Penetrant Non Destructive Testing. Theory and Application?

Practical work 1
PENETRANT TESTING METHOD, EQUIPMENT AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY
I. Theory
1. Penetrant non destructive testing. Theory and application?

Answer :- The basic principle upon which penetrant testing is based is that of capillary attraction
or action. Capillary action is a surface tension phenomenon that permits liquids to be drawn into
tight openings as a result of the energies that are present at the surfaces of the openings. The liquid
used is a typical visible contrast penetrant. The capillary action forces are very strong and, in fact, if
a penetrant test were being performed on a specimen in an overhead position, the penetrant would
be drawn into the opening, against the force of gravity. The capillary force is much stronger than
gravity and the discontinuities will be detected even though they may be in an overhead specimen.
Penetrant testing is extremely versatile and has many applications. It is used in virtually every major
industry and for a wide variety of product forms. Industries that widely use penetrant testing
techniques include: Power generation, both fossil- and nuclear-fueled Petrochemical
Marine/Shipbuilding Metalworking, including foundries and forging shops Aerospace Virtually all
of the various welding processes and metals-joining industries. Another unique application of
penetrant testing is for the detection of through-wall leaks.
2. Types of penetrant testing?

Answer :-
1) Fluorescent technique
This technique contains three process according to material used for the testing.
Process A uses a fluorescent water-removable penetrant that can be used with either dry, aqueous, or
nonaqueous developers.
Processes B use a fluorescent postemulsifiable penetrant, a lipophilic (L) or hydrophilic (H)

emulsifier, and dry, aqueous, or nonaqueous developers. The penetrants used in this technique are
not water-removable without emulsification. A lipophilic or hydrophilic emulsifier must be used
after the dwell time has expired.
Process C uses a fluorescent penetrant, which is solvent-removable, a solvent cleaner/remover, and

a nonaqueous developer. The excess surface penetrant is first removed with a dry cloth, followed by
cleaning with a cloth dampened with a solvent remover.
2) Visible color-contrast technique

This technique contains three process according to material used for the testing.
Process A uses a visible color-contrast, water-removable penetrant and an aqueous or nonaqueous
developer. Dry developer is not usually used with Technique II penetrants. Some specifications, in
fact, do not permit the use of dry developers with Technique II penetrants
Process B uses a visible color-contrast, postemulsifiable penetrant, an emulsifier, and an aqueous or

nonaqueous developer. The materials used (except for the penetrant) are very similar to those
2
described for Technique I Process B. An emulsifier (usually lipophilic) is applied to the surface
penetrant after the dwell time to make it water-removable.
Process C uses a visible, color-contrast, solvent-removable penetrant, a solvent cleaner/remover,
and an aqueous or nonaqueous developer. The excess penetrant is not water-removable and must be
removed with a solvent remover.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of penetrant testing?

Answer :- The major advantages of penetrant testing include: Portability Cost (inexpensive)
Sensitivity Versatilevirtually any solid nonporous material can be inspected Effective for
production inspection Nondestructive.
The limitations include: Only discontinuities open to the surface of the test specimen can be
detected There are many processing variables that must be controlled Temperature variation effects
Surface condition and configuration Surface preparation is necessary The process is usually messy
II. Practical work
4. What equipment is used for penetrant testing?

Test material (Turbine blade)
Indicator penetrant
Penetrant remover (cleaner)
Penetrant drier
Penetrant developer
5. What is penetrant testing technology?

Preparation for testing.
Indicator penetrant technology of testing.
Removing of penetrant.
Developer technology of testing.
Registration of defects.
6. Results of pracical work

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7. Conclusion
In this practical work visible color-contrast technique is used, thus the defect is identified with the
naked eye. Therefore, after performing practical work it can be seen that there is defect on the test
material that can be visible as a crack. It can be seen that the crack is located at about 3.01 cm from
the tip of the test material (Turbine Blade) and the crack is approximately 0.5 cm in length.

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Practical work 1

PENETRANT TESTING METHOD, EQUIPMENT AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY

1. Penetrant non destructive testing. Theory and application?

2. Types of penetrant testing?

Processes B use a fluorescent postemulsifiable penetrant, a lipophilic (L) or hydrophilic (H)

Process C uses a fluorescent penetrant, which is solvent-removable, a solvent cleaner/remover, and

2) Visible color-contrast technique

Process B uses a visible color-contrast, postemulsifiable penetrant, an emulsifier, and an aqueous or

3. Advantages and disadvantages of penetrant testing?

II. Practical work

4. What equipment is used for penetrant testing?

5. What is penetrant testing technology?

6. Results of pracical work

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