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Complete report of Human Anatomy and Physiology with title Lungs

volume and capacity , which created by :
name : Qoryani
ID : 1414442012
group : V (Five )
class : ICP Bs
after the report has checked by assistant and coordinator assistant, so the report
accepted.

Makassar, may 2017

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

A Citra Pratiwi,.S.Pd,. M,Ed Qurniasty

ID : 1314441005

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. A. MushawwirTaiyeb, M.Kes

NIP. 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Science is the important knowledge which is including all of the
knowledge and it so important and very useful for human life and human
activity, because all of our daily activity always using science theory.
Especially for biology which is one of science branch.
There are so many system that we found in our body. There are some
important system that all people need like respiration system. As we know
respiration are done because there are different concentration of respiration
muscle that controlled by the breathing central in medulla oblongata. The O 2
that caught in average 500 cc.
Respiration has some important thing that can influenced the
individuals life it causing all of metabolic process that occur inside our body
are needs respiration as substance support to construct the energy.
In this observation about volume and capacity of lungs to give the
explanation to the apprentice about the volume of the lung that can filled by
air. Based on the gender of the probandus, and about respiration will give us
knowledge about the respiration process that occur in human. Beside that
students will know kind of secrete on the respiration process. As we know in
the respiration produce the H2O and CO2, but we dont know how it
constructed in our body, and what reaction that can make it that result.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this observation, to know the breath volume of male and
female probandus based on the activity.
C. Benefit
The university student will know the maximum capacity of the lungs by
the air, and the factor that can influenced the different of lungs volume.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Inspired and expired lung volumes measured by spirometry are useful for
detecting, characterising and quantifying the severity of lung disease.
Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional
residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) are technically more
challenging, which limits their use in clinical practice. The role of lung volume
measurements in the assessment of disease severity, functional disability, course
of disease and response to treatment remains to be determined in infants, as well
as in children and adults (Wanger,2005).
Nevertheless, in particular circumstances, measurements of lung volume
are strictly necessary for a correct physiological diagnosis. The term lung
volume usually refers to the volume of gas within the lungs, as measured by
body plethysmography, gas dilution or washout. In contrast, lung volumes derived
from conventional chest radiographs are usually based on the volumes within the
outlines of the thoracic cage, and include the volume of tissue (normal and
abnormal), as well as the lung gas volume. Lung volumes derived from computed
tomography (CT) scans can include estimates of abnormal lungtissue volumes, in
addition to normal lung tissue volumes and the volume of gas within the lungs. In
this statement, previously accepted definitions will be used . The FRC is the
volume of gas present in the lung at endexpiration during tidal breathing adults
(Wanger,2005).
Static lung volumes are determined using methods in which airflow
velocity does not play a role. The sum of two or more lung-volume subdivisions
constitutes a lung capacity. The subdivisions and capacities are expressed in liters
at body temperature and pressure saturated with water vapor (BTPS). Vital
capacity (VC) is the volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and
maximal expiration. The subdivisions of the VC include TV, inspiratory reserve
volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The largest of three
technically satisfactory VC maneuvers should be reported. The two largest VCs
should agree within 5% or 100 mL, whichever is larger. The volume change can
be accomplished in several ways (Guideline,2001).
Spirometric lung function parameters are used as a diagnostic tool and to
monitor therapy efficacy or course of the disease. On the other hand, lung function
parameters including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced
vital capacity (FVC) are important predictors of morbidity and mortality in elderly
persons. In practical use, the FEV1 and FVC are measured in liters and usually
each expressed as a percentage of predicted values. The Global Initiative for
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and Global Initiative for Asthma
(GINA) both established criteria classifying patients with COPD or asthma into
categories according to FEV1/FVC and FEV1 expressed as a percent of predicted
values (1, 2). Conventional assessments of obstructive lung disease course are
based on the severity of symptoms, amount of b2-agonist used to treat the
symptoms, and lung function rated as % of predicted values. Moreover, the FEV1
predicted values are used as a selective or outcome variable in research. Predicted
values are calculated from the measurements performed in reference groups,
according to height, age, and gender. The reference values used for the prediction
of lung function should be reliable. It seems, therefore, crucial that the reference
cohort be representative and free of factors interfering with the results
(Ostrowsk.2006)
The capacity of the lung to exchange gas across the alveolarcapillary
interface is determined by its structural and functional properties [322]. The
structural properties include the following: lung gas volume; the path length for
diffusion in the gas phase; the thickness and area of the alveolar capillary
membrane; any effects of airway closure; and the volume of blood in capillaries
supplying ventilated alveoli. The functional properties include the following:
absolute levels of ventilation and perfusion; the uniformity of their distribution
with respect to each other; the composition of the alveolar gas; the diffusion
characteristics of the membrane; the concentration and binding properties of
haemoglobin (Hb) in the alveolar capillaries; and the gas tensions in blood
entering the alveolar capillaries in that part of the pulmonary vascular bed which
exchanges gas with the alveoli (Wanger,2005).
TLC in cooperating humans is the greatest lung volume achieved by
maximum voluntary inspiration. It is set by a static balance between inspiratory
muscle forces and elastic recoil forces arising in the respiratory system. At TLC,
these two sets of forces are equal and opposite in sign. Thus, TLC can be thought
of as lying at the intersection of the static volumepressure curves of the relaxed
respiratory system and the maximally active inspiratory muscles (fig. 1) [3]. It is
the lung, rather than the chest wall, Under these conditions (severe obstructive
lung disease), RV can also vary with the intensity of the expiratory effort, which
means that this dynamic RV mechanism may explain in part why the forced
expiratory vital capacity (FVC) is sometimes less than the slow expiratory vital
capacity (VC) in people with dynamically-determined RV. Throughout strongly
forced expiratory manoeuvres, intrathoracic pressures are greater and therefore
(because of gas compression in the lung) lung volumes and lung recoil forces are
lower at all instants than they are during the slow VC manoeuvre. There may also
be true negative effort dependence of maximum expiratory flows [6]. For both of
these reasons, expiratory flow rates can be less throughout a forced than a slow
manoeuvre from the same starting volume, so that in manoeuvres of the same
duration, less gas is exhaled in the forced expiration and RV is greater
(Leith.1999).
The main function of the lung is gas exchange, which can be assessed in
several ways. A Spirometer measures the flow and the volumes of the inspired and
expired air. The thoracic and abdominal muscle strength plays an important role in
pulmonary function and diffusing lung capacity. Formaldehyde is the simplest
aldehyde that can be obtained from its cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer
paraformaldehyde. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin.
In 1867, the German chemist August Wilhelm Von Hofmann discovered
formaldehyde1. Formaldehyde solutions are used as a fixative for microscopy and
histology. Formaldehydebased solutions are also used in embalming to disinfect
and temporarily preserve human and animal remains. This is prepared by mixing
the commercially available formalin solution with tap water in the proportion of
3:1.[2]. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde by inhalation is mainly from
three types of sources: thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde based
resins, formaldehyde emission from aqueous solutions (for example, embalming
fluids), and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a
variety of organic compounds (for example,exhaust gases)[3]. Diffusing Capacity
(DLCO) is the carbon monoxide uptake from a single inspiration in a standard
time (usually 10 sec). Since air consists of very minute or traces quantities of CO,
10 seconds is considered to be the standard time for inhalation, and then rapidly
blow it out (exhale). The exhaled gas is tested to determine how much of the
tracer gas was absorbed during the breath. This will pick up diffusion
impairments, for instance in pulmonary fibrosis (Uthiravelu.2015).

CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Place and Date
Day/Date :Wednesday/May 3th 2017
Time : 13:30 15:00 pm
Place : Laboratory of zoology at the 3nd flour in east side
faculty of mathematics and science state university
of makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Spirometer
2. Material
a. Probandus
b. Water
c. Alcohol
d. Cotton
C. Work Procedure
1. The spirometer filled by water until the border line.
2. Checked all of spirometer equipment
3. Cleaned the blow pipe with alcohol to sterilization it.
4. Do the strongest expiration and normal inspiration to measured the
inspiration reserve and tidal volume.
5. Measured the inspiration reserves volume by done a powerfull inspiration
and normal expiration
6. Measured the tidal volume by usually breathing
7. Measured the inspiration capacity by done strongest inspiration and
normal expiration.
8.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Practice

volume
F/ Body
No. Name Age Cad. Cad. Cap. Cap.
M pos. Tidal
ins. ex. Ins Vit

1 Dian Anggreani F 20 Stand 1 1,5 1,5 1 1,5

 2 Eunike Christy F 21 Stand 1,5 2 1.5 1 2

3 Vivi Salvia B F 20 Stand 1 1,5 3 3 1.5

4 Bertha Tandi F 20 Stand 2 2 2 2 2

2 1,5 1,5 2
5 Nurul Annisa F 20 Stand 1

B. Discussed
Based observation about there are 5 probandus that we take the data in
this observation. The results showed that the respiratory volume exhibited by
different probandus both tidal volume, inspiration backup volume, expiratory
volume, vital capacity inspiration and capacity. There is different data that
found in the observation.
This occurs due to several factors. In generally,. In addition, the
activities carried out there would be effects, such as running probandus which
has a respiratory volume greater than just sitting or standing, age is also has
influenced for the respiration condition which is the younger man has greater
respiratory than the oldest one. So we can conclude if the physical factor are
more influenced in respiratory. So we must use more example to get the best
result to measuring the respiratory volume.
Vital capacity of each person is different. This can be affected by several
factors, such as age, body position, gender, and body temperature. But one
vital capacity can be improved by exercising regularly. Gender: Men have a
faster respiratory rate than women . Body temperature: The higher body
temperature (fever) then the faster breathing frequency position of the body:
the respiratory frequency increases when walking or running compared torest.
respiratory rate faster than the standing posture. Respiratory frequency
sleeping position faster than the prone position. Activities: The higher the
activity, the respiratory rate will be even faster
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on the observation about the volume of lung, the observation
draw the conclusion as follows :
1. Respiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen necessary for
cellular metabolism and release the carbon dioxide that accumulates in
their bodies as a result of the expenditure of energy.
 2. The respiration capacity are influencing by some factor like body size, age,
etc.
B. Suggestion
Based of the result of observation and the conclusion, the suggestion as
follows :
I hope for my friend in the next activity, we can work together again more
than in this observation and working seriously to get a good result to get a
good result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Guidelie AARC.2001.AARC Clinical practice Guidelinestatic lung volume.vol

46;531-532.

Leith D.E and R.Brown.1999.Human lung Volumes and the mechanisms that set
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467.
Ostrowski S and W.Barud.2006.Factors Influencing lung functions: Are the
predicated values for spirometry reliable enough.Journal of physiology
and pharmacology.vol 4; 263-264.

Uthiravelu P.dkk.2015. The diffusing lung capacity in formalin Exposed and Non
Exosed subjects A comparative study. International Journal of Pharma
and bio science.ISSN 0975-6299.Vol 6(2); 410-411.

Wanger J.dkk.2005.Series Ats/ERS Task Force: Standardisitaion of lung function

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