Energy Stored in Capacitor

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While capacitor is connected across a battery, charges come from the battery and
get stored in the capacitor plates. But this process of energy storing is step by step
only.
At the very beginning, capacitor does not have any charge or potential. i.e. V = 0
volts and q = 0 C.

Now at the time of switching, full battery voltage will fall across the capacitor. A
positive charge (q) will come to the positive plate of the capacitor, but there is no
work done for this first charge (q) to come to the positive plate of the capacitor from
the battery. It is because of the capacitor does not have own voltage across its
plates, rather the initial voltage is due to the battery.

First charge grows little amount of voltage across the capacitor plates, and then second positive
charge will come to the positive plate of the capacitor, but gets repealed by the first charge. As
the battery voltage is more than the capacitor voltage then this second charge will be stored in the
positive plate. At that condition a little amount of work is to be done to store second charge in the
capacitor. Again for the third charge, same phenomenon will appear. Gradually charges will
come to be stored in the capacitor against pre-stored charges and their little amount of work done
grows up. It cant be said
that the capacitor voltage is fixed. It is because of the capacitor voltage is not fixed from the very
beginning. It will be at its maximum limit when potency of capacitor will be equal to that of the
battery.
As storage of charges increases, the voltage of the capacitor increases and also energy of the
capacitor increases.
So at that point of discussion the energy equation for the capacitor cant be written as energy (E)
= V.q
As the voltage increases the electric field (E) inside the capacitor dielectric increases gradually

but in opposite direction i.e. from positive plate to negative plate. Here dx is the
distance between two plates of the capacitor.

Charge will flow from

battery to the capacitor plate until the capacitor gains as same potency as the battery.
So, we have to calculate the energy of the capacitor from the very begging to the last moment of
charge getting full.

Suppose, a small charge q is stored in the positive plate of the capacitor with
respect to the battery voltage V and a small work done is dW.
Then considering the total charging time, we can write that,

Now we
go for the energy loss during the charging time of a capacitor by a battery.
As the battery is in the fixed voltage the energy loss by the battery always follows
the equation, W = V.q, this equation is not applicable for the capacitor as it does not
have the fixed voltage from the very beginning of charging by the battery.
Now, the charge collected by the capacitor from the battery is

Now charge lost by the battery is

This half energy from total amount of energy

goes to the capacitor and rest half of energy automatically gets lost from the
battery and it should be kept in mind always.
Like4
We are now all very much familiar with the fact that static charges can be generated very easily,
if we can somehow apply sufficient frictional force between two bodies under consideration. For
example, pulling a transparent tape off a roll results in the separation of small amounts of
positive and negative charge, which can be accumulated separately within the two bodies. This
particular phenomena gave rise to the concept of capacitors, which is simply a device for charge
storage. The earliest written account of charging by friction dates back as
th
far as the 6 Century BC, when a Greek scientist named Thales of Miletus noted that, a piece of
amber rubbed with animal fur acquired the ability to pick up small bits of material. This is the
result of charged particles For the next 2 million years, wherever the subjects of electricity were
studied, two different materials had to be taken and rub together to create a separated island of
positive and negative charges.

Now coming straight to Eighteenth Century Europe, where electricity was one of the major hot
topics in the field of Research and development, and many inventions were done with
electrostatic machines that generated charge by friction. While friction is an easy and
inexpensive mean to separate charge for use in electric experiments, the amount of charge
available was quite small. If electricity was going to be anything other than an irritating side
effect of walking on the carpet, some means for increasing the amount of charge available for
experiments had to be found. The first device for storing charge or a capacitor was discovered in
the winter of 1745-46 by two electricians working independently: Firstly Dr. Ewald Georg von
Kleist a scientist from Poland built a device, consisted of a medicine bottle; partly filled with
water and sealed with a cork. A nail was then pushed through the cork into the water. Now
holding the bottle in one hand, the nail was brought in contact with the terminal of an
electrostatic machine which allowed it to acquire charge for some time. Then, when Dr. Von
Kleist touched the nail to remove it from the stopper while still holding the bottle, the separated
charges were able to reunite by flowing through his body, and he received a bitter shock, which
later went on to become one of the biggest boons for mankind.

Simultaneously; another scientist from Holland, Sir Pieter Van Musschenbroek built his own
device, and the experiences with it were almost the same as Von Kleist's, but with three major
exceptions. Firstly, a visiting student Andreas Cunaeus to Pieter vans laboratory made the
shocking discovery,not van Musschenbroek himself. Secondly, he made many significant
improvements to the device; one of them being, removal of water and then wrapping the jar with
metallic foil, inside out. And thirdly, he wrote to his colleagues to tell them all about his new
discovery. It was from this point, that the world came to know about capacitors, and later on
several papers were published and scientists all over the globe studied about the capacitance of
an electrical circuit at large, to develop a modern day capacitor, that we encounter these days. So,
to store more energy in a capacitor, the voltage across the element must be increased. This
essentially means that more electrons will be added to the negative plate, which is at the expense
of electrons being taken away from the positive plate, thus necessitating a flow of current from
the positive to negative direction. Conversely, the reverse is also true, as to release energy from a
capacitor; the voltage across it must be reduced sufficiently. This means some of the excess
electrons on the negative plate must be returned to the positive plate, thus reducing the value of
current flowing through the element.

What is Capacitor?
Capacitor is a passive element that stores electric charge statistically and temporarily as an static
electric field. It is composed of two parallel conducting plates separated by non-conducting
region that is called dielectric, such as vacuum, ceramic, air, aluminum, etc. The capacitance

formula of the capacitor is represented by, C is the capacitance that is proportional to

the area of the two conducting plates (A) and proportional with the permittivity of the dielectric
medium. The capacitance decreases with the distance between plates (d). We get the greatest
capacitance with a large area of plates separated by a small distance and located in a high
permittivity material. The standard unit of capacitance is Farad, most commonly it can be found
in micro-farads, pico-farads and nano-farads.

General uses of Capacitors

1. Smoothing, especially in power supply applications which required converting the signal
from AC to DC.

2. Storing Energy.

3. Signal decoupling and coupling as a capacitor coupling that blocks DC current and allow
AC current to pass in circuits.

4. Tuning, as in radio systems by connecting them to LC oscillator and for tuning to the
desired frequency.

5. Timing, due to the fixed charging and discharging time of capacitors.

6. For electrical power factor correction and many more applications.

Charging a Capacitor

Capacitors are mainly categorized on the basis of dielectric used in them. During choosing a
specific type of capacitors for a specific application, there are numbers of factors that get
considered. The value of capacitance is one of the vital factors to be considered. Not only this,
many other factors like, operating voltage, allowable tolerance stability, leakage resistance, size
and prices are also very important factors to be considered during choosing specific type of
capacitors.

We know that capacitance of a capacitor is given by, Hence, it is cleared that, by

varying , A or d we can easily change the value of C. If we require higher value of capacitance
(C) we have to increase the cross-sectional area of dielectric or we have to reduce the distance of
separation or we have to use dielectric material with stronger permittivity.

If we go only for the increasing area of cross-section, the rise of the capacitor may become quite
large; which may not be practically acceptable. Again if we reduce only the distance of
separation, the thickness of dielectric becomes very thin. But the dielectric cannot be made too
thin in case its dielectric strength in exceeded.

Types of Capacitors
The various types of capacitors have been developed to overcome these problems in a number of
ways.

Paper Capacitor
It is one of the simple forms of capacitors. Here, a waxed paper is sandwiched between two
aluminium foils. Process of making this capacitor is quite simple. Take place of aluminium foil.
Cover this foil with a waxed paper. Now, cover this waxed paper with another aluminium foil.
Then roll up this whole thing as a cylinder. Put two metal caps at both ends of roll. This whole
assembly is then encapsulated in a case. By rolling up, we make quite a large cross-sectional area
of capacitor assembled in a reasonably smaller space.

Air Capacitor
There are two sets of parallel plates. One set of plates is fixed and another set of plates is
movable. When the knob connected with the capacitor is rotated, the movable set of plates
rotates and overlapping area as between fixed and movable plates vary. This causes variation in
effective cross-sectional areas of the capacitor. Consequently, the capacitance varies when one
rotates the knob attached to the air capacitor. This type of capacitor is generally used to tune the
bandwidth of a radio receiver.

Plastic Capacitor
When various plastic materials are used as dielectric material, the capacitors are said to be plastic
capacitors. The plastic material may be of polyester, polystyrene, polycarbonate or poly
propylene. Each of these materials has slightly different electrical characteristics, which can be
used to advantage, depending upon the proposed application.

This type of capacitors is constructional, more or less same as paper capacitor. That means, a thin
sheet one of the earlier mentioned plastic dielectrics, is kept between two aluminium foils. That
means, here the flexible thin plastic sheet is used as dielectric instead of waxed paper. Here, the
plastic sheet covered by aluminium foil from two sides, is first rolled up, then fitted with metal
end caps, and then the whole assembly is encapsulated in a case.

Plastic Film Capacitor

Plastic capacitor can be made also in form of film capacitor. Here, thin strips or films of plastic
are kept inside metallic strips. Each metallic strip is connected to side metallic contact layer
alternatively; as shown in the figure below. That means, if one metallic strip is connected to left
side contact layer, then the very next is connected to right side contact layer. And there are plastic
films in between these metallic strips. The terminals of this type of capacitors are also connected
to side contact layer and whole assembly is covered with insulated non metallic cover as shown.

Silvered Mica Capacitor

A silvered mica capacitor is very accurate and reliable capacitor. This type of capacitors has very
low tolerance. But on the other hand, cost of this capacitor is quite higher compared to other
available capacitors in the market. But this high cost capacitor can easily be compensated by its
high quality and performance. A small ceramic disc or cylinder is coated by silver compound.
Here, electrical terminal is affixed on the silver coating and the whole assembly is encapsulated
in a casing.

Ceramic Capacitor

Construction of ceramic capacitor is quite simple. Here, one thin ceramic disc is placed between
two metal discs and terminals are soldered to the metal discs. Whole assembly is coated with
insulated protection coating as shown in the figure below.
Mixed Dielectric Capacitor
The way of constructing this capacitor is same as paper capacitor. Here, instead of moving
waxed paper as dielectric, paper impregnated with polyester is used as dielectric between two
conductive aluminium foils.

Electrolyte Capacitor
Very large value of capacitance can be achieved by this type of capacitor. But working voltage
level of this electrolyte capacitor is low and it also suffers from high leakage current. The main
disadvantage of this capacitor is that, due to the use of electrolyte, the capacitor is polarized. The
polarities are marked against the terminals with + and sign and the capacitor must be connected
to the circuit in proper polarity.

A few micro meter thick aluminium oxide or tantalum oxide film is used as dielectric of
electrolyte capacitor. As this dielectric is so thin, the capacitance of this type of capacitor is very
high. This is because; the capacitance is inversely proportional to thickness of the dielectric. Thin
dielectric obviously increases the capacitance value but at the same time, it reduces working
voltage of the device. Tantalum type capacitors are usually much smaller in size than the
aluminium type capacitors of same capacitance value. That is why, for very high value of
capacitance, aluminium type electrolyte capacitors do not get used generally. In that case,
tantalum type electrolyte capacitors get used.

Aluminium electrolyte capacitor is formed by a paper impregnated with an electrolyte and two
sheets of aluminium. These two sheets of aluminium are separated by the paper impregnated
with electrolyte. The whole assembly is then rolled up in a cylindrical form, just like a simple
paper capacitor. This roll is then placed inside a hermetically sealed aluminium canister. The
oxide layer is formed by passing a charging current through the device, and it is the polarity of
this charging process that determines the resulting terminal polarity that must be subsequently
observed. If the opposite polarity is applied to the capacitor, the oxide layer is destroyed.

Material Dielectric constant Dielectric Strength Volts/.001 inch

Air 1 80
Paper(Oiled) 3-4 1500
Mica 4-8 1800
Glass 4-8 200
Porcelain 5 750
Titanates 100-200 100
CAUTION: NEVER DISCHARGE A CAPACITOR WHILE IT IS CONNECTED TO THE
CIRCUIT VOLTAGE, WHETHER THE VOLTAGE SOURCE IS A BATTERY OR AC
POWER.