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Child Development Birth Age to
COURSE: Early Childhood Education I UNIT: B

Twelve
Understand principles and domains of child

COMPETENCY: 4.00 B2 21% development, developmental characteristics of
children, and theories of child development.
OBJECTIVE: 4.03 B2 7% Interpret theories of child development.
Essential Questions: What are some of the major theories related to child development?
What are the main ideas of these theories, and what do they mean?
UNPACKED CONTENT
What are some of the major theories of child development?
Psychosocial Theory of Human Development Erik Erikson
Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget
Theory of Behaviorism B. F. Skinner and others
Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky
Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner
Motivation Theory Abraham Maslow
What are the main ideas of these theories?

Psychosocial Theory of Human Development Erik Erikson
Life is a series of stages. Each individual must pass through each stage. The way in which a
person handles each of these stages affects the persons identity and self-concept. These
psychosocial stages are:
Newborn --- trust vs. mistrust
Toddler --- autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Preschool child - initiative vs. guilt
School-age child - industry vs. inferiority
Adolescent - identity vs. identity confusion
Young adult - intimacy vs. isolation
Adult - generativity vs. stagnation
Elder integrity vs. despair
Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget
The behavior of children and the development of their thinking can only be explained by the
interaction of nature (intrinsic development) and nurture (extrinsic environmental factors).
Children pass through specific stages as they develop their Cognitive Development skills:
Sensorimotor birth - 2 years infants develop their intellect
Preoperational 2-6 years children begin to think symbolically and imaginatively
Concrete operational 6-12 years children learn to think logically
Formal operational 12 years adulthood adults develop critical thinking skills
OBJECTIVE: 4.03 B2 7% Interpret theories of child development.

UNPACKED CONTENT
Theory of Behaviorism B. F. Skinner and others
Based on Lockes tabula rasa (clean slate) idea, Skinner theorized that a child is an empty
organism --- that is, an empty vessel --- waiting to be filled through learning experiences. Any
behavior can be changed through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorism
is based on cause-and-effect relationships. Major elements of behaviorism include:
Positive and negative reinforcement
Use of stimulus and response
Modeling
Conditioning.
Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky
The cultures in which children are raised and the ways in which they interact with people
influence their intellectual development. From their cultural environments, children learn
values, beliefs, skills, and traditions that they will eventually pass on to their own children.
Through cooperative play, children learn to behave according to the rules of their cultures.
Learning is an active process. Learning is constructed. Elements of sociocultural theory are:
Zone of proximal development
Scaffolding
Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner
Intelligence is viewed as the ability to solve problems and create products in a specific situation.
Many kinds of intelligences exist. IQ tests tend to focus on only one or two of these
intelligences. Intelligences may be exceptionally well-developed in individuals due either to
well-developed parts of the brain or to cultural conditions. The eight intelligences that are
widely recognized are:
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Bodily kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Musical
Naturalistic
Motivation Theory Abraham Maslow
People are motivated by a set of basic human needs that may be organized in the form of a
hierarchy, or pyramid, with the most critical needs at the bottom of the hierarchy. Once their
most critical needs are met, individuals can focus on achieving higher and loftier needs such as
love, respect, and self-actualization. The basic needs, beginning with the most critical, are:
Physiological needs --- air, water, food, shelter, clothes, sex
Safety and security
Love and sense of belonging
Self-esteem; respect by others
Self actualization.

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Child Development Birth Age to

COURSE: Early Childhood Education I UNIT: B

Understand principles and domains of child

What are the main ideas of these theories?

OBJECTIVE: 4.03 B2 7% Interpret theories of child development.

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