depth of credit information index.
Indicators for all other topics are assigned equal weights
Table 13.1 Weights used in calculating the distance to implemented regulatory reforms making it
frontier scores for economies with 2 cities covered easier to do business in 3 or more of the 10
topics included in this years aggregate
Economy City Weight distance to frontier score. Changes making it
Dhaka
(%)
78 more difficult to do business are subtracted
Bangladesh from the total number of those making it easier
Chittagong 22
to do business. Twenty-four economies meet
So Paulo 61
Brazil this criterion: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Benin;
Rio de Janeiro 39
Costa Rica; Cte dIvoire; Cyprus; Hong Kong
Shanghai 55 SAR, China; Indonesia; Jamaica; Kazakhstan;
China
Beijing 45 Kenya; Lithuania; Madagascar; Mauritania;
Mumbai 47 Morocco; Romania; the Russian Federation;
India
Delhi 53 Rwanda; Senegal; Togo; Uganda; the United
Indonesia
Jakarta 78 Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; and Vietnam.
Surabaya 22 Second, Doing Business sorts these economies
Tokyo 65 on the increase in their distance to frontier
Japan
Osaka 35 score from the previous year using comparable
Mexico City 83 data.
Mexico
Monterrey 17 Selecting the economies that implemented
Nigeria
Lagos 77 regulatory reforms in at least three topics
Kano 23 and had the biggest improvements in their
Karachi 65 distance to frontier scores is intended to
Pakistan
Lahore 35 highlight economies with ongoing, broad- based
Moscow 70 reform programs. The improvement in the
Russian Federation distance to frontier score is used to identify
Source: United Nations, St.
Department of Economic
Petersburg 30and
Social Affairs, Population Division, the top improvers because this allows a focus
New York World Urbanization
60
United States
Prospects, 2014 Revision. on the absolute improvementin contrast with
Los Angeles 40
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD- ROM/Default.aspx. the relative improvement shown by a change in
rankingsthat economies have made in their
Economies that improved the most regulatory environment for business.
across 3 or more Doing Business topics in
2014/15
Ease of Doing Business ranking
Doing Business 2016 uses a simple method to
calculate which economies improved the ease The ease of doing business ranking ranges from
of doing business the most. First, it selects the 1 to 190. The ranking of economies is
economies that in 2014/15 determined by sorting the aggregate distance
to frontier scores, rounded to 2 decimals.
RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE
Current features Law library
News on the Doing Business project Online collection of business laws and
http://www.doingbusiness.org regulations relating to business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library
Rankings
How economies rankfrom 1 to 190 Contributors
http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings More than 11,400 specialists in 190
economies who participate in Doing
Data Business
All the data for 190 economiestopic http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors/d
rankings, indicator values, lists of oing- business
regulatory procedures and details
underlying indicators Entrepreneurship data
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data Data on business density (number of
newly registered companies per 1,000
Reports working-age people) for 136 economies
Access to Doing Business reports as http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopic
well as subnational and regional reports, s/ent repreneurship
case studies and customized economy and
regional profiles Distance to frontier
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports Data benchmarking 190 economies to the
frontier in regulatory practice and a
Methodology distance to frontier calculator
The methodologies and research papers http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/distance
underlying Doing Business -to- frontier
http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology
Information on good practices
Research Showing where the many good practices
Abstracts of papers on Doing Business identified by Doing Business have been
topics and related policy issues adopted
http://www.doingbusiness.org/research http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/good-
practice
Doing Business reforms
Short summaries of DB2017 business
regulation reforms and lists of reforms since
DB2008
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms
Historical data
Customized data sets since DB2004
http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query
2017 a

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Doing Business Nigeria

Economy Profile 2017

Some rights reserved

Rights and Permissions

ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0948-4

Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.

As part of a three-year update in methodology, having equal evidentiary weight of womens

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Source: Doing Business database.

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - Nigeria

Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - Nigeria

Source: Doing Business database.

Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for Nigeria

United Kingdom DB2017

South Africa DB2017

Best performer globally

Dealing with 174 173 -- -- 185 152 99 17 1 (New Zealand)

United Kingdom DB2017

South Africa DB2017

Best performer globally

Cost (% of 0.1 (Trinidad

United Kingdom DB2017

South Africa DB2017

Best performer globally

Quality of the land

Getting Credit 44 60 -- -- 44 32 62 20 1 (New Zealand)

United Kingdom DB2017

South Africa DB2017

Best performer globally

Payments (number 3.0 (Hong Kong

Total tax rate

Trading across 100.00 (10

United Kingdom DB2017

South Africa DB2017

Best performer globally

Procedures to legally start and operate a

Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in Nigeria

Source: Doing Business database.

Source: Doing Business database.

Table 2.1 How has Nigeria made starting a business easier

Nigeria made starting a business easier by

Underlying the indicators shown in this

The Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) online system was

Agency: Corporate Affairs Commission

Prepare the requisite incorporation documents and

Sign the declaration of compliance (Form CAC

Register the company and pay fees

To register the company with the Corporate Affairs

Incorporation fees are:

The payment of registration fees can be made at the bank

Agency: Corporate Affairs Commission

Make a company seal

Section 74 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA)

Register for income tax and VAT

The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) requires the

The registration process requires submitting a completed

To register, the company must submit the taxpayer