WP Db17 Public India

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Doing Business 2017

India
India
Economy Profile 2017
Doing Business 2017 India 2
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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0948-4

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0984-2
DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0948-4
ISSN: 1729-2638
Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.

CONTENTS
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
Starting a business ..................................................................................................................... 17
Dealing with construction permits ........................................................................................... 37
Getting electricity ....................................................................................................................... 64
Registering property .................................................................................................................. 77
Getting credit .............................................................................................................................. 93
Protecting minority investors ................................................................................................... 99
Paying taxes .............................................................................................................................. 107
Trading across borders ............................................................................................................ 115
Enforcing contracts .................................................................................................................. 123
Resolving insolvency ................................................................................................................ 133
Labor market regulation ......................................................................................................... 140
Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking .................................................... 148
Resources on the Doing Business website ............................................................................ 151
INTRODUCTION
Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is provides data for other selected economies (comparator
for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are
medium-size business when complying with relevant current as of June 1, 2016 (except for the paying taxes
regulations. It measures and tracks changes in indicators, which cover the period January–December
regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a 2015).
business: starting a business, dealing with construction
The Doing Business methodology has limitations. Other
permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting
areas important to business—such as an economy’s
credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes,
proximity to large markets, the quality of its
trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving
infrastructure services (other than those related to
insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business
trading across borders and getting electricity), the
2017 presents the data for the labor market regulation
security of property from theft and looting, the
indicators in an annex. The report does not present
transparency of government procurement,
rankings of economies on labor market regulation
macroeconomic conditions or the underlying strength of
indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance
institutions—are not directly studied by Doing Business.
to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing
The indicators refer to a specific type of business,
business.
generally a local limited liability company operating in
In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents the largest business city. Because standard assumptions
quantitative indicators on business regulations and the are used in the data collection, comparisons and
protection of property rights that can be compared benchmarks are valid across economies. The data not
across 190 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business;
over time. The data set covers 48 economies in Sub- they also help identify the source of those obstacles,
Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 25 supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.
in East Asia and the Pacific, 25 in Eastern Europe and
More information is available in the full report. Doing
Central Asia, 20 in the Middle East and North Africa and
Business 2017 presents the indicators, analyzes their
8 in South Asia, as well as 32 OECD high-income
relationship with economic outcomes and presents
economies. The indicators are used to analyze economic
business regulatory reforms. The data, along with
outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where
information on ordering Doing Business 2017, are
and why.
available on the Doing Business website at
This economy profile presents the Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org.
indicators for India. To allow useful comparison, it also
CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2017
As part of a three-year update in methodology, Doing having equal evidentiary weight of women’s testimony in
Business 2017 expands further by adding postfiling court.
processes to the paying taxes indicator, including a
Also for the first time this year Doing Business collects
gender component in three of the indicators and
data on Somalia, bringing the total number of
developing a new pilot indicator on selling to the
economies covered to 190.
government. Also, for the first time this year Doing
Business collects data on Somalia, bringing the total
For more details on the changes, see the “”Old and new
number of economies covered to 190.
factors covered in Doing Business” section in the
The paying taxes indicator is expanded this year to Overview chapter starting on page 1 of the Doing
include postfiling processes – those processes that occur Business 2017 report. For more details on the data and
after a firm complies with its regular tax obligations. methodology, please see the “Data Notes” chapter
These include tax refunds, tax audits and tax appeals. In starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 report.
particular, Doing Business measures the time it takes to For more details on the distance to frontier metric,
get a value added tax (VAT) refund, deal with a simple please see the “Distance to frontier and ease of doing
mistake on a corporate tax return that can potentially business ranking” chapter in this profile.
trigger an audit and good practices with administrative
appeals process.
This year’s Doing Business report presents a gender
dimension in four of the indicator sets: starting a
business, registering property, enforcing contracts and
labor market regulation. Three of these areas are
included in the distance to frontier score and in the ease
of doing business ranking, while the fourth—labor
market regulation—is not.
Doing Business has traditionally assumed that the
entrepreneurs or workers discussed in the case studies
were men. This was incomplete by not reflecting
correctly the Doing Business processes as applied to
women—which in some economies may be different
from the processes applied to men. Starting this year,
Doing Business measures the starting a business process
for two case scenarios: one where all entrepreneurs are
men and one where all entrepreneurs are women. In
economies where the processes are more onerous if the
entrepreneur is a woman, Doing Business now counts the
extra procedures applied to roughly half of the
population that is female (for example, obtaining a
husband’s consent or gender-specific requirements for
opening a personal bank account when starting a
business). Within the registering property indicators, a
gender component has been added to the quality of
land administration index. This component measures
women’s ability to use, own, and transfer property
according to the law. Finally, within the enforcing
contracts indicator set, economies will be scored on
THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

For policy makers trying to improve their economy’s
regulatory environment for business, a good place to start ECONOMY OVERVIEW
is to find out how it compares with the regulatory
environment in other economies. Doing Business provides
an aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business
Region: South Asia
based on indicator sets that measure and benchmark
regulations applying to domestic small to medium-size Income category: Lower middle income
businesses through their life cycle. Economies are ranked
from 1 to 190 by the ease of doing business ranking. Population: 1,311,050,527
Doing Business presents results for 2 aggregate measures:
the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing GNI per capita (US$): 1,590
business ranking. The ranking of economies is determined
by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, DB2017 rank: 130
rounded to two decimals. An economy’s distance to
frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where DB2016 rank: 131*
0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier.
Change in rank: 1
(See the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of
doing business).
DB 2017 DTF: 55.27
The ease of doing business ranking compares economies
with one another; the distance to frontier score DB 2016 DTF: 53.93
benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory best
practice, showing the absolute distance to the best Change in DTF: 1.34
performance on each Doing Business indicator. When
compared across years, the distance to frontier score * DB2016 ranking shown is not last year’s published
shows how much the regulatory environment for local ranking but a comparable ranking for DB2016 that
entrepreneurs in an economy has changed over time in captures the effects of such factors as data revisions
absolute terms, while the ease of doing business ranking and the changes in methodology. See the data notes
can show only how much the regulatory environment has starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017
changed relative to that in other economies. report for sources and definitions.
The 10 topics included in the ranking in Doing Business

2017: starting a business, dealing with construction
permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting
credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading
across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving
insolvency. The labor market regulation indicators are not
included in this year’s aggregate ease of doing business
ranking, but the data are presented in the economy
profile.
Doing Business 2017 India

Figure 1.1 Where economies stand in the global ranking on the ease of doing business
Source: Doing Business database.

Doing Business 2017 India

For policy makers, knowing where their economy regional average (figure 1.2). The economy’s rankings
stands in the aggregate ranking on the ease of doing (figure 1.3) and distance to frontier scores (figure 1.4)
business is useful. Also useful is to know how it ranks on the topics included in the ease of doing business
relative to comparator economies and relative to the ranking provide another perspective.
Figure 1.2 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of doing business
Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores
for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to
regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s
distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier.
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities.
Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - India

(Scale: Rank 190 center, Rank 1 outer edge)
Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - India

(Scale: Score 0 center, Score 100 outer edge)

Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores
for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to
regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s
distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier.
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities.

Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business Doing Business introduced the distance to frontier score.
tells only part of the story, so do changes in that ranking. This measure shows how far on average an economy is
Yearly movements in rankings can provide some indication from the best performance achieved by any economy on
of changes in an economy’s regulatory environment for each Doing Business indicator.
firms, but they are always relative.
Comparing the measure for an economy at 2 points in time
Moreover, year-to-year changes in the overall rankings do allows users to assess how much the economy’s regulatory
not reflect how the business regulatory environment in an environment as measured by Doing Business has changed
economy has changed over time—or how it has changed over time—how far it has moved toward (or away from)
in different areas. To aid in assessing such changes, the most efficient practices and strongest regulations in
areas covered by Doing Business (figure 1.5).
Figure 1.5 How far has India come in the areas measured by Doing Business?
Note: The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is from the best performance achieved by any economy on
each Doing Business indicator. Starting a business is comparable to 2010. Getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes and
resolving insolvency had methodology changes in 2014 and thus are only comparable to 2013. Dealing with construction permits,
registering property, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and getting electricity had methodology changes in 2015 and thus are
only comparable to 2014. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the best performance (the
frontier). See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 report for more details on the distance to frontier score.

The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of regulation—such as a regulatory process that can be
the story (table 1.1). The indicators, on their own or in completed with a small number of procedures in a few
comparison with the indicators of a good practice days and at a low cost. Comparison of the economy’s
economy or those of comparator economies in the indicators today with those in the previous year may
region, may reveal bottlenecks reflected in large numbers show where substantial bottlenecks persist—and where
of procedures, long delays or high costs. Or they may they are diminishing.
reveal unexpected strengths in an area of business
Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for India
Best performer globally

Bangladesh DB2017
Russian Federation
Mumbai DB2017
Mexico DB2017
Indicator
China DB2017
Delhi DB2017
India DB2017
India DB2016
DB2017
DB2017
Starting a Business
155 151 -- -- 122 127 93 26 1 (New Zealand)
(Rank)
Starting a Business (DTF

74.31 73.74 72.41 75.99 81.74 81.02 85.74 93.57 99.96 (New Zealand)
Score)
Procedure – Men
12.9 12.9 14.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 7.8 3.7 1.0 (New Zealand)
(number)
Time – Men (days) 26.0 28.0 26.0 26.0 19.5 28.9 8.4 9.8 0.5 (New Zealand)
Cost – Men (% of
13.8 14.3 16.5 11.4 13.8 0.7 17.8 1.0 0.0 (Slovenia)
income per capita)
Procedure – Women
12.9 12.9 14.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 7.8 3.7 1.0 (New Zealand)
(number)
Time – Women (days) 26.0 28.0 26.0 26.0 19.5 28.9 8.4 9.8 0.5 (New Zealand)
Cost – Women (% of
13.8 14.3 16.5 11.4 13.8 0.7 17.8 1.0 0.0 (Slovenia)
income per capita)
Paid-in min. capital (%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (127 Economies*)
of income per capita)
Dealing with 185 184 -- -- 138 177 83 115 1 (New Zealand)

Construction Permits

Bangladesh DB2017
Russian Federation
Mumbai DB2017
Mexico DB2017
Indicator
China DB2017
Delhi DB2017
India DB2017
India DB2016
DB2017
DB2017
(Rank)
Dealing with
Construction Permits 32.83 32.83 35.06 30.86 61.60 48.52 69.79 65.86 87.40 (New Zealand)
(DTF Score)
Procedures (number) 35.1 35.1 42.0 29.0 14.2 22.0 13.0 13.7 7.0 (4 Economies*)
Time (days) 190.0 190.0 164.0 213.0 269.0 244.3 86.4 239.3 28.0 (Korea, Rep.)
Cost (% of warehouse 0.1 (Trinidad and

25.9 26.5 25.0 26.7 2.7 7.0 9.8 1.4
value) Tobago)
Building quality control

11.5 11.5 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 11.7 10.0 15.0 (Luxembourg*)
index (0-15)
Getting Electricity
26 51 -- -- 187 97 98 30 1 (Korea, Rep.)
(Rank)
Getting Electricity (DTF

85.09 79.76 85.16 85.03 16.17 68.73 68.32 84.37 99.88 (Korea, Rep.)
Score)
Time (days) 45.9 86.2 47.0 45.0 428.9 143.2 100.4 160.5 18.0 (Korea, Rep.*)
Cost (% of income per

133.2 442.3 73.0 186.6 2860.9 390.4 336.7 44.1 0.0 (Japan)
capita)
Reliability of supply and

transparency of tariff 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.0 6.0 6.2 8.0 8.0 (26 Economies*)
index (0-8)
Registering Property
138 140 -- -- 185 42 101 9 1 (New Zealand)
(Rank)
Registering Property
50.00 49.97 51.73 48.48 27.58 76.15 61.05 90.55 94.46 (New Zealand)
(DTF Score)

Bangladesh DB2017
Russian Federation
Mumbai DB2017
Mexico DB2017
Indicator
China DB2017
Delhi DB2017
India DB2017
India DB2016
DB2017
DB2017
Time (days) 46.8 46.8 46.5 47.0 244.0 19.5 42.1 15.0 1.0 (3 Economies*)
Cost (% of property
7.7 7.7 6.9 8.4 7.0 3.4 5.2 0.2 0.0 (Saudi Arabia)
value)
Quality of the land

administration index (0- 7.0 7.0 7.5 6.5 4.5 18.3 16.3 26.0 29.0 (Singapore)
30)
Getting Credit (Rank) 44 42 -- -- 157 62 5 44 1 (New Zealand)
Getting Credit (DTF

65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 25.00 60.00 90.00 65.00 100.00 (New Zealand)
Score)
Strength of legal rights

6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 10.0 6.0 12.0 (3 Economies*)
index (0-12)
Depth of credit
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 (30 Economies*)
information index (0-8)
Credit registry coverage

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 91.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 (3 Economies*)
(% of adults)
Credit bureau coverage

21.4 22.0 21.4 21.4 0.0 21.3 100.0 77.2 100.0 (23 Economies*)
(% of adults)
Protecting Minority
13 10 -- -- 70 123 53 53 1 (New Zealand*)
Investors (Rank)
Protecting Minority
73.33 73.33 73.33 73.33 56.67 45.00 60.00 60.00 83.33 (New Zealand*)
Investors (DTF Score)
Strength of minority
investor protection 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 5.7 4.5 6.0 6.0 8.3 (New Zealand)
index (0-10)
Extent of conflict of
interest regulation 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 5.0 6.0 5.0 9.3 (New Zealand)
index (0-10)
Extent of shareholder 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 8.3 (Norway)
governance index (0-

Bangladesh DB2017
Russian Federation
Mumbai DB2017
Mexico DB2017
Indicator
China DB2017
Delhi DB2017
India DB2017
India DB2016
DB2017
DB2017
10)
1 (United Arab
Paying Taxes (Rank) 172 172 -- -- 151 131 114 45
Emirates)
Paying Taxes (DTF 99.44 (United Arab

46.58 43.17 46.58 46.58 55.56 60.46 65.81 82.96
Score) Emirates)
Payments (number per 3.0 (Hong Kong SAR,

25.0 33.0 25.0 25.0 33.0 9.0 6.0 7.0
year) China*)
Time (hours per year) 241.0 243.0 241.0 241.0 435.0 259.0 286.0 168.0 55.0 (Luxembourg)
Total tax rate (% of

60.6 60.6 60.6 60.6 34.4 68.0 52.0 47.4 26.1 (32 Economies*)
profit)
Postfiling index (0-100) 4.3 4.3 98.5 (Estonia)
Trading across Borders

143 144 -- -- 173 96 61 140 1 (10 Economies*)
(Rank)
Trading across Borders 100.00 (10

57.61 56.45 57.98 57.28 34.86 69.13 82.09 57.96
(DTF Score) Economies*)
Time to export: Border

106 109 85 125 100 26 20 96 0 (18 Economies*)
compliance (hours)
Cost to export: Border

413 413 368 453 408 522 400 765 0 (18 Economies*)
compliance (USD)
Time to export:
Documentary 38 41 58 21 147 21 8 25 1 (25 Economies*)
compliance (hours)
Cost to export:
compliance (USD)
Time to import: Border

283 287 307 262 183 92 44 96 0 (25 Economies*)
compliance (hours)

Bangladesh DB2017
Russian Federation
Mumbai DB2017
Mexico DB2017
Indicator
China DB2017
Delhi DB2017
India DB2017
India DB2016
DB2017
DB2017
Cost to import: Border
574 574 556 590 1294 777 450 1125 0 (28 Economies*)
compliance (USD)
Time to import:
compliance (hours)
Cost to import:
compliance (USD)
Enforcing Contracts
172 178 -- -- 189 5 40 12 1 (Korea, Rep.)
(Rank)
Enforcing Contracts
35.19 32.41 35.19 35.19 22.21 77.98 67.01 74.96 84.15 (Korea, Rep.)
(DTF Score)
Time (days) 1420.0 1420.0 1420.0 1420.0 1442.0 452.8 340.7 337.0 164.0 (Singapore)
Cost (% of claim) 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.6 66.8 16.2 33.0 16.5 9.0 (Iceland)
Quality of judicial
9.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 7.5 14.3 10.1 11.0 15.5 (Australia)
processes index (0-18)
Resolving Insolvency
136 135 -- -- 151 53 30 51 1 (Finland)
(Rank)
Resolving Insolvency
32.75 32.59 32.75 32.75 27.02 55.82 73.11 56.69 93.89 (Finland)
(DTF Score)
Recovery rate (cents on

26.0 25.7 26.0 26.0 27.0 36.9 69.1 38.6 92.9 (Norway)
the dollar)
Time (years) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 1.7 1.8 2.0 0.4 (22 Economies*)
Cost (% of estate) 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 22.0 18.0 9.0 1.0 (22 Economies*)
Strength of insolvency
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 11.5 11.5 11.5 15.0 (6 Economies*)
framework index (0-16)

Note: DB2016 rankings shown are not last year’s published rankings but comparable rankings for DB2016 that capture the effects of such
factors as data revisions and changes to the methodology. The global best performer on time for paying taxes is defined as the lowest
time recorded among all economies in the DB2016 sample that levy the 3 major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory
contributions, and VAT or sales tax. If an economy has no laws or regulations covering a specific area—for example, insolvency—it
receives a “no practice” mark. Similarly, an economy receives a “no practice” mark if regulation exists but is never used in practice or if a
competing regulation prohibits such practice. Either way, a “no practice” mark puts the economy at the bottom of the ranking on the
relevant indicator. * Two or more economies share the top ranking on this indicator. A number shown in place of an economy’s name
indicates the number of economies that share the top ranking on the indicator. For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business
website (http://www.doingbusiness.org).
STARTING A BUSINESS
Formal registration of companies has many WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS
immediate benefits for the companies and for
business owners and employees. Legal entities can INDICATORS MEASURE
outlive their founders. Resources are pooled as
several shareholders join forces to start a company. Procedures to legally start and operate a
Formally registered companies have access to company (number)
services and institutions from courts to banks as well
Preregistration (for example, name
as to new markets. And their employees can benefit
verification or reservation, notarization)
from protections provided by the law. An additional
benefit comes with limited liability companies. These Registration in the economy’s largest
limit the financial liability of company owners to their business city1
investments, so personal assets of the owners are not
Postregistration (for example, social security
put at risk. Where governments make registration
registration, company seal)
easy, more entrepreneurs start businesses in the
formal sector, creating more good jobs and Obtaining approval from spouse to start a
generating more revenue for the government. business, to leave the home to register the
company or open a bank account.
What do the indicators cover?
Obtaining any gender specific document for
Doing Business records all procedures officially
company registration and operation, national
required, or commonly done in practice, for an
identification card or opening a bank
entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an
account.
industrial or commercial business, as well as the time
and cost to complete these procedures and the paid- Time required to complete each procedure
in minimum capital requirement. These procedures (calendar days)
include obtaining all necessary licenses and permits Does not include time spent gathering
and completing any required notifications, information
verifications or inscriptions for the company and
employees with relevant authorities. The ranking of Each procedure starts on a separate day (2
economies on the ease of starting a business is procedures cannot start on the same day).
determined by sorting their distance to frontier Procedures that can be fully completed
scores for starting a business. These scores are the online are recorded as ½ day.
simple average of the distance to frontier scores for Procedure completed once final document is
each of the component indicators. received
To make the data comparable across economies, No prior contact with officials
several assumptions about the business and the
procedures are used. It is assumed that any required Cost required to complete each procedure
information is readily available and that the (% of income per capita)
entrepreneur will pay no bribes. Assumptions about Official costs only, no bribes
the business:
No professional fees unless services required
 Is a limited liability company (or its legal by law or commonly used in practice
equivalent). If there is more than one type of
limited liability company in the economy, the Paid-in minimum capital (% of income
limited liability form most common among per capita)
domestic firms is chosen. Information on the Deposited in a bank or with a notary before
most common form is obtained from registration (or within 3 months)
incorporation lawyers or the statistical office.
 Operates in the economy’s largest business
 The size of the entire office space is
city. For 11 economies the data are also
approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square
collected for the second largest business city.
feet).
 Is 100% domestically owned and has five
owners, none of whom is a legal entity  Does not qualify for investment incentives or any
special benefits.
 Has start-up capital of 10 times income per
capita  Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one
month after the commencement of operations, all
 Performs general commercial or industrial
of them domestic nationals.
activities, such as the production or sale to the
public of products or services. The business  Has a turnover of at least 100 times income per
does not perform foreign trade activities and capita.
does not handle products subject to a special
 Has a company deed 10 pages long.
tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It is
not using heavily polluting production The owners:
processes.  Have reached the legal age of majority and are
 Leases the commercial plant or offices and is capable of making decisions as an adult. If there
not a proprietor of real estate. is no legal age of majority, they are assumed to
be 30 years old.
 The amount of the annual lease for the office
space is equivalent to 1 times income per  Are sane, competent, in good health and have no
capita criminal record.
 Are married, the marriage is monogamous and
registered with the authorities.
 Where the answer differs according to the legal
system applicable to the woman or man in
question (as may be the case in economies where
there is legal plurality), the answer used will be
the one that applies to the majority of the
population.
STARTING A BUSINESS
Where does the economy stand today?
What does it take to start a business in India? According refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an
to data collected by Doing Business, starting a business economy, except for 11 economies for which the data
there requires 12.9 procedures , takes 26.0 days, costs are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest
13.8% of income per capita for men, and requires 12.9 business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier
procedures , takes 26.0 days, costs 13.8% of income per and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this
capita for women. A requirement of paid-in minimum profile for more details.
capital of 0.0% of income per capita (figure 2.1) is legally
.
mandatory for both men and women. Most indicator sets
Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in India - Mumbai

Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita): 0.0
What it takes to start a business in India - Delhi

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the
total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the starting a business indicators, see the Doing Business
website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter.
Procedures in light blue are for married women only.
STARTING A BUSINESS
Globally, India stands at 155 in the ranking of 190 average ranking provide other useful information for
economies on the ease of starting a business (figure 2.2). assessing how easy it is for an entrepreneur in India to
The rankings for comparator economies and the regional start a business.
Figure 2.2 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of starting a business

STARTING A BUSINESS
Economies around the world have taken steps making it they often are part of a larger regulatory reform
easier to start a business—streamlining procedures by program. Among the benefits have been greater firm
setting up a one-stop shop, making procedures simpler satisfaction and savings and more registered businesses,
or faster by introducing technology and reducing or financial resources and job opportunities.
eliminating minimum capital requirements. Many have
What business registration reforms has Doing Business
undertaken business registration reforms in stages—and
recorded in India (table 2.1)?
Table 2.1 How has India made starting a business easier—or not?
By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017
DB year Reform
India eased business start-up by establishing an online VAT

DB2011 registration system and replacing the physical stamp
previously required with an online version.
India made starting a business easier by considerably reducing
the registration fees, but also made it more difficult by
DB2015 introducing a requirement to file a declaration before the
commencement of business operations. These changes apply
to both Delhi and Mumbai.
India made starting a business easier by eliminating the
minimum capital requirement and the need to obtain a
DB2016
certificate to commence business operations. This reform
applies to both Delhi and Mumbai.
Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports
for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.
STARTING A BUSINESS
What are the details?
Underlying the indicators shown in this chapter for

STANDARDIZED COMPANY
India is a set of specific procedures—the bureaucratic
and legal steps that an entrepreneur must complete
to incorporate and register a new firm. These are Legal form: Private Limited Company
identified by Doing Business through collaboration
with relevant local professionals and the study of Paid-in minimum capital requirement: INR 0
laws, regulations and publicly available information City: Mumbai, Delhi
on business entry in that economy. Following is a
detailed summary of those procedures, along with Start-up Capital: 10 times GNI per capita
the associated time and cost. These procedures are
those that apply to a company matching the
standard assumptions (the “standardized company”)
used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the
section in this chapter on what the indicators
measure).
Table 2.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in India - Mumbai
Time to
No. Procedure Cost to complete
complete
Obtain a digital signature certificate
The applicant must obtain a Class-II Digital Signature Certificate from a

certification agency authorized by the Controller of Certification
Agencies. These include private agencies like NIC, E-Mudhra, MTNL
Trust line, to which company directors submit the prescribed
application form along with notarized proof of identity and address.
A Class-II Digital Signature Certificate can be obtained for either a INR 700 to INR
period of 1 year or a period of 2 years, and then needs to be renewed 2,500 per Digital
1 for another 1 or 2 years upon payment of renewal fees. Each agency has 1-3 days
Signature
its own fee structure, ranging from INR 700 to INR 2500. The cost will
Certificate
vary in accordance with the duration of the Digital Signature Certificate.
Once the Digital Signature Certificate is obtained, the authorized
personnel (directors/manager/secretary) are required to register the
same with MCA for statutory e-filing.
Agency: Authorized private agency (Federal)
Obtain director identification number (DIN) online
In accordance with the Companies Act, 2013, every private limited

company must have at least 2 directors, each obtaining a DIN and DSC.
2 1 day INR 500 per DIN
1) Form DIR 3 has to be filed online with the Ministry of Corporate
Affairs (MCA) along with a photograph and scanned copy of supporting
documents, i.e., proof of identity and proof of residence not older than
2 months.
Time to
complete
2) Form DIR 3 has to be signed and submitted electronically by the

applicant using his or her own Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
3) Form DIR 3 has to be verified digitally by: (i) a chartered accountant,

company secretary or a cost accountant in practice (Practicing
Professional); or (ii) a company secretary in full-time employment of the
company or a director of the company in which the applicant is to be
appointed as director.
4) In case the Form DIR 3 is certified by a Practicing Professional and is

not identified by the system as a potential duplicate, the DIN will be
approved and generated by the system immediately. In all other cases,
a DIN application number is generated. The DIN application is then
reviewed by MCA officials. In case the MCA officials are satisfied with
the application based on the information provided, the DIN will be
generated within a month of the date of application. If the eForm is not
approved, then status of provisional DIN will appear as "Lapsed."
Legal basis: Companies (Appointment and Qualifications of Directors)

Rules, 2014 and FAQs published by Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The
fee for obtaining a DIN number is specified in the Companies
(Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
Agency: Ministry of Corporate Affairs (Federal)
Reserve the company name with the Registrar of Companies (ROC)

online
In order to reserve a unique company name, a name search is

conducted on the website of MCA and eForm INC-1 is required to be
filed pursuant to Section 4(4) of the Companies Act, 2013 and Rule 8 &
9 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014. The name reservation fee is
provided under the Companies (Registration offices and fees) Rules,
2014.
The process is as follows:

1. Check availability of the proposed name by checking on the MCA21
portal for other companies or LLPs having similar names. Alternatively, 2-7 days INR 1,000
3
engage a professional (practicing chartered accountant, company
secretary or cost accountant) to perform the check on the MCA 21
portal and provide a search report which can be attached to the
application.
2. Prepare the application in eForm INC-1 with all relevant details and
declarations. If a professional has been engaged to check availability of
name, have the professional certify and digitally sign the eForm.
3. Upload the eForm INC-1 to the MCA 21 portal and pay fees of INR
1,000 electronically (net banking or credit card).
4. If the e-Form has been certified by a professional (as described
above), the proposed name shall be approved by the Registrar of
Companies on a priority basis via the Straight Through Process ("STP"),
provided the name is not similar to any existing trademark, any of the
Time to
complete
words proposed in the company's name does not exactly match any
existing company's name and the name does not consist of a single
word (other than private limited).
5. The name, if made available to the applicant, will be reserved for the
applicant to use for 60 days from the date of application. If the
proposed company is not incorporated during this 60-day period, the
approval will lapse and the name will be available to other applicants.
Agency: Registrar of Companies, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (Federal)
Pay stamp duties online, file all incorporation forms and

documents online and obtain the certificate of incorporation
Pursuant to Section 7 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013, and pursuant to

Rules 10, 12, 14 and 15 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014, the
following forms are required to be electronically filed on the Ministry of
Corporate Affairs website for incorporation purposes:
a) Form-INC-7 (Application for Incorporation of Company). Scanned

copies of the signed Memorandum and Articles of Association of the
company, have to be attached to Form-INC-7.
b) Form-INC-22 (Notice of situation or change of address of the
registered office of the company). Proof of registered office address
such as conveyance/ lease deed/ rent agreement etc. along with the
rent receipts as well as copies of the utility bills (proof of evidence of
any utility service like telephone, gas, electricity etc.) depicting the
address of the premises not older than two months is required to be
attached to Form INC 22.
4 c) Form- DIR-12 (Particulars of appointment of directors and the key 5 days on average see comments
managerial personnel and the changes among them).
Fee schedule for a small company of paid-up share capital between INR
500,000 and INR 1,000,000:
- Filing of the Memorandum of Association: INR 2,000
- Filing fee for filing the Articles of association: INR 400
- Filing fee for Form INC-7: INR 400
- Filing fee for Form DIR-12: INR 400
- Stamp duty: INR 100
- Stamp duty for Articles of Association: IINR 2,000 (INR 1,000 on every
INR 5 Lakhs of authorized capital or part thereof subject to a maximum
of 50 Lakhs of Stamp Duty)
- Stamp duty for Memorandum of Association: INR 200
Agency: Registrar of Companies, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (Federal)
Make a company stamp 1 day

(simultaneous with
*5 As per the amendment to the Companies Act 2013, making a company INR 350-500
previous
seal is no longer a legal requirement. However, making a company
procedure)
rubber stamp is still commonly used in practice. The stamp is normally
Time to
complete
required to be affixed by a director upon signing on behalf of the
company in order to file several applications relevant to business
startup. This includes but is not limited to opening a bank account,
application for registration with the Employee State Insurance
Corporation (ESIC) and application for a company Permanent Account
Numbers (PAN).
Agency: Authorized vendor (Private)
Obtain a Permanent Account Number (PAN) from an authorized

franchise or agent appointed by National Securities Depository
Services Limited (NSDL) or Unit Trust of India (UTI)
Under the Income Tax Act 1961, each person must quote his or her
permanent account number (PAN) for tax payment purposes and the
tax deduction and collection account number (TAN) for depositing tax
deducted at source. The PAN is a 10-digit alphanumeric number issued
on a laminated card by an assessing officer of the Income Tax
Department. Since 2003/04, UTI and NSDL have become the authorized
agencies that process PAN registration applications on behalf of the
Income Tax department. INR 93 plus service
6 7-10 days
tax
The applicant completes Form 49A (statutory form for applying for
PAN), pays the due fees of INR 93 (plus applicable taxes currently at
12.36%) either online or otherwise and submits the application form
together with proof of identity, proof of address and 2 recent
photographs to the authorized agent/designated service centers for
verification. After being allotted a PAN number, UTIISL or NSDL will
print the PAN card and deliver it to the applicant.
Agency: Private agencies authorized by UTI or NSDL, as outsourced by

the Income Tax Department (Federal)
Open a bank account
The company must open a bank account. The bank account details
must be provided by the company in various post-registration
7 applications, such as registrations for taxes. 2 days no charge
Agency: Bank
Register with Employees' Provident Fund Organization
The Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) is a statutory 7 days on average,

organization under the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The simultaneous with
*8 Employees Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 no charge
previous
applies to an establishment, employing 20 or more persons and
procedure
engaged in any of the 183 Industries and Classes of business
establishments, throughout India excluding the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Time to
complete
Pursuant to launch of OLRE (online registration of establishment portal)

by the Employee Provident Fund department, employers are required to
apply online for registering their establishment. For verification
purposes, the employer shall send the copies of all the documents
mentioned in the application form along with the copy of the
application generated at the time of submission after the issuance of PF
Code intimation letter to the EPFO office.
Agency: Employees Provident Fund Organization (Federal)
Register for VAT online
VAT online registration is conducted via the website

www.mahavat.gov.in.
After the completed application form is submitted online, an
acknowledgment containing the date and time for attending before the
registering authority along with code/designation and address of
registering authority is generated. The company should print a copy of
the completed e-application and submit it along with the
acknowledgement to the registration authority for verification and
photo attestation on a given date and time along with relevant
documents. If the application is correct and complete in all respect
along with relevant documents, then the registering authority will
generate TIN after verification of the documents. Registration certificate INR 500
will be printed and issued to the company on the appointed date. The 10 days, (Registration Fee) +
appointment date is usually scheduled in the next 10 days. simultaneous with INR 25 (Stamp
*9
previous Duty) for
Other accompanying documentation includes: procedure compulsory VAT
- Certified true copy of the memorandum and articles of association of registration
the company.
- Proof of permanent residential address.
- Proof of place of business (lease agreement)
- One recent passport size photograph of the applicant
- Copy of Income Tax Assessment Order having PAN or copy of PAN
card
- Chalan in Form No. 210 (original) showing payment of registration fee
at INR 5000/in case of voluntary RC and INR 500/in other cases
Agency: Department of Sales Tax
Register for medical insurance (ESIC)
As per the Employees' State Insurance (General), Form 01 is the form 9 days,
required to be submitted by Employer for registration. The Employer simultaneous with
* 10 Code Number issued will be included in the "intimation letter" which is no charge
previous
sent by post to the employer. Employers can now submit application
procedure
online for registration under ESI Act on the ESIC website (www.esic.in).
The Employee’s individual insurance is a separate process and occurs

Time to
complete
after Employer’s registration. The Employer is responsible for
submitting the required Declaration Form and employees are
responsible for providing correct information to the employer.
Agency: Employees' State Insurance Corporation (Federal)
Obtain a tax account number for income taxes deducted at source

from the Assessing Office in the Mumbai Income Tax Department
The tax deduction and collection account number (TAN) is a 10-digit

alphanumeric number required by all persons responsible for deducting
or collecting tax, as per Section 203A of the Income Tax Act.
Any authorized franchise or agent appointed by National Securities

Depository Services Limited (NSDL) can accept and process the TAN 7 days,
application. TAN applications can be made either online through the simultaneous with INR 55 application
* 11 NSDL website www.tin-nsdl.com or offline. The application must be
previous fee plus service tax
filed using Form 49B and submitted at any TIN Facilitation Center
procedure
authorized to receive e-TDS returns. The processing fee is INR 55 (plus
applicable taxes). After verification of the application, it is sent to
Income Tax Department which issues the TAN to the applicant. The
national government levies the income tax.
Agency: Private agencies authorized by NSDL, as outsourced by the

Income Tax Department (Federal)
Register with Office of Inspector, Mumbai Shops and

Establishment Act
According to Section 7 of the Bombay Shops and Establishments Act,

1948, the establishment must be registered as follows:
- Under Section 7(4), the employer must register the establishment in
the prescribed manner within 30 days of the date on which the
establishment commences its work.
- Under Section 7(1), the establishment must submit to the local shop
inspector Form A and the prescribed fees for registering the INR 1,200
establishment. Supporting documents must be attached, including a 2 days, (registration fee) +
certified true copy of the company's PAN Card, TAN Allotment Letter, simultaneous with 3 times registration
* 12 Certificate of Incorporation, Memorandum and Articles of Association, a
previous fee for Trade
list of company directors, their particulars and copies of their PAN
procedure Refuse Charges
Cards.
(INR 3,600)
- Under Section 7(2), after the statement in Form A and the prescribed
fees are received and the correctness of the statement is satisfactorily
audited, the certificate for the registration of the establishment is issued
in Form D, according to the provisions of Rule 6 of the Maharashtra
Shops and Establishments Rules of 1961.
Since the amendments in the Maharashtra Shops & Establishment

(Amendment) Rules, 2010, the Schedule for fees for registration &
renewal of registration (as per Rule 5) is as follows:
0 employees: INR 120
Time to
complete
1 to 5 employees: INR 360
6 to 10 employees: INR 720
11 to 20 employees: INR 1,200
101 or more: INR 5,400.
In addition, an annual fee (three times the registration and renewal

fees) is charged as trade refuse charges (TRC), under the Mumbai
Municipal Corporation Act, 1888.
Agency: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Receive inspection and obtain the Shops and Establishments

registration certificate
After applying for registration under the Shops and Establishments Act
by visiting the nearest Citizen Facilitation Center (CFC) of the Municipal
Corporation of Greater Mumbai to file the duly completed and signed
Form A, along with the required documents and fees, the application is 2-6 days,
assigned to and processed by Department Head (Sr.Inspector) at the simultaneous with
* 13 no charge
concerned Ward. previous
procedure
After site inspection and approval of the application the Registration
Certificate is issued to the applicant.
Agency: Office of Inspector, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Register for profession tax
According to section 5 of the Profession Tax Act, every employer (not

being an officer of the government) is liable to pay tax and shall obtain
a certificate of registration from the prescribed authority.
The application form, duly completed can be submitted online. An

acknowledgment containing the date and time for attending before the
registration authority along with the code/ designation and address of
the registration authority will be generated. The company should take a 2 days,
print of the copy of the completed e-application and the employee/ simultaneous with
* 14 person applying on behalf of the company should affix his signature at no charge
previous
relevant places and then submit the printed copy of the filled e-
procedure
application form along with the acknowledgment to the registration
authority for verification on the given date and time along with relevant
documents. If the application is correct and complete in all respects,
then the registration authority will generate TIN (registration/enrolment
number under the Profession Tax Act) after the verification of the
documents. Registration certificate will be printed and issued to the
company on the appointed date.
Documents required to be provided with the application form include:

- copy of the memorandum and articles of association of the company;
Time to
complete
- proof of place of business: Proof of ownership of the premises namely,
copy of the property card or ownership deed or agreement with the
builder or any other relevant documents;
- copy of the PAN and/ or TAN;
- proof of residence of the signatory to the application;
- bank account number, bank and branch name, and blank cancelled
cheque leaf of the bank account.
Agency: Commissioner of Profession Tax, Department of Sales Tax
* Takes place simultaneously with another procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation.
Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in India - Delhi
Time to
complete
Obtain digital signature certificate online from private agency
authorized by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (National)
The applicant must obtain a Class-II Digital Signature Certificate from a

certification agency authorized by the Controller of Certification
Agencies. These include private agencies like NIC, E-Mudhra, MTNL
Trust line, to which company directors submit the prescribed
application form along with notarized proof of identity and address.
INR 700 to INR
A Class-II Digital Signature Certificate can be obtained for either a 2,500 per Digital
1 period of 1 year or a period of 2 years, and then needs to be renewed 1-3 days
Signature
for another 1-2 years upon payment of renewal fees. Each agency has
Certificate
its own fee structure, starting from INR 700. The cost will vary in
accordance with the duration of the Digital Signature Certificate. Once
the Digital Signature Certificate is obtained, the authorized personnel
(directors/manager/secretary) are required to register the same with
MCA for statutory e-filing.
Agency: Certified private agencies
Obtain director identification number (DIN) online from the

Ministry of Corporate Affairs portal
As per Companies Act, 2013, the current procedure for obtaining DIN is
as detailed below. Every private limited company must have at least 2
directors, each would obtain a DIN number. 1 day INR 500 per DIN
2
1) Form DIR 3 has to be filed online with the Ministry of Corporate

Affairs (MCA) along with a photograph and scanned copy of supporting
documents i.e. proof of identity and proof of residence not older than 2
months.
Time to
complete
2) Form DIR 3 has to be signed and submitted electronically by the
applicant using his or her own Digital Signature Certificate (DSC).
3) Form DIR 3 has to be verified digitally by: (i) a chartered accountant

in practice or a company secretary in practice or a cost accountant in
practice (Practising Professional); or (ii) a company secretary in full time
employment of the company or a director of the company in which the
applicant is to be appointed as director.
4) In case the Form DIR 3 is certified by a Practising Professional and is

not identified by the system as a potential duplicate, the DIN will be
approved and generated by the system immediately. In all other cases,
a DIN application number is generated. The DIN application is then
reviewed by MCA officials. In case the MCA officials are satisfied with
the application based on the information provided, the DIN will be
generated within a month of the date of application. If the eForm is not
approved, then status of provisional DIN will appear as ‘Lapsed’.
Legal basis: Companies (Appointment and Qualifications of Directors)

Rules, 2014 and FAQs published by Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The
fee for obtaining a DIN number is specified in the Companies
(Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
Agency: Ministry of Corporate Affairs
Reserve the company name online with the Registrar of Companies

(ROC)
In order to reserve a unique company name, a name search is

conducted on the website of MCA and eForm INC-1 is required to be
filed pursuant to Section 4(4) of the Companies Act, 2013 and Rule 8 &
9 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014. The name reservation fee is
provided under the Companies (Registration offices and fees) Rules,
2014.
The process is as follows:

1. Check availability of the proposed name by checking on the MCA21
portal for other companies or LLPs having similar names. Alternatively,
3 engage a professional (practicing chartered accountant, company 2-7 days INR 1,000
secretary or cost accountant) to perform the check on the MCA 21
portal and provide a search report which can be attached to the
application.
2. Prepare the application in eForm INC-1 with all relevant details and
declarations. If a professional has been engaged to check availability of
name, have the professional certify and digitally sign the eForm.
3. Upload the eForm INC-1 to the MCA 21 portal and pay fees of INR
1,000 electronically (net banking or credit card).
4. If the e-Form has been certified by a professional (as described
above), the proposed name shall be approved by the Registrar of
Companies on a priority basis via the Straight Through Process ("STP"),
provided the name is not similar to any existing trademark, any of the
words proposed in the company's name does not exactly match any
Time to
complete
existing company's name and the name does not consist of a single
word (other than private limited).
5. The name, if made available to the applicant, will be reserved for the
applicant to use for 60 days from the date of application. If the
proposed company is not incorporated during this 60-day period, the
approval will lapse and the name will be available to other applicants.
Agency: Registrar of Companies (ROC)
Pay stamp duties online, file all incorporation forms and

documents online and obtain the Certificate of Incorporation
Pursuant to Section 7 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 and pursuant to

Rule 10, 12, 14 and 15 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014, the
following forms are required to be electronically filed on the website of
the Ministry of Corporate Affairs for incorporation purposes:
a) Form-INC-7 (Application for Incorporation of Company). Scanned

copies of the signed Memorandum and Articles of Association of the
company, have to be attached to Form-INC-7.
b) Form-INC-22 (Notice of situation or change of address of the
registered office of the company). Proof of registered office address
such as conveyance/ lease deed/ rent agreement etc. along with the
rent receipts as well as copies of the utility bills (proof of evidence of
any utility service like telephone, gas, electricity etc.) depicting the
address of the premises not older than two months is required to be
4 attached to Form INC 22. 5 days see comments
c) Form- DIR-12 (Particulars of appointment of directors and the key
managerial personnel and the changes among them).
Fee schedule for a small company of paid-up share capital between INR
500,000 and INR 1,000,000:
- Filing of the Memorandum of Association: INR 2,000
- Filing fee for filing the Articles of association: INR 400
- Filing fee for Form DIR-12: INR 400
- Stamp duty: INR 10
- Stamp duty for Articles of Association: IINR 1,483
- Stamp duty for Memorandum of Association: INR 200
Agency: Registrar of Companies (ROC)
Make a company stamp
As per the amendment to the Companies Act 2013, making a company 1 day
seal is no longer a legal requirement. However, making a company (simultaneous with
*5 INR 500-1,000
rubber stamp is still commonly used in practice. The stamp is normally previous
required to be affixed by a director upon signing on behalf of the procedure)
company in order to file several applications relevant to business
startup. This includes but is not limited to opening a bank account,
Time to
complete
application for registration with the Employee State Insurance
Corporation (ESIC) and application for a company Permanent Account
Numbers (PAN).
Agency: Authorized vendor (Private)
Obtain a Permanent Account Number (PAN) from an authorized

franchise or agent appointed by the National Securities Depository
Ltd. (NSDL) or the Unit Trust of India (UTI) Investors Services Ltd.,
as outsourced by the Income Tax Department
Under the Income Tax Act 1961, each person must quote his or her
permanent account number (PAN) for tax payment purposes and the
tax deduction and collection account number (TAN) for depositing tax
deducted at source. The PAN is a 10-digit alphanumeric number issued
on a laminated card by an assessing officer of the Income Tax
Department. Since 2003/04, UTI and NSDL have become the authorized
agencies that process PAN registration applications on behalf of the
Income Tax department. 7-10 days INR 93
6
The applicant completes Form 49A (statutory form for applying for
PAN), pays the due fees of INR 93 (plus applicable taxes currently at
12.36%) either online or otherwise and submits the application form
together with proof of identity, proof of address and 2 recent
photographs to the authorized agent/designated service centers for
verification. After being allotted a PAN number, UTIISL or NSDL will
print the PAN card and deliver it to the applicant.

Open a bank account
The company must open a bank account. The bank account details
must be provided by the company in various post-registration
7 applications, such as registrations with taxes. 2 days no charge
Agency: Bank
Register with the Employees' Provident Fund Organization
The Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) is a statutory

organization under the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The 7 days
Employees Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (simultaneous with
*8 applies to an establishment, employing 20 or more persons and no charge
previous
engaged in any of the 183 Industries and Classes of business
procedure)
establishments, throughout India excluding the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Pursuant to launch of OLRE (online registration of establishment portal)

Time to
complete
by the Employee Provident Fund department, employers are required to
apply online for registering their establishment. The application portal
of the EPFO Official Website is www.epfindia.gov.in. Employers are
required to select ‘For Employers’, under ‘Our Services’ and then select
the fourth item, ‘Online Registration of Establishment (OLRE Portal)’ to
register their establishments. The OLRE portal was launched and made
available with effect from September 28, 2015.The required documents
are:
• Name of the Company/Establishment
• PAN Number
• Address
• Email Id
• Mobile Number
• Proof of Address (Bank Statement, Bill or Any License etc.)
• Date of Set up of Company
• Company Type (Proprietorship/Partnership/Private
Limited/Limited etc.)
• Each Owner Detail:
• Establishment is on Owned/Hired on rent
• Bank Details
a. IFS Code of the branch
b. Bank Name*
c. Bank Branch*
d. Account Number*
e. Account type*
• BRANCH DETAILS: IN CASE BRANCHES AT DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS
• Nature of Business (As per attached list of Primary Business
Activity)
Agency: Employees Provident Fund Organization (Federal)
Register for medical insurance at the regional office of the

Employees' State Insurance Corporation
As per the Employees' State Insurance (General), Form 01 is the form

required to be submitted by Employer for registration. The Employer
Code Number issued will be included in the "intimation letter" which is
sent by post to the employer. Employers can now submit application
online for registration under ESI Act on the ESIC website (www.esic.in). 10 days
(simultaneous with
*9 no charge
The Employee’s individual insurance is a separate process and occurs previous
after Employer’s registration. The Employer is responsible for procedure)
submitting the required Declaration Form and employees are
responsible for providing correct information to the employer.
Agency: Employees' State Insurance Corporation, Ministry of Labor and

Employment
Time to
complete
Register for Value-Added Tax (VAT) at the Department of Trade
and Taxes, Government of NCT of Delhi (State)
Form DVAT 04: Application for Registration under Delhi Value Added
Tax Act, 2004 must be filed with Department of Trade and Taxes,
Government of NCT of Delhi. Online registration for VAT has been
introduced on April 30, 2015.
The following documents are required to be submitted along with the

application: INR 500 registration
9 days
(i) Parts A, B, C & D of the Form-DVAT-04 duly filled in fee + INR 25 stamp
(simultaneous with
* 10 (ii) Proof of incorporation of the applicant dealer i.e. in case of a private duty for
previous
company, incorporation certificate and constitutional documents compulsory VAT
procedure)
(iii) Proof of identity of authorised signatory signing the Registration registration
Application Form
(iv) Two self addressed envelopes (without stamps)
(v) In case of a dealer applying for registration and simultaneously
opting for payment of tax under composition scheme, an application in
Form DVAT 01 is to be attached along with this application
Agency: Department of Trade and Taxes, Government of NCT of Delhi
Obtain a Tax Account Number (TAN) for income taxes deducted at

the source from an authorized franchise or agent appointed by the
National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL), as outsourced by the
Income Tax Department
The tax deduction and collection account number (TAN) is a 10-digit

alphanumeric number required by all persons responsible for deducting
or collecting tax, as per Section 203A of the Income Tax Act.
Any authorized franchise or agent appointed by National Securities 7 days

Depository Services Limited (NSDL) can accept and process the TAN (simultaneous with INR 55 application
* 11 application. TAN applications can be made either online through the
previous fee
NSDL website www.tin-nsdl.com or offline. The application must be
procedure)
filed using Form 49B and submitted at any TIN Facilitation Center
authorized to receive e-TDS returns. The processing fee is INR 55 (plus
applicable taxes). After verification of the application, it is sent to
Income Tax Department which issues the TAN to the applicant. The
national government levies the income tax.

Register online under the Delhi Shops and Establishments Act

Less than one day
Under the Delhi Shops and Establishments Act 1954, the company shall (online procedure,
* 12 send to the Chief Inspector a statement in prescribed form A simultaneous with no charge
containing: previous
procedure)
(a) the name of the employer and the manager
Time to
complete
(b) the postal address of the establishment
(c) the name of the establishment,
(d) the category of the establishment, i.e. whether it is a
shop/commercial establishment
(e) the number of employees working in the establishment; and
(f) such other particulars as may be prescribed.
Upon receipt of the statement, a registration certificate will be

generated online instantly.
Agency: Department of Labor - Government of NCT of Delhi

DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS

Regulation of construction is critical to protect the WHAT THE DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION
public. But it needs to be efficient, to avoid excessive
PERMITS INDICATORS MEASURE
constraints on a sector that plays an important part in
every economy. Where complying with building
regulations is excessively costly in time and money, Procedures to legally build a warehouse
many builders opt out. They may pay bribes to pass (number)
inspections or simply build illegally, leading to Submitting all relevant documents and
hazardous construction that puts public safety at risk. obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses,
Where compliance is simple, straightforward and permits and certificates
inexpensive, everyone is better off. Submitting all required notifications and
What do the indicators cover? receiving all necessary inspections
Doing Business records all procedures required for a Obtaining utility connections for water and
business in the construction industry to build a sewerage
warehouse along with the time and cost to complete Registering and selling the warehouse after its
each procedure. In addition, this year Doing Business completion
introduces a new measure, the building quality
Time required to complete each procedure
control index, evaluating the quality of building
(calendar days)
regulations, the strength of quality control and safety
mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and Does not include time spent gathering
professional certification requirements. information
The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with Each procedure starts on a separate day.
Procedures that can be fully completed online
construction permits is determined by sorting their
are recorded as ½ day
distance to frontier scores for dealing with
construction permits. These scores are the simple Procedure considered completed once final
average of the distance to frontier scores for each of document is received
the component indicators. No prior contact with officials
To make the data comparable across economies, Cost required to complete each procedure (%
several assumptions about the construction of warehouse value)
company, the warehouse project and the utility
Official costs only, no bribes
connections are used.
Building quality control index (0-15)
Assumptions about the construction company
Sum of the scores of six component indices:
The construction company (BuildCo):
Quality of building regulations (0-2)
 Is a limited liability company (or its legal
equivalent). Quality control before construction (0-1)
 Operates in the economy’s largest business city. Quality control during construction (0-3)
For 11 economies the data are also collected for
Quality control after construction (0-3)
the second largest business city.
 Is 100% domestically and privately owned. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2)
 Has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity. Professional certifications (0-4)
 Is fully licensed and insured to carry out
construction projects, such as building
warehouses.
The construction company (BuildCo) (continued):
 Has 60 builders and other employees, all of them
nationals with the technical expertise and
professional experience necessary to obtain  Will be a new construction (there was no previous
construction permits and approvals. construction on the land), with no trees, natural
 Has is a licensed architect and a licensed water sources, natural reserves or historical
engineer, both registered with the local monuments of any kind on the plot.
association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is  Will have complete architectural and technical plans
not assumed to have any other employees who prepared by a licensed architect. If preparation of
are technical or licensed experts, such as the plans requires such steps as obtaining further
geological or topographical experts. documentation or getting prior approvals from
 Has paid all taxes and taken out all necessary external agencies, these are counted as procedures.
insurance applicable to its general business  Will include all technical equipment required to be
activity (for example, accidental insurance for fully operational.
construction workers and third-person liability).  Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays
 Owns the land on which the warehouse will be due to administrative and regulatory requirements).
built and will sell the warehouse upon its
completion. Assumptions about the utility connections
 Is valued at 50 times income per capita.
The water and sewerage connections:
 Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing
Assumptions about the warehouse water source and sewer tap. If there is no water
delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole
The warehouse:
will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a
 Will be used for general storage activities,
septic tank in the smallest size available will be
such as storage of books or stationery. The
installed or built.
warehouse will not be used for any goods
 Will not require water for fire protection reasons; a
requiring special conditions, such as food,
fire extinguishing system (dry system) will be used
chemicals or pharmaceuticals.
instead. If a wet fire protection system is required
 Will have two stories, both above ground,
by law, it is assumed that the water demand
with a total constructed area of
specified below also covers the water needed for
approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000
fire protection.
square feet). Each floor will be 3 meters (9
 Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175
feet, 10 inches) high.
gallons) a day and an average wastewater flow of
 Will have road access and be located in the
568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak
periurban area of the economy’s largest
water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a
business city (that is, on the fringes of the
peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a
city but still within its official limits). For 11
day.
economies the data are also collected for the
 Will have a constant level of water demand and
second largest business city.
wastewater flow throughout the year.
 Will not be located in a special economic or
 Will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection
industrial zone. Will be located on a land plot
and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage
of approximately 929 square meters (10,000
connection.
square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo
and is accurately registered in the cadastre
and land registry.

What does it take to comply with the formalities to build business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for
a warehouse in India? According to data collected by which the data are a population-weighted average of the
Doing Business, dealing with construction permits there 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
requires 35.1 procedures, takes 190.0 days and costs frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of
25.9% of the warehouse value (figure 3.1). Most this profile for more details.
indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest
Figure 3.1 What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in India - Mumbai
What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in India - Delhi

total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the dealing with construction permits indicators, see the
Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the
end of this chapter.
dealing with construction permits

Globally, India stands at 185 in the ranking of 190 economies and the regional average ranking provide
economies on the ease of dealing with construction other useful information for assessing how easy it is for
permits (figure 3.2). The rankings for comparator an entrepreneur in India to legally build a warehouse.
Figure 3.2 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of dealing with construction permits


Smart regulation ensures that standards are met while an effort to ensure building safety while keeping
making compliance easy and accessible to all. Coherent compliance costs reasonable, governments around the
and transparent rules, efficient processes and adequate world have worked on consolidating permitting
allocation of resources are especially important in sectors requirements. What construction permitting reforms has
where safety is at stake. Construction is one of them. In Doing Business recorded in India (table 3.1)?
Table 3.1 How has India made dealing with construction permits easier—or not?
DB year Reform
India reduced the time required to obtain a building permit by

DB2013
establishing strict time limits for preconstruction approvals.

The indicators reported here for India are based on a
BUILDING A WAREHOUSE
set of specific procedures—the steps that a company
must complete to legally build a warehouse—
identified by Doing Business through information Estimated value of
collected from experts in construction licensing, 5114479.2
warehouse :
including architects, civil engineers, construction
lawyers, construction firms, utility service providers
City : Mumbai, Delhi
and public officials who deal with building
regulations. These procedures are those that apply
to a company and structure matching the standard The procedures, along with the associated time and cost,
assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the are summarized below.
data (see the section in this chapter on what the
indicators cover).
Table 3.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in India - Mumbai
Time to
complete
Obtain an extract of the Property Register Card (P.R. Card)
from the Revenue Department
The Property Register Card (P.R. Card) is a record showing the

ownership along with the land area of the Holdings held by the
Revenue Department about the Building Land/Plot. This P.R.
Card is a mandatory document to be provided to the MCGM 17 days INR 60
1
when applying for a Building Permit. The Application for the P.R.
Card is made to the City Survey Officer (An Officer of the
Revenue Department) by affixing a Rs.10 Court Fee Stamp.
Agency: Revenue Department
Submit application and design plans and pay scrutiny fee
BuildCo submits application form with plans and all required

documents, as prescribed by Section 337 of the BMC Act, at the
sub-engineer of the concerned locality within the Eastern
suburbs of Mumbai The sub-engineer reviews the plans and
makes sure that the property card is mutated in the name of th
owner of the land and signs on the plans. If all documents are in
order and the file is complete, BuildCo can proceed to pay the
scrutiny fees in the same building by cash or bank draft. 1 day INR 85,840
2
Once the fees have been paid, the application file is forwarded to
the concerned officer in the Building Proposal Office. Then the
file is forwarded to the Survey Office, which will remark on the
application file and check the remarks from the Development
Plan Office (obtained during the design stage of the project). If
the Survey Office is satisfied with their review, they will send back
the application file to the Building Proposal Office within one
week.
Agency: Building Proposal Office, Municipal Corporation of

Time to
complete
Greater Mumbai
Receive site inspection from Building Proposal Office
A sub-engineer from the Building Proposal Office will conduct a

site inspection within 3 -- 4 days of receiving the file from the
survey office. The date and time of the site inspection are
arranged by BuildCo’s architect. BuildCo must be on-site when 1 day no charge
3
the inspection takes place.

Greater Mumbai
Apply for no-objection certificate (NOC) from Tree Authority
Due to stringent environmental regulations, BuildCo must

receive clearance from the Tree Authority (set up under the
Maharashtra (urban areas) Preservation of Trees Act, 1975). The
Tree Authority commission only meets once a month. The Tree
Authority must ascertain what trees (if any) will be cut down as a 1 day no charge
4
result of construction. If trees are to be cut down, BuildCo will
have to plant trees to replace them.
Agency: Tree Authority, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Apply for no-objection certificate (NOC) from Storm Water

and Drain Department
5 1 day no charge
Agency: Storm Water and Drain Department, Municipal
Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Apply for no-objection certificate (NOC) from Sewerage

Department
6 1 day INR 77,306

Agency: Sewerage Department, Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai
Time to
complete
Apply for no-objection certificate (NOC )from the Hydraulic
Engineer Department (water supply)
7 1 day no charge
Agency: Hydraulic Engineer Department, Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai
Receive inspection from Tree Authority
Inspectors from the Tree Authority visit the site to check if there
are any trees located on the premises.
8 1 day no charge
Receive inspection from Storm Water and Drain Department
9 1 day no charge
Receive inspection from Sewerage Department
10 1 day no charge
Mumbai
Receive inspection from the Hydraulic Engineer Department

(water supply)
11 1 day no charge
Greater Mumbai
Obtain NOC from Tree Authority
Upon receipt of application for NOC, the Tree Authority will send
a Tree Officer to personally inspect the trees on the premise. The
Tree Officer then submits a report to the Tree Authority within a
period of 30 days from the receipt of the application. 30 days INR 4,500
12

Time to
complete
Obtain NOC from the Storm Water and Drain Department
* 13 Agency: Storm Water and Drain Department, Municipal 7 days no charge

Obtain NOC from Sewerage Department
* 14 7 days no charge
Mumbai
Obtain NOC from Hydraulic Engineer Department (water

supply)
Greater Mumbai
Request and obtain NOC from Electric Department
BuildCo has to inform Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and

Transport (BEST) of the project's power requirements along with
a copy of the application submitted for building plan approval.
BEST will assess whether an electrical substation upgrade is
* 16 required at this stage. 7 days no charge
Agency: Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)
Request and obtain NOC from Roads & Traffic Department
* 17 Agency: Roads & Traffic Department, Municipal Corporation of 7 days no charge

Greater Mumbai
Request and obtain NOC from Chief Fire Office
All commercial structures require a fire safety clearance. 7 days INR 13,006
* 18
Agency: Chief Fire Office, Municipal Corporation of Greater

Mumbai
Time to
complete
Obtain Intimation of Disapproval and pay fees
After the site inspection, the application file returns to the

Building Proposal Office to receive an intimation of disapproval
(authorization). The concerned Sub Engineer reviews the
proposal and forwards the report to the Assistant Engineer and
Executive Engineer. The proposal is approved at the Executive
Engineer’s level if no concessions are involved. There are 3
executive engineers in the main Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai (MCGM) office and 2 in the Andhuri office (the
latter is the office considered for the purposes of this study).
Complete applications that do not require concessions (i.e.

claiming of areas free of FSI as per provision in DCR 1991,
deficiency in open spaces etc.) can be approved within a week.
However, the majority of applications require some concessions
and further scrutiny so they must be forwarded to the competent
authorities. This latter process may take 30 -- 90 days to
complete.
The intimation of disapproval is issued with a list of NOC’s which

the applicant must obtain separately from various departments
19 and government authorities. Final clearance to build will only be 29 days INR 42,000
given once BuildCo obtains all NOC’s. The NOC’s assigned to
the intimation of disapproval are case specific. For the purpose
of this study, Doing Business has determined 7 basic NOC’s that
are required of almost all projects:
• Tree Authority
• Storm Water and Drain Department
• Sewerage Department
• Hydraulic Department
• Environmental Department (concerned with debris
management)
• Traffic and Coordination Department
• CFO (fire clearance)
BuildCo’s architect must take the Intimation of Disapproval and

the design plans to each clearance office separately. NOCs can
be applied for simultaneously, but NOC offices are spread out so
the submission for these 7 NOC’s is likely to take some time.

Greater Mumbai
Time to
complete
Obtain plinth commencement certificate from sub-engineer
and pay development charges
Upon submission of all required NOCs mentioned in the IOD and

on compliance of the IOD conditions, the applicant may submit a
request for the commencement certificate. The documents and
NOC submitted by the applicants are verified by the staff and the
necessary commencement certificate is approved. After payment
of development charges and other applicable premium the
commencement certificate is issued within 7 to 15 days.
The commencement certificate is valid for four years in the 10 days INR 998,512
20
aggregate, but must be renewed before the expiry of one year
from the date it was issued if the work has not yet commenced.
Such renewal shall be for three consecutive terms of one year
each, after which the proposal would need to re-obtain
development permission.

Greater Mumbai
Submit Notice of commencement and completion to Labour

Inspector
According to Rule 239 of The Building and other Construction

Workers’ (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)
Act, 1996, BuildCo must submit a notice of commencement of
* 21 building and indicate at the same time the probable end of 1 day no charge
construction, at least 30 days prior to the commencement of
construction works.
Agency: Labour Inspector
Request and receive inspection of plinth
22 Agency: Building Proposal Office, Municipal Corporation of 1 day no charge

Greater Mumbai
Request and obtain further commencement certificate
The building permit is done in 2 steps. First, BuildCo must obtain

the permit up to the plinth level. Once the plinth level has been 7 days no charge
23
completed, there is an inspection to verify that is in compliance
with approved plans. It is only after this inspection has been
done and approval obtained that the BuildCo can move on with
the construction and start the superstructure of the warehouse.
Time to
complete
But in order to do so, it is necessary to obtain a permit to start
building the superstructure.

Greater Mumbai
Request completion NOC from the Storm Water and Drain

Department
24 1 day no charge
Request completion NOC from the Sewerage Department
* 25 1 day no charge
Mumbai
Apply for water connection from Hydraulic Engineer
BuildCo must visit the ward office and submit a written request
for a water and sewerage connection. The connection request
must be submitted along with a copy of the building plans.

Greater Mumbai
Request completion NOC from Roads & Traffic Department
Agency: Roads & Traffic Department, Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai
Request completion NOC from Chief Fire Office
Mumbai
Time to
complete
Receive inspection from Storm Water and Drain Department
The Assistant Engineer of the Municipal Corporation makes the

inspection. There are two inspections: one before the
connections are completed and another after completion. The
inspection would not take more than a day. An officer of the
* 29 Municipal Corporation inspects the premises and prepares a 1 day no charge
report on the connection.

Receive inspection from Sewerage Department
Mumbai
Obtain water connection from Hydraulic Engineer
Fees for water connection include:

• Water connection charges: INR 1,060.00
• Water meter: INR 150.00
• Refundable security deposit towards water charges bills at INR
25.00 per 1,000 liter + 60% of sewerage charges for the
31 requirement of the building 3 days INR 51,210
Sewer fees are INR 50,000

Greater Mumbai
Receive inspection from Roads & Traffic Department
Agency: Roads &Traffic Department, Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai
Receive inspection from Chief Fire Office
Mumbai
Time to
complete
Obtain completion NOC from Storm Water and Drain
Department
34 3 days no charge
Obtain completion NOC from Sewerage Department
Mumbai
Obtain the completion NOC from Roads & Traffic

Department
Agency: Roads & Traffic Department, Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai
Obtain the completion NOC from Chief Fire Office
All commercial structures require fire safety clearance according

to fire and safety rules and regulations stipulated in
Development Control Rules 1991 and the National Building
Code. The fee for low-rise commercial buildings is INR 5.00 per
sq. m.
* 37 This NOC may be requested and obtained online, but it still takes 3 days INR 6,503
several days to receive.

Mumbai
Submit letter stating completion of building works to obtain

an occupancy certificate and certificate of completion
38 The owner, through a licensed plumber, shall furnish a drainage 1 day no charge
completion certificate to the Commissioner to certify that the
works were completed according to approved drainage plans.
The licensed surveyor, engineer, or architect who has supervised
the construction shall furnish a building completion certificate to
Time to
complete
the Commissioner works to certify that the building has not
deviated from the approval plans. This shall be accompanied by
three sets of plans of the completed development. Following the
reception of both certificates of completion the Commissioner
shall inspect the work, and after satisfying himself that there is
no deviation from the approved plans, issue a certificate of
acceptance of the completion of the work.

Greater Mumbai
Receive final inspection from Building Proposal Office
39 1 day no charge
Greater Mumbai
Obtain occupancy certificate from Building Proposal Office

(sub-engineer)
Once the occupancy certificate has been issued, the final plans
are stamped by the Building Proposal Office, the final plans are
stamped by the Building Proposal Office and one copy is
40 forwarded to the Hydraulic Engineer (Water) Department. 14 days no charge

Greater Mumbai
Obtain final NOC from Hydraulic Engineer (Water)

Department
41 14 days no charge
Greater Mumbai
Obtain completion certificate
Greater Mumbai


Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in India - Delhi
Time to
complete
Obtain a certified copy of the property record
BuildCo must identify the Authenticity of the Land Ownership by going

to the local Revenue Department (state government) and checking land
records. In some cases, a survey of the land is done by a private Land
Surveyor to verify that the property exists, as it can be the case that the 17 days INR 2,000
1
records are different from reality (neighbors encroach on others’ lands,
etc.).
Agency: Local Revenue Department
Request and obtain consent to establish from Delhi Pollution

Control Committee
Under Section 19 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1981, New Delhi has been declared as the Air Pollution Control area. As
per provision of Section 21 of this Act no person shall, without the
previous consent of the State Board, establish or operate any industrial
plant (any plant used for any industrial or trade purpose) in an air
pollution control area. Delhi Pollution Control Committee, delegated by 30 days INR 1,000
2
Central Pollution Control Board of statutory powers and functions,
regulates water and air pollution. By regulation, the Delhi Pollution
Control Committee has 3 months to approve an application but in
practice, a committee meets monthly to discuss application received
and the Consent to Establish is generally issued within 1 month.
Agency: Delhi Pollution Control Committee
Obtain no objection certificate regarding land use per the zoning

plan
*3 30 days INR 25,000

Agency: Town Planning Department of Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Request and obtain approval of the water and sewer connection

plans
A complete water and sewer supply schemes must be submitted,

including:
• Six sets of layout plans, one should be cloth mounted
• Hydraulic calculations 7 days no charge
*4
• Key plan
• Proposed water lines showing position of UGR/sluice valves
• Calculation of water demand
• Capacity of UGR
This is submitted to DJB in the Executive Engineering and Planning

office through the developing agency (Department of Development or
Time to
complete
Muncipal Corporation of Delhi). A feasibility report is developed. If the
water can be spared for the project then a connection and ferrule size is
designed by the planning office as per the feasibility report. If there is
not enough water, then plans will be approved through other sources
of water such as through a tube well. The plans are then approved by
the DJB. Once the fees for the Infrastructure Fund are paid, the DDA
may begin construction on the water and sewer lines.
The fees for the Infrastructure Fund are only paid by large agencies,
group housing, hospitals, schools, and commercial complexes and
institutions.
Agency: Delhi Jal Board
Obtain certificate of no tax due
Starting July 2012, property tax can be paid online at

www.mcdonline.gov.in. With the property tax receipt, the building
company must obtain an up-to-date Certificate of No Tax Due from the
*5 Property Tax Department of Municipal Corporation of Delhi and submit 2 days no charge
it when applying for the Building Permit.
Agency: Property Tax Department of Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Notarize the affidavit/undertaking
The building company must submit an Affidavit/Undertaking on non

judicial paper of INR 10, duly attested by the Oath Commissioner when
applying for the Building Permit. In the affidavit, the building company
*6 acknowledges that during the course of construction, no building 1 day INR 100
material will be stacked on public land.
Agency: Notary Public
Request building permit
BuildCo applies for the building permit by giving a notice in writing in

the prescribed Form No. I along with the following documents:
1. Six copies of building plans and statements

2. Proof of ownership
3. Specifications of the proposed construction
4. Supervision certificate signed by the licensed architect/engineer,
7 supervisor and plumber; 60 days INR 64,151
5. Structural-stability Certificate signed by the licensed
architect/engineer along with a copy of registration certificate
(annexure A)
6. Rain Water-Harvesting Certificate in case of plot size more than 100
square meters signed by the licensed architect and owner (annexure B)
7. No Nuisance/Construction Debris Certificate signed by the owner
(annexure C)
8. Declarations in the Form of Affidavits (annexure E-I)
9. Certificate of No Tax Due from the Property Tax Department
Time to
complete
All the plans must be signed by the licensed architect/engineer and

owner registered with the Council of Architects/Institution of Engineers
and shall indicate their names, addresses, license and enrollment
numbers.
Upon receiving the application of industrial, institutional, and multi-

storey buildings, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi will forwards 2
copies of the building plans and 2 copies of the layout plans to the Fire
Service Department of Government NCT of Delhi. The Fire Service
Department reviews the drawings and checks the fire and safety
arrangement on the plans against the National Building Code of India
2005. It takes 3 weeks to issue a Provisional No Objection Certificate
(no site inspection at the time of sanctioning the building plans). The
drawings can only be approved by Municipal Corporation of Delhi and
Building Permit issued after receiving the Provisional No Objection
Certificate.
As of December 2013, the cost for building permits are INR 5 per
square meter for buildings less than 50 square meters, and INR 10 per
square meter for buildings greater than 50 square meters. BuildCo must
also pay cess charges of 1% of the cost of construction. Cess charges
are paid to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, who will transfer the
charges to the Labor Welfare Department of Government of NCT Delhi.
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi santions building plans without site

inspection but randomly selects about 20% of the buildings and
inspects them after the issuance of Building Permits.
A single window concept has been introduced for approval of building-

plan applications. Online approval is available for residential plots and
sanction is generally given within 1 week if all documents are complete.
The Engineering Department of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi has
also issued a detailed guide, "Build Your House With a Valid Building
Permit" which is available online (MCD website at no charge) or in print
(INR 200).
Agency: Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Request no objection certificate from Electricity Department
*8 1 day no charge
Agency: Electric Department, Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Obtain no objection certificate from Planning Department within

the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
*9 14 days no charge
Time to
complete
Receive inspection from the Electricity Department
Request and obtain building plans approval from the Director of

Factories of Labor Department
As per statutory provisions of rule 3A of the Delhi Factories Rules, 1950,

no site shall be used for location of a factory or no building in a factory
shall be constructed, re-constructed, extended or taken into use as a
factory or part of a factory, unless previous permission in writing is
obtained from the Director of Factories.
The builder must complete Form No.1 as prescribed under the Delhi
Factories Rules (1950) and send it to the Director of Factories with the
following documents:
- 3 Plans in duplicate drawn to scale showing:

(a) The site of the factory and immediate surroundings including
adjacent buildings and other structure, roads, drains etc.
(b) The plan and elevations and necessary cross-sections of the various 14 days no charge
* 11
buildings indicating all relevant details relating to natural lighting,
ventilation and means of escape in case of fire. The plans shall also
clearly indicate the plants and machinery, aisles and passage ways; and,
(c) Such other particulars, as Chief Inspector of Factories, may require
- Proof for ownership, of plot/premises such as copy of the Lease-deed

etc.
- In case of permission for construction on a vacant plot, an Affidavit is

required to be given by the owner of the plot that the plot is vacant.
The affidavit should also state as to whether any previous Approval of
the Director of Factories for construction/extension have been obtained
or not.
Agency: Labor Department
Obtain no objection certificate from Electricity Department
When the building company applies for the Building Permit, the
building plans and Land Ownership Permit are sent to the District
Forest Office from Forest Department of Government NCT of Delhi.
Permission to fell trees is regulated under provisions of Delhi Tree
Preservation Act 1994, which stipulates that 10 trees must be replanted 7 days no charge
* 12
for every 1 tree cut. The Act gives the District Forest Office 60 days to
issue the No Objection Certificate but it is generally cleared in 1 week.
Assuming the building company does not have to cut trees, it will not
require the No Objection Certificate from District Forest Office after
construction.

Time to
complete
Request and obtain no objection certificate from Fire Department
Agency: Fire Department
Receive inspection by building section
Obtain sanctioned plans
15 1 day no charge
Submit commencement notice to the Municipal Corporation of

Delhi
BuildCo must notify the MCD 7 days before beginning construction. 1 day no charge
16
Submit Notice of commencement and completion to Labour

Inspector
According to Rule 239 of The Building and other Construction Workers’

(Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996,
BuildCo must submit a notice of commencement of building and 1 day no charge
* 17
indicate at the same time the probable end of construction, at least 30
days prior to the commencement of construction works.
Agency: Labour Commissioner of Delhi
Submit notice of completion up to the plinth level
BuildCo must notify the MCD of the completion of the plinth level,
including a copy of a valid certificate of the building plans. MCD
18 inspects the construction and submits any objections, if necessary. 1 day no charge
Mandatory inspections are carried out at two stages: at plinth level and
at completion. Routine inspections may be carried in between and the
Municipal Corporation of Delhi reserves the right to inspect the
premises before, during and after the construction.
Time to
complete
Request and receive inspection at the plinth level
BuildCo must notify the MCD of the completion of the plinth level,
including a copy of a valid certificate of the building plans. MCD
inspects the construction and submits any objections, if necessary.
Mandatory inspections are carried out at two stages: at plinth level and
19 at completion. Routine inspections may be carried in between and the 1 day INR 15
Municipal Corporation of Delhi reserves the right to inspect the
premises before, during and after the construction.
Obtain C-form approval of the plinth completion
This certificate certifies that the construction has reached the plinth
level and that it has been inspected and the construction can continue
20 with the superstructure. 22 days no charge
Request water and sewer connection approval
The building company must submit water and sewer connection

application forms. Documents to be attached:
(1) Proof of identity document: photocopy of voter ID card, ration card,
PAN card, driving license or post card
(2) Property ownership document: photocopy of GPA, allotment letter,
government allotment letter, sale deed or NOC from landlord
(3) Proof of residence: photocopy of driving license, passport, election I
card
21 (4) Sanction of Water Supply Scheme 1 day INR 1,220,680
It is compulsory to provide the document number of the attached
documents.
Delhi Ja Board has integrated the process of obtaining an Excavation
Permit from Municipal Corporation of Delhi by charging a road
restoration charges for water and sewer connections on behalf of MCD.
Receive on-site inspection for water and sewer connection and

receive approval
22 An inspection of the site will be performed by a Survey Officer. 34 days no charge

Time to
complete
Request final no objection certificate from the Fire Department
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi will forward 2 copies of the

completion plans to the Fire Service Department of Government NCT of
Delhi for the Final No Objection Certificate, or the owners will visit the
Fire Service Department in person to with the notice/guideline that it
* 23 provided at the time of issuance of the Provisional No Objection 1 day no charge
Certificate and request the Fire Service Department to verify the
compliance with the guidelines.
Receive site inspection from the Fire Department
In practice this can take up to 15 days.

24 1 day no charge
Receive final no objection certificate from the Fire Department
Notarize the affidavit/undertaking to request the occupancy

permit
* 26 1 day INR 100

Agency: Notary Public
Submit notice of completion
The building company must submit a notice of completion in the pro

forma given in the Building Bylaws (1983) along with a completion
application and fee of INR 1 per square meter of built-up area.
It has to submit the notice of completion through the licensed
architect/engineer or supervisor who has supervised the construction
27 accompanied by the following documents: 1 day INR 1,301
1. Copy of lease-deed/sale deed
2. Three copies of the completion plan
3. Three copies of photographs taken from different angles so as to
show the overall view of the building
4. Original sanctioned building plan (to be returned to the building
company along with the Occupancy Certificate)
5. Copy of Water Connection Sanction and Sewerage Connection
Time to
complete
Sanction from Delhi Jal Board
6. Structural-stability Certificate signed by the licensed
architect/engineer along with the structural drawings
7. Certificate of licensed architect/engineer or supervisor
8. Extension of time from the lessor if required
9. Rain Water-Harvesting Certificate in case of plot size more than 100
square meters signed by the licensed architect and owner
10. Affidavit/Undertaking of licensed architect/engineer or supervisor
(as the case may be)
11. Affidavit of owner
12. A statement indicating deviations that are carried out and
compounding fee payable
Receive final inspection of the construction
In practice this can take up to one week.

28 1 day no charge
Obtain completion/occupancy permit
By regulation, Municipal Council of Delhi must grant or refuse the

Occupancy Permit within 7 days. However, since there is a waiting
period of 2 months from the time the Notice of completion is
submitted and the inspection is carried out, therefore this waiting 30 days INR 51,145
29
period is added to the time needed to obtain the Occupancy Permit.

.

Building Quality Control Index
The building quality control index is the sum of the The index ranges from 0 to 15, with higher values
scores on the quality of building regulations, quality indicating better quality control and safety mechanisms in
control before construction, quality control during the construction permitting system.
construction, quality control after construction,
The indicator is based on the same case study
liability and insurance regimes, and professional
assumptions as the measures of efficiency.
certifications indices.
Table 3.3 Summary of time quality control and safety mechanisms in India
Answer Score
Answer (Delhi) Score (Delhi)
(Mumbai) (Mumbai)
Building quality control index (0-15) 12.0 11.0
Licensed Licensed
Which third-party entities are required by law to verify
architect; architect;
that the building plans are in compliance with existing
Licensed Licensed
building regulations? (0-1)
engineer. engineer.
Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 2.0
Available 1.0 Available

How accessible are building laws and regulations in your
online; Free online; Free of 1.0
economy? (0-1)
of charge. charge.
List of 1.0
List of
required
required
documents;
Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are documents;
Fees to be
clearly specified in the building regulations or on any Fees to be 1.0
paid;
accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) paid;
Required
Required
preapproval
preapprovals.
s.
Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Licensed 1.0 Licensed

Which third-party entities are required by law to verify
architect; architect;
that the building plans are in compliance with existing 1.0
Licensed Licensed
building regulations? (0-1)
engineer. engineer.
Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 2.0
Inspections 1.0 Inspections by

by in-house in-house
engineer; engineer;
What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to Inspections Inspections at
at various various 1.0
be carried out during construction? (0-2)
phases; No phases; No
inspections inspections
are legally are legally
required required
Answer Score
(Mumbai) (Mumbai)
during during
constructio construction.
n.
Mandatory 1.0 Mandatory

inspections inspections
Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during
are always are always 1.0
construction? (0-1)
done in done in
practice. practice.
Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 3.0
Yes, final 2.0 Yes, final

inspection inspection is
is done by done by
government government
Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that agency; Yes, agency; Yes,
the building was built in accordance with the approved in-house in-house 2.0
plans and regulations? (0-2) engineer engineer
submits submits
report for report for
final final
inspection. inspection.
Final 1.0
Final
inspection
Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? inspection
always 1.0
(0-1) always occurs
occurs in
in practice.
practice.
Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 0.0 0.0
Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural . 0.0 No party is
flaws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent held liable 0.0
Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) under the law.
No party is 0.0
Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an No party is
required by
insurance policy to cover possible structural flaws or required by
law to 0.0
problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect law to obtain
obtain
Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) insurance .
insurance .
Professional certifications index (0-4) 4.0 3.0
Minimum 2.0 Minimum

number of number of
years of years of
What are the qualification requirements for the experience; experience;
professional responsible for verifying that the University University
degree in degree in 2.0
architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with
existing building regulations? (0-2) architecture architecture
or or
engineering engineering;
; Being a Being a
registered registered
Answer Score
(Mumbai) (Mumbai)
architect or architect or
engineer. engineer.
Minimum 2.0
number of
years of
experience; Minimum
University number of
degree in years of
engineering experience;
What are the qualification requirements for the , University
professional who supervises the construction on the constructio degree in 1.0
ground? (0-2) n or engineering,
constructio construction
n or
manageme construction
nt; Being a management.
registered
architect or
engineer.
GETTING ELECTRICITY
Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for WHAT THE GETTING ELECTRICITY
businesses. To counter weak electricity supply, many
firms in developing economies have to rely on self- INDICATORS MEASURE
supply, often at a prohibitively high cost. Whether
electricity is reliably available or not, the first step for Procedures to obtain an electricity connection
a customer is always to gain access by obtaining a (number)
connection.
Submitting all relevant documents and
What do the indicators cover? obtaining all necessary clearances and permits
Doing Business records all procedures required for a Completing all required notifications and
local business to obtain a permanent electricity receiving all necessary inspections
connection and supply for a standardized warehouse, Obtaining external installation works and
as well as the time and cost to complete them. These possibly purchasing material for these works
procedures include applications and contracts with
Concluding any necessary supply contract and
electricity utilities, clearances from other agencies
obtaining final supply
and the external and final connection works. In
addition, this year Doing Business adds two new Time required to complete each procedure
measures: the reliability of supply and transparency (calendar days)
of tariffs index (included in the aggregate distance to Is at least 1 calendar day
frontier score and ranking on the ease of doing
Each procedure starts on a separate day
business) and the price of electricity (omitted from
these aggregate measures). The ranking of Does not include time spent gathering
economies on the ease of getting electricity is information
determined by sorting their distance to frontier Reflects the time spent in practice, with little
scores for getting electricity. These scores are the follow-up and no prior contact with officials
simple average of the distance to frontier scores for Cost required to complete each procedure (%
each of the component indicators. To make the data of income per capita)
comparable across economies, several assumptions
are used. Official costs only, no bribes
Excludes value added tax
Assumptions about the warehouse
The reliability of supply and transparency of
The warehouse: tariffs index
 Is owned by a local entrepreneur. Sum of the scores of six component indices:
 Is located in the economy’s largest business city. Duration and frequency of outages
Tools to monitor power outages
Tools to restore power supply
 Is located in an area where similar warehouses
are typically located. In this area a new electricity Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance
connection is not eligible for a special investment Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages
promotion regime (offering special subsidization Transparency and accessibility of tariffs
or faster service, for example). Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)*
 Is located in an area with no physical constraints.
For example, the property is not near a railway. Price based on monthly bill for commercial
warehouse in case study
 Is a new construction and is being connected to
electricity for the first time. *Price of electricity is not included in the
calculation of distance to frontier nor ease of
doing business ranking
The warehouse (continued):

 Has two stories, both above ground, with a total

surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square
Assumptions about the monthly consumption
meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on
which it is built is 929 square meters (10,000  It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days
square feet). a month from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a day),
 Is used for storage of goods. with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity on
average and that there are no electricity cuts
Assumptions about the electricity connection (assumed for simplicity reasons).
 The monthly energy consumption is 26,880
The electricity connection:
kilowatt-hours (kWh); hourly consumption is 112
 Is a permanent one.
kWh.
 Is a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a
 If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse
subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere
is served by the cheapest supplier.
(kVA) with a power factor of 1, when 1 kVA = 1
 Tariffs effective in March of the current year are
kilowatt (kW).
used for calculation of the price of electricity for the
 Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to
warehouse. Although March has 31 days, for
either the low- or medium-voltage distribution
calculation purposes only 30 days are used.
network and is either overhead or underground,
whichever is more common in the area where the
warehouse is located Requires works that involve
the crossing of a 10-meter road (such as by
excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried
out on public land. There is no crossing of other
owners’ private property because the warehouse
has access to a road.
 Includes only a negligible length in the
customer’s private domain.
 Does not require work to install the internal
wiring of the warehouse. This has already been
completed up to and including the customer’s
service panel or switchboard and the meter base
GETTING ELECTRICITY
What does it take to obtain a new electricity connection business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for
in India? According to data collected by Doing Business, which the data are a population-weighted average of the
getting electricity there requires 5.0 procedures, takes 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
45.9 days and costs 133.2% of income per capita (figure frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of
4.1). this profile for more details.
Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest
Figure 4.1 What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in India - Mumbai

What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in India - Delhi

Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. For more information on the methodology of the
getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected
here, see the summary at the end of this chapter.
GETTING ELECTRICITY
Globally, India stands at 26 in the ranking of 190 average ranking provide another perspective in assessing
economies on the ease of getting electricity (figure 4.2). how easy it is for an entrepreneur in India to connect a
The rankings for comparator economies and the regional warehouse to electricity.
Figure 4.2 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting electricity

GETTING ELECTRICITY
Obtaining an electricity connection is essential to enable ensure safety in the connection process while keeping
a business to conduct its most basic operations. In many connection costs reasonable, governments around the
economies the connection process is complicated by the world have worked to consolidate requirements for
multiple laws and regulations involved—covering service obtaining an electricity connection. What reforms in
quality, general safety, technical standards, procurement getting electricity has Doing Business recorded in India
practices and internal wiring installations. In an effort to (table 4.1)?
Table 4.1 How has India made getting electricity easier—or not?
DB year Reform
In India the utility in Mumbai made getting electricity less

DB2015
costly by reducing the security deposit for a new connection.
The utility in Delhi made the process for getting an electricity
connection simpler and faster by eliminating the internal
wiring inspection by the Electrical Inspectorate. The utility in
DB2016
Mumbai reduced the procedures and time required to connect
to electricity by improving internal work processes and
coordination.
India made getting electricity faster and cheaper by
streamlining the process of getting a new commercial
electricity connection by providing connection for 140 KVA
capacity to low tension (LT) network, thereby eliminating the
DB2017
need to install a distribution transformer. This reform impact
the city of Delhi.

GETTING ELECTRICITY
The indicators reported here for India are based on a set
OBTAINING AN ELECTRICITY CONNECTION*
of specific procedures—the steps that an entrepreneur
must complete to get a warehouse connected to
electricity by the local distribution utility—identified by
Doing Business. Data are collected from the distribution
utility, then completed and verified by electricity
regulatory agencies and independent professionals such Name of utility - TATA Power Delhi
as electrical engineers, electrical contractors and Delhi: Distribution Limited
construction companies. The electricity distribution utility
surveyed is the one serving the area (or areas) in which Name of utility - Bhrihan Mumbai
warehouses are located. If there is a choice of Mumbai: Electricity & Transport
distribution utilities, the one serving the largest number Undertaking
of customers is selected.
Price of electricity
(US cents per kWh) - 16.0
The procedures are those that apply to a warehouse and
Delhi:
electricity connection matching the standard
assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the
data (see the section in this chapter on what the Price of electricity
indicators cover). The procedures, along with the (US cents per kWh) - 25.5
associated time and cost, are summarized below. Mumbai:
City: Mumbai, Delhi

*Price is calculated as a monthly consumption of 26,880 kWh
for business customers, based on a standardized case study
adopted by the Getting Electricity methodology. Doing Business
measures the price of electricity but does not include these
data when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting
electricity or the ranking on the ease of getting electricity.
Table 4.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in India
Time to
complete
Submit application to utility (BEST) and await site inspection
An application for new connection under industrial and commercial

categories for applied load of 100 KW and above can be submitted and
accepted online. In addition, all statuary fees (including application fee,
connection charges and security deposit) is to be paid alongwith 7 calendar days INR 75
1
application submission. Customer then prints out the submitted online
application, and attaches all necessary supporting documents (including
statement of electrical load; proof of occupancy; layout plan; location
plan; undertaking from customer) and submits to customer care office.
Time to
complete
Agency: Brihan Mumbai Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking
(BEST)
External works of meter board conducted by customer's electrical

contractor
Consumers supplied with low and medium voltage electrical energy shall
provide and maintain an enclosure with a dry masonry wall not less than
250 millimeters thick or such other structure as may be approved by the
Utility on which the utility's meter boards and service cutouts shall be
*2 supported and shall provide and maintain adequate protection for the 7 calendar days INR 8,000
meter board from ingress of water, tampering and mechanical damage.
The consumer's mains shall in all cases, be brought to the Utility's point
of supply.
Agency: Customer
Receive external site inspection by BEST and await estimate
Site inspection includes confirmation of premises, identification of

location of terminating service cable, and position of meter cabin.
Appointment can be made over the phone giving reference of
application no; electrical contractor should be licensed, registration with
BEST of electrician not necessary. The Authorized Representative of the
Undertaking on receipt of the application, with prior intimation, shall
inspect the premises to confirm its eligibility and study the technical
requirements of giving supply to the consumer and fix the position of
main cut outs or circuit breakers and meters and sanction the load for 8 calendar days INR 0
3
the premises in consultation with the consumer and/or his Licensed
Electrical contractor. Subsequently, BEST shall intimate the applicant of
the details of any works that are required to be undertaken, the charges
to be borne by the applicant thereon in accordance with Annex 2 of
Schedule of Charges approved by the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory
Commission.

(BEST)
Submit electrical contractor's wiring and test report and make

payment of connection cost estimate to BEST
The connection cost is standard for connections between 100 KW - 150 1 calendar day INR 60,000
4
KW. As required by Rule 45 of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, no
electrical installation work (including additions, alterations, repairs and
adjustment to existing installation) except such replacements of lamps,
fans, fuses, switches and other component parts of the installation, as in
Time to
complete
no way alters the capacity and character of the installation, shall be
carried out upon the premises on behalf of any consumer or owner for
the purposes of supply of energy to such consumer or owner, except by
an Electrical Contractor Licensed by Government in this behalf and under
the direct supervision of a person holding a certificate of competency,
issued by Government. As soon as the consumer's installation is
completed in all respects and tested by the consumer’s contractor, the
consumer must submit to BEST a wiring contractor's work Terms &
Conditions of Supply completion and test report.

(BEST)
Pay security deposit and receive external connection and electricity

flow
Security deposit - A consumer with a consumption of electricity of not

less than one lac (1,00,000) kilo-watt hours per month and with no
undisputed sums payable to the Undertaking may, at the option of such
consumer, deposit security, by way of cash (including cheque and
demand draft), irrevocable letter of credit or unconditional bank
guarantee issued by a scheduled commercial bank. In case a consumer
who has deposited security subsequently opts to receive supply through
a prepaid meter, the amount of such security deposit shall, after 30 calendar days INR 6,624.74
5
deduction of all monies owing from such consumer, be either refunded
to such consumer or treated as a part of the value of the prepaid credit
to the account of such consumer, from which the value of his future
consumption is to be deducted. The Undertaking shall apply any security
so deposited, towards satisfaction of any amount which is due or owing
from the consumer.

(BEST)
* Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in India - Delhi
Time to
complete
Submit application to Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. and await
site inspection
To apply for a new connection, customer must fill in the basic details in
1 the Form at http://www.ndpl.com to generate a New Connection 3 calendar days INR 53,400
Request Notification Number. After customer fills the form and submits
it, customer will receive a call from Sampark Kendra within 48 hour, who
will provide customer the details of the documents to be submitted and
information regarding nearest location for submission of documents.
Time to
complete
The list of documents is as follows:

(1) Inland Revenue: Permanent Account No. of Income Tax;
(2) Registrar of Companies: Certificate of Incorporation;
(3) Municipal Authority: Trade License;
(4) Electrical Inspector from Office of Electrical Inspectorate of Delhi:
Firefighting/Lift Safety Certificate, where applicable;
(5) Produced by customer themselves: a Certificate by the Electrical
Contractor for Internal Wiring
(6) Proof of Ownership or Occupancy.
Customer can also call TPDDL on the 24 hour Sampark Kendra 66404040,
for initiating the new connection process. However, customers are
mandated to visit one Document Submission Centers along with the
necessary documents to initiate the new connection process. New
Connection Request Notification will be cancelled if the documents are
not submitted within 3 working days.
Agency: Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd.
External works of meter board conducted by customer's electrical

contractor
Consumers supplied with low and medium voltage electrical energy shall
provide and maintain an enclosure with a dry masonry wall not less than
250 millimeters thick or such other structure as may be approved by
TPDDL on which TPDDL’s meter boards and service cutouts shall be
*2 supported and shall provide and maintain adequate protection for the 7 calendar days INR 100,000
meter board from ingress of water, tampering and mechanical damage.
The consumer's mains shall in all cases, be brought to TPDDL's point of
supply.
Agency: Customer's contractor
Receive external site inspection from Tata Power and await estimate
Customer makes appointment over the phone by providing application

number as reference. TPDDL contacts the customer through e-mail, SMS
or phone to make an inspection appointment at customer’s convenience.
Representative of TPDDL will inspect the premises to confirm its
eligibility and study the technical requirements of giving supply to the 7 calendar days INR 0
3
consumer and fix the position of main cut outs or circuit breakers and
meters and sanction the load for the premises in consultation with the
consumer and/or his Licensed Electrical Contractor. Customer and/or his
Licensed Electrical Contractor must be present during external site
inspection.

Time to
complete
Receive internal wiring inspection by utility
Utility will appoint consultant to inspect the premises of the warehouse

to ensure that the load applied for by the consultant is being adhered to.
The team that conducts this internal load verification/internal wiring
inspection is different from the team of the utility that conducts site
4 inspection. 1 calendar day INR 0
Receive external connection, meter installation and electricity flow
TPDDL will conduct external connection works, including the fixing of

meters and coupling them with the customer’s installation preparatory to
the inspection and testing of the installation and connection of supply.
5 29 calendar days INR 37,464.44
* Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

GETTING ELECTRICITY
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index
The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs Doing Business uses the system average interruption
index encompasses quantitative data on the duration duration index (SAIDI) and the system average
and frequency of power outages as well as interruption frequency index (SAIFI) to measure the
qualitative information on the mechanisms put in duration and frequency of power outages in the largest
place by the utility for monitoring power outages business city of each economy (for 11 economies the data
and restoring power supply, the reporting are also collected for the second largest business city).
relationship between the utility and the regulator for SAIDI is the average total duration of outages over the
power outages, the transparency and accessibility of course of a year for each customer served, while SAIFI is
tariffs and whether the utility faces a financial the average number of service interruptions experienced
deterrent aimed at limiting outages (such as a by a customer in a year. Annual data (covering the
requirement to compensate customers or pay fines calendar year) are collected from distribution utility
when outages exceed a certain cap). companies and national regulators on SAIDI and SAIFI.
Both SAIDI and SAIFI estimates include load shedding.
The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values
indicating greater reliability of electricity supply and
greater transparency of tariffs.
Table 4.3 Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff Index in India

Answer Score Answer Score
(Mumbai) (Mumbai) (Delhi) (Delhi)
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index

7.0 7.0
(0-8)
Total duration and frequency of outages per customer

2.0 2.0
a year (0-3)
System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 1.72 2.42
System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 3.26 2.41
Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to

Yes Yes
monitor outages?
Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to

Yes Yes
restore service?
Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the

utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability Yes Yes
of supply?
Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 1.0 1.0


Does the utility either pay compensation to customers

or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages Yes Yes
exceed a certain cap?
Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) 1.0 1.0
Are effective tariffs available online? Yes Yes
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Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of

Yes Yes
the billing cycle?
Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 25.5 16.0

Note: If data on power outages is not collected or if the SAIFI index or SAIDI index are above the threshold of 100, the
economy is not eligible to obtain a score in the Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff Index. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 12
(equivalent to an outage of one hour each month) or below, a score of 1 is assigned. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 4 (equivalent to an
outage of one hour each quarter) or below, 1 additional point is assigned. Finally, if SAIDI and SAIFI are 1 (equivalent to an
outage of one hour per year) or below, 1 more point is assigned. Doing Business measures the price of electricity but does
not include these data when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting electricity or the ranking on the ease of
getting electricity. The price of electricity is measured in cents per kilowatt-hour. On the basis of the assumptions about
monthly consumption, a monthly bill for a commercial warehouse in the largest business city of the economy is computed for
the month of March (for 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city). As noted, the
warehouse uses electricity 30 days a month, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., so different tariff schedules may apply if a time-of-
use tariff is available.
REGISTERING PROPERTY
Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental. WHAT THE REGISTERING PROPERTY
Effective administration of land is part of that. If
INDICATORS MEASURE
formal property transfer is too costly or
complicated, formal titles might go informal again.
And where property is informal or poorly Procedures to legally transfer title on
administered, it has little chance of being accepted immovable property (number)
as collateral for loans—limiting access to finance. Preregistration (for example, checking for liens,
notarizing sales agreement, paying property
transfer taxes)
Doing Business records the full sequence of Registration in the economy’s largest business
procedures necessary for a business to purchase city2
property from another business and transfer the
property title to the buyer’s name. The transaction is Postregistration (for example, filing title with
the municipality)
considered complete when it is opposable to third
parties and when the buyer can use the property, Time required to complete each procedure
use it as collateral for a bank loan or resell it. In (calendar days)
addition, this year Doing Business adds a new
Does not include time spent gathering
measure to the set of registering property information
indicators, an index of the quality of the land
administration system in each economy. The Each procedure starts on a separate day.
ranking of economies on the ease of registering Procedures that can be fully completed online
are recorded as ½ day.
property is determined by sorting their distance to
frontier scores for registering property. These scores Procedure considered completed once final
are the simple average of the distance to frontier document is received
scores for each of the component indicators. To No prior contact with officials
make the data comparable across economies,
several assumptions about the parties to the Cost required to complete each procedure
transaction, the property and the procedures are (% of property value)
used. Official costs only, no bribes
The parties (buyer and seller): No value added or capital gains taxes included
 Are limited liability companies, 100% Quality of land administration index (0-30)
domestically and privately owned and perform
. The parties (buyer and seller):
general commercial activities in the economy’s
largest business city.  Are limited liability companies, 100% domestically
and privately owned and perform general
 Have 50 employees each, all of whom are
commercial activities in the economy’s largest
nationals.
business city.
The property (fully owned by the seller):
 Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals.
 Has a value of 50 times income per capita. The
The property (fully owned by the seller):
sale price equals the value and entire property
will be transferred.  Has a value of 50 times income per capita. The sale
price equals the value and entire property will be
 Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or
transferred.
both, and is free of title disputes.
 Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both,
Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no
and is free of title disputes.
rezoning is required.
What does it take to complete a property transfer in Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest
India? According to data collected by Doing Business, business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for
registering property there requires 7.0 procedures, takes which the data are a population-weighted average of the
46.8 days and costs 7.7% of the property value (figure 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
5.1). The score on the quality of land administration frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of
index is 7.0 this profile for more details.
Figure 5.1 What it takes to register property in India - Mumbai
What it takes to register property in India - Delhi


total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the registering property indicators, see the Doing Business
website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter.
Globally, India stands at 138 in the ranking of 190 regional average ranking provide other useful
economies on the ease of registering property (figure information for assessing how easy it is for an
5.2). The rankings for comparator economies and the entrepreneur in India to transfer property.
Figure 5.2 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of registering property

The indicators reported here are based on a set of
STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER
specific procedures—the steps that a buyer and seller
must complete to transfer the property to the buyer’s
name—identified by Doing Business through
information collected from local property lawyers, Property value: 5114479.2
notaries and property registries. These procedures
are those that apply to a transaction matching the City: Mumbai, Delhi
standard assumptions used by Doing Business in
collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on
what the indicators cover). The procedures, along
with the associated time and cost, are summarized
below.
Table 5.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in India Mumbai
Time to
complete
Conduct a title search at the office of Sub-Registrar of Assurance
The purchaser should conduct a search of the property in the Registry

and the Revenue Office, noting the location details of the property and
the time period to be checked. While investigating the title it should be
verified.
(1) the legal ownership document (i.e. the title document) is in the name
of the owner and is duly stamped and registered before the concerned
sub-registrar of assurances.
(2) that on the date of purchase the title of the owner for the preceding
30 years (preferably) shows no mortgage or other encumbrance as still
existing on the date of purchase,
(3) the property is transferable and heritable,
(4) the transferor is competent and/or authorized to transfer the 7 days
property, (simultaneous
1 INR 15,000-20,000
(5) the transferee is qualified to be a transferee, with procedures 2
(6) the object or consideration for the transfer is lawful, and 3)
(7) the transfer has been made and completed in the manner prescribed
by law.
Also, all papers with regard to payment of taxes, the electricity bills and
water bills need to be checked.
If the seller is a Company incorporated under the provisions of the
Companies Act, 2013 then it is prudent to take search in the office of the
Registrar of Companies to verify whether there is any charge on the
property registered under the provisions of Section 81 of the Companies
Act, 2013.
Agency: Sub-Registrar of Assurance

Time to
complete
Ensure that property is clear of all local tax dues
Non-payment of local property tax can result in the property being

attached and sold by the local body. The last local tax bill will show the 7 days
previous dues if any and the receipt of payment will indicate the date on (simultaneous
*2 which the payment was made. The receipt is issued by the local body No charge
with procedures 1
upon receipt of payment.
and 3)
Agency: Local authorities
Conduct charges search at the Registrar of Companies
In case of companies formed under the provisions of Companies Act,

2013 and/or under the provisions of Companies Act, 1956 as also in case
of any Limited Liability Partnership firms, all charges, modification of 1-2 days
charges and satisfaction of charges are required to be compulsorily (simultaneous
*3 registered with the Registrar of Companies. Searches on the website of INR 100
with procedures 1
the Ministry of Company Affairs can be taken to peruse the charges
and 2)
created.
Agency: Registrar of Companies
Prepare the final sale deed with the purchaser’s lawyer
The lawyer prepares the final sale deed and then engrosses the
document on green paper leaving the date and place blank. This About 1% of the
document is then submitted for stamping. The fee for the lawyer varies 7 days property value
4
from transaction to transaction.
(About INR 45,000)
Agency: Lawyer
Pay Stamp Duty on the final Sale Deed through franking at the
designated bank.
Since December 2013 stamp duty and registration fees through Less than a day
electronic secured bank treasury receipt (eSBTR)—an online payment 5% of property
5 (online
service available round-the-clock has been implemented in Mumbai and value
procedure)
entire Maharashtra.Under this system, a customer can log onto the
website of the authorized bank, click the link for payment of stamp
duty/registration fees, enter the necessary details and pay the duty
through the internet banking account. With the printout as proof of the
Time to
complete
online payment, the customer can walk into the nominated branches of
the bank to get the eSBTR. The eSBTR is a receipt with security features,
which has been designed by India Security Press, Nashik.
“Alternatively, there is also a facility to make the data entry online and
make the payment in bank branches. The sub-registrar then has to
register the documents attached with the receipt.
Payment could be made

1) Online- through credit card, debit card, internet banking for online
payment mode. For this purpose various banks have also been
authorised authorizing their internet banking facility
2) through the process of Simple receipt (receipt printed on A-4 size

paper). Payment is made to Banks,stamp vendors and post offices also
who issue these receipts. Payments can be made through Cash, Cheque,
Bank Draft or through electronic payment
3) ESBTR (Electronic Bank and Treasury Receipt) - Few banks have been
authorised to issue ESBTR. Banks accept payment by various modes and
then issue these ESBTRs.
Payment through GRAS system- details at

https://gras.mahakosh.gov.in/igr/
Agency: Designated and authorised Banks and Government Revenue

Accounting Department for online payment
Execute final sale deed and submit documents to the local office of
the Sub-Registrar of Assurances
The execution of the sale deed in front of the 2 witnesses is commonly

done at the same time and place where the buyer submits documents to
the Sub-Registrar.
The documents are submitted to the office of the Sub Registrar of
1% of market
Assurances within whose jurisdiction the property is located. The
authorized signatories of the seller and purchaser are required to be
value of the
present along with two witnesses. Once the document is registered, a property
distinct document number is assigned to that document. The record of (Maximum INR
6 registration is kept in the office of sub registrar of assurance. 1 day 30,000) + INR 20
per page of final
The documents are submitted to the Reader of the Sub-Registrar of sale deed for
Assurances for scrutiny. After scrutiny, the Reader indicates the scanning charges
registration fee required, which is 1% of the transaction value or Rs. (paid in cash)
30,000/- whichever is less on the document itself. The due registration
fee is to be deposited with the cashier against a receipt. After depositing
the fees, the documents are presented before the Sub-Registrar in
accordance with Section 32 of the Registration Act, 1908. Normally, the
Seller hands over the peaceful vacant and physical possession of the
property to the buyer simultaneous to the deed being presented for
registration. Upon payment of the required registration fees and
Time to
complete
computer service charges in cash, as per the receipt, the document is
returned within 30 minutes of getting the receipt.
The documentation shall include:

(1) Document required to be registered (in duplicate)
(2) Two passport-size photographs of the authorized signatories of both
parties.
(3) Photo identification of each party and witnesses i.e. voters' identity
card, passport, identity card issued by Govt. of India, Semi Govt. and
Autonomous bodies or identification by a Gazette Officer.
(4) Certified true copies of certificate of incorporation of both seller and
purchaser.
(5) Copy of the latest property register card (to be obtained from the City
Survey Department) to indicate that the property does not belong to the
government
(6) Copy of the Municipal Tax bill to indicate the year in which the
building was constructed
(7) Copy of PAN Card of Income Tax of the Seller and the Buyer annexed
along with the Sale Deed.
The registration fees can be paid e-Challan on GRAS or e-SBTR through

the websites of the authorised participatory banks.
Agency: Sub Registrar of Assurances
Apply to the Land & Survey Office for mutation of the tile of the
property
INR 750
(Application fee of
An application for mutation of the title of the property will have to be
made to the City Survey and Land Records office for seeking mutation of
INR 100; stamp
the title of the property in the name of the purchaser. The authorised duty on the
signatory has to submit the duly signed application along with the Indemnity Bond of
7 affidavit, indemnity bond and a notarised copy of the registered Sale 30 days INR 500, stamp
Deed. After the assessment of the request for mutation, the City Survey duty of INR 100 on
and Land Records office decides the value of the tax on the property and the Affidavit in the
issues a letter of mutation in favour of the purchaser. prescribed form
and notary fees of
Agency: Land & Survey Office INR 50)

Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in India Delhi
Time to
complete
Time to
complete
Conduct title search at the sub-registrar office
The purchaser should conduct search of the property in the Registry

Office. During investigation it should be verified that (1) the legal
ownership document is in the name of the owner, issued by the Revenue
Record Department under the seal of Tehsildar, (2) the title deeds,
mutation entries for the preceding 40 years (preferably) must be checked 7 days
to confirm no mortgage or other encumbrances exist on the date of (simultaneous
1 purchase, (3) the property is transferable and heritable, (4) the transferor INR 15,000-20,000
with procedures 2
is competent and/or authorized to transfer the property, (5) the
and 3)
transferee is qualified to be a transferee, (6) the consideration is lawful,
(7) the transfer has been made and completed in the manner prescribed
by law.
Agency: Sub-Registrar Office
Ensure that property is clear of all local tax dues
Request all records regarding payment of local property taxes and any
other possible municipal dues, for pick-up a week later, to ensure that 7 days
the owner of the property is in good standing with municipal authorities (simultaneous
*2 INR 200
with procedures 1
Agency: North Delhi Municipal Corporation, South Delhi Municipal
and 3)
Corporation, East Delhi Municipal Corporation (depending on the location
of the property)
Conduct charges search at the Registrar of Companies
If the seller is a Company incorporated under the provisions of the

Companies Act, 2013, the purchaser should conduct a search in the
office of the Registrar of Companies to verify whether there is any charge
(mortgage, encumbrance, etc.) on the property registered under Section 1-2 days
125 of the Companies Act, 2013. Note that if the Seller is not able to (simultaneous
*3 INR 100
produce title deed, then Buyer must also check any potential creditors with procedures 1
for mortgages by deposit of title deed, which are not recorded and 2)
anywhere.
Agency: Registrar of Companies
Prepare the final sale deed with the purchaser’s lawyer
The lawyer prepares the final sale deed and then engrosses the
document on green paper leaving the date and place blank. This 1% of the property
4 document is then submitted for stamping. The fee for the lawyer varies 7 days
value
from transaction to transaction.
Agency: Lawyer
Time to
complete
Pay Stamp Duty on the final Sale Deed through e-stamp paper at
the designated bank.
The amount of stamp duty is calculated based on the sale consideration

or circle rate, whichever is higher, and deposited by the party purchasing
the e-stamp paper, in the designated account of the Stock Holding
Corporation of India at Corporation Bank by RTGS/NEFT. Thereafter, the
UTR no. or other relevant details of the payment along with the details of 6% of property
5 the property, parties, nature of instruments, Permanent Account Number 1 day
value
(PAN) card details of parties, authority letter to the representative of the
party to collect the e-stamp paper and ID proof of the party in whose
name stamp duty has been purchased, are required to be submitted at
the bank and thereafter, the stamp paper is issued.
Agency: Bank
Execute final sale deed and submit documents to the local office of
the Sub-Registrar of Assurances
Initially an appointment is taken for registration, from the concerned

Sub-Registrar's office or online, as the case may be. On date of the
appointment, the documents are submitted to the designated official for
screening. The designated official verifies the particulars of the 1% of market
purchaser(s), seller(s) and witnesses and also verifies the property details
value of the
and title documents of the seller with respect to the property. Thereafter,
property
the photographs of the seller, purchaser and witnesses are taken which
+ INR100 pasting
are also printed on the back page of the registered sale deed. Further,
the registration fees is paid in favour of the office of the Sub-Registrar charge has to be
and receipt for the same is issued. Thereafter, the sale deed is registered deposited at Sub-
and a registration receipt is issued. The registered sale deed can be Registrar office at
6 1 day
collected from the office of Sub-Registrar after approximately 1 week the time of
from the date of registration, upon production of the registration receipt. registration
+INR 20 per page
The following documents are required to be carried to the office of the of final sale deed
Sub-Registrar for registration of a sale deed: for scanning
(i) two photographs, each of the authorized representatives/directors of charges (paid in
the seller and purchaser, alongwith their ID proof, in original;
cash)
(ii) PAN cards of seller and purchaser;
(iii) the board resolutions in favour of the authorized representative or
director executing the sale deed on behalf of the companies;
(iii) In case the sale consideration is more than INR 50,00,000/-, proof of
payment of 1% deduction as TDS;
(iv) ID proof of the witnesses, in original; and
(v) previous title documents of the property.
Time to
complete
The authorized representatives/directors of both parties as well as

witnesses are required to be present at the office of the Sub-Registrar, in
person, for the registration of the sale deed.
Agency: Sub-Registrar of Assurances
Apply to the Land & Survey Office for mutation of the tile of the
property
INR 450
An application for mutation of the title of the property will have to be
(Application fee of
made to the Sub-Registrar office office for seeking mutation of the title
of the property in the name of the purchaser. The authorised signatory
INR 100; stamp
has to submit the duly signed application along with the affidavit, duty on the
indemnity bond and a notarised copy of the registered Sale Deed. After Indemnity Bond of
7 the assessment of the request for mutation, the Sub-Registrar office 30 days INR 200, stamp
decides the value of the tax on the property and issues a letter of duty of INR 100 on
mutation in favour of the purchaser. Cost included application fee of INR the Affidavit in the
100; stamp duty on the Indemnity Bond of INR 200, stamp duty of INR prescribed form
100 on the Affidavit in the prescribed form and notary fees of INR 50. and notary fees of
INR 50)
Agency: Land & Survey Office

Quality of land administration
The quality of land administration index is the sum of If private sector entities were unable to register property
the scores on the reliability of infrastructure, transfers in an economy between June 2014 and June
transparency of information, geographic coverage 2015, the economy receives a “no practice” mark on the
and land dispute resolution indices. procedures, time and cost indicators. A “no practice”
economy receives a score of 0 on the quality of land
The index ranges from 0 to 30, with higher values
administration index even if its legal framework includes
indicating better quality of the land administration
provisions related to land administration.
system.
Table 5.3 Summary of quality of land administration in India

Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 7.5 6.5
Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 2.0 2.0
Office of
What is the institution in charge of immovable Sub-Registrar
Sub-
property registration? office
Registrar
In what format are the majority of title or deed records

Computer/Sc Computer/
kept in the largest business city—in a paper format or in 1.0 1.0
anned Scanned
a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for checking for

encumbrances (liens, mortgages, restrictions and the No 0.0 No 0.0
like)?
In what format are the majority of maps of land plots

kept in the largest business city—in a paper format or in Paper 0.0 Paper 0.0
a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for recording

boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral No 0.0 No 0.0
information (geographic information system)?
Is the information recorded by the immovable property

registration agency and the cadastral or mapping Separate Separate
0.0 0.0
agency kept in a single database, in different but linked databases databases
databases or in separate databases?
Do the immovable property registration agency and

cadastral or mapping agency use the same Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
identification number for properties?
Transparency of information index (0–6) 3.0 2.0


Anyone
Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at Anyone who
who pays
the agency in charge of immovable property pays the 1.0 1.0
the official
registration in the largest business city? official fee
fee
Is the list of documents that are required to complete

any type of property transaction made publicly Yes, online 0.5 Yes, online 0.5
available–and if so, how?
www.igrmaha
rashtra.gov.in
under the
http://www.
heading
delhi.gov.in
'Activities'
/wps/wcm/
and sub
connect/Do
heading
IT_DCNORT
'Document
Link for online access: H/dcnorth/
Registration'
publicservic
http://www.ig
esslinks/reg
rmaharashtra.
istration+of
gov.in/SB_AC
+document
TIVITES/activi
s
tes_DocRegis
tration.aspx
Is the applicable fee schedule for any property

transaction at the agency in charge of immovable
Yes, online 0.5 Yes, online 0.5
property registration in the largest business city made
publicly available–and if so, how?
www.igrmaha
rashtra.gov.in
under the
http://www.
heading
delhi.gov.in
'Publications'
/wps/wcm/
and sub
connect/do
heading 'Fee
it_revenue/
Link for online access: Structure'
Revenue/H
http://www.ig
ome/Servic
rmaharashtra.
es/Property
gov.in/SB_PU
+Registrati
BLICATION/D
on
ATA/Registrat
ion%20fee%2
0table.pdf
Does the agency in charge of immovable property Yes, online 0.5 Yes, in 0.0

registration commit to delivering a legally binding person

document that proves property ownership within a
specific time frame–and if so, how does it communicate
the service standard?
www.igrmaha
rashtra.gov.in
under the
heading
Citizen's
Charter
Link for online access:
http://www.ig
rmaharashtra.
gov.in/SB_CIT
IZENAREA/citi
zenArea_CC_
pdf.aspx
Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing

complaints about a problem that occurred at the No 0.0 No 0.0
agency in charge of immovable property registration?
Contact information:
Are there publicly available official statistics tracking

the number of transactions at the immovable property No 0.0 No 0.0
registration agency?
Number of property transfers in the largest business

city in 2015:
Only Only
intermediarie intermediar
Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest
s and 0.0 ies and 0.0
business city?
interested interested
parties parties
Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of Yes, on public

0.5 No 0.0
land plots made publicly available—and if so, how? boards
Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to

delivering an updated map within a specific time
No 0.0 No 0.0
frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service
standard?


Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing

complaints about a problem that occurred at the No 0.0 No 0.0
cadastral or mapping agency?
Geographic coverage index (0–8) 0.0 0.0
Are all privately held land plots in the economy

No 0.0 No 0.0
formally registered at the immovable property registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the largest business

city formally registered at the immovable property No 0.0 No 0.0
registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the economy

No 0.0 No 0.0
mapped?
Are all privately held land plots in the largest business

No 0.0 No 0.0
city mapped?
Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 2.5 2.5
Does the law require that all property sale transactions

be registered at the immovable property registry to Yes 1.5 Yes 1.5
make them opposable to third parties?
Is the system of immovable property registration

No 0.0 No 0.0
subject to a state or private guarantee?
Is there a specific compensation mechanism to cover

for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good
faith in a property transaction based on erroneous No 0.0 No 0.0
information certified by the immovable property
registry?
Does the legal system require a control of legality of

the documents necessary for a property transaction
Yes 0.5 Yes 0.5
(e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with
requirements of the law)?
Lawyer; Lawyer;
If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of
Interested Interested
the documents?
Parties. Parties.
Does the legal system require verification of the

Yes 0.5 Yes 0.5
identity of the parties to a property transaction?
If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of

Registrar. Registrar.
the parties?
Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of

No 0.0 No 0.0
identity documents?

For a standard land dispute between two local

businesses over tenure rights of a property worth 50 Delhi
City Civil
times gross national income (GNI) per capita and District
Court
located in the largest business city, what court would be Court
in charge of the case in the first instance?
How long does it take on average to obtain a decision

More than 3 More than
from the first-instance court for such a case (without 0.0 0.0
years 3 years
appeal)?
Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes

No 0.0 No 0.0
in the first instance?
Number of land disputes in the largest business city in

2015:
Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0 0.0
Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal

Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
ownership rights to property?
Do married men and married women have equal

Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
ownership rights to property?

GETTING CREDIT
Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS
credit and improve its allocation: credit information
MEASURE
systems and borrowers and lenders in collateral and
bankruptcy laws. Credit information systems enable
lenders to view and consider a potential borrower’s Strength of legal rights index (0–12)
financial history (positive or negative) when assessing Rights of borrowers and lenders through
risk and they allow borrowers to establish a good collateral laws
credit history that will facilitate their access to credit. Protection of secured creditors’ rights through
Sound collateral laws enable businesses to use their bankruptcy laws
assets, especially movable property, as security to
generate capital—while strong creditors’ rights have Depth of credit information index (0–8)
been associated with higher ratios of private sector Scope and accessibility of credit information
credit to GDP. distributed by credit bureaus and credit
registries
Credit bureau coverage (% of adults)
Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit
information and the legal rights of borrowers and Number of individuals and firms listed in
lenders with respect to secured transactions through largest credit bureau as percentage of adult
2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information population
index measures rules and practices affecting the Credit registry coverage (% of adults)
coverage, scope and accessibility of credit
Number of individuals and firms listed in
information available through a credit registry or a
credit registry as percentage of adult
credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index
population
measures whether certain features that facilitate
lending exist within the applicable collateral and
bankruptcy laws. Doing Business uses two case
scenarios, Case A and Case B, to determine the scope
of the secured transactions system, involving a  Has up to 50 employees.
secured borrower and a secured lender and  Is 100% domestically owned, as is the lender.
examining legal restrictions on the use of movable
collateral (for more details on each case, see the Data The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit
Notes section of the Doing Business 2017 report). is determined by sorting their distance to frontier
These scenarios assume that the borrower: scores for getting credit. These scores are the distance
to frontier score for the strength of legal rights index
 Is a domestic limited liability company. and the depth of credit information index.
 Has its headquarters and only base of operations
in the largest business city. For the 11 economies
with a population of more than 100 million, data
for a second city have been added.
GETTING CREDIT
How well do the credit information system and collateral Globally, India stands at 44 in the ranking of 190
and bankruptcy laws in India facilitate access to credit? economies on the ease of getting credit (figure 6.1). The
The economy has a score of 7.0 on the depth of credit rankings for comparator economies provide useful
information index and a score of 6.0 on the strength of information for assessing how well regulations and
legal rights index (see the summary of scoring at the end institutions in India support lending and borrowing.
of this chapter for details). Higher scores indicate more
credit information and stronger legal rights for
borrowers and lenders.
Figure 6.1 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting credit

GETTING CREDIT
One way to put an economy’s score on the getting credit rights index for India and shows the scores for
indicators into context is to see where the economy comparator economies as well as the regional average
stands in the distribution of scores across economies. score. Figure 6.3 shows the same for the depth of credit
Figure 6.2 highlights the score on the strength of legal information index.
Figure 6.2 How strong are legal rights for borrowers Figure 6.3 How much credit information is shared—
and lenders? and how widely?
Economy scores on strength of legal rights index Economy scores on depth of credit information index
Source: Doing Business database. Source: Doing Business database.

Note: Higher scores indicate that collateral and bankruptcy Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit
laws are better designed to facilitate access to credit. information, from either a credit registry or a credit bureau,
Source: Doing Business database. to facilitate lending decisions. If the credit bureau or registry
is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult
population, the total score on the depth of credit
information index is 0.
GETTING CREDIT
The getting credit indicators reported here for India are The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are
based on detailed information collected in that economy. gathered through a survey of financial lawyers and
The data on credit information sharing are collected verified through analysis of laws and regulations as well
through a survey of a credit registry and/or credit bureau as public sources of information on collateral and
(if one exists). To construct the depth of credit bankruptcy laws. For the strength of legal rights index, a
information index, a score of 1 is assigned for each of 8 score of 1 is assigned for each of 10 aspects related to
features of the credit registry or credit bureau (see legal rights in collateral law and 2 aspects in bankruptcy
summary of scoring below). law.
Mumbai Delhi
Strength of legal rights index (0–12)
Index score: 6.0 Index score: 6.0
Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured transactions
that extends to the creation, publicity and enforcement of functional 0 0
equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy?
Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a
single category of movable assets, without requiring a specific description 1 1
of collateral?
Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in
substantially all of its assets, without requiring a specific description of 1 1
collateral?
May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it
extend automatically to the products, proceeds or replacements of the 1 1
original assets?
Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral
agreements; can all types of debts and obligations be secured between
1 1
parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for
which the assets are encumbered?
Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-
incorporated entities, that is unified geographically and by asset type, with 0 0
an electronic database indexed by debtor's name?
Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information
online (for example, through a web interface, a system-to-system 0 0
connection or both)?
Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations,
amendments, cancellations and searches can be performed online by any 1 1
interested third party?
Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee
0 0
claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency procedure?
Mumbai Delhi
Strength of legal rights index (0–12)
Index score: 6.0 Index score: 6.0
Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee
0 0
claims) when a business is liquidated?
Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a
debtor enters a court-supervised reorganization procedure? Does the law
0 0
protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from
the stay and/or sets a time limit for it?
Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the
time a security interest is created? Does the law allow the secured creditor
1 1
to sell the collateral through public auction and private tender, as well as,
for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt?
Depth of credit information index (0–8) Credit bureau Credit registry Index score: 7.0
Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes No 1

Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? Yes No 1
Are data from retailers or utility companies - in
addition to data from banks and financial institutions - No No 0
distributed?
Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed?
(Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more
than 10 years of negative data or erase data on Yes No 1
defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0
for this component.)
Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per
Yes No 1
capita distributed?
By law, do borrowers have the right to access their
Yes No 1
data in the credit bureau or credit registry?
Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’
credit information online (for example, through an
Yes No 1
online platform, a system-to-system connection or
both)?
Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-
added service to help banks and financial institutions Yes No 1
assess the creditworthiness of borrowers?
Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not
operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0.
Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry
Number of individuals 176,859,706 0

Number of firms 7,224,478 0
Total 184,084,184 0
Total percentage of adult population 21.4 0.0
PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS

Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of
companies to raise the capital they need to grow, WHAT THE PROTECTING MINORITY
innovate, diversify and compete. Effective regulations INVESTORS INDICATORS MEASURE
define related-party transactions precisely, promote
clear and efficient disclosure requirements, require
shareholder participation in major decisions of the Extent of disclosure index (0–10)
company and set detailed standards of accountability
Review and approval requirements for related-party
for company insiders.
transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-
What do the indicators cover? party transactions
Doing Business measures the protection of minority Extent of director liability index (0–10)
investors from conflicts of interest through one set of Ability of minority shareholders to sue and hold
indicators and shareholders’ rights in corporate interested directors liable for prejudicial related-
governance through another. The ranking of economies party transactions; Available legal remedies
on the strength of minority investor protections is (damages, disgorgement of profits, fines,
determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores imprisonment, rescission of the transaction)
for protecting minority investors. These scores are the
Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10)
simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the
extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the Access to internal corporate documents; Evidence
extent of shareholder governance index. To make the obtainable during trial and allocation of legal
data comparable across economies, a case study uses expenses
several assumptions about the business and the Extent of conflict of interest regulation index
transaction. (0–10)
The business (Buyer): Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent of
director liability and ease of shareholder indices
 Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the
economy’s most important stock exchange If the Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10)
number of publicly traded companies listed on that Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate
exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock decisions
exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer
is a large private company with multiple Extent of ownership and control index (0-10)
shareholders. Governance safeguards protecting shareholders
 Has a board of directors and a chief executive from undue board control and entrenchment
officer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer
Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10)
where permitted, even if this is not specifically
required by law. Corporate transparency on ownership stakes,
 Has a supervisory board (applicable to economies compensation, audits and financial prospects
with a two-tier board system) on which 60% of the Extent of shareholder governance index
shareholder-elected members have been appointed (0–10)
by Mr. James, who is Buyer’s controlling
Simple average of the extent of shareholders rights,
shareholder and a member of Buyer’s board of
extent of ownership and control and extent of
directors. corporate transparency indices
 Has not adopted any bylaws or articles of Strength of minority investor protection
association that differ from default minimum index (0–10)
standards and does not follow any nonmandatory
codes, principles, recommendations or guidelines Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest
regulation and extent of shareholder governance
relating to corporate governance.
indices
 Is a manufacturing company with its own

distribution network.
The transaction involves the following details:
 Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and elected two
directors to Buyer’s five-member board.
 Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that
operates a chain of retail hardware stores. Seller
recently closed a large number of its stores Mr.
James proposes that Buyer purchase Seller’s unused
fleet of trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution of its
food products, a proposal to which Buyer agrees.
The price is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is
higher than the market value.
 The proposed transaction is part of the company’s
ordinary course of business and is not outside the
authority of the company.
 Buyer enters into the transaction. All required
approvals are obtained, and all required disclosures
made (that is, the transaction is not fraudulent).
 The transaction causes damages to Buyer.
Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other parties
that approved the transaction.

How strong are minority investor protections against protection index (figure 7.1). While the indicator does
self-dealing in India? The economy has a score of 7.3 on not measure all aspects related to the protection of
the strength of minority investor protection index, with a minority investors, a higher ranking does indicate that an
higher score indicating stronger protections. economy’s regulations offer stronger minority investor
protections against self-dealing in the areas measured.
Globally, India stands at 13 in the ranking of 190
economies on the strength of minority investor
Figure 7.1 How India and comparator economies perform on the strength of minority investor protection index


One way to put an economy’s scores on the A summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors
protecting minority investors indicators into context indicators at the end of this chapter provides details on
is to see where the economy stands in the how the indices were calculated.
distribution of scores across comparator economies.
Figure 7.2 highlights the scores on the various
minority investor protection indices for India.
Figure 7.2 Summary of the various minority investor protection indices for India and comparator economies.


Economies with the strongest protections of minority result, reforms to strengthen minority investor
investors from self-dealing require detailed disclosure protections may move ahead on different fronts—such
and define clear duties for directors. They also have well- as through new or amended company laws, securities
functioning courts and up-to-date procedural rules that regulations or civil procedure rules. What minority
give minority shareholders the means to prove their case investor protection reforms has Doing Business recorded
and obtain a judgment within a reasonable time. As a in India (table 7.1)?
Table 7.1 How has India strengthened minority investor protections—or not?
DB year Reform
India strengthened minority investor protections by requiring

greater disclosure of conflicts of interest by board members,
increasing the remedies available in case of prejudicial related-
DB2015
party transactions and introducing additional safeguards for
shareholders of privately held companies. This reform applies
to both Delhi and Mumbai.
Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for
these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.

The protecting minority investors indicators reported to disclosure, director liability, shareholder suits,
here for India are based on detailed information shareholder rights, ownership and control and corporate
collected through a survey of corporate and securities transparency in a standard case study (for more details,
lawyers about securities regulations, company laws and see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2017
court rules of evidence and procedure. To construct the report). The summary below shows the details underlying
six indicators on minority investor protection, scores are the scores for India.
assigned to each based on a range of conditions relating
Table 7.2 Summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors indicators in India
Answer Score Answer

Score (Delhi)
(Mumbai) (Mumbai) (Delhi)
Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10) 7.3 7.3
Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 6.7 6.7
Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7.0 7.0
Board of
Board of directors
directors
Which corporate body is legally sufficient to approve the excluding
2.0 excluding 2.0
Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) interested
interested
members
members
Full disclosure
Must Mr. James disclose his conflict of interest to the board Full disclosure of
2.0 of all material 2.0
of directors? (0-2) all material facts
facts
Disclosure on
Disclosure on the
the transaction
Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published periodic transaction and
2.0 and on the 2.0
filings (annual reports)? (0-2) on the conflict of
conflict of
interest
interest
Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the No disclosure No disclosure
0.0 0.0
public and/or shareholders? (0-2) obligation obligation
Must an external body review the terms of the transaction
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
before it takes place? (0-1)
Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6.0 6.0
Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital
sue directly or derivatively for the damage the transaction Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
caused to Buyer? (0-1)
Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the
Not liable 0.0 Not liable 0.0
damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-2)
Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the Liable if unfair or Liable if unfair
2.0 2.0
damage the transaction caused to Buyer (0-2) prejudicial or prejudicial
Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1)
Must Mr. James repay profits made from the transaction
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1)
Is Mr. James disqualifed or fined and imprisoned upon a
No 0.0 No 0.0
successful claim by shareholders? (0-1)
Voidable if Voidable if
Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by
negligently 1.0 negligently 1.0
shareholders? (0-2)
concluded concluded
Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7.0 7.0
Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
share capital inspect the transaction documents? (0-1)
Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the defendant Any relevant Any relevant
3.0 3.0
and witnesses at trial? (0-3) document document
Can the plaintiff request categories of documents from the
No 0.0 No 0.0
defendant without identifying specific ones? (0-1)
Can the plaintiff directly question the defendant and
Yes 2.0 Yes 2.0
witnesses at trial? (0-2)
Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
criminal cases? (0-1)
At the
Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal expenses from At the discretion
0.0 discretion of 0.0
the company? (0-2) of the court
the court
Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 8.0 8.0
Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 10.0 10.0
Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
approval?
Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
call for an extraordinary meeting of shareholders?
Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
issues new shares?
Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
every time Buyer issues new shares?
Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
external auditor?
Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
the holders of the affected shares approve?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
51% of its assets require member approval?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members
representing 10% call for an extraordinary meeting of Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
members?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all members
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
consent to add a new member?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member
first offer to sell his interest to the existing members before Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
selling to a non-member?
Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 8.0 8.0
Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and
No 0.0 No 0.0
chair of the board of directors?
Must the board of directors include independent and
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
nonexecutive board members?
Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
without cause before the end of their term?
Must the board of directors include a separate audit
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
committee exclusively comprising board members?
Must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer?
Must Buyer pay dividends within a maximum period set by

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
law after the declaration date?
Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
parent company?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, is there a
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
management deadlock breaking mechanism?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential
acquirer make a tender offer to all shareholders upon No 0.0 No 0.0
acquiring 50% of Buyer?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer
distribute profits within a maximum period set by law after Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
the declaration date?
Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 6.0 6.0
Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect beneficial ownership
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
stakes representing 5%?
Must Buyer disclose information about board members’
other directorships as well as basic information on their Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
primary employment?
Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
managers?
Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days
No 0.0 No 0.0
before the meeting?
Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital
No 0.0 No 0.0
put items on the agenda for the general meeting?
Must Buyer's annual financial statements be audited by an
Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
external auditor?
Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members
No 0.0 No 0.0
meet at least once a year?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members
No 0.0 No 0.0
representing 5% put items on the meeting agenda?
Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's
annual financial statements be audited by an external Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
auditor?

PAYING TAXES
Taxes are essential. The level of tax rates needs to be WHAT THE PAYING TAXES INDICATORS
carefully chosen—and needless complexity in tax
rules avoided. Firms in economies that rank better MEASURE
on the ease of paying taxes in the Doing Business
study tend to perceive both tax rates and tax Tax payments for a manufacturing company
administration as less of an obstacle to business in 2014 (number per year adjusted for
according to the World Bank Enterprise Survey electronic and joint filing and payment)
research. Total number of taxes and contributions paid,
What do the indicators cover? including consumption taxes (value added tax,
sales tax or goods and service tax)
Using a case scenario, Doing Business records the
Method and frequency of filing and payment
taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-
size company must pay in a given year as well as Time required to comply with 3 major taxes
measures of the administrative burden of paying (hours per year)
taxes and contributions and dealing with postfiling
Collecting information and computing the tax
processes. This case scenario uses a set of financial payable
statements and assumptions about transactions
made over the year. Information is also compiled on Completing tax return forms, filing with
the frequency of filing and payments, time taken to proper agencies
comply with tax laws, time taken to comply with the Arranging payment or withholding
requirements of postfiling processes and time
Preparing separate tax accounting books, if
waiting for these processes to be completed. The required
ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is
determined by sorting their distance to frontier Total tax rate (% of profit before all taxes)
scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are Profit or corporate income tax
the simple average of the distance to frontier scores
Social contributions and labor taxes paid by
for each of the four component indicators – number
the employer
of tax payments. time, total tax rate and postfiling
index – with a threshold and a nonlinear Property and property transfer taxes
transformation applied to one of the component Dividend, capital gains and financial
indicators, the total tax rate1. If both VAT (or GST) transactions taxes
and corporate income tax apply, the postfiling index
Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
is the simple average of the distance to frontier
scores for each of the four components: the time to Postfiling Index
comply with a VAT or GST refund, the time to obtain The time to comply with a VAT or GST refund
a VAT or GST refund, the time to comply with a
corporate income tax audit and the time to complete The time to receive a VAT or GST refund
a corporate income tax audit. If only VAT (or GST) or The time to comply with a corporate income
corporate income tax applies, the postfiling index is tax audit
the simple average of the scores for only the two
The time to complete a corporate income tax
components pertaining to the applicable tax. If audit
neither VAT (or GST) nor corporate income tax
1 The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power of 0.8.
The threshold is defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up
to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same
score as the economy at the threshold.
applies, the postfiling index is not included in the Assumptions about the corporate income tax
ranking of the ease of paying taxes. audit process:
Taxes and mandatory contributions include  An error in the calculation of the income tax
corporate income tax, turnover tax and all labor liability (for example, use of incorrect tax
taxes and contributions paid by the company. A depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an
range of standard deductions and exemptions are expense as tax deductible) leads to an
also recorded. incorrect income tax return and consequently
All financial statement variables are proportional to an underpayment of corporate income tax.
2012 income per capita. To make the data  TaxpayerCo. discovered the error and
comparable across economies, several assumptions voluntarily notified the tax authority of the
are used. error in the corporate income tax return.
TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started
operations on January 1, 2014.
The business starts from the same financial position
in each economy. All the taxes and mandatory
contributions paid during the second year of
operation are recorded.
Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at
all levels of government.
Assumptions about the VAT refund process:
 In June 2015, TaxpayerCo. makes a large
capital purchase: one additional machine for
manufacturing pots.
 The value of the machine is 65 times income
per capita of the economy.
 Sales are equally spread per month (that is,
1,050 times income per capita divided by
12).
 Cost of goods sold are equally expensed per
month (that is, 875 times income per capita
divided by 12).
 The seller of the machinery is registered for
VAT or general sales tax (GST).
 Excess input VAT incurred in June will be
fully recovered after four consecutive
months if the VAT or GST rate is the same
for inputs, sales and the machine and the
tax reporting period is every month.
.
PAYING TAXES
What is the administrative burden of complying with tax the end of this chapter for details). Most indicator sets
obligations and postfiling processes in India—and how refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an
much do firms pay in taxes? Globally, India stands at in economy, except for 11 economies for which the data
the ranking of 190 economies on the ease of paying are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest
taxes (figure 8.1). The rankings for comparator business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier
economies and the regional average ranking provide and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this
other useful information for assessing the tax compliance profile for more details.
burden for businesses in (see table 8.2 and table 8.3 at
.
Figure 8.1 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of paying taxes

PAYING TAXES
Economies around the world have made paying taxes and exemptions. Many have lowered tax rates. Changes
faster, easier and less costly for businesses—such as by have brought concrete results. Some economies
consolidating payments and filings of taxes, offering simplifying tax payment and reducing rates have seen
electronic systems for filing and payment, establishing tax revenue rise. What tax reforms has Doing Business
taxpayer service centers or allowing for more deductions recorded in India (table 8.1)?
Table 8.1 How has India made paying taxes easier—or not?
DB year Reform
India reduced the administrative burden of paying taxes by

DB2011 abolishing the fringe benefit tax and improving electronic
payment.
India eased the administrative burden of paying taxes for firms
DB2012 by introducing mandatory electronic filing and payment for
value added tax.
India made paying taxes easier by introducing an electronic
DB2017 system for paying employee state insurance contributions. This
reform applies to both Mumbai and Delhi.
PAYING TAXES
The indicators reported here for India are based on
LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY
the taxes and contributions that would be paid by a
standardized case study company used by Doing
Business in collecting the data (see the section in this City: Mumbai, Delhi
chapter on what the indicators cover). Tax
practitioners are asked to review a set of financial
statements as well as a standardized list of
The taxes and contributions paid are listed in table 8.2
assumptions and transactions that the company
below, along with the associated number of payments,
completed during its 2nd year of operation.
time and tax rate.
Respondents are asked how much taxes and
mandatory contributions the business must pay how The postfiling index is based on four components—the
these taxes are filed and paid, how much time time to comply with a VAT or GST refund, the time to
taxpayers spend preparing, filing and paying three obtain a VAT or GST refund, the time to comply with a
major taxes (profit taxes, labor taxes including corporate income tax audit and the time to complete a
mandatory contributions and consumption taxes) and corporate income tax audit. These components are
how much time taxpayers spend complying with based on expanded case study assumptions. If only VAT
postfiling processes and waiting for these processes (or GST) or corporate income tax applies for an
to be completed. economy, the postfiling index is the simple average of
the scores for only the two components pertaining to
the applicable tax. If neither VAT (or GST) nor corporate
income tax applies, the postfiling index is not included
in the ranking of the ease of paying taxes.
Table 8.2 Summary of tax rates and administration
Total tax Notes on

Mumbai: Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory
Tax base rate (% of total tax
contribution (number) payments (hours) tax rate
profit) rate
Employee's state insurance gross
4 online 4.75% 4.64
contribution salaries
dividend
Dividend tax 1 16.995% distributio 3.98
ns
taxable
Corporate income tax 1 online 45 30% 20.93
profit
gross
Social security contributions 12 91 13.61% 15.35
salaries
purchase
Central Sales Tax 1 online 105 2% 14.14
price
Total tax Notes on

Mumbai: Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory
profit) rate
assessed
Property tax 1 10% 1.32
value
12% * (1+
2%
Education
cess + 1% insurance
Tax on insurance contracts 1 0.26
Secondary premium
& High
education
cess)
fixed fee
Vehicle tax (pollution tax) 1 INR 200 0.01
per vehicle
interest included in
Tax on interest 0 withheld 10% 0.00
income other taxes
fuel
small
Fuel tax 1 consumpti 0.00
amount
on
value not
State VAT 1 online 12.5% 0.00
added included
value not
CENVAT (Excise Duty) 1 online 12.5% 0.00
added included
on
applicable included in
Income surcharge 0 jointly 10% 0.00
federal other taxes
taxes
all federal
taxes
included in
Education cess 0 jointly 2% including 0.00
other taxes
the
surcharge
all federal
taxes
Secondary & Higher included in
0 jointly 1% including 0.00
education cess other taxes
the
surcharge
Employee paid - Social 12% + gross
0 jointly 0.00 withheld
security contributions 1.75% salaries
Totals 25.0 241.0 60.6
Total tax Notes on

Delhi: Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory
profit) rate
Employee's state insurance gross
4 online 4.75% 4.64
contribution salaries
dividend
Dividend tax 1 16.995% distributio 3.98
ns
taxable
Corporate income tax 1 online 45 30% 20.93
profit
gross
Social security contributions 12 91 13.61% 15.35
salaries
purchase
Central Sales Tax 1 online 105 2% 14.14
price
assessed
Property tax 1 10% 1.32
value
12% * (1+
2%
Education
cess + 1% insurance
Tax on insurance contracts 1 0.26
Secondary premium
& High
education
cess)
fixed fee
Vehicle tax (pollution tax) 1 INR 200 0.01
per vehicle
interest included in
Tax on interest 0 withheld 10% 0.00
income other taxes
fuel
small
Fuel tax 1 consumpti 0.00
amount
on
value not
State VAT 1 online 12.5% 0.00
added included
value not
CENVAT (Excise Duty) 1 online 12.5% 0.00
added included
on
applicable included in
Income surcharge 0 jointly 10% 0.00
federal other taxes
taxes
Total tax Notes on

Delhi: Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory
profit) rate
all federal
taxes
included in
Education cess 0 jointly 2% including 0.00
other taxes
the
surcharge
all federal
taxes
Secondary & Higher included in
0 jointly 1% including 0.00
education cess other taxes
the
surcharge
Employee paid - Social 12% + gross
0 jointly 0.00 withheld
security contributions 1.75% salaries
Totals 25.0 241.0 60.6
TRADING ACROSS BORDERS

In today’s globalized world, making trade between WHAT THE TRADING ACROSS BORDERS
economies easier is increasingly important for
INDICATORS MEASURE FOR IMPORT & EXPORT
business. Excessive use of paper documents,
burdensome customs procedures, inefficient port
operations and inadequate infrastructure all lead Documentary compliance – cost & time
to extra costs and delays for exporters and Obtain, prepare and submit documents:
importers, stifling trade potential.
-During transport, clearance, inspections and port
What do the indicators cover? or border handling in origin economy
Doing Business records the time and cost -Required by origin, destination and transit
associated with the logistical process of exporting economies
and importing goods. Under the new Covers all documents by law and in practice
methodology introduced this year, Doing Business
Border compliance – cost & time
measures the time and cost (excluding tariffs)
associated with three sets of procedures— Customs clearance and inspections
documentary compliance, border compliance and Inspections by other agencies if applied to more
domestic transport—within the overall process of than 10% of shipments)
exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The
Port or border handling
ranking of economies on the ease of trading
across borders is determined by sorting their Processing documents during clearance,
distance to frontier scores for trading across inspections and port or border handling
borders. These scores are the simple average of Domestic transport*
the distance to frontier scores for the time and
Loading and unloading of shipment
cost for documentary compliance and border
compliance to export and import (domestic Transport between warehouse and terminal/port
transport is not used for calculating the ranking). Transport between terminal/port and border
Traffic delays and road police checks while
To make the data comparable across economies, a
shipment is en route
few assumptions are made about the traded
goods and the transactions: * Although Doing Business collects and publishes data on the
time and cost for domestic transport, it does not use these
Time data in calculating the distance to frontier score for trading
 Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 across borders or the ranking on the ease of trading across
hours (for example, 22 days are recorded as 22 borders.
× 24 = 528 hours). If customs clearance takes
7.5 hours, the data are recorded as is. Cost
Alternatively, suppose that documents are  Insurance cost and informal payments for which no
submitted to a customs agency at 8:00 a.m., are receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded.
processed overnight and can be picked up at Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Contributors are
8:00 a.m. the next day. In this case the time for asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based
customs clearance would be recorded as 24 on the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer
hours because the actual procedure took 24 the questionnaire.
hours.
Assumptions of the case study  If government fees are determined by the value of the
shipment, the value is assumed to be $50,000.
 For each of the 190 economies covered by
Doing Business, it is assumed that a shipment  The product is new, not secondhand or used
travels from a warehouse in the largest business merchandise.
city of the exporting economy to a warehouse
in the largest business city of the importing  The exporting firm is responsible for hiring and paying
economy. For 11 economies the data are also for a freight forwarder or customs broker (or both) and
collected, under the same case study pays for all costs related to international shipping,
assumptions, for the second largest business domestic transport, clearance and mandatory
city. inspections by customs and other government
agencies, port or border handling, documentary
 The import and export case studies assume compliance fees and the like for exports. The importing
different traded products. It is assumed that firm is responsible for the above costs for imports.
each economy imports a standardized
shipment of 15 metric tons of containerized  The mode of transport is the one most widely used for
auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import the chosen export or import product and the trading
partner—the economy from which it imports partner, as is the seaport, airport or land border
the largest value (price times quantity) of auto crossing.
parts. It is assumed that each economy exports
the product of its comparative advantage  All electronic submissions of information requested by
(defined by the largest export value) to its any government agency in connection with the
natural export partner—the economy that is the shipment are considered to be documents obtained,
largest purchaser of this product. Special prepared and submitted during the export or import
products such as precious metal and gems, live process.
animals and pharmaceuticals are excluded from
the list of possible export products. However,  A port or border is defined as a place (seaport, airport
the second largest product category is or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter
considered as needed. or leave an economy.
 A shipment is a unit of trade. Export shipments  Government agencies considered relevant are agencies
do not necessarily need to be containerized, such as customs, port authorities, road police, border
while import shipments of auto parts are guards, standardization agencies, ministries or
assumed to be containerized. departments of agriculture or industry, national security
agencies and any other government authorities.

The Trading across Borders indicator refers to a case Globally, India stands at 143 in the ranking of 190
study scenario of a warehouse in the largest business city economies on the ease of trading across borders (figure
of an economy (except for 11 economies for which the 9.1).
data are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest
While not included in the distance to frontier or ease of
business cities) trading with the main import and export
doing business ranking, data on domestic transportation
partner through the economy’s main border crossing.
is also recorded for all economies and provided in Table
9.3.
Figure 9.1 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of trading across borders


In economies around the world, trading across borders systems. These changes help improve the trading
as measured by Doing Business has become faster and environment and boost firms’ international
easier over the years. Governments have introduced competitiveness. What trade reforms has Doing Business
tools to facilitate trade—including single windows, risk- recorded in India (table 9.1)?
based inspections and electronic data interchange
Table 9.1 How has India made trading across borders easier—or not?
DB year Reform
India made exporting and importing easier by launching

Customs Electronic Commerce Interchange Gateway portal
DB2017 and simplifying border and documentary compliance
procedures. This reform applies to both New Delhi and
Mumbai.

The indicators reported here for India are based on a
LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY
set of specific predefined procedures for trading a
shipment of goods by the most widely used mode of
transport (whether sea or land). The information on City: Mumbai, Delhi
the time and cost to complete export and import is
collected from local freight forwarders, customs The details on the predefined set of procedures, and the
brokers and traders. associated time and cost, for exporting and importing a
shipment of goods are listed in the summary bellow,
along with the required documents.
Table 9.2 Summary of export and import time and cost for trading across borders in India
Mumbai Delhi South Asia
Time to export: Border compliance

85 125 59
(hours)
Cost to export: Border compliance
368 453 376
(USD)
Time to export: Documentary
58 21 78
compliance (hours)
Cost to export: Documentary
94 90 183
compliance (USD)
Time to import: Border compliance
307 262 116
(hours)
Cost to import: Border compliance
556 590 645
(USD)
Time to import: Documentary
65 58 106
compliance (hours)
Cost to import: Documentary
129 140 348
compliance (USD)
Table 9.3 Summary of trading details, transport time and documents for trading across borders in India
Mumbai Delhi
Export Import Export Import
HS 85 : Electrical HS 8708: Parts and HS 85 : Electrical HS 8708: Parts and

Product machinery and accessories of machinery and accessories of
equipment and motor vehicles equipment and motor vehicles
Mumbai Delhi
Export Import Export Import
parts thereof; sound parts thereof; sound

recorders and recorders and
reproducers, reproducers,
television image television image
and sound and sound
recorders and recorders and
reproducers, and reproducers, and
parts and parts and
accessories of such accessories of such
articles articles
Trade partner United States Korea, Rep. United States Korea, Rep.
Border Nhava Sheva port Nhava Sheva port Mundra port Mundra port
Distance (km) 46 46 1241 1241
Domestic transport time (hours) 7 9 46 97
Domestic transport cost (USD) 158 165 681 864
Documents used to export
Bill of lading
Commercial invoice
Packing list
Customs export declaration
Terminal handling receipts
Documents used to import
Invoice
Packing List
Import General Manifest
Bill of Entry
Certificate of Origin
Bill of lading
Cargo Release Order

Note: Doing Business continues to collect data on the number of documents needed to trade internationally. Unlike in previous
years, however, these data are excluded from the calculation of the distance to frontier score and ranking. The time and cost
for documentary compliance serve as better measures of the overall cost and complexity of compliance with documentary
requirements than does the number of documents required.
Figure 9.2 Summary of India on the ease of trading across borders

Export (Mumbai) Import (Mumbai)
Export (Delhi) Import (Delhi)

ENFORCING CONTRACTS
WHAT THE ENFORCING CONTRACTS
Effective commercial dispute resolution has many
benefits. Courts are essential for entrepreneurs INDICATORS MEASURE
because they interpret the rules of the market and
protect economic rights. Efficient and transparent Time required to enforce a contract through
courts encourage new business relationships because the courts (calendar days)
businesses know they can rely on the courts if a new
customer fails to pay. Speedy trials are essential for Time to file and serve the case
small enterprises, which may lack the resources to Time for trial and to obtain the judgment
stay in business while awaiting the outcome of a long
Time to enforce the judgment
court dispute.
Cost required to enforce a contract through
What do the indicators cover? the courts (% of claim)
Doing Business measures the time and cost for Attorney fees
resolving a standardized commercial dispute through
a local first-instance court. In addition, this year it Court fees
introduces a new measure, the quality of judicial Enforcement fees
processes index, evaluating whether each economy
Quality of judicial processes index (0-18)
has adopted a series of good practices that promote
quality and efficiency in the court system. This new Court structure and proceedings (0-6)
index replaces the indicator on procedures, which Case management (0-6)
was eliminated this year. The ranking of economies
on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by Court automation (0-4)
sorting their distance to frontier scores. These scores Alternative dispute resolution (0-3)
are the simple average of the distance to frontier
scores for each of the component indicators.
The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a  The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure
sales contract between 2 domestic businesses. The the claim.
case study assumes that the court hears an expert on  The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an
the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes expert opinion.
the case from simple debt enforcement. To make the  The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no
data comparable across economies, Doing Business appeal.
uses several assumptions about the case:  The seller enforces the judgment through a public
 The dispute concerns a lawful transaction sale of the buyer’s movable assets.
between two businesses (Seller and Buyer), both
located in the economy’s largest business city.
 The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails
to pay.
 The value of the dispute is 200% of the income
per capita or the equivalent in local currency of
USD 5,000, whichever is greater.
 The seller sues the buyer before the court with
jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200%
of income per capita or $5,000.
ENFORCING CONTRACTS
How efficient is the process of resolving a commercial and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this
dispute through the courts in India? According to data profile for more details.
collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement takes
Globally, India stands at 172 in the ranking of 190
1420.0 days and costs 39.6% of the value of the claim.
economies on the ease of enforcing contracts (figure
Most indicator sets refer to the largest business city of an
10.1). The rankings for comparator economies and the
economy, except for 11 economies for which the data
regional average ranking provide other useful
are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest
benchmarks for assessing the efficiency of contract
business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier
enforcement in India.
Figure 10.1 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of enforcing contracts

ENFORCING CONTRACTS
Economies in all regions have improved contract reducing backlogs by introducing periodic reviews to
enforcement in recent years. A judiciary can be improved clear inactive cases from the docket and by making
in different ways. Higher-income economies tend to look contract enforcement faster. What reforms making it
for ways to enhance efficiency by introducing new easier (or more difficult) to enforce contracts has Doing
technology. Lower-income economies often work on Business recorded in India (table 10.1)?
Table 10.1 How has India made enforcing contracts easier—or not?
DB year Reform
India made enforcing contracts easier by creating dedicated

DB2017
courts and divisions to resolve commercial cases.
ENFORCING CONTRACTS
The data on time and cost reported here for India ECONOMY DETAILS
are built by following the step-by-step evolution of a
commercial sale dispute within the court, under the Claim value - Delhi: INR 306,959
assumptions about the case described above (figure
10.2). The time and cost of resolving the Claim value -
standardized dispute are identified through study of INR 306,959
Mumbai:
the codes of civil procedure and other court
regulations, as well as through questionnaires
Court name - Delhi: Delhi District Court
completed by local litigation lawyers (and, in a
quarter of the economies covered by Doing Business,
by judges as well). Court name -
Bombay City Civil Court
Mumbai:
City: Mumbai, Delhi

Figure 10.2 Time and cost of contract enforcement in India and comparator economies

Table 10.2 Details on time and cost for enforcing contracts in India
South Asia
Indicator Mumbai Delhi
average
Time (days) 1420.0 1420.0 1,099
Filing and service 20 20
Trial and judgment 1095 1095
Enforcement of judgment 305 305
Cost (% of claim) 39.6 39.6 30.6
Attorney fees 30.6 30.6
Court fees 8.5 8.5
Enforcement fees 0.5 0.5

ENFORCING CONTRACTS
Quality of judicial processes index
The quality of judicial processes index measures The scores reported here show which of these good
whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices are available in India (figure 10.3).
practices in its court system in four areas: court
This methodology was initially developed by Djankov and
structure and proceedings, case management, court
others (2003) and is adopted here with several changes.
automation and alternative dispute resolution. The
The quality of judicial processes index was introduced in
score on the quality of judicial processes index is the
Doing Business 2016. The good practices tested in this
sum of the scores on these 4 sub-components. The
index were developed on the basis of internationally
index ranges from 0 to 18, with higher values
recognized good practices promoting judicial efficiency.
indicating better, more efficient judicial processes.
Figure 10.3 Quality of judicial processes index in India and comparator economies

Table 10.3 Details of the quality of judicial processes index in India

Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 9.0 9.0
Court structure and proceedings (0-5) 4.5 4.5
1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated

Yes 1.5 Yes 1.5
solely to hearing commercial cases?
2. Small claims court 1.5 1.5
2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track

Yes Yes
procedure for small claims?
2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes Yes
3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
Yes, but Yes, but

4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? 0.5 0.5
manual manual
5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same

Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
evidentiary weight in court as a man's?
Case management (0-6) 0.5 0.5
1. Time standards 0.5 0.5
1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for

Yes Yes
key court events in a civil case?
1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least

Yes Yes
three court events?
1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than

No No
50% of cases?
2. Adjournments 0.0 0.0
2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of

Yes Yes
adjournments that can be granted?
2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and

No No
exceptional circumstances?
2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected

No No
in more than 50% of cases?
3. Can two of the following four reports be

generated about the competent court: (i) time to
disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of No 0.0 No 0.0
pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress
report?
4. Is a pretrial conference among the case No 0.0 No 0.0

management techniques used before the competent

court?
5. Are there any electronic case management tools in

No 0.0 No 0.0
place within the competent court for use by judges?
6. Are there any electronic case management tools in

No 0.0 No 0.0
place within the competent court for use by lawyers?
Court automation (0-4) 2.0 2.0
1. Can the initial complaint be filed electronically

through a dedicated platform within the competent No 0.0 No 0.0
court?
2. Is it possible to carry out service of process

electronically for claims filed before the competent No 0.0 No 0.0
court?
3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
competent court?
4. Publication of judgments 1.0 1.0
4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at

all levels made available to the general public
Yes Yes
through publication in official gazettes, in
newspapers or on the internet or court website?
4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at

the appellate and supreme court level made available
to the general public through publication in official Yes Yes
gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court
website?
Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.0 2.0
1. Arbitration 1.0 1.0
1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by

a consolidated law or consolidated chapter or section
Yes Yes
of the applicable code of civil procedure
encompassing substantially all its aspects?
1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from

those that deal with public order or public policy— Yes Yes
that cannot be submitted to arbitration?
1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements

Yes Yes
usually enforced by the courts?
2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.0 1.0
2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes Yes


2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by

a consolidated law or consolidated chapter or section
Yes Yes
of the applicable code of civil procedure
encompassing substantially all their aspects?
2.c. Are there financial incentives for parties to

attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., if mediation or
No No
conciliation is successful, a refund of court filing fees,
income tax credits or the like)?
RESOLVING INSOLVENCY
A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter, WHAT THE RESOLVING INSOLVENCY
ensuring the survival of economically efficient
companies and reallocating the resources of INDICATORS MEASURE
inefficient ones. Fast and cheap insolvency
proceedings result in the speedy return of businesses Time required to recover debt (years)
to normal operation and increase returns to
Measured in calendar years
creditors. By clarifying the expectations of creditors
and debtors about the outcome of insolvency Appeals and requests for extension are
proceedings, well-functioning insolvency systems can included
facilitate access to finance, save more viable Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s
businesses and sustainably grow the economy. estate)
What do the indicators cover? Measured as percentage of estate value
Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of Court fees
insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal
Fees of insolvency administrators
entities. These variables are used to calculate the
recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the Lawyers’ fees
dollar recovered by secured creditors through Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees
reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement
Other related fees
(foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To
determine the present value of the amount Outcome
recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the Whether business continues operating as a
lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, going concern or business assets are sold
supplemented with data from central banks and the piecemeal
Economist Intelligence Unit.
Recovery rate for creditors
To make the data on the time, cost and outcome
Measures the cents on the dollar recovered
comparable across economies, several assumptions
by secured creditors
about the business and the case are used:
Outcome for the business (survival or not)
 A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has determines the maximum value that can be
201 employees and 50 suppliers. The hotel recovered
experiences financial difficulties.
Official costs of the insolvency proceedings
 The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per are deducted
capita or the equivalent in local currency of USD
Depreciation of furniture is taken into
200,000, whichever is greater.
account
 The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, Present value of debt recovered
secured by a mortgage over the hotel’s real
estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but Strength of insolvency framework index (0-
makes enough money to operate otherwise. 16)
In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy Sum of the scores of four component indices:
and integrity of the existing legal framework Commencement of proceedings index (0-3)
applicable to liquidation and reorganization
Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6)
proceedings through the strength of insolvency
framework index. The index tests whether economies Reorganization proceedings index (0-3)
adopted internationally accepted good practices in Creditor participation index (0-4)
four areas: commencement of proceedings,
management of debtor’s assets, reorganization
proceedings and creditor participation.
Globally, India stands at 136 in the ranking of 190 framework index. The Resolving Insolvency indicator
economies on the ease of resolving insolvency (figure does not measure insolvency proceedings of individuals
11.1). The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving and financial institutions. The data are derived from
insolvency is determined by sorting their distance to questionnaire responses by local insolvency practitioners
frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are and verified through a study of laws and regulations as
the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for well as public information on bankruptcy systems.
the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency
Figure 11.1 How India and comparator economies rank on the ease of resolving insolvency

Recovery of debt in insolvency
Data on the time, cost and outcome refer to the most scenario in the largest business city of an economy,
likely in-court insolvency procedure applicable under except for 11 economies for which the data are a
specific case study assumptions. population-weighted average of the 2 largest business
cities.
According to data collected by Doing Business, resolving
insolvency takes 4.3 years on average and costs 9.0% of
the debtor’s estate. The average recovery rate is 26.0
cents on the dollar. Most indicator sets refer to a case
Figure 11.2 Efficiency of proceedings - time, cost and recovery rate in India and comparator economies.

Note: The recovery rate is calculated based on the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal
entities and is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors. The calculation takes into account the outcome:
whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal. Then the costs of the
proceedings are deducted. Finally, the value lost as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is
taken into account. The recovery rate is the present value of the remaining proceeds, based on end-2015 lending rates.
Table 11.1 Summary of data for the strength of insolvency framework index India
Answer Explanation
To enforce its security interest, Bizbank would file a petition to the
Mumbai, Debt Recovery Tribunal, governed by The Recovery of Debts Due to
Proceeding foreclosure
Delhi Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993. The debtor or other
creditors will object before the High Court.
The reason why BizBank initiates the insolvency process is that the
Mumbai, hotel is unable to pay its debts and the hotel expects operating
Outcome piecemeal sale
Delhi losses in 2016 as well as 2017. Hence, in order to pay the debts, the
hotel assets will be sold piecemeal and the hotel will stop operating.
Bizbank will apply to the Debt Recovery Tribunal to enforce its

security. This will take a couple of months. But other creditors
(including tax authorities) and Mirage itself will file objections in
Mumbai,
Time (in years) 4.3 front of the High Court, which will delay the proceedings
Delhi
substantially. Given the high backlog of cases in India's High Courts,
the foreclosure procedure until BizBank is repaid some or all of the
money owed to it takes about 4.3 years.
The costs associated with the case would amount to approximately

9% of the value of the debtor's estate. Costs incurred during the
entire foreclosure process mainly include court or government
agency fees (INR 300,000, according to Mumbai Court fees Act,
Cost (% of Mumbai,
9.0 1959), attorney fees (INR 100,000), costs of notification and
estate) Delhi
publication (INR 25,000), fees of accountants, assessors, inspectors
and other professionals (INR 100,000), fees of auctioneers (INR
50,000), fees of service providers and/or government levies (INR
100,000-200,000), and other fees (INR 100,000).
Recovery rate: 26.0

Strength of resolving insolvency index
The strength of insolvency framework index is the with higher values indicating insolvency legislation that is
sum of the scores on the commencement of better designed for rehabilitating viable firms and
proceedings index, management of debtor’s assets liquidating nonviable ones. India scores 6.0 out of 16 on
index, reorganization proceedings index and creditor the strength of resolving insolvency index.
participation index. The index ranges from 0 to 16,
Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) in India and comparator economies

Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or
reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome
indicators are recorded as “no practice”.
Table 11.2 Summary of data for the strength of insolvency framework index India
Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 6.0 6.0
Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 2.0
(b) Debtor (b) Debtor

What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when may file for may file for
0.5 0.5
commencing insolvency proceedings? liquidation liquidation
only only
(b) Yes, but a (b) Yes, but

creditor may a creditor
Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to
file for 0.5 may file for 0.5
file for insolvency of the debtor?
liquidation liquidation
only only
(a) Debtor
(a) Debtor is is generally
What basis for commencement of the insolvency generally unable to
proceedings is allowed under the insolvency unable to pay 1.0 pay its 1.0
framework? its debts as debts as
they mature they
mature
Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 3.0 3.0
Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation

of contracts supplying essential goods and services to No 0.0 No 0.0
the debtor?
Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
the debtor of overly burdensome contracts?
Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
preferential transactions?
Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of

Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
undervalued transactions?
Does the insolvency framework provide for the

possibility of the debtor obtaining credit after No 0.0 No 0.0
commencement of insolvency proceedings?
(c) No priority (c) No

is assigned to priority is
Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post- assigned to
post- 0.0 0.0
commencement credit? post-
commencem
ent creditors commence
ment

creditors
Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 0.0 0.0
Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization

N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0
plan?
Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting

creditors in reorganization receive at least as much as No 0.0 No 0.0
what they would obtain in a liquidation?
Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes

of voting on the reorganization plan, does each class
No 0.0 No 0.0
vote separately and are creditors in the same class
treated equally?
Creditor participation index (0-4) 1.0 1.0
Does the insolvency framework require approval by the

creditors for selection or appointment of the insolvency No 0.0 No 0.0
representative?
Does the insolvency framework require approval by the

No 0.0 No 0.0
creditors for sale of substantial assets of the debtor?
Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor

has the right to request information from the insolvency Yes 1.0 Yes 1.0
representative?
Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor

has the right to object to decisions accepting or No 0.0 No 0.0
rejecting creditors' claims?
LABOR MARKET REGULATION

Doing Business studies the flexibility of regulation of  Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the
employment, specifically as it relates to the areas of economy’s largest business city. For 11
hiring, working hours and redundancy. Doing Business economies the data are also collected for the
also measures several aspects of job quality such as the second largest business city.
availability of maternity leave, paid sick leave and the  Has 60 employees.
equal treatment of men and women at the workplace.  Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if
such agreements cover more than 50% of the
Doing Business 2017 presents the data for the labor food retail sector and they apply even to firms
market regulation indicators in an annex. The report that are not party to them.
does not present rankings of economies on these  Abides by every law and regulation but does not
indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance grant workers more benefits than those
to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable)
business. Detailed data collected on labor market collective bargaining agreements.
regulation are available on the Doing Business website
(http://www.doingbusiness.org). The data on labor
market regulation are based on a detailed questionnaire
on employment regulations that is completed by local
lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and
regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to
ensure accuracy.
To make the data comparable across economies, several

assumptions about the worker and the business are
used.
The worker:
 Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store,
age 19, with one year of work experience.
 Is a full-time employee.
 Is not a member of the labor union, unless
membership is mandatory.
The business:
 Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent
in the economy).

The data reported here for India are based on a detailed regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to
survey of labor market regulation that is completed by ensure accuracy.
local lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and
Hiring
Data on hiring cover five areas: (i) whether fixed-term minimum wage to the average value added per worker
contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks; (ii) the (the ratio of an economy’s GNI per capita to the
maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts; working-age population as a percentage of the total
(iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with one population).
year of work experience; and (iv) the ratio of the
Mumbai Delhi
Hiring
Data Data
Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No
Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) No limit No limit
Maximum length of fixed-term contracts, including renewals (months) No limit No limit
Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study
136.1 180.7
(US$/month)
Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.7 0.9


Working hours
Data on working hours cover nine areas: i) the maximum and nonnursing women can work the same night hours
number of working days allowed per week; (ii) the as men; (vii) whether there are restrictions on weekly
premium for night work (as a percentage of hourly pay); holiday work; (viii) whether there are restrictions on
(iii) the premium for work on a weekly rest day (as a overtime work; and (ix) the average paid annual leave for
percentage of hourly pay); (iv) the premium for overtime workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure, and 10
work (as a percentage of hourly pay); (v) whether there years of tenure.
are restrictions on night work; (vi) whether nonpregnant
Mumbai Delhi
Working Hours
Data Data
Maximum number of working days per week 6.0 6.0
Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 0.0
Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 0.0 0.0
Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 100.0 100.0
Restrictions on night work? Yes Yes
Mumbai Delhi
Working Hours
Data Data
No.
Under the
Maharashtra Shops
and Establishments
Act, 1948, Section
33: No such woman
shall be required or
allowed to work in
any establishment
after 9.30 p.m.
Daily and Weekly

Hours of Work
(Section – 14 of the
the Maharashtra
Shops and
Establishments Act,
No. The Delhi shops
1948):
& Establishment Act
• No
prohibits the
employee shall be
employment of
allowed to work in
women at night. The
any shop or
statute stipulates:
commercial
“No young person, or
establishment for
woman shall be
more than 9 hrs in
allowed or required
Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same any day & 48 hrs in
to work whether as
night hours as men a week.
an employee or
• Any
otherwise in any
employee may be
establishment
allowed to work for
between 9 p.m. and 7
any period in excess
a.m. during the
of the time limit
summer season and
fixed but such
between 8 p.m. to 8
period shall not
a.m. during the
exceed 6 hrs in any
winter season.
week.
• On not
more than 6 days in
a year which the
State Govt. may fix
by rules for the
purpose of making
of accounts, stock
taking settlements
or other prescribed
occasions, any
employee may be
required to work in
Mumbai Delhi
Working Hours
Data Data
Restrictions on weekly holiday? Yes Yes
Restrictions on overtime work? Yes Yes
Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 21.0 15.0
Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 21.0 15.0
Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 21.0 15.0
Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure,
21.0 15.0
in working days)


Redundancy rules
Data on redundancy cover nine areas: (i) the length of whether the employer needs approval from a third party
the maximum probationary period (in months) for to terminate one redundant worker; (vi) whether the
permanent employees; (ii) whether redundancy is employer needs approval from a third party to terminate
allowed as a basis for terminating workers; (iii) whether a group of nine redundant workers; (vii) whether the law
the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker
government agency) to terminate one redundant worker; before making the worker redundant; (viii) whether
(iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether
terminate a group of nine redundant workers; (v) priority rules apply for reemployment.
Mumbai Delhi
Difficulty of redundancy index
Data Data
Maximum length of probationary period (months) 3.0 3.0
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes
Third-party notification if one worker is dismissed? Yes Yes
Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No No
Third-party notification if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Yes
Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No No
Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No No
Priority rules for redundancies? Yes Yes
Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes


Redundancy cost
Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year
requirements and severance payments due when of tenure, a worker with 5 years and a worker with 10
terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of years is considered. One month is recorded as 4 and
salary. The average value of notice requirements and 1/3 weeks.
Mumbai Delhi
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks)
Data Data
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of
4.3 4.3
tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of
4.3 4.3
tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of
4.3 4.3
tenure
Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5
4.3 4.3
and 10 years of tenure)
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of
2.1 2.1
tenure
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of
10.7 10.7
tenure
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of
21.4 21.4
tenure
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5
11.4 11.4
and 10 years of tenure)


Job quality
Doing Business introduced new data on job quality in 2015. Doing Business 2017 covers eight questions on job
quality (i) whether the law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value; (ii) whether the law mandates
nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (iii) whether the law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iv)
the minimum length of paid maternity leave (in calendar days); (v) whether employees on maternity leave receive
100% of wages; (vi) the availability of five fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vii) whether a worker is eligible for
an unemployment protection scheme after one year of service; and (viii) the minimum duration of the contribution
period (in months) required for unemployment.
Mumbai Delhi
Job Quality
Data Data
Equal remuneration for work of equal value? No No
Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? Yes Yes
Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Yes
Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 84.0 84.0
Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? Yes Yes
Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? No No
Unemployment protection after one year of employment? No No
Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? n.a. n.a.

DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING

Doing Business presents results for two aggregate even though it is no longer at the frontier in a
measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of subsequent year.
doing business ranking, which is based on the distance
For scores such as those on the strength of legal rights
to frontier score. The ease of doing business ranking
index or the quality of land administration index, the
compares economies with one another; the distance to
frontier is set at the highest possible value. For the total
frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to
tax rate, consistent with the use of a threshold in
regulatory best practice, showing the absolute distance
calculating the rankings on this indicator, the frontier is
to the best performance on each Doing Business
defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the
indicator. When compared across years, the distance to
overall distribution for all years included in the analysis
frontier score shows how much the regulatory
up to and including Doing Business 2015. For the time to
environment for local entrepreneurs in an economy has
pay taxes the frontier is defined as the lowest time
changed over time in absolute terms, while the ease of
recorded among all economies that levy the three major
doing business ranking can show only how much the
taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory
regulatory environment has changed relative to that in
contributions, and value added tax (VAT) or sales tax. For
other economies.
the different times to trade across borders, the frontier is
defined as 1 hour even though in many economies the
Distance to Frontier time is less than that.
The distance to frontier score captures the gap between In the same formulation, to mitigate the effects of
an economy’s performance and a measure of best extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data
practice across the entire sample of 36 indicators for 10 for most component indicators (very few economies
Doing Business topics (the labor market regulation need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a
indicators are excluded). For starting a business, for business, but many need 9 days), the worst performance
example, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is calculated after the removal of outliers. The definition
and New Zealand have the smallest number of of outliers is based on the distribution for each
procedures required (1), and New Zealand the shortest component indicator. To simplify the process two rules
time to fulfill them (0.5 days). Slovenia has the lowest were defined: the 95th percentile is used for the
cost (0.0), and Australia, Colombia and 103 other indicators with the most dispersed distributions
economies have no paid-in minimum capital (including minimum capital, number of payments to pay
requirement (table 14.1 in the Doing Business 2016 taxes, and the time and cost indicators), and the 99th
report). percentile is used for number of procedures. No outlier is
removed for component indicators bound by definition
Calculation of the distance to frontier score
or construction, including legal index scores (such as the
Calculating the distance to frontier score for each depth of credit information index, extent of conflict of
economy involves two main steps. In the first step interest regulation index and strength of insolvency
individual component indicators are normalized to a framework index) and the recovery rate.
common unit where each of the 36 component
In the second step for calculating the distance to frontier
indicators y (except for the total tax rate) is rescaled
score, the scores obtained for individual indicators for
using the linear transformation (worst − y)/(worst −
each economy are aggregated through simple averaging
frontier). In this formulation the frontier represents the
into one distance to frontier score, first for each topic
best performance on the indicator across all economies
and then across all 10 topics: starting a business, dealing
since 2005 or the third year in which data for the
with construction permits, getting electricity, registering
indicator were collected. Both the best performance and
property, getting credit, protecting minority investors,
the worst performance are established every five years
paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts
based on the Doing Business data for the year in which
and resolving insolvency. More complex aggregation
they are established, and remain at that level for the five
methods—such as principal components and
years regardless of any changes in data in interim years.
unobserved components—yield a ranking nearly
Thus an economy may set the frontier for an indicator
identical to the simple average used by Doing Business2. The nonlinear transformation is not based on any
Thus Doing Business uses the simplest method: economic theory of an “optimal tax rate” that minimizes
weighting all topics equally and, within each topic, giving distortions or maximizes efficiency in an economy’s
equal weight to each of the topic components 3. overall tax system. Instead, it is mainly empirical in
nature. The nonlinear transformation along with the
An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a
threshold reduces the bias in the indicator toward
scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst
economies that do not need to levy significant taxes on
performance and 100 the frontier. All distance to frontier
companies like the Doing Business standardized case
calculations are based on a maximum of five decimals.
study company because they raise public revenue in
However, indicator ranking calculations and the ease of
other ways—for example, through taxes on foreign
doing business ranking calculations are based on two
companies, through taxes on sectors other than
decimals.
manufacturing or from natural resources (all of which are
The difference between an economy’s distance to outside the scope of the methodology). In addition, it
frontier score in any previous year and its score in 2015 acknowledges the need of economies to collect taxes
illustrates the extent to which the economy has closed from firms.
the gap to the regulatory frontier over time. And in any
Calculation of scores for economies with 2 cities
given year the score measures how far an economy is
covered
from the best performance at that time.
For each of the 11 economies in which Doing Business
Treatment of the total tax rate
collects data for the second largest business city as well
The total tax rate component of the paying taxes as the largest one, the distance to frontier score is
indicator set enters the distance to frontier calculation in calculated as the population-weighted average of the
a different way than any other indicator. The distance to distance to frontier scores for these two cities (table
frontier score obtained for the total tax rate is 13.1). This is done for the aggregate score, the scores for
transformed in a nonlinear fashion before it enters the each topic and the scores for all the component
distance to frontier score for paying taxes. As a result of indicators for each topic.
the nonlinear transformation, an increase in the total tax
rate has a smaller impact on the distance to frontier
score for the total tax rate—and therefore on the
distance to frontier score for paying taxes—for
economies with a below-average total tax rate than it
would have had before this approach was adopted in
Doing Business 2015 (line B is smaller than line A in
figure 14.2 in the Doing Business 2016 report). And for
economies with an extreme total tax rate (a rate that is
very high relative to the average), an increase has a
greater impact on both these distance to frontier scores
than it would have had before (line D is bigger than line
C in figure 14.2 in the Doing Business 2016 report).
2
See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005). Principal components and
unobserved components methods yield a ranking nearly identical to
that from the simple average method because both these methods
assign roughly equal weights to the topics, since the pairwise
correlations among indicators do not differ much. An alternative to the
simple average method is to give different weights to the topics,
depending on which are considered of more or less importance in the
context of a specific economy.
3
For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally, according
to their contribution to the total score, with a weight of 60% assigned
to the strength of legal rights index and 40% to the depth of credit
information index. Indicators for all other topics are assigned equal
weights
Table 13.1 Weights used in calculating the distance to implemented regulatory reforms making it easier to do
frontier scores for economies with 2 cities covered business in 3 or more of the 10 topics included in this
year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. Changes
Economy City Weight (%)
making it more difficult to do business are subtracted
Dhaka 78
Bangladesh from the total number of those making it easier to do
Chittagong 22
São Paulo 61
business. Twenty-four economies meet this criterion:
Brazil Armenia; Azerbaijan; Benin; Costa Rica; Côte d’Ivoire;
Rio de Janeiro 39
Shanghai 55 Cyprus; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia; Jamaica;
China
Beijing 45 Kazakhstan; Kenya; Lithuania; Madagascar; Mauritania;
Mumbai 47 Morocco; Romania; the Russian Federation; Rwanda;
India
Delhi 53 Senegal; Togo; Uganda; the United Arab Emirates;
Jakarta 78 Uzbekistan; and Vietnam. Second, Doing Business sorts
Indonesia
Surabaya 22 these economies on the increase in their distance to
Tokyo 65
Japan frontier score from the previous year using comparable
Osaka 35
data.
Mexico City 83
Mexico
Monterrey 17 Selecting the economies that implemented regulatory
Lagos 77 reforms in at least three topics and had the biggest
Nigeria
Kano 23 improvements in their distance to frontier scores is
Karachi 65 intended to highlight economies with ongoing, broad-
Pakistan
Lahore 35
based reform programs. The improvement in the
Moscow 70
Russian Federation distance to frontier score is used to identify the top
St. Petersburg 30
New York 60 improvers because this allows a focus on the absolute
United States improvement—in contrast with the relative improvement
Los Angeles 40
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social shown by a change in rankings—that economies have
Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects, made in their regulatory environment for business.
2014 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-
ROM/Default.aspx.
Ease of Doing Business ranking
Economies that improved the most across 3 or
more Doing Business topics in 2014/15 The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190.
The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the
Doing Business 2016 uses a simple method to calculate aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to 2
which economies improved the ease of doing business decimals.
the most. First, it selects the economies that in 2014/15
RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE

Current features Law library
News on the Doing Business project Online collection of business laws and regulations
http://www.doingbusiness.org relating to business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library
Rankings
How economies rank—from 1 to 190 Contributors
http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings More than 11,400 specialists in 190 economies who
participate in Doing Business
Data http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors/doing-
All the data for 190 economies—topic rankings, business
indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and
details underlying indicators Entrepreneurship data
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data Data on business density (number of newly
registered companies per 1,000 working-age
Reports people) for 136 economies
Access to Doing Business reports as well as http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/ent
subnational and regional reports, case studies and repreneurship
customized economy and regional profiles
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports Distance to frontier
Data benchmarking 190 economies to the frontier
Methodology in regulatory practice and a distance to frontier
The methodologies and research papers underlying calculator
Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/distance-to-
http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology frontier
Research Information on good practices

Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and Showing where the many good practices identified
related policy issues by Doing Business have been adopted
http://www.doingbusiness.org/research http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/good-practice
Doing Business reforms

Short summaries of DB2017 business regulation
reforms and lists of reforms since DB2008
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms
Historical data
Customized data sets since DB2004
http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query

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Doing Business 2017

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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0948-4

Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.

CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2017

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The 10 topics included in the ranking in Doing Business

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Source: Doing Business database.

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - India

Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - India

Source: Doing Business database.

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for India

Best performer globally

Starting a Business (DTF

Paid-in min. capital (%

Dealing with 185 184 -- -- 138 177 83 115 1 (New Zealand)

Best performer globally

Cost (% of warehouse 0.1 (Trinidad and

Building quality control

Getting Electricity (DTF

Cost (% of income per

Reliability of supply and

Best performer globally

Quality of the land

Getting Credit (Rank) 44 42 -- -- 157 62 5 44 1 (New Zealand)

Getting Credit (DTF

Strength of legal rights

Credit registry coverage

Credit bureau coverage

Best performer globally

Paying Taxes (DTF 99.44 (United Arab

Payments (number per 3.0 (Hong Kong SAR,

Total tax rate (% of

Postfiling index (0-100) 4.3 4.3 98.5 (Estonia)

Trading across Borders

Trading across Borders 100.00 (10

Time to export: Border

Cost to export: Border

Time to import: Border

Best performer globally

Recovery rate (cents on

Source: Doing Business database.

Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in India - Mumbai

What it takes to start a business in India - Delhi

Source: Doing Business database.

Source: Doing Business database.

India eased business start-up by establishing an online VAT

Underlying the indicators shown in this chapter for

The applicant must obtain a Class-II Digital Signature Certificate from a

Agency: Authorized private agency (Federal)

Obtain director identification number (DIN) online

In accordance with the Companies Act, 2013, every private limited