Computer System Architecture MCQ Bank PDF

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Computer System Architecture MCQ
1. Which is an important data transfer technique :

a. CPU
b. DMA
c. CAD
d. None of these
2. Which device can be thought of as transducers which can sense physical effects and convert them into
machine-tractable data:
a. Storage devices
b. Peripheral devices
c. Both
d. None
3. Which devices are usually designed on the complex electromechanical principle:
a. Storage devices
b. Peripheral devices
c. Input devices
d. All of these
4. Which disk is one of the important I/O devices and its most commonly used as permanent storage
devices in any processor:
a. Hard disk
b. Optical disk
c. Magneto disk
d. Magneto Optical disk
5. In storage devices PC have hard disk having capacities in the range of _____:
a. 12GB to 15GB
b. 15GB to 20GB
c. 20GB to 80GB
d. 80GB to 85GB
6. Which disk is a 3.5-inch diskette with a capacity of 1.44MB:
a. Soft disk
b. Floppy disk
c. Both
d. None
7. Which has a large storage capacity of 2 to8GB:
a. Magnetic tape
b. Magnetic disk
c. Soft disk
d. Floppy disk
8. Which disk read the data by reflecting pulses of laser beams on the surface:
a. Magnetic disk
b. Soft disk
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c. Floppy disk
d. Optical disk
9. Data access time of optical disk varies from 200 to 350minutes with transfer rate of ________:
a. 130KB/s to 400KB/s
b. 130KB/s to 500KB/s
c. 150KB/s to 600KB/s
d. 150KB/s to 800KB/s
10. NAND type flash memory data storage devices integrated with a _______ interface:
a. ATM
b. LAN
c. USB
d. DBMS
11. Which disk is based on the same principle as the optical disk:
a. Optical disk
b. Magnetic disk
c. Magneto-optical disk
d. All of these
12. WAN stands for:
a. Wide area network
b. Word area network
c. World area network
d. Window area network
13. The human-interactive I/O devices can be further categorized as____:
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. Both
d. None
14. I/O devices are categorized in 2 parts are:
a. Character devices
b. Block devices
c. Numeral devices
d. Both a & b
15. UART stands for:
a. Universal asynchronization receiver/transmitter
b. Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
c. United asynchronous receiver/transmitter
d. Universal automatic receiver/transmitter
16. Which are following pointing devices:
a. Light pen
b. Joystick
c. Mouse
d. All of these
17. Full form of LED:
a. Light emitting diode
b. Light encounter destination
c. Live emitting diode

d. None of these
18. In_______ mouse we use pair of LED:
a. Optical
b. Digital
c. Analog
d. All of these
19. ______is device that is designed for gaming purposes and based on principle of electricity:
a. Joy
b. Stick
c. Joystick
d. None of these
20. Joystick uses shaft potentiometers for:
a. X-Y DIRECTION
b. Only X direction
c. Only Y direction
d. All of these
21. Full form of ADC:
a. Analog to digital converter
b. Digital to analog converter
c. Accumulator digital converter
d. All of these
22. A system that enables computer to recognize human voice called:
a. Voice system
b. Voice input system
c. Input system
d. None of these
23. 2 commonly used voice input systems are:
a. Micro
b. Microphone
c. Voice recognition software
d. Both b & c
24. Optical scanner devices are:
a. MICR
b. OMR
c. OCR
d. All of these
25. MICR stands for:
a. Magnetic ink character recognition
b. Magnetic initiate character recognition
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
26. _______technique is used in evaluating objective answer sheets:
a. Optical Mark Reader
b. Optical Marker Reader
c. Optical Marker Reading

d. All of these
27. _______technique help in banking sector:
a. OCR
b. OMR
c. MICR
d. None of these
28. ______camera records image, converts it into digital format via ADC and stores it on a frame buffer:
a. Video
b. Without video
c. Audio
d. None of these
29. Sensors are______ type of devices:
a. Interactive
b. Non-interactive
c. Interaction
d. Intermediate
30. Output devices commonly referred as:
a. Terminals
b. Host
c. Receivers
d. Senders
31. Terminals classified in to 2 types are:
a. Hard copy
b. Soft copy
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
32. VDU stands for:
a. Video display unit
b. Visual display unit
c. Visual data unit
d. None of these
33. A monitor consists of :
a. ARU
b. BRT
c. CRT
d. ARU
34. LCD stands for:
a. Liquid crystal display
b. Liquid catalog display
c. Liquid crystal data
d. Liquid code display
35. The size of monitor ranges from:
a. 12-12 inch
b. 12-21 inch
c. 21-12 inch
d. 21-11 inch
36. Range of color depends on:
a. Number of bits code lines with each pixel
b. Number of bits associated with each pixel
c. Number of instructions associated with each pixel
d. Number of code associated with each pixel
37. Which parameter defines number of times electron beam scans screen in a second:
a. Refresh rate
b. Data transfer rate
c. Pitch rate
d. All of these
38. Refresh rate refresh screen up to:
a. 30 Hz per frame
b. 33 Hz per frame
c. 44 Hz per frame
d. 20 Hz per frame
39. Printer speed is ______pages per minute:
a. 13
b. 12
c. 11
d. 10
40. Printer is a:
a. Hardcopy
b. Softcopy
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
41. Laser printer is type of:
a. Impact printer
b. Non-impact printer
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
42. ______printer print 120 to 200 characters per second:
a. Dot-matrix
b. Laser
c. Line
d. None of these
43. In_______ printing, each character is printed on the paper by striking a pin or hammer against an inked
ribbon:
a. Non-impact printing
b. Impact printing
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
44. Dot matrix printer is 2 types is:
a. Daisy wheels
b. Matrix printer
c. High quality matrix printer
d. Both a & c
45. In daisy wheel printer can print 40 character/second and bold characters are achieved by overprinting the
text:
a. Four times
b. Double
c. Once
d. Thrice
46. _______printers spray tiny droplets of coloured inks on the paper and pattern depends on how nozzle
sprays the ink:
a. Inkjet printer
b. Laser printer
c. Daisy wheel
d. Dot matrix printer
47. Laser printer is a type of :
a. Impact printing
b. Non-impact printing
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
48. ______are used for printing big charts, drawings, maps and 3 dimensional illustrations specially for
architectural and designing purposes:
a. Printers
b. Plotters
c. Speakers
d. Mouse
49. DAC stands for:
a. Digital to analog converter
b. Analog to digital converter
c. Only digital converter
d. Only analog converter
50. In text to speech, speech is synthesized using lookup table of______ and these clubbed together to
form_______:
a. Phonemes, Words
b. Phonemes, Sentences
c. Character, Phonemes
d. Word, Character
51. ______interface is an entity that controls data transfer from external device, main memory and or CPU
registers:
a. I/O interface
b. CPU interface
c. Input interface
d. Output interface
52. The operating mode of I/O devices is_______ for different device:
a. Same
b. Different
c. Optimum
d. Medium
53. To resolve problems of I/O devices there is a special hardware component between CPU and_______ to
supervise and synchronize all input output transfers:
a. Software
b. Hardware
c. Peripheral
d. None of these
54. I/O modules are designed with aims to:
a. Achieve device independence
b. Handle errors
c. Speed up transfer of data
d. Handle deadlocks
e. Enable multi-user systems to use dedicated device
f. All of these
55. IDE is a_________ controller:
a. Disk
b. Floppy
c. Hard
d. None of these
56. In devices, controller is used for______:
a. Buffering the data
b. Manipulate the data
c. Calculate the data
d. Input the data
57. By which signal flow of traffic between internal and external devices is done:
a. Only control signal
b. Only timing signal
c. Control and timing signal
d. None of these
58. In devices 2 status reporting signals are:
a. BUSY
b. READY
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
59. I/O module must recognize a______ address for each peripheral it controls:
a. Long
b. Same
c. Unique
d. Bigger
60. Each interaction b/w CPU and I/O module involves:
a. Bus arbitration
b. Bus revolution
c. Data bus
d. Control signals
61. Which are 4 types of commands received by an interface:
a. Control, status, data output, data input
b. Only data input
c. Control, flag, data output, address arbitration
d. Data input, data output, status bit, decoder
62. Two ways in which computer buses can communicate with memory in case of I/O devices by using:
a. Separate buses for memory and I/O device
b. Common bus for memory and I/O device
c. both a & b
d. none of these
63. There are 2 ways in which addressing can be done in memory and I/O device:
a. Isolated I/O
b. Memory-mapped I/O
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
64. Advantages of isolated I/O are:
a. Commonly usable
b. Small number of I/O instructions
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
65. In _______ addressing technique separate address space is used for both memory and I/O device:
a. Memory-mapped I/O
b. Isolated I/O
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
66. _______is a single address space for storing both memory and I/O devices:
a. Memory-mapped I/O
b. Isolated I/O
c. Separate I/O
d. Optimum I/O
67. Following are the disadvantages of memory-mapped I/O are:
a. Valuable memory address space used up
b. I/O module register treated as memory addresses
c. Same machine intersection used to access both memory and I/O device
d. All of these
68. Who determine the address of I/O interface:
a. Register select
b. Chip select
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
69. 2 control lines in I/O interface is:
a. RD, WR
b. RD,DATA
c. WR, DATA
d. RD, MEMORY
70. In I/O interface RS1 and RS0 are used for selecting:
a. Memory
b. Register
c. CPU
d. Buffer
71. If CPU and I/O interface share a common bus than transfer of data b/w 2 units is said to be:
a. Synchronous
b. Asynchronous
c. Clock dependent
d. Decoder independent
72. All the operations in a digital system are synchronized by a clock that is generated by:
a. Clock
b. Pulse
c. Pulse generator
d. Bus
73. Asynchronous means:
a. Not in step with the elapse of address
b. Not in step with the elapse of control
c. Not in step with the elapse of data
d. Not in step with the elapse of time
74. ________is a single control line that informs destination unit that a valid is available on the bus:
a. Strobe
b. Handshaking
c. Synchronous
d. Asynchronous
75. What is disadvantage of strobe scheme:
a. No surety that destination received data before source removes it
b. Destination unit transfer without knowing whether source placed data on data bus
c. Cant said
d. Both a & b
76. In_______ technique has 1 or more control signal for acknowledgement that is used for intimation:
a. Handshaking
b. Strobe
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
77. The keyboard has a__________ asynchronous transfer mode:
a. Parallel
b. Serial
c. Optimum
d. None
78. In _______transfer each bit is sent one after the another in a sequence of event and requires just one line:
a. Serial
b. Parallel
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
79. Modes of transfer b/w computer and I/O device are:
a. Programmed I/O
b. Interrupt-initiated I/O
c. DMA
d. Dedicated processor such as IOP and DCP
e. All of these
80. ______operations are the results of I/O operations that are written in the computer program:
a. Programmed I/O
b. DMA
c. Handshaking
d. Strobe
81. _______is a dedicated processor that combines interface unit and DMA as one unit:
a. Input-Output Processor
b. Only input processor
c. Only output processor
d. None of these
82. ______is a special purpose dedicated processor that is designed specially designed for data transfer in
network:
a. Data Processor
b. Data Communication Processor
c. DMA Processor
d. Interrupt Processor
83. ______processor has to check continuously till device becomes ready for transferring the data:
a. Interrupt-initiated I/O
b. DMA
c. IOP
d. DCP
84. Interrupt-driven I/O data transfer technique is based on______ concept:
a. On demand processing
b. Off demand processing
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
85. Which technique helps processor to run a program concurrently with I/O operations:
a. Interrupt driven I/O
b. DMA
c. IOP
d. DCP
86. 3 types of exceptions are:
a. Interrupts
b. Traps
c. System calls
d. All of these
87. Which exception is also called software interrupt:
a. Interrupt
b. System calls
c. Traps
d. All of these
88. User programs interact with I/O devices through:
a. Operating system
b. Hardware
c. Cpu
d. Microprocessor
89. Which table handle store address of interrupt handling subroutine:
a. Interrupt vector table
b. Vector table
c. Symbol link table
d. None of these
90. Which technique is used that identifies the highest priority resource by means of software:
a. Daisy chaining
b. Polling
c. Priority
d. Chaining
91. ________interrupt establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which request should be
entertained first:
a. Priority interrupt
b. Polling
c. Daisy chaining
d. None of these
92. _____method is used to establish priority by serially connecting all devices that request an interrupt:
a. Polling
b. Daisy chaining
c. Priority
d. None of these
93. In daisy chaining device 0 will pass signal only if it has:
a. Interrupt request
b. No interrupt request
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
94. VAD stands for:
a. Vector address
b. Symbol address
c. Link address
d. None of these
95. _______interrupt method uses a register whose bits are set separately by interrupt signal for each device:
a. Parallel priority interrupt
b. Serial priority interrupt
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
96. ______register is used whose purpose is to control status of each interrupt request in parallel priority
interrupt:
a. Mass
b. Mark
c. Make
d. Mask
97. The ANDed output of bits of interrupt register and mask register are set as input of:
a. Priority decoder
b. Priority encoder
c. Priority decoder
d. Multiplexer
98. Which 2 output bits of priority encoder are the part of vector address for each interrupt source in parallel
priority interrupt:
a. A0 and A1
b. A0 and A2
c. A0 and A3
d. A1 and A2
99. What is the purpose
100. of A0 and A1 output bits of priority encoder in parallel priority:
a. Tell data bus which device is to entertained and stored in VAD
b. Tell subroutine which device is to entertained and stored in VAD
c. Tell subroutine which device is to entertained and stored in SAD
d. Tell program which device is to entertained and stored in VAD
101. When CPU invokes a subroutine it performs following functions:
a. Pushes updated PC content(return address) on stack
b. Loads PC with starting address of subroutine
c. Loads PC with starting address of ALU
d. Both a & b
102. DMAC stands for:
a. Direct memory access controller
b. Direct memory accumulator controller
c. Direct memory access content
d. Direct main access controller
103. IOP stands for:
a. Input output processor
104. DCP stands for:
a. Data communication processor
105. Which may be classified as a processor with the direct memory access capability that communicates
with I/O devices:
a. DCP
b. IOP
c. Both
d. None
106. The processor that communicates with remote terminals like telephone or any other serial
communication media in serial fashion is called ______:
a. DCP
b. IOP
c. Both
d. None
107. Instruction that are used for reading from memory by an IOP called _______:
a. Commands
b. Block diagram
c. Interrupt
d. None of these
108. Data communication with a remote device a special data communication is used_______:
a. Multiprocessor
b. Serial communication
c. DCP
d. IOP
109. CRC stands for:
a. Cyclic redundancy check
110. Which is used for synchronous data, PID is process ID, followed by message, CRC code and EOP
indicating end of block:
a. DCP
b. CRC
c. IOP
d. SYNC
111. Which is commonly used in high speed devices to realize full efficiency of communication link:
a. Transmission
b. Synchronous communication
c. Multiprocessor
d. All of these
112. Multiprocessor use ________ than two CPUs assembled in single system unit:
a. One or More
b. Two or More
c. One or One
d. Two or Two
113. Which refers the execution of various software process concurrently:
a. Multiprocessor
b. Serial communication
c. DCP
d. IOP
114. Which is used for this and known as high speed buffer exist with almost each process?
a. Primary
b. RAM
c. Cache
d. None of these
115. Data and instructions are accessed from local memory and global memory that is used by_____:
a. Internetworking facilities
b. Interconnection facilities
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
116. Multiprocessor uses large caches but limited process that shares________
a. Memory bus
b. Single memory bus
c. Double memory bus
d. None of these
117. Distributed are shares also referred to as tightly coupled and loosely coupled multiprocessor
respectively and hence called __________
a. Coupled multiprocessor
b. Shared multiprocessor
c. Distributed multiprocessor
d. None of these
118. Which consist if a numbers of processor can be accessed among various shared memory modules?
a. Coupled memory multiprocessor
b. Shared memory multiprocessor
c. Distributed memory multiprocessor
d. None of these
119. Which keeps a number of processors in which virtual storage space is assigned for redundant
execution:
a. Coupled memory multiprocessor
b. Shared memory multiprocessor
c. Distributed memory multiprocessor
d. None of these
120. The memory capacity in system is considered because the connecting processors are used______:
a. Network
b. Internet
c. Intranet
d. None of these
121. Intercrosses arbitration system for multiprocessor shares a _________:
a. Primary bus
b. Common bus
c. Domain bus
d. All of these
122. Which is used to decentralize the decision to avail greater flexibility to the system that makes
processor or microprocessor in a very short:
a. Arbitration
b. Centralized
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
123. Which is signal tells that an arbitration of the access bus is possible during interprocessing:
a. DBA
b. BAP
c. BNA
d. None of these
124. Which signal bus request :
a. BAP
b. BNA
c. BAL
d. DBA
125. Which signal on the bus indicates that request from process arbitration is to be processed:
a. BAL
b. BREQ
c. BM4
d. DBA
126. Which signal is exchange information by bus:
a. BECH
b. BM4
c. BAL
d. All of these
127. Which signal on bus applies +1 to the priority of resolution circuits of the arbitration designate a new
arbitration:
a. BM4
b. BAL
c. BNA
d. DBA
128. Which signal create 3 lines of bus in which signals from the encoded number of processors:
a. BM1 to BM3
b. BAL
c. Both
d. None of these
129. Which signal request the validation signal make active if its logic level is 0 and validate signals from
BM1 to BM3:
a. BAL
b. BM4
c. BNA
d. All of these
130. Which signal represents synchronization signal decided by interprocess arbitration with a certain
delay or signal DMA:
a. BAL
b. BNA
c. Both
d. None of these
131. In which condition only one process holds a resource at a given time:
a. Mutual exclusion
b. Hold and wait
c. Both
d. None of these
132. In which condition one process holds the allocated resources and other waits for it:
a. No preemption
b. Hold and wait
c. Mutual exclusion
d. All of these
133. In which condition resource is not removed from a process holding:
a. Synchronization problem
b. No preemption
c. Hold and wait
d. None of these
134. In which condition busy waiting, programmer error, deadlock or circular wait occurs in
interprocessing:
a. Synchronization problem
b. No preemption
c. Hold and wait
d. None of these
135. Mechanism can be referred to as adding a new facility to the system hence known as _______:
a. Process
b. Arbitration
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
136. Which is a mechanism used by the OS to ensure a systematic sharing of resources amongst
concurrent resources:
a. Process synchronous
b. Process system
c. Process synchronization
d. All of these
137. _________ is basically sequence of instructions with a clear indication of beginning and end for
updating shared variables
a. Critical section
b. Entry section
c. Remainder section
d. All of these
138. Which provides a direct hardware support to mutual exclusion
a. Test-and-set(TS)
b. Swap instruction
c. Wait instruction
d. Signal instruction
139. A process waiting to enter its critical section may have to wait for unduly_______:
a. Short time or may have to wait forever
b. Long time or may have to wait forever
c. Short time or may have to wait for long time
d. Long time or may have to wait for short time
140. Which is a modified version of the TS instruction which is designed to remove busy- waiting:
a. Swap instruction
b. Wait instruction
c. Signal instruction
d. Both b & c
141. PCB stands for:

a. Process control block
142. ____ gets activated whenever the process encounters a busy condition code:
a. Wait instruction
b. Signal instruction
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
143. _____ are new and mutually exclusive operation:
a. Wait instruction
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
144. _______ gets activated whenever a process leaves the critical region and the flag is set to false:
a. Wait instruction
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
145. Which represent an abstraction of many important ideas in mutual exclusion:
a. Process synchronous
b. Process system
c. Semaphores
d. All of these
146. A semaphore is a ______ integer variable upon which two atomic operations wait and signal are
defined:
a. Negative integer
b. Non- Negative integer
c. Positive integer
d. None of these
147. Which operation is executed as soon as a process exits from a critical section:
a. Wait
b. Signal
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
148. CCR stands for:
a. Conditional critical region
149. ________ is a control structure in a high-level programming language:
a. CPU
b. ALU
c. DDR
d. CCR
150. The exclusion between processes is ensured by a third semaphore called______:
a. Mutex
b. Mutual
c. Memory
d. All of these
151. ______ semaphore provides mutual exclusion for accesses to the buffer pool and is initialized to the
value:
a. Mutex
b. Mutual
c. Memory
d. All of these
152. Which processes access and manipulate the shared data concurrently:
a. Micro processes
b. Several processes
c. Both
d. None of these
153. Which section is basically a sequence of instruction with a clear indication of beginning and end for
updating shared variables:
a. Racing section
b. Critical section
c. Both
d. None of these
154. In which section only one process is allowed to access the shared variable and all other have to wait:
a. Critical section
b. Racing section
c. Entry section
d. Remainder section
155. Which are the problem of critical section:
a. Mutual exclusion
b. Progress
c. Bounded wait
d. All of these
156. Which section refer to the code segment of a process that is executed when the process intends to
enter its critical section:
a. Critical section
b. Entry section
c. Reminder section
d. None of these
157. Which section refer to the code segment where a shared resource is accessed by the process:
a. Reminder section
b. Entry section
c. Both
d. None of these
158. Which section is the remaining part of a processs code:
a. Racing section
b. Critical section
c. Entry section
d. Reminder section
159. How many conditions for controlling access to critical section:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 5
160. Which instruction provides a direct hardware support to mutual exclusion:
a. SP instruction
b. TS instruction
c. Both
d. None of these
161. Which instruction also improves the efficiency of the system:
a. Swap instruction
b. TS instruction
c. Both
d. None of these
162. Which instruction allows only one concurrent process to enter the critical section:
a. RP instruction
b. SP instruction
c. TS instruction
d. None of these
163. Which section problem can be solved simply in a uniprocessor environment if the we are able to
prevent the occurrence of interrupt during the modification of a shared variable:
a. Entry section
b. Critical section
c. Non-critical section
d. None of these
e.
164. The problem of readers and writers was first formulated by ________:
a. P.J. Courtois
b. F.Heymans
c. D.L. Parnas
d. All of these
165. Which is a situation in which some process wait for each others actions indefinitely:
a. Operating system
b. Deadlock
c. Mutex
d. None of these
166. _________system handles only deadlocks caused by sharing of resources in the system:
a. Operating system
b. Deadlock
c. Mutex
d. None of these
167. A deadlocks occurs when the how many conditions are met:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
168. Which are the characteristics of deadlocks:

a. Mutual exclusion
b. Hold and wait
c. No pre-emption
d. Circular wait
e. All of these
169. RAG stands for:
a. Resource allocation graph
170. How many events concerning RAG can occur in a system:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
171. Which are the events concerning RAG can occur in a system:
a. Request for a resource
b. Allocation of a resource
c. Release of resource
d. All of these
172. How many methods for handling deadlocks:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
173. Which are the method for handling deadlocks:
a. Deadlock prevention
b. Deadlock avoidance
c. Deadlock detection
d. All of these
174. How many condition that should be met in order to produce a deadlock:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
175. Which are the condition that should be met in order to produce a deadlock:
a. Mutual exclusion
b. Hold and Wait
c. No preemption
d. Circular wait
e. All of these
176. In protocol each process can make a request only in an ________:
a. Increasing order
b. Decreasing order
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
177. In protocol above mentioned ________protocol are used then the circular wait-condition can not
hold:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
178. Which state refers to a state that is not safe not necessarily a deadlocked state:
a. Safe state
b. Unsafe state
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
179. ________ a direct arrow is drawn from the process to the resource rectangle to represent each
pending resource request:
a. TS
b. SP
c. CCR
d. RAG
180. The attributes of a file are:
a. Name
b. Identifier
c. Types
d. Location
e. Size
f. Protection
g. Time, date and user identification
h. All of these
181. The various file operation are:
a. Crating a file
b. Writing a file
c. Reading a file
d. Repositioning within a file
e. Deleting a file truncating a file
f. All of these
182. Which operations are to be performed on a directory are:
a. Search for a file
b. Create a file
c. Delete a file
d. List a directory
e. Rename a file
f. Traverse the file system
g. All of these
183. Which memory is assembled between main memory and CPU:
a. Primary memory
b. Cache memory
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
184. Which is considered as semi-conductor memory , which is made up of static RAM:

a. Primary memory
b. Cache memory
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
185. Which is one of the important I/O devices and is most commonly used as permanent storage device
in any processor:
a. Soft disk
b. Hard disk
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
186. ______ can read any printed character by comparing the pattern that is stored in the computer:
a. SP
b. CCR
c. RAG
d. OCR
187. Which system is a typical example of the readers and writers problem:
a. Airline reservation system
b. Airport reservation system
c. Both
d. None of these
188. Which lock can arise when two processes wait for phone calls from one another:
a. Spine lock
b. Dead lock
c. Both
d. None of these
189. Which lock is more serious than indefinite postponement or starvation because it affect more than
one job:
a. Deadlock
b. Spinelock
c. Both
d. None of these
1. A number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1 is called the___________:
a. Octal number system
b. Binary number system
c. Decimal number system
d. Hexadecimal number system
2. In which computers, the binary number are represented by a set of binary storage device such as flip flop:
a. Microcomputer
b. Personal computer
c. Digital computer
d. All of these
3. A binary number can be converted into _________:
a. Binary number
b. Octal number
c. Decimal number
d. Hexadecimal number
4. Which system is used to refer amount of things:
a. Number system
b. Number words
c. Number symbols
d. All of these
5. _________are made with some part of body, usually the hands:
a. Number words
b. Number symbols
c. Number gestures
d. All of these
6. __________are marked or written down:
a. Number system
b. Number words
c. Number symbols
d. Number gestures
7. A number symbol is called a ___________:
a. Arabic numerals
b. Numerals
c. Both
d. None of these
8. 0,1,2 ,3 ,4,5,6 ,7,8 and 9 numerals are called:
a. Arabic numerals
b. String numerals
c. Digit numerals
d. None of these
9. How many system of arithmetic, which are often used in digital system:
a. 5
b. 6
c. 3
d. 4
10. Which are the system of arithmetic, which are often used in digital system:
a. Binary digit
b. Decimal digit
c. Hexadecimal digit
d. Octal digit
e. All of these
11. In any system, there is an ordered set of symbols also known as___________:
a. Digital
b. Digit
c. Both
d. None of these
12. Which is general has two parts in number system:
a. Integer
b. Fraction
c. Both
d. None of these
13. MSD stand for:
a. Most significant digit
b. Many significant digit
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
14. LSD stand for:
a. Less significant digit
b. Least significant digit
c. Loss significant digit
d. None of these
15. The _____ and ________ of a number is defined as the number of different digits which can occur in each
position in the system:
a. Base
b. Radix
c. Both
d. None of these
16. Which system has a base or radix of 10:
a. Binary digit
b. Hexadecimal digit
c. Decimal digit
d. Octal digit
17. Each of the ten decimal digits__________:
a. 1 through 10
b. 0 through 9
c. 2 through 11
d. All of these
18. The binary number system is also called a __________:
a. Base one system
b. Base two system
c. Base system
d. Binary system
19. The two symbols 0 and 1 are known as:
a. Bytes
b. Bits
c. Digit
d. All of these
20. In which counting, single digit are used for none and one:
a. Decimal counting
b. Octal counting
c. Hexadecimal counting
d. Binary counting
21. In which numeral every position has a value 2 times the value f the position to its right:
a. Decimal
b. Octal
c. Hexadecimal
d. Binary
22. A binary number with 4 bits is called a_________:
a. Bit
b. Bytes
c. Nibble
d. None of these
23. A binary number with 8 bits is called as a___________:
a. Bytes
b. Bits
c. Nibble
d. All of these
24. In which digit the value increases in power of two starting with 0 to left of the binary point and decreases
to the right of the binary point starting with power -1:
a. Hexadecimal
b. Decimal
c. Binary
d. Octal
25. Which system is used in digital computers because all electrical and electronic circuits can be made to
respond to the states concept:
a. Hexadecimal number
b. Binary number
c. Octal number
d. Decimal number
26. Which addition is performed in the same manner as decimal addition:
a. Binary
b. Decimal
c. Both
d. None of these
27. ______in all digital systems actually performs addition that can handle only two number at a time:
a. Register
b. circuit
c. digital
d. All of these
28. Which machine can perform addition operation in less than 1 ms:
a. Digital machine
b. Electronic machine
c. Both
d. None of these
29. ________is the inverse operation of addition:

a. Addition
b. Multiply
c. Subtraction
d. Divide
30. ________of a number from another can be accomplished by adding the complement of the subtrahend to
the minuend:
a. Subtraction
b. Multiply
c. Divide
d. All of these
31. Complement the subtrahend by converting all __________and all __________:
a. 1s to 0s
b. 0s to 1s
c. Both
d. None of these
32. Each device represent :
a. 1 bit
b. 2 bit
c. 3 bit
d. 4 bit
33. A 0 in the sign bit represents a _____________ and a 1 in the sign bit represents a ____________:
a. Positive number
b. Negative number
c. Both
d. None of these
34. How many main sign number binary codes are used:
a. 4
b. 5
c. 3
d. 6
35. Which are the types of binary codes number:
a. Sign magnitude
b. 1s complement code
c. 2s complement code
d. All of these
36. How many types of addition in the 2s complement system:
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
37. Which are the types of addition in the 2s complement system:
a. Both number positive
b. A Positive number and a smaller negative number
c. A negative number and a smaller positive number
d. Both number negative

e. All of these
38. How many important ideas to notice about these odometer readings:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
39. Which are the types of important ideas to notice about these odometer readings:
a. The MSB is the sign bit :0 for a +sign and 1 for a sign
b. The negative number represent the 2s complement of the positive number
c. Both
d. All of these
40. Which is an algorithm or techniques used to multiply two numbers:
a. Addition algorithm
b. Subtraction algorithm
c. Multiplication algorithm
d. All of these
41. Which algorithm are used depending on the size of the numbers:
a. Simple algorithm
b. Specific algorithm
c. Both
d. None of these
42. Which algorithm is named after Volker Strassen:
a. Strassen algorithm
b. Matrix algorithm
c. Both
d. None of these
43. Strassen algorithm was published in ___________:
a. 1967
b. 1969
c. 1987
d. 1980
44. Which algorithm is used for matrix multiplication:
a. Simple algorithm
c. Strassen algorithm
d. Addition algorithm
45. Which algorithm is a divided and conquer algorithm that is asymptotically faster:
a. Simple algorithm
c. Strassen algorithm
d. Addition algorithm
46. Which method required 8 multiplication and 4 addition:
a. Multiplication
b. Usual multiplication
c. Both
d. None of these
47. Which algorithm is a multiplication algorithm which multiplies two signed binary numbers in 2s
complement notation:
a. Usual multiplication
b. Booths multiplication
c. Both
d. None of these
48. Which algorithm includes repeated addition of two predetermined values A and S to a product P and then
performs a rightward arithmetic shift on P:
a. Booths algorithm
b. Usual algorithm
c. Multiplication algorithm
d. None of these
49. Which algorithm in mathematics expresses the outcome of the process of division of integers by another:
a. Addition algorithm
b. Multiplication algorithm
c. Division algorithm
d. None of these
50. Which algorithm is used to find GCD of two integers:
a. Multiplication algorithm
b. Division algorithm
c. Addition algorithm
d. Simple algorithm
51. Which algorithm is used as a general variant of a theorems, in the domain of integral numbers:
a. Multiplication algorithm
b. Division algorithm
c. Addition algorithm
d. Simple algorithm
52. How many main approaches to algorithm for division:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
53. How many algorithm based on add/subtract and shift category:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 6
54. Which are the algorithm based on add/subtract and shift category:
a. Restoring division
b. Non-restoring division
c. SRT division
d. All of these
55. Several methods for converting a ___________:
a. Decimal number to a binary number

b. Binary number to a decimal number
c. Octal number to a decimal number
d. Hexadecimal number to a binary number
56. A popular method knows as double-dabble method also knows as _________:
a. Divided-by-one method
b. Divided-by-two method
c. Both
d. None of these
57. Which method is used to convert a large decimal number into its binary equivalent:
a. Double dabble method
b. Divided-by-two-method
c. Both
d. None of these
58. In this method, the decimal number is _________:
a. Repeatedly divided by 4
b. Repeatedly divided by 2
c. Repeatedly divided by 1
d. None of these
59. The conversion of decimal fraction to binary fraction may be accomplished by using ___________:
a. Several techniques
b. Simple techniques
c. Both
d. None of these
60. Which system was used extensively by early mini computers:
a. Decimal number
b. Octal number
c. Hexadecimal number
d. Binary number
61. 3 bit binary numbers can be represented by ____________:
a. Binary number
b. Decimal number
d. Octal number
62. A number system that uses eight digits,0,1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 is called an ________:
a. Binary number system
b. Decimal number system
c. Octal number system
d. None of these
63. Which system each digit has a weight corresponding to its position:
a. Hexadecimal number system
b. Binary number system
d. Octal number system
64. Which odometer is a hypothetical device similar to the odometer of a car:
a. Binary
b. Decimal
c. Hexadecimal
d. Octal
65. An __________can be easily converted to its decimal equivalent by multiplying each octal digit by
positional weight:
a. Binary number
b. Octal number
d. Decimal number
66. The simple procedure is to use ___________ :
a. Binary-triplet method
b. Decimal-triplet method
c. Octal-triplet method
d. All of these
67. Which system groups number by sixteen and power of sixteen:
a. Binary
b. Hexadecimal
c. Octal
d. None of these
68. Which number are used extensively in microprocessor work:
a. Octal
b. Hexadecimal
c. Both
d. None of these
69. Which number is formed from a binary number by grouping bits in groups of 4-bit each starting at the
binary point:
a. Binary
b. Octal
c. Decimal
d. Hexadecimal
70. Which number system has a base of 16 :
a. Binary number system
b. Octal number system
d. Hexadecimal number system
71. Counting in hex, each digit can be increment from__________:
a. 0 to F
b. 0 to G
c. 0 to H
d. 0 to J
72. Which number can be converted into binary numbers by converted each hexadecimal digit to 4 bits binary
equivalent using the code:
a. Binary number
b. Decimal number
c. Octal number
d. Hexadecimal number
73. One way to convert from decimal to hexadecimal is the _________:
a. Double dabble method
b. Hex dabble method
c. Binary dabble method
d. All of these
74. Binary numbers can also be expressed in this same notation by _________representation:
a. Floating point
b. Binary point
c. Decimal point
d. All of these
75. How many parts of floating point representation of a number consists:
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 5
76. The first part of floating point represents a signed fixed point number called:
a. Exponent
b. Digit
c. Number
d. Mantissa
77. The second part of floating point designates the position of the decimal point and is called:
a. Mantissa
b. Binomial
c. Octal
d. Exponent
78. The fixed point mantissa may be _______or__________:
a. Fraction
b. Integer
c. Both
d. None of these
79. The number of bit required to express_________ and _______ are determined by the accuracy desired from
the computing system :
a. Exponent
b. Mantissa
c. Both
d. None f these
80. Which part is not physically indicated in the register:
a. Binary
b. Decimal
c. Octal
d. None of these
e.
81. The exponent contains the decimal number :
a. +05
b. +03
c. +04
d. +07
82. The first or the integer part is known as________:
a. Exponent
b. Integer
c. Binomial
d. None of these
83. How many bits of mantissa :
a. 4
b. 8
c. 10
d. 16
84. How many bit of exponent:
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
85. Which number is said to be normalized if the more significant position of the mantissa contains a non zero
digit:
a. Binary point number
b. Mantissa point number
c. Floating point number
d. None of these
86. Which operation with floating point numbers are more complicated then arithmetic operation with fixed
point number :
a. Logical operation
b. Arithmetic operation
c. Both
d. None of these
1. _____ is a command given to a computer to perform a specified operation on some given data:
a. An instruction
b. Command
c. Code
d. None of these
2. An instruction is guided by_____ to perform work according:
a. PC
b. ALU
c. Both a and b
d. CPU
3. Two important fields of an instruction are:
a. Opcode
b. Operand
c. Only a
d. Both a & b
4. Each operation has its _____ opcode:
a. Unique
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
5. which are of these examples of Intel 8086 opcodes:
a. MOV
b. ADD
c. SUB
d. All of these
6. _______specify where to get the source and destination operands for the operation specified by the
_______:
a. Operand fields and opcode
b. Opcode and operand
c. Source and destination
d. Cpu and memory
7. The source/destination of operands can be the_______ or one of the general-purpose register:
a. Memory
b. One
c. both
d. None of these
8. The complete set of op-codes for a particular microprocessor defines the______ set for that processor:
a. Code
b. Function
c. Module
d. Instruction
9. Which is the method by which instructions are selected for execution:
a. Instruction selection
b. Selection control
c. Instruction sequencing
d. All of these
10. The simplest method of controlling sequence of instruction execution is to have each instruction explicitly
specify:
a. The address of next instruction to be run
b. Address of previous instruction
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
11. As the instruction length increases ________ of instruction addresses in all the instruction is_______:
a. Implicit inclusion
b. Implicit and disadvantageous
c. Explicit and disadvantageous
d. Explicit and disadvantageous
12. ______is the sequence of operations performed by CPU in processing an instruction:
a. Execute cycle
b. Fetch cycle
c. Decode
d. Instruction cycle
13. The time required to complete one instruction is called:
a. Fetch time
b. Execution time
c. Control time
d. All of these
14. _____is the step during which a new instruction is read from the memory:
a. Decode
b. Fetch
c. Execute
d. None of these
15. ________is the step during which the operations specified by the instruction are executed:
a. Execute
b. Decode
c. Both a& b
d. None of these
16. Decode is the step during which instruction is______:
a. Initialized
b. Incremented
c. Decoded
d. Both b & c
17. The instruction fetch operation is initiated by loading the contents of program counter into the______ and
sends_____ request to memory:
a. Memory register and read
b. Memory register and write
c. Data register and read
d. Address register and read
18. The contents of the program counter is the _______ of the instruction to be run:
a. Data
b. Address
c. Counter
d. None of these
19. The instruction read from memory is then placed in the_______ and contents of program counter is______
so that it contains the address of_______ instruction in the program:
a. Program counter, incremented and next
b. Instruction register, incremented and previous
c. Instruction register, incremented and next
d. Address register, decremented and next
20. Execution of instruction specified by instruction to perform:
a. Operation
b. Operands
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
21. _______ is a symbolic representation of discrete elements of information:
a. Data
b. Code
c. Address
d. Control
22. Group of binary bits(0&1) is known as:
a. Binary code
b. Digit code
c. Symbolic representation
d. None of these
23. A group of 4 binary bits is called:
a. Nibble
b. Byte
c. Decimal
d. Digit
24. BCD uses binary number system to specify decimal numbers:
a. 1-10
b. 1-9
c. 0-9
d. 0-10
25. The ______ are assigned according to the position occupied by digits:
a. Volume
b. Weight
c. Mass
d. All of these
26. what is the BCD for a decimal number 559:
a. [0101 0101 1001]

BCD
b. [0101 0001 1010]
c. [0101 1001 1001]
d. [1001 1010 0101]
27. ________are the codes that represent alphabetic characters, punctuation marks and other special
characters:
a. Alphanumeric codes
b. ASCII codes
c. EBCDIC codes
d. All of these
28. Abbreviation ASCII stands for:

a. American standard code for information interchange
b. Abbreviation standard code for information interchange
c. Both
d. None of these
29. How many bit of ASCII code:
a. 6
b. 7
c. 5
d. 8
30. Which code used in transferring coded information from keyboards and to computer display and printers:
a. ASCII
b. EBCDIC
c. Both
d. None of these
31. Which code used to represent numbers, letters, punctuation marks as well as control characters:
a. ASCII
b. EBCDIC
c. Both
d. None of these
32. abbreviation EBCDIC stand for:

a. Extended binary coded decimal interchange code
b. External binary coded decimal interchange code
c. Extra binary coded decimal interchange code
d. None of these
33. How many bit of EBCDIC code:
a. 7
b. 8
c. 5
d. 9
34. Which code the decimal digits are represented by the 8421 BCD code preceded by 1111:
a. ASCII
b. EBCDIC
c. Both
d. None of these
35. _________ has the property that corrupting or garbling a code word will likely produce a bit string that is
not a code word:
a. Error deleting codes

b. Error detecting codes
c. Error string codes
d. None of these
36. Which is method used most simple and commonly:
a. Parity check method

b. Error detecting method
c. Both
d. None of these
37. Which is the method of parity:
a. Even parity method

b. Odd parity method
c. Both
d. None of these
38. The ability of a code to detect single errors can be stated in term of the _________:
a. Concept of distance
b. Even parity
c. Odd parity
d. None of these
39. The first n bit of a code word called __________ may be any of the 2 n n- bit string minimum error bit:
a. Information bits
b. String bits
c. Error bits
d. All of these
40. A code in which the total number of 1s in a valid (n+1) bit code word is even, this is called an __________:
a. Even parity code

b. Odd parity code
c. Both
d. None of these
41. A code in which the total number of 1s in a valid (n+1)bit code word is odd and this code is called
an__________:
a. Error detecting code

b. Even parity code
c. Odd parity code
d. None of these
42. a code is simply a subset of the vertices of the _____:
a. n bit
b. n cube
c. n single
d. n double
43. Which method is used to detect double errors and pinpoint erroneous bits:
a. Even parity method
b. Odd parity method
c. Check sum method
d. All of these
44. A code that is used to correct error is called an _________:
a. Error detecting code
b. Error correcting code
c. Both
d. None of these
45. A received ___________with a bit error will be closer to the originally transmitted code word than to any
other code word:
a. Code word
b. Non code word
c. Decoding
d. All of these
46. Which code word was originally transmitted to produce a received word is called:
a. Non code word

b. Code word
c. Decoding
d. None of these
47. The hardware that does this is an ________:

a. Error detecting decoder
b. Error correcting decoder
c. Both
d. None of these
48. Hamming codes was developed in __________:
a. 1953
b. 1950
c. 1945
d. 1956
49. ____________ between two code words is defined as the number of bits that must be changed for one code
to another:
a. Hamming codes
b. Hamming distance
c. Both
d. None of these
50. It is actually a method for constructing codes with a minimum distance of ____:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 5
i
51. The bit position in a ___________ can be numbered from 1 through 2 -1:
a. Hamming code word

b. Hamming distance word
c. Both
d. None of these
52. Each check bit is grouped with the information bits as specified by a____________:
a. Parity check code

b. Parity check matrix
c. Parity check bit
d. All of these
53. The pattern of groups that have odd parity called the _________must match one of the of columns in the
parity check matrix:
a. Syndrome
b. Dynodes
c. Both
d. None of these
54. Which are designed to interpret a specified number of instruction code:
a. Programmer
b. Processors
c. Instruction
d. Opcode
55. Which code is a string of binary digits:

a. Op code
b. Instruction code
c. Parity code
d. Operand code
56. The list of specific instruction supported by the CPU is termed as its ____________:
a. Instruction code
b. Parity set
c. Instruction set
d. None of these
57. __________is divided into a number of fields and is represented as a sequence of bits:
a. instruction
b. instruction set
c. instruction code
d. parity code
58. Which unit is necessary for the execution of instruction:
a. Timing
b. Control
c. Both
d. None of these
59. Which unit provide status , timing and control signal:
a. Timing and control unit

b. Memory unit
c. Chace unit
d. None of these
60. Which unit acts as the brain of the computer which control other peripherals and interfaces:
a. Memory unit
b. Cache unit
c. Timing and control unit
d. None of these
61. It contains the ____________stack for PC storage during subroutine calls and input/output interrupt
services:
a. Seven- level hardware

b. Eight- level hardware
c. One- level hardware

d. Three- level hardware
62. Which unit works as an interface between the processor and all the memories on chip or off- chip:
a. Timing unit
b. Control unit
c. Memory control unit
d. All of these
63. The maximum clock frequency is_______:
a. 45 MHZ
b. 50 MHZ
c. 52 MHZ
d. 68 MHZ
64. ________ is given an instruction in machine language this instruction is fetched from the memory by the
CPU to execute:
a. ALU
b. CPU
c. MU
d. All of these
65. Which cycle refers to the time period during which one instruction is fetched and executed by the CPU:
a. Fetch cycle
b. Instruction cycle
c. Decode cycle
d. Execute cycle
66. How many stages of instruction cycle:
a. 5
b. 6
c. 4
d. 7
67. Which are stages of instruction cycle:
a. Fetch
b. Decode
c. Execute
d. Derive effective address of the instruction
e. All of these
68. Which instruction are 32 bits long , with extra 16 bits:

a. Memory reference instruction
b. Memory reference format
c. Both
d. None of these
69. Which is addressed by sign extending the 16-bit displacement to 32-bit:
a. Memory address
b. Effective memory address
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
70. Which are instruction in which two machine cycle are required:
a. Instruction cycle
b. Memory reference instruction
c. Both
d. None of these
71. Which instruction are used in multithreaded parallel processor architecture:

c. Both
d. None of these
72. Which instruction are arranged as per the protocols of memory reference format of the input file in a
simple ASCII sequence of integers between the range 0 to 99 separated by spaces without formatted text and
symbols:

c. Both
d. None of these
73. ____________ is an external hardware event which causes the CPU to interrupt the current instruction
sequence:
a. Input interrupt
b. Output interrupt
c. Both
d. None of these
74. ISR stand for:

a. Interrupt save routine
b. Interrupt service routine

c. Input stages routine
d. All of these
75. Which interrupt services save all the register and flags:
a. Save interrupt
b. Input/output interrupt
c. Service interrupt
d. All of these
76. IRET stand for:
a. Interrupt enter
b. Interrupt return
c. Interrupt delete
d. None of these
77. Which are benefit of input/output interrupt:

a. It is an external analogy to exceptions
b. The processor initiates and perform all I/O operation
c. The data is transferred into the memory through interrupt handler
d. All of these
78. Which are the not causes of the interrupt:
a. In any single device
b. In processor poll devices
c. It is an external analogy to exception
d. None of these
79. Which are the causes of the interrupt:
a. In any single device
b. In processor poll devices
c. In a device whose ID number is stored on the address bus
d. All of these
80. Which are the functioning of I/O interrupt:
a. The processor organizes all the I/O operation for smooth functioning
b. After completing the I/O operation the device interrupt the processor
c. Both
d. None of these
81. _________with which computers perform is way beyond human capabilities:
a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Storage
d. Versatility
82. _________ of a computer is consistently:

a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Storage
d. Versatility
83. GIGO stand for:
a. Garbage-in-garbage-out
b. Garbage-in garbage-occur
c. Both
d. None of these
84. How many basic operations of versatility:
a. 5
b. 6
c. 4
d. 7
85. Which are the operation of versatility:

a. exchange of information with the outside world via I/O device
b. Transfer of data internally with in the central processing unit
c. Performs of the basic arithmetic operations
d. All of these
86. ____________ of information in a human brain and a computer happens differently:
a. Intelligence
b. Storage
c. Versatility
d. Diligence
87. Which are the basic operation for converting:
a. Inputting
b. Storing
c. Processing
d. Outputting
e. Controlling
f. All of these
88. The control unit and arithmetic logic unit are know as the ___________:
a. Central program unit

b. Central processing unit
c. Central primary unit

d. None of these
89. Which unit is comparable to the central nervous system in the human body:
a. Output unit
b. Control unit
c. Input unit
d. All of these
90. ___________ of the primary memory of the computer is limited:
a. Storage capacity
b. Magnetic disk
c. Both
d. None of these
91. Information is handled in the computer by _________:
a. Electrical digit
b. Electrical component
c. Electronic bit
d. None of these
92. 0 and 1 are know as ___________:
a. Byte
b. Bit
c. Digits
d. Component
93. 0 and 1 abbreviation for:
a. Binary digit
b. Octal digit
c. Both
d. None of these
94. How many bit of nibble group:
a. 5
b. 4
c. 7
d. 8
95. How many bit of bytes:
a. 3
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
96. Which is the most important component of a digit computer that interprets the instruction and processes
the data contained in computer programs:
a. MU
b. ALU
c. CPU
d. PC
97. Which part work as a the brain of the computer and performs most of the calculation:
a. MU
b. PC
c. ALU
d. CPU
98. Which is the main function of the computer:
a. Execute of programs
b. Execution of programs
c. Both
d. None of these
99. How many major component make up the CPU:
a. 4
b. 3
c. 6
d. 8
100. Which register holds the current instruction to be executed:
a. Instruction register
b. Program register
c. Control register
d. None of these
101. Which register holds the next instruction to be executed:

b. Program register
c. Program control register
d. None of these
102. Each instruction is also accompanied by a___________:
a. Microprocessor
b. Microcode
c. Both
d. None of these
103. Which are microcomputers commonly used for commercial data processing, desktop publishing and
engineering application:
a. Digital computer
b. Personal computer
c. Both
d. None of these
104. Which microprocessor has the control unit, memory unit and arithmetic and logic unit:
a. Pentium IV processor
b. Pentium V processor
c. Pentium III processor
d. None of these
105. The processing speed of a computer depends on the __________of the system:
a. Clock speed
b. Motorola
c. Cyrix
d. None of these
106. Which microprocessor is available with a clock speed of 1.6 GHZ:
a. Pentium III
b. Pentium II
c. Pentium IV
d. All of these
107. Which processor are used in the most personal computer:
a. Intel corporations Pentium

b. Motorola corporations
c. Both
d. None of these
1. RTL stands for:
a. Random transfer language

b. Register transfer language
c. Arithmetic transfer language
d. All of these
2. Which operations are used for addition, subtraction, increment, decrement and complement function:
a. Bus
b. Memory transfer
c. Arithmetic operation
d. All of these
3. Which language is termed as the symbolic depiction used for indicating the series:
a. Random transfer language
b. Register transfer language
c. Arithmetic transfer language
d. All of these
4. The method of writing symbol to indicate a provided computational process is called as a:
a. Programming language
b. Random transfer language
c. Register transfer language
d. Arithmetic transfer language
5. In which transfer the computer register are indicated in capital letters for depicting its function:
a. Memory transfer
b. Register transfer
c. Bus transfer
d. None of these
6. The register that includes the address of the memory unit is termed as the ____:
a. MAR
b. PC
c. IR
d. None of these
7. The register for the program counter is signified as_____:

a. MAR
b. PC
c. IR
d. None of these
8. In register transfer the instruction register as:
a. MAR
b. PC
c. IR
d. None of these
9. In register transfer the processor register as:
a. MAR
b. PC
c. IR
d. RI
10. How many types of micro operations:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
11. Which are the operation that a computer performs on data that put in register:
a. Register transfer
b. Arithmetic
c. Logical
d. All of these
12. Which micro operations carry information from one register to another:
b. Arithmetic
c. Logical
d. All of these
13. Micro operation is shown as:
a. R1->R2
b. R1<-R2
c. Both
d. None
14. In memory transfer location address is supplied by____ that puts this on address bus:
a. ALU
b. CPU
c. MAR
d. MDR
15. How many types of memory transfer operation:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
16. Operation of memory transfer are:
a. Read
b. Write
c. Both
d. None
17. In memory read the operation puts memory address on to a register known as :
a. PC
b. ALU
c. MAR
d. All of these
18. Which operation puts memory address in memory address register and data in DR:
a. Memory read
b. Memory write
c. Both
d. None
19. Arithmetic operation are carried by such micro operation on stored numeric data available in_____:
a. Register
b. Data
c. Both
d. None
20. In arithmetic operation numbers of register and the circuits for addition at _____:
a. ALU
b. MAR
c. Both
d. None
21. Which operation are implemented using a binary counter or combinational circuit:
b. Arithmetic
c. Logical
d. All of these
22. Which operation are binary type, and are performed on bits string that is placed in register:
a. Logical micro operation
b. Arithmetic micro operation
c. Both
d. None
23. A micro operation every bit of a register is a:
a. Constant
b. Variable
c. Both
d. None
24. Which operation is extremely useful in serial transfer of data:

c. Shift micro operation
d. None of these
25. Which language specifies a digital system which uses specified notation:
b. Arithmetic
c. Logical
d. All of these
26. IR stands for:

a. Input representation
b. Intermediate representation
c. Both
d. None
27. HDL stands for:
a. Human description language
b. Hardware description language

c. Hardware description land
d. None of these
28. VPCC stands for:
a. Variable portable C compiler
b. Very portable C compiler
c. Both
d. None
29. In register transfer which system is a sequential logic system in which flip-flops and gates are constructed:
a. Digital system
b. Register
c. Data
d. None
30. High level language C supports register transfer technique for______ application:
a. Executing
b. Compiling
c. Both
d. None
31. A counter is incremented by one and memory unit is considered as a collection of _______:
a. Transfer register
b. Storage register
c. RTL
d. All of these
32. Which is the straight forward register transfer the data from register to another register temporarily:
a. Digital system
b. Register
c. Data
d. Register transfer operations
33. In organization of a digital system register transfer of any digital system therefore it is called:
a. Digital system
b. Register
c. Data
d. Register transfer level
34. The binary information of source register chosen by:
a. Demultiplexer
b. Multiplexer
c. Both
d. None
35. Which control transfer passes the function via control______:
a. Logic
b. Operation
c. Circuit
d. All of these
36. Register are assumed to use positive-edge-triggered _____:
a. Flip-flop
b. Logics
c. Circuit
d. Operation
37. IDE stands for:

a. Input device electronics
b. Integrated device electronic
c. Both
d. None
38. ATA stands for:
a. Advance technology attachment
b. Advance teach attachment
c. Both
d. None
39. The memory bus is also referred as______:
a. Data bus
b. Address bus
c. Memory bus
d. All of these
40. How many parts of memory bus:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 6
41. A three state gate defined as:
a. Analog circuit
b. Analog fundamentals
c. Both a&b
d. Digital circuit
42. In 3 state gate two states act as signals equal to:
a. Logic 0
b. Logic 1
c. None of these
d. Both a & b
43. In 3 state gate third position termed as high impedance state which acts as:
a. Open circuit
b. Close circuit
c. None of these
d. All of above
44. In every transfer, selection of register by bus is decided by:
a. Control signal
b. No signal
c. All signal
d. All of above
45. every bit of register has:
a. 2 common line
b. 3 common line
c. 1 common line
d. none of these
46. DDR2 stands for:
a. Double data rate 2

b. Data double rate 2
c. Dynamic data rate 2
d. Dynamic double rate 2
47. SDRAM stands for:

a. System dynamic random access memory
b. Synchronous dynamic random access memory
c. Both
d. None
48. Which is referred as a sequential circuit which contains the number of register as per the protocol:
a. RTL
b. RAM
c. MAR
d. All of these
49. Which operation refer bitwise manipulation of contents of register:

d. None of these
50. Which symbol will be used to denote an micro operation:
a. (^)
b. (v)
c. Both
d. None
51. which symbol will be denote an AND micro operation:
a. (^)
b. (v)
c. Both
d. None
52. Which operation are associated with serial transfer of data:

d. None of these
53. The bits are shifted and the first flip-flop receives its binary information from the_____:
a. Serial output
b. Serial input
c. Both
d. None
54. How many types of shift micro operation:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
55. Which shift is a shift micro operation which is used to shift a signed binary number to the left or right:
a. Logical
b. Arithmetic
c. Both
d. None of these
56. which shift is used for signed binary number:
a. Logical
b. Arithmetic
c. Both
d. None of these
57. Arithmetic left shift is used to multiply a signed number by_____:
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. All of these
58. The variable of_______ correspond to hardware register:
a. RAM
b. RTL
c. ALU
d. MAR
59. In which shift is used to divide a signed number by two:

a. Logical right-shift
b. Arithmetic right shift
c. Logical left shift
d. Arithmetic left shift
60. How evolved in register transfer language and where:
a. Chirsfraser 1980
b. J.davidson 1980
c. Chirs fraser 1920
d. J.davidson 1920
e. A and B
f. B and C
g. C and D
mputer System Architecture MCQ 03

1. _______is the first step in the evolution of programming languages:
a. machine language
b. assembly language
c. code language
d. none of these
2. Mnemonic refers to:
a. Instructions
b. Code
c. Symbolic codes
d. Assembler
3. Mnemonic represent:
a. Operation codes
b. Strings
c. Address
d. None of these
4. To represent addresses in assembly language we use:
a. String characters
b. Arrays
c. Structure
d. Enum
5. Assembler works to convert assembly language program into machine language :

a. Before the computer can execute it
b. After the computer can execute it
c. In between execution
d. All of these
6. ________generation computers use assembly language:
a. First generation
b. Third generation
c. second generation
d. fourth generation
7. Assembly language program is called:
a. Object program
b. Source program
c. Oriented program
d. All of these
8. To invoke assembler following command are given at command line:
a. $ hello.s -o hello.o
b. $as hello.s o o
c. $ as hello o hello.o
d. $ as hello.s o hello.o
9. By whom address of external function in the assembly source file supplied by ______ when activated:
a. Assembler
b. Linker
c. Machine
d. Code
10. An______ -o option is used for:
a. Input file
b. External file
c. Output file
d. None of these
11. The assembler translates ismorphically______ mapping from mnemonic in these statements to machine
instructions:
a. 1:1
b. 2:1
c. 3:3
d. 4:1
12. Assembler works in______ phases:
a. 1
b. 3
c. 2
d. 4
13. The assembler in first pass reads the program to collect symbols defined with offsets in a table_______:
a. Hash table
b. Symbol table
c. Both a& b
d. None of these
14. In second pass, assembler creates _______in binary format for every instruction in program and then refers
to the symbol table to giving every symbol an______ relating the segment.
a. Code and program

b. Program and instruction
c. Code and offset
d. All of these
15. which of the 2 files are created by the assembler:
a. List and object file

b. Link and object file
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
16. In which code is object file is coded:
a. Link code
b. Decimal code
c. Assembly code
d. Binary code
17. which type of errors are detected by the assembler:
a. syntax error
b. logical error
c. run time error
d. none of these
18. MOVE AX BX in this LINES OF CODE what type of error is declared:

a. Undeclared identifier MOVE
b. undeclared identifier AX
c. Accept as a command
d. Not look in symbol table
19. In given lines of code MOV AX,BL have different type of operands according to assembler for 8086
architecture these identifiers must be of:
a. Different type only in byte
b. Same type either in word or byte
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
20. What type of errors are not detected by assemblers:
a. Syntax error
b. Run time error
c. Logical error
d. All of these
21. ______serves as the purpose of documentation only:
a. List
b. object
c. link
d. code
22. An assembler is a utility program that performs:

a. Isometric translation
b. Isomorphic translation
c. Isochoric translation
d. None of these
23. Assemblers are of 2 types:
a. 1 pass
b. 2 pass
c. both a & b
d. none of these
24. CP/CMS assembly language was written in ________assembler:
a. S/340
b. S-350
c. S/320
d. S/360
25. ASM-H widely used _____assembler:
a. S/370
b. S/380
c. S/390
d. S/360
26. Assembler is a_______:
a. Interpreter
b. Translator
c. Exchanger
d. None of these
27. A_______ processor controls repetitious writing of sequence:
a. Macro
b. Micro
c. Nano
d. All of these
28. IBM-360 type language is example which supporting______ language:
a. Micro
b. Macro
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
29. _________ is attached to using macro instruction definition:
a. Name
b. Definition
c. Identifier
d. All of these
30. END of macro definition by:
a. NAME
b. MEND
c. DATA
d. MEMORY
31. Process of replacing the sequence of lines of codes is known as:
a. Expanding die macro

b. Expanding tri macro
c. Tetra macro
d. None of these
32. A program that links several programs is called:
a. Linker
b. Loader
c. Translator
d. None of these
33. _______address is not assigned by linker:
a. Absolute
b. Relative
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
34. ________address is provided by linker to modules linked together that starting from______:
a. Absolute and 0
b. Relative and 0
c. Relative and 1
d. Relative and 3
35. A linker is also known as:
a. Binder
b. Linkage editor
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
36. Loading is _______ with the task of storage management of operating system and mostly preformed after
assembly:
a. Bound
b. Expanded
c. Overlaps
d. All of these
37. _______contain library program have to be indicated to the loader:
a. Externally defined
b. Internally defined
c. Executable file
d. All of these
38. It is the task of the ________to locate externally defined symbols in programs, load them in to memory by
placing their _______of symbols in calling program:
a. Loader and name

b. Linker and values
c. Linker and name
d. Loader and values
39. Linker creates a link file containing binary codes and also produces_______ containing address information
on linked files:
a. Link map
b. Map table
c. Symbol map
d. None of these
40. how many types of entities contained by assembler to handle program:
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 5
41. which of the following are types of assembler entities:
a. Absolute entities
b. Relative entities
c. Object program
d. All of these
42. ________have addresses where instructions are stored along with address of working storage:
a. Relative entities
b. Absolute entities
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
43. Absolute entities are __________whom value signify storage locations that are independent of resulting
machine code:
a. Numeric constants
b. String constants
c. Fixed addresses
d. Operation codes
e. All of these
44. A module contains machine code with specification on______:
a. Relative addresses
b. Absolute addresses
c. Object program
d. None of these
45. After actual locations for main storage are known, a ______adjusts relative addresses to these actual
locations:
a. Relocating loader
b. Locating loader
c. Default loader
d. None of these
46. If there is a module from single source-language only that does not contain any external references, it
doesnt need a linker to load it and is loaded______:
a. Indirectly
b. Directly
c. Extending
d. None of these
47. Modern assemblers for RISC based architectures make optimization of instruction scheduling to make use
of CPU _______efficiently:
a. Pipeline
b. Without pipeline
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
48. which are of the following modern assemblers:

a. MIPS
b. Sun SPARC
c. HP PA-RISC
d. x86(x64)
e. all of these
49. How many types of loop control structures in C language:
a. 4
b. 5
c. 2
d. 3
50. Types of loop control statements are:
a. For loop
b. While loop
c. Do-while loop
d. All of these
51. <Initial value> is_______ which initializes the value of variable:
a. Assignment expression
b. Condition value
c. Increment/decrement
d. None of these
52. The format %8d is used to print_______ values in a line:
a. 11
b. 10
c. 9
d. 12
53. <Condition> is a _________expression which will have value true or false:
a. Relational
b. Logical
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
54. <Increment> is the________ value of variable which will be added every time:
a. Increment
b. Decrement
c. Expanding
d. None of these
55. _______is the statement block of for loop lies inside block of another for loop:
a. Nested for loop

b. Nested while loop
c. Nested do-while loop
d. None of these
56. SPARC stands for:

a. Scalable programmer architecture
b. Scalable processor architecture
c. Scalable point architecture
d. None of these
57. Full form of MIPS assembler is:
a. Microprocessor without interlocked pipeline stage
b. Microprocessor with interlocked pipeline stage
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
58. _______ statement block is executed atleast once for any value of the condition:
a. For statement
b. Do-while statement
c. While statement
d. None of these
59. _______statement is an unconditional transfer of control statement:
a. Goto
b. Continue
c. Switch
d. All of these
60. In Goto statement the place to which control is transferred is identified by a statement______:
a. Label
b. Display
c. Break
d. None of these
61. The continue statement is used to transfer the control to the________ of a statement block in a loop:
a. End
b. Beginning
c. Middle
d. None of these
62. The__________ statement is used to transfer the control to the end of statement block in a loop:
a. Continue
b. Break
c. Switch
d. Goto
63. ________function is used to transfer the control to end of a program which uses one argument( ) and takes
value is zero for_______ termination and non-zero for _______termination:
a. Exit( ),normal, abnormal

b. Break, normal, abnormal
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
64. To design a program it requires_______:
a. Program specification
b. Code specification
c. Instruction specification
d. Problem specification
65. Testing helps to ensure _______of the program for use within a system:
a. Quality, accuracy and except
b. Quality, accuracy and acceptance
c. Design, assurance and acceptance
d. Quality, accuracy and development
66. An unstructured program uses a ________ approach to solve problems:
a. Linear
b. Top down
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
67. In a complex program, the ______overlaps:
a. Branching
b. Condition
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
68. How many structures structured programs are written:
a. 3
b. 2
c. 1
d. 6
69. following are structured programs written in simple structures:
a. Sequence
b. Selection
c. Iteration
d. All of these
70. Iteration also called:
a. Repetition
b. Straight
c. Selection
d. Sequence
71. In ________instructions are followed one after the other in the preset order in which they appear within
program:
a. Sequence
b. Selection
c. Break
d. Iteration
72. _______means that one of two alternative sequences of instruction is chosen based on logical condition:
a. Sequence
b. Selection
c. Repetition
d. None of these
73. _________is sequence of instructions is executed and repeated any no. of times in loop until logical
condition is true:
a. Iteration
b. Repetition
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
74. A ________is a small program tested separately before combining with final program:
a. Module
b. Block
c. selection
d. none of these
75. _______uses various symbols to represent function within program and is _______representation:
a. Flowchart, pictorial
b. Algorithm, pictorial
c. Pictorial, flowchart
d. None of these
76. ______Avoid crossing flow lines:
a. Flowchart
b. Algorithm
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
77. A flow chart is drawn from top to bottom and_____:
a. Right to left
b. Only right
c. Left to right
d. Only left
78. Flowchart that exceed page should be properly linked using ________to portions of flowchart on
different pages:
a. Connectors
b. Interconnections
c. Connections
d. None of these
79. ________is useful to prepare detailed program documentation:
a. Flowchart
b. Algorithm
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
80. Pseudo means:
a. Imitation
b. Imitate
c. In imitation
d. None of these
81. Preparing the pseudocode requires _______time than drawing flowchart:
a. Less
b. More
c. Optimum
d. None of these
82. There is _____standard for preparing pseudocode instructions:
a. No
b. 4
c. 2
d. 6
83. ______are used to translate high level language instructions to a machine code:
a. Translators
b. Interpreters
c. Compilers
d. None of these
84. The compiler _______translate a program code with any syntax error:
a. Can
b. Cannot
c. Without
d. None of these
85. Before checking the program for errors in translating code into machine language the high level language
code is loaded into_________:
a. Register
b. Memory
c. Data
d. CPU
86. After compilation of the program ,the operating system of computer activates:
a. Loader
b. Linker
c. Compiler
d. None of these
87. The linker has utilities needed for ________within the translated program:
a. Input
b. Output
c. Processing
d. All of these
88. Flowchart is a_______ representation of an algorithm:
a. Symbolic
b. Diagrammatic
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
89. In flow chart symbols the _______operation represents the direction of flow:
a. Connector
b. Looping
c. Arrows
d. Decision making
90. Which register is memory pointer:
a. Program counter
b. Instruction register
c. Stack pointer
d. Source index
91. How many approaches are used to design control unit:

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
92. Which are the following approaches used to design control unit:
a. Hardwired control
b. Microprogrammed control
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
93. Cache memory is located between main memory and_____:
a. CPU
b. Memory
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
e.
94. _______arrow represents the value obtained by evaluating right side expression/variable to the left side
variable:
a. Forth
b. Inbetween
c. Back
d. None of these
95. A ________ is written as separate unit, apart from main and called whenever necessary:
a. Subroutine
b. Code
c. Block
d. None of these
96. _______uses the stack to store return address of subroutine:
a. CPU
b. Microprocessor
c. register
d. memory
97. A subroutine is implemented with 2 associated instructions:

a. CALL
b. RETURN
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
98. Call instruction is written in the ______program:
a. Main
b. Procedures
c. Program
d. Memory
99. Return instruction is written in_______ to written to main program:
a. Subroutine
b. Main program
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
100. When subroutine is called contents of program counter is location address of _______instruction
following call instruction is stored on ________and program execution is transferred to______ address:
a. Non executable, pointer and subroutine
b. Executable, Stack and Main program
c. Executable, Queue and Subroutine
d. Executable, Stack and Subroutine
101. A subroutine called by another subroutine is called:
a. Nested
b. For loop
c. Break
d. Continue
102. The extent nesting in subroutine is limited only by:

a. Number of available Stack locations
b. Number of available Addressing locations
c. Number of available CPU locations
d. Number of available Memory locations
103. Which are of the following instructions of hardware subroutines:
a. SCAL
b. SXIT
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
104. Importance in local variable and index registers in subroutine does_____:

a. Alter
b. Not alter
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
105. Markers in subroutine cannot be accepted as limits whereas this markers stands for:
a. Top of stack
b. Bottom of stack
c. Middle of stack
d. All of these
106. Subroutines are placed in identical section to caller so that SCAL and SXIT _______overpass divison
limits:
a. Dont
b. Does
c. Cross
d. By
107. _________subroutine declaration come after procedure announcement:
a. Global
b. Local
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
108. subroutines are invoked by using their________ in a subroutine call statement and replacing formal
parameters with________ parameters:
a. Identifier and formal

b. Identifier and actual
c. Expression and arguments
d. None of these
109. Parameters can be stacked by ________just as with procedures:
a. Asterisk(*)
b. Arrow
c. Line
d. Pipeline
110. The subroutines are determined by functioning of ________instructions:

a. SCAL and SXIT

b. only SCAL
c. only SXIT
d. none of these
111. Call is________ subroutine call:
a. Conditional
b. Unconditional
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
112. A flag is a _________that keep track of a changing condition during computer run:
a. Memory
b. Register
c. Controller
d. None of these
113. When a subroutine is ________the parameters are loaded onto the stack and SCAL is executed:
a. Executed
b. Invoked
c. Ended
d. Started
114. Subroutine is called _______:
a. In Same program
b. In external program
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
115. If internal subroutine is called global data is used to pass values defining parameters between
_________program and defined _______:
a. Main and subroutine

b. Local and subroutine
c. Global and subroutine
d. Global and main
116. In what type of subroutine actual parameters are passed through the main program to formal
parameters in the related subroutine:
a. Internal
b. External
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
117. By defining the _________register as last in first out stack the sequence can handle nested
subroutines:
a. S
b. J
c. R
d. T
118. The ______stack can be 4-word memory addressed by 2 bits from an up/down counter known as the
stack pointer:
a. FIFO
b. PIPO
c. SISO
d. LIFO
119. getchar :: IO char in this given function what is indicated by IO char:

a. when getchar is invoked it returns a character
b. when getchar is executed it returns a character
c. both a & b
d. none of these
120. If we define putchar function in putchar :: char -> IO ( ) syntax than character input as an argument
and returns_____:
a. Useful value
b. Get output
c. Get no output
d. None of these
121. The front panel display provides lights as green LED represent _____ and red LED represent _____for
device programmer who writes input/output basic:
a. Busy and Error

b. Error and Busy
c. Busy and Busy
d. Error and Error
122. The input data for processing uses the standard input device which by default is a ________:
a. Mouse
b. Scanner
c. Keyboard
d. Monitor
123. The processed data is sent for output to standard ________device which by default is computer
screen:
a. Input
b. Output
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
124. Each instruction is executed by set of micro operations termed as:
a. Micro instructions
b. Mini instructions
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
125. For each micro operation the control unit generates set of______ signals:
a. Control
b. Address
c. Data
d. None of these
126. Sequence of microinstructions is termed as micro program or________:
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Firmware
d. None of these
127. The micro program is an ________written in microcode and stored in firmware which is also
referred as___________:
a. Interpreter and control memory
b. Translator and control store
c. Translator and control memory
d. Interpreter and Translator
128. Compared to hardware, firmware is ________to design micro programmed organization:
a. Difficult
b. Easier
c. Both a& b
d. None of these
129. Compared to software, firmware is _______to write:
a. Easier
b. Difficult
c. Mediator
d. Optimum
130. _________program converts machine instructions into control signals:

a. Control memory program
b. Control store program
c. Both a & b
d. Only memory
131. who coined the term micro program in 1951:
a. T.V. Wilkes
b. M.V. Wilkes
c. S.V. Wilkes
d. D.V. Wilkes
132. what is full form of EDSAC:

a. Electronic delay source accumulator calculator
b. Electronic delay storage automatic code
c. Electronic destination source automatic calculator
d. Electronic delay storage automatic calculator
133. Who led to development of read only magnetic core matrix for use in control unit of small computer
at IBMs laboratory:
a. John Faircloughs
b. Johny fairclough
c. Mr. Redcliff
d. M.V. Wilkes
134. From1961-1964 John faircloughs research played an important role to pursue full range of
compatible computers as system:
a. System/360
b. System/460
c. System/560
d. System/780
135. Each microinstructions cycle is made of 2 parts:
a. Fetch
b. Execute
c. Code
d. Both a & b
136. One of use of microprogramming to implement ________ of processor in Intel 80x86 and Motorola
680x0 processors whose instruction set are evolved from 360 original:
a. Control structure
b. Without control
c. Control unit
d. Only control
137. The function of these microinstructions is to issue the micro orders to______:
a. CPU
b. Memory
c. Register
d. Accumulator
138. Micro-orders generate the_______ address of operand and execute instruction and prepare for
fetching next instruction from the main memory:
a. Physical
b. Effective
c. Logical
d. all of above
139. Which of the following 2 task are performed to execute an instruction by MCU:
a. Microinstruction execution
b. Microinstruction sequencing
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
140. What is the purpose of microinstruction executions:

a. Generate a control signal
b. Generate a control signal to compile
c. Generate a control signal to execute
d. All of these
141. Which microinstruction provide next instruction from control memory:
b. Microinstruction Buffer
c. Microinstruction decoder
d. Microinstruction Sequencing
142. Which are the following components of microprogramed units to implement control process:
b. Microinstruction address generation
c. Control store microprogram memory

d. Microinstruction Buffer
e. Microinstruction decoder
f. All of these
143. Microcodes are stored as firmware in _______:
a. Memory chips
b. Registers
c. accumulators
d. none of these
144. A control memory is______ stored in some area of memory:
a. Control instruction
b. Memory instruction
c. Register instruction
d. None of these
145. A computer having writable control memory is known as_________:

a. Static micro programmable
b. Dynamic micro programmable
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
146. The control memory contains a set of words where each word is:
a. Microinstruction
b. Program
c. Sets
d. All of these
147. During program execution content of main memory undergo changes and, but control memory
has______ microprogram:
a. Static
b. Dynamic
c. Compile time
d. Fixed
148. What happens if computer is started :

a. It executes CPU microprogram which is sequence of microinstructions stored in
ROM
b. It executes code microprogram which is sequence of microinstructions stored in
ROM
c. It executes boot microprogram which is sequence of microinstructions stored in
ROM
d. It executes strap loader microprogram which is sequence of microinstructions

stored in ROM
149. Control memory is part of ______ that has addressable storage registers and used as temporary
storage for data:
a. ROM
b. RAM
c. CPU
d. Memory
150. How many modes the address in control memory are divided:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
151. which of the following is interrupt mode:
a. Task mode
b. Executive mode
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
152. Mode of addresses in control memory are:
a. Executive mode
b. Task mode
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
153. Addresses in control memory is made by____ for each register group:
a. Address select logic

b. Data select logic
c. Control select logic
d. All of these
154. There are how many register groups in control memory:
a. 3
b. 5
c. 6
d. 8
155. What type of circuit is used by control memory to interconnect registers:
a. Data routing circuit

b. Address routing circuit
c. Control routing circuit
d. None of the these
156. Which memory is used to copy instructions or data currently used by CPU:
a. Main memory
b. Secondary memory
c. Cache memory
d. None of these
157. Copy of instruction in cache memory is known as:
a. Execution cache
b. Data cache
c. Instruction cache
d. All of these
158. Copy of data in cache memory is called:
a. Data cache
b. Execution cache
c. Address cache
d. Control cache
159. What are 2 advantages of cache memory:

a. Reduction of average access time for CPU memory
b. Reduction of bandwidth of available memory of CPU
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
160. On what method search in cache memory used by the system:
a. Cache directing
b. Cache mapping
c. Cache controlling
d. Cache invalidation
161. ______process starts when a cpu with cache refers to a memory:
a. Main memory
b. External memory
c. Cache
d. All of these
162. When cache process starts hit and miss rate defines in cache directory:
a. during search reads

b. during search writes
c. during replace writes
d. during finding writes
163. In cache memory hit rate indicates:

a. Data from requested address is not available
b. Data from requested address is available
c. Control from requested address is available
d. Address from requested address is not available
164. In cache memory miss rate indicates:
a. Availability of requested data
b. Availability of requested address
c. Non-Availability of requested data
d. Non-Availability of requested address
165. Which 3 areas are used by cache process:
a. Search, updating, invalidation
b. Write, updating, invalidation
c. Search, read, updating
d. Invalidation, updating, requesting
166. Updating writes to cache data and also to _______:
a. Directories
b. Memory
c. Registers
d. Folders
167. Invalidation writes only to_____ and erases previously residing address in memory:
a. Folders
b. Memory
c. Directory
d. Files
168. _______machine instruction creates branching to some specified location in main memory if result of
last ALU operation is Zero or Zero flag is set:
a. Branch on One
b. Branch on Three
c. Branch on Nine
d. Branch on Zero
169. Full form of CAR:

a. Control address register
b. Content address register
c. Condition accumulator resource
d. Code address register
170. Two types of microinstructions are:
a. Branching
b. Non-branching
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
171. Which are 3 ways to determine address of next micro instruction to be executed:
a. Next sequential address

b. Branching
c. Interrupt testing
d. All of these
172. Branching can be________:
a. Conditional
b. Unconditional
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
173. In which branching condition is tested which is determined by status bit of ALU:
a. Unconditional
b. Conditional
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
174. which branch is achieved by fixing status bit that output of multiplexer is always one:
a. Unconditional
b. Conditional
c. Looping
d. All of these
175. Which register is used to store addresses of control memory from where instruction is fetched:
a. MAR
b. BAR
c. CAR
d. DAR
176. Control ROM is the control memory that holds:
a. Control words
b. Memory words
c. Multiplexers
d. Decoders
177. Opcode is the machine instruction obtained from decoding instruction stored in:
a. Stack pointer
b. Address pointer
c. Instruction register
d. Incrementer
178. Branch logic determines which should be adopted to select the next______ value among possibilities:
a. CAR
b. GAR
c. HAR
d. TAR
179. ________ generates CAR+1 as possibility of next CAR value:
a. Decrementer
b. Incrementer
c. Postfix
d. Prefix
180. ________used to hold return address for operations of subroutine call branch:
a. TBR
b. HDR
c. SDR
d. SBR
181. Which of following 2 types of computer system considered by micro programmed unit:
a. Micro level computers
b. Machine level computers
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
182. Following are the components of micro programmed control unit:
a. Subroutine register
b. Control address register
c. Memory Of 128 words with 20 bits per words
d. All of these
183. Various machine level components are:
a. Address register
b. Program counter
c. Data register
d. Accumulator register
e. Memory of 2K,16 bits/word RAM
f. Multiplexers
g. All of these
184. Data transfers are done using:
a. Multiplexer switching
b. Demultiplexer switching
c. Adder switching
d. Subtractor switching
185. PC can be loaded from_____:
a. BR
b. CR
c. AR
d. TR
186. Which functions are performed by CU:

a. Data exchange b/w CPU and memory or I/O modules
b. External operations
c. Internal operations inside CPU
d. Both a & c
187. Which are internal operations inside CPU:
a. Data transfer b/w registers
b. Instructing ALU to operate data
c. Regulation of other internal operations
d. All of these
188. How many paths taken by movement of data in CU:
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 2
189. 2 data paths in CU are:
a. Internal data paths

b. External data paths
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
190. _______is the data paths link CPU registers with memory or I/O modules:
a. External data paths

b. Internal data paths
c. Boreal data paths
d. Exchange data paths
191. ______is data paths there is movement of data from one register to another or b/w ALU and a
register:
a. External
b. Boreal
c. Internal
d. Exchange
192. Which is the input of control unit:

a. Master clock signal
b. Instruction register
c. Flags
d. Control signals from bus
e. All of these
193. If _______flag is set then control unit issues control signals that causes program counter to be
incremented by 1:
a. Zero
b. One
c. Three
d. Eight
194. Which control unit is implemented as combinational circuit in the hardware:

a. Microprogrammed control unit
b. Hardwired control unit
c. Blockprogrammed control unit
d. Macroprogrammed control unit
195. Microprograms are usually stored in:
a. ROM
b. RAM
c. SAM
d. SAN
196. Among them which is the faster control unit:

a. Hardwired
b. Microprogrammed
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
197. For CISC architecture_______ controllers are better:
a. Microprogrammed
b. Hardwired
c. Betterwired
d. None of these
198. Full form of FSM is:
a. Finite state machine

b. Fix state machine
c. Fun source metal
d. All of these
199. Rules of FSM are encoded in:
a. ROM
b. Random logic
c. Programmable logic array
d. All of these
200. In RISC architecture access to registers is made as a block and register file in a particular register can
be selected by using:
a. Multiplexer
b. Decoder
c. Subtractor
d. Adder
201. Outputs of instruction/data path in CU are:
a. Reg R/W
b. Load/Reg-Reg
c. ALU function select
d. Load control
e. Read control
f. IR Latch
g. JUMP/Branch/Next PC
h. All of these
202. One last bit of control output is for control of_______ state:
a. Minor
b. Major
c. Mixer
d. None of these
203. Following are 4 major states for load are:
a. Fetch
b. Decode
c. Memory
d. Write back
e. All of these
204. Jump has 3 major states are:
a. Fetch
b. Decode
c. Complete
d. All of these
205. ________ state keeps track of position related to execution of an instruction:
a. Major
b. Minor
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
206. An instruction always starts with state___:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 0
207. Decoding of an instruction in RISC architecture means decision on working of control unit for:
a. Remainder of instructions
b. Divisor of instructions
c. Dividend of instructions
d. None of these
208. Which control is used during starting of instruction cycle:
a. Write
b. Read
c. R/W
d. None of these
209. ________function select takes op code in IR translating to function of ALU and it may be compact
binary code or one line per ALU:
a. ALU
b. CPU
c. Memory
d. Cache
210. ________is dependent on instruction type in CU:
a. Jump
b. Branch
c. NextPC
d. All of these
211. __________dependent on instruction and major state and also comes in starting of data fetch state as
well as write back stage in CU:
a. Register read
b. Register write
c. Register R/W
d. All of these
212. _______dependence over op-code in CU:
a. Load register
b. Load Reg/Reg
c. Only Load
d. None of these
213. Full form of PLA in CU:

a. Progrmmable Logic Array
b. Programs Load Array
c. Programmable Logic Accumulator
d. all of these
214. Which are tasks for execution of CU or MCU:
b. Microinstruction sequencing
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
215. Branching is implemented by depending on output of:
a. CD
b. RG
c. CC
d. CR
216. Who determine under what conditions the branching will occur and when:
a. By combination of CD and BT
b. By combination of CD and BR
c. By combination of CD and CR
d. By combination of TD and BR
217. The character U is used to indicate:
a. Undefined transfers
b. Unfair transfers
c. Unconditional transfers
d. All of these
218. Which field is used to requests for branching:
a. DR
b. CR
c. TR
d. BR
219. which field is used to determine what type of transfer occurs:
a. CR
b. SR
c. BR
d. MR
220. Source statements consist of 5fields in microinstruction source code are:

a. Lable
b. Micro-ops
c. CD-spec
d. BR-spec
e. Address
f. All of these
1. Which is a type of microprocessor that is designed with limited number of instructions:

a. CPU
b. RISC
c. ALU
d. MUX
2. Which unit is a pipeline system helps in speeding up processing over a non pipeline system:
a. CPU
b. RISC
c. ALU
d. MUX
3. The group of binary bits assigned to perform a specified operation is known as:
a. Stack register
b. Control word
c. Both
d. None
4. How many binary selection inputs in the control word:
a. 1
b. 7
c. 14
d. 28
5. In control word three fields contain how many bits:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
6. Three fields contains three bits each so one filed has how many bits in control word:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
7. How is selects the register that receives the information from the output bus:
a. Decoder
b. Encoder
c. MUX
d. All of these
8. A bus organization for seven _____register:
a. ALU
b. RISC
c. CPU
d. MUX
9. How many source register propagate through the multiplexers:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
10. How many bits of OPR select one of the operations in the ALU:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
11. five bits of OPR select one of the operation in the ____ in control register:
a. CPU
b. RISC
c. ALU
d. MUX
12. The OPR field has how many bits:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
13. In stack organization the insertion operation is known as ____:
a. Pop
b. Push
c. Both
d. None
14. In stack organization the deletion operation is known as ____:

a. Pop
b. Push
c. Both
d. None
15. A stack in a digital computer is a part of the_____:
a. ALU
b. CPU
c. Memory unit
d. None of these
16. In stack organization address register is known as the:
a. Memory stack
b. Stack pointer
c. Push operation
d. Pop operation
17. In register stack a stack can be organized by a ______number of register:
a. Infinite number
b. Finite number
c. Both
d. None
18. Which operation are done by increment or decrement the stack pointer:
a. Push
b. Pop
c. Both
d. None
19. In register stack a stack can be a finite number of_____:
a. Control word
b. Memory word
c. Transfer word
d. All of these
20. The stack pointer contains the address of the word that is currently on____:
a. Top of the stack

b. Down of the stack
c. Top and Down both

d. None
21. In register stack items are removed from the stack by using the ____operation:
a. Push
b. Pop
c. Both
d. None
22. Which register holds the item that is to be written into the stack or read out of the stack:
a. SR
b. IR
c. RR
d. DR
23. In register stack the top item is read from the stack into:
a. SR
b. IR
c. RR
d. DR
24. In conversion to reverse polish notation the ____and____ operations are performed at the end:
a. Add and subtract

b. Subtract and multiplication
c. Multiplication and subtract
d. All of these
25. RPN stands for:
a. Reverse polish notation

b. Read polish notation
c. Random polish notation
d. None of these
26. Instruction formats contains the memory address of the______:
a. Memory data
b. Main memory
c. CPU
d. ALU
27. In instruction formats instruction is represent by a________ of bits:
a. Sequence
b. Parallel
c. Both
d. None
28. In instruction formats the information required by the ______ for execution:
a. ALU
b. CPU
c. RISC
d. DATA
29. The operation is specified by a binary code known as the_____:
a. Operand code
b. Opcode
c. Source code
d. All of these
30. Which are contains one or more register that may be referenced by machine instruction:
a. Input
b. Output
c. CPU
d. ALU
31. Memory mapped ___is used this is just another memory address:
a. Input
b. Output
c. Both
d. None
32. Which operation use one operand or unary operations:
a. Arithmetic
b. Logical
c. Both
d. None
33. 3-Address format can be represented as :

a. dst <-[src1][src2]
b. dst ->[src1][src2]
c. dst <->[src1][src2]
d. All of these
34. 2- Address format can be represented as:
a. dst ->[dst]*[src]
b. dst<-[dst]*[src]
c. dst<->[dst]*[src]
d. All of these
35. In 1-address format how many address is used both as source as well as destination:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
36. The stack pointer is maintained in a____:
a. Data
b. Register
c. Address
d. None of these
37. ___ mode of addressing is a form of implied addressing:
a. Stack
b. Array
c. Queue
d. Binary
38. Stack uses RPN to solve ______expression:
a. Logical
b. Arithmetic
c. Both
d. None
39. In the RPN scheme the numbers and operators are listed__________:
a. One after another

b. One before another
c. Another after one
d. Another before one
40. In addressing modes instruction has primarily how many components:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
41. EA stands for:
a. Effective add
b. Effective absolute
c. Effective address
d. End address
42. In which addressing the operand is actually present in instruction:
a. Immediate addressing
b. Direct addressing
c. Register addressing
d. None of these
43. In which addressing the simplest addressing mode where an operand is fetched from memory is_____:
d. None of these
44. which addressing is a way of direct addressing:
d. None of these
45. In which mode the main memory location holds the EA of the operand:
d. Indirect addressing
46. Which addressing is an extremely influential way of addressing:
a. Displacement addressing
b. Immediate addressing
c. Direct addressing
d. Register addressing
47. In the base register addressing the register reference may be _____:
a. Implicit
b. Explicit
c. Both
d. None
48. In post indexing the indexing is performed_____
a. Before the indirection

b. After the indirection
c. Same time indirection
d. All of these
49. In post-indexing the contents of the address field are used to access a memory location containing a___
address:
d. None of these
50. In pre indexing the indexing is performed_____
a. Before the indirection

b. After the indirection
c. Same time indirection
d. All of these
51. The final addressing mode that we consider is______:

d. Stack addressing
52. In data transfer manipulation designing as instruction set for a system is a complex_____ :
a. Art
b. System
c. Computer
d. None of these
53. Which addressing is an extremely influential way of addressing:
d. Displacement addressing
54. Which addressing offset can be the content of PC and also can be negative:
a. Relative addressing
b. Immediate addressing
c. Direct addressing
d. Register addressing
55. The length of instruction set depends on:
a. Data size
b. Memory size
c. Both
d. None
56. In length instruction some programs wants a complex instruction set containing more instruction, more
addressing modes and greater address rang, as in case of_____:
a. RISC
b. CISC
c. Both
d. None
57. In length instruction other programs on the other hand, want a small and fixed-size instruction set that
contains only a limited number of opcodes, as in case of_____:
a. RISC
b. CISC
c. Both
d. None
58. The instruction set can have variable-length instruction format primarily due to:
a. Varying number of operands
b. Varying length of opcodes in some CPU
c. Both
d. None
59. An instruction code must specify the address of the____:
a. Opecode
b. Operand
c. Both
d. None
60. A simple ____ differs widely from a Turing machine:

a. CISC
b. RISC
c. CPU
d. ALU
61. How many types of basically Data manipulation:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e.
62. Which is data manipulation types are:
a. Arithmetic instruction
b. Shift instruction
c. Logical and bit manipulation instructions
d. All of these
63. Arithmetic instruction are used to perform operation on:
a. Numerical data
b. Non-numerical data
c. Both
d. None
64. How many basic arithmetic operation:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
65. which are arithmetic operation are:
a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication
d. Division
e. All of these
f. None of these
66. In which instruction are used to perform Boolean operation on non-numerical data:
a. Logical and bit manipulation
b. Shift manipulation
c. Circular manipulation
d. None of these
67. Which operation is used to shift the content of an operand to one or more bits to provide necessary
variation:
a. Logical and bit manipulation
d. None of these
68. ________is just like a circular array:
a. Data
b. Register
c. ALU
d. CPU
69. Which control refers to the track of the address of instructions:
a. Data control
b. Register control
c. Program control
d. None of these
70. In program control the instruction is set for the statement in a:
a. Parallel
b. Sequence
c. Both
d. None
71. How many types of unconditional jumps used in program control are follows:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
72. Which are unconditional jumps used in program control are follows:
a. Short jump
b. Near jump
c. Far jump
d. All of these
73. Which instruction is used in program control and used to decrement CX and conditional jump:
a. Loop
d. None of these
74. Which is always considered as short jumps:
a. Conditional jump
b. Short jump
c. Near jump
d. Far jump
75. Who change the address in the program counter and cause the flow of control to be altered:
a. Shift manipulation
b. Circular manipulation
c. Program control instruction
d. All of these
76. Which is the common program control instructions are:
a. Branch
b. Jump
c. Call a subroutine
d. Return
e. All of these
f. None of these
77. Which is a type of microprocessor that is designed with limited number of instructions:
a. CISC
b. RISC
c. Both
d. None
78. SMP Stands for:
a. System multiprocessor
b. Symmetric multiprocessor
c. Both
d. None
79. UMA stands for:
a. Uniform memory access

b. Unit memory access
c. Both
d. None
80. NUMA stands for:

a. Number Uniform memory access
b. Not Uniform memory access
c. Non Uniform memory access
d. All of these
81. SIMD stands for:
a. System instruction multiple data
b. Single instruction multiple data
c. Symmetric instruction multiple data
d. Scale instruction multiple data
82. MIMD stands for:
a. Multiple input multiple data
b. Memory input multiple data
c. Multiple instruction multiple data
d. Memory instruction multiple data
83. HLL stands for:
a. High level languages

b. High level line
c. High level logic
d. High level limit
84. Which is a method of decomposing a sequential process into sub operations:
a. Pipeline
b. CISC
c. RISC
d. Database
85. How many types of array processor:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
86. Which are the types of array processor:
a. Attached array processor

b. SIMD array processor
c. Both
d. None
87. Which are the application of vector processing:
a. Weather forecasting
b. Artificial intelligence
c. Experts system
d. Images processing
e. Seismology
f. Gene mapping
g. Aerodynamics
h. All of these
i. None of these
88. Which types of jump keeps a 2_byte instruction that holds the range from- 128to127 bytes in the memory
location:
a. Far jump
b. Near jump
c. Short jump
d. All of these
89. Which types of register holds a single vector containing at least two read ports and one write ports:
a. Data system
b. Data base
c. Memory
d. Vector register
90. Parallel computing means doing several takes simultaneously thus improving the performance of
the________:
a. Data system
b. Computer system
c. Memory
d. Vector register
91. Which is used to speed-up the processing:
a. Pipeline
b. Vector processing
c. Both
d. None
92. Which processor is a peripheral device attached to a computer so that the performance of a computer can
be improved for numerical computations:

c. Both
d. None
93. Which processor has a single instruction multiple data stream organization that manipulates the common
instruction by means of multiple functional units:

c. Both
d. None
94. Which carry is similar to rotate without carry operations:
a. Rotate carry
b. Rotate through carry
c. Both
d. None
95. In the case of a left arithmetic shift , zeros are Shifted to the ______:
a. Left
b. Right
c. Up
d. Down
96. In the case of a right arithmetic shift the sign bit values are shifted to the_____:
a. Left
b. Right
c. Up
d. Down

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Computer System Architecture MCQ

1. Which is an important data transfer technique :

c. Live emitting diode

c. Optical Marker Reading

141. PCB stands for:

168. Which are the characteristics of deadlocks:

184. Which is considered as semi-conductor memory , which is made up of static RAM:

29. ________is the inverse operation of addition:

d. Both number negative

a. Decimal number to a binary number

2. An instruction is guided by_____ to perform work according:

3. Two important fields of an instruction are:

4. Each operation has its _____ opcode:

5. which are of these examples of Intel 8086 opcodes:

9. Which is the method by which instructions are selected for execution:

13. The time required to complete one instruction is called:

16. Decode is the step during which instruction is______:

21. _______ is a symbolic representation of discrete elements of information:

22. Group of binary bits(0&1) is known as:

23. A group of 4 binary bits is called:

24. BCD uses binary number system to specify decimal numbers:

26. what is the BCD for a decimal number 559:

a. [0101 0101 1001]

28. Abbreviation ASCII stands for:

32. abbreviation EBCDIC stand for:

a. Error deleting codes

36. Which is method used most simple and commonly:

a. Parity check method

37. Which is the method of parity:

a. Even parity method

a. Even parity code

a. Error detecting code

42. a code is simply a subset of the vertices of the _____:

a. Non code word

47. The hardware that does this is an ________:

a. Hamming code word

a. Parity check code

54. Which are designed to interpret a specified number of instruction code:

55. Which code is a string of binary digits:

58. Which unit is necessary for the execution of instruction:

59. Which unit provide status , timing and control signal:

a. Timing and control unit

a. Seven- level hardware

c. One- level hardware

63. The maximum clock frequency is_______:

66. How many stages of instruction cycle:

67. Which are stages of instruction cycle:

68. Which instruction are 32 bits long , with extra 16 bits:

a. Memory reference instruction

a. Memory reference instruction

74. ISR stand for:

b. Interrupt service routine

76. IRET stand for:

77. Which are benefit of input/output interrupt:

82. _________ of a computer is consistently:

83. GIGO stand for:

84. How many basic operations of versatility:

85. Which are the operation of versatility: